Gender Action Plan 2016-2021 - Fall 2016 Consultative Group Meeting - GFDRR
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GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 1
Gender Action Plan
2016-2021
Fall 2016 Consultative Group MeetingGFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 3
Why a Gender Action Plan?
GFDRR is bolstering both its increase the vulnerability of men in sector. GFDRR aims to ensure that
commitment to and capacity for disaster situations. For example, many DRM investments go beyond “gender
integrating gender issues into its survivors of the 2004 tsunami in screening” towards specific actions
climate and disaster risk management Aceh, Indonesia were fishermen who and outcomes that both address
efforts. GFDRR’s gender strategy is an survived at sea or male farmers in the the gender dimensions of DRM and
overarching plan that emerges from and hills above the high waterline. In the empower women for broader resilience
is driven by the Inclusive Community town of Lamteungoh, there were 105 strengthening. The Gender Action
Resilience (ICR) program but is applied widowers and 19 widows, and the men Plan will establish a clear baseline of
across the GFDRR portfolio. The plan were left grappling with unfamiliar where DRM investments and GFDRR
addresses two critical aspects of gender roles and dependent on one another to stand on gender issues, identify gaps,
and Disaster Risk Management (DRM): care for children in communal style. and provide a measurable pathway
(i) understanding and addressing the to achieving the goals of the gender
Research has also identified women’s
different needs of men and women in strategy.
empowerment as an important
DRM investments; and, (ii) promoting
approach to building broader In developing this Gender Action
women’s empowerment for broader
community resilience. The ICR program Plan, GFDRR also leverages the
resilience strengthening.
documented a number of cases where momentum of the 2015-23 World
Understanding the different needs grassroots women have led the charge Bank Group Gender Strategy2 and its
and capacities of women and men to strengthen community resilience.1 In extensive evidence base. The new
is critical to effective DRM. Women Uganda, the Slum Women’s Initiative WBG Strategy builds on the evidence
typically outnumber men among those for Development (SWID) negotiated base and conceptual framework of the
dying from natural disasters, often with local authorities for small plots World Development Report 2012: Gender
because of cultural and behavioral of land to teach communities to grow Equality and Development,3 and was
restrictions on women’s mobility fruits and vegetables using sustainable consulted with over 1,000 stakeholders
and socially ascribed roles and farming techniques which would assure in 22 countries. It aims to move the
responsibilities (e.g. caring for young, them higher yields so that they could Bank’s development work beyond gender
elderly or sick household members). feed their families and sell the surplus. mainstreaming to outcomes and results.
However, this gap in vulnerability is Through their success, women have It also identifies climate change and
not inevitable. In Bangladesh, when increased food security and persuaded disaster risk management as emerging
Cyclone Gorky hit in 1991, women men to move away from renting their areas that require additional attention
outnumbered men by 14:1 among lands for sugarcane farming as it and calls for bringing a gender lens to
those dying as a result of cyclone- undermines the natural resource base. resilience and developing gender-smart
induced flooding. When Cyclone solutions to climate change.
GFDRR’s Gender Action Plan
Sidr hit in 2007, the gender gap in
accompanies the World Bank
mortality rates had shrunk to 5:1 by
Group’s new Gender Strategy, and 2
See World Bank Group Gender Strategy
specifically addressing the cultural 2016-2023 at http://www-wds.worldbank.
operationalizes it for GFDRR’s
reasons why women were reluctant org/external/default/WDSContentServer/
activities and the WBG’s DRM WDSP/IB/2016/02/2 3/090224b0841a38
to use cyclone shelters. While women 2c/3_0/Rendered/PDF/
are often more adversely affected by 3
See World Development Report 2012 on
disasters due to overall lower access 1
See Community-Led Partnerships for Disas- Gender Equality and Development at https://
ter and Climate Resilience, 2015.Available siteresources.worldbank. org/INTWDR2012/
to assets, services and voice, gender at https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/ Resources/7778105-1299699968583/
identities and gender norms can also publication/Community_led_partnership_ 7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.
JUNE24.pdf pdf4 / Gender Action Plan
What does this mean for disaster and climate risk
management?
The WDR 2012 defines gender as Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
the social, behavioral and cultural
attributes, expectations, and norms
associated with being male or
female. The conceptual framework
for analyzing gender focuses on
three domains of gender equality:
endowments, particularly health,
education, and social protection;
economic opportunity, defined as
participation in economic activities
and access to productive assets; and
voice and agency, understood as
freedom from violence, and the ability
to participate in decision-making
and influence political processes and
governance mechanisms.
Table 1 applies this conceptual Source: Adapted form the 2012 World Development Report (World Bank 2011)
framework to disaster and climate risk
management, and identifies potential post-disaster context, access to social voice and agency; it can prevent women
areas of intervention. safety nets helps women get back on and girls from accessing shelters during
their feet quicker, their health and an emergency, and hamper their ability
The three pillars are strongly education contribute to their ability to to access aid and other resources during
interconnected. Health and education participate in economic opportunities recovery and reconstruction. Using this
contribute to women’s ability to take and access key productive assets and to framework, GFDRR’s Gender Action
advantage of economic opportunities exercise their voice and agency in the Plan will promote gender equity and
and to their capacity to exercise reconstruction process. Gender-based women’s empowerment for broader
voice and agency. For example, in the violence is a constraint to women’s resilience strengthening.GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 5
Table 1. Gender and Disaster and Climate Risk Management
DRM/gender interface Potential applications to DRM
Endowments: Women typically face greater mortality, health risks, Health—Closing health gaps between men and
and domestic and sexual violence in hazard events women to strengthen household resilience; providing
Health, education, adequate access to sexual and reproductive health
social protection Education is an indicator of adaptive capacity; the services after-disasters; and adequate access to
DRM profession is male-dominated in most countries gender-targeted mental health and counseling services
which can result in a lack of access for women to risk (for men and women)
information, early warning
Education—Breaking down gender stereotypes and
Women may have less access to social protection reducing skill gaps by increasing girl’s enrollment in
(safety nets, insurance, etc.) science, technology, engineering and mathematics
(STEM) with an emphasis in DRM-related fields, usually
male-dominated—need to reduce occupational sex-
segregation
Increasing access to information and participation in
risk management and early warning systems
Social protection—Promoting women’s economic
empowerment in social safety net interventions;
ensuring equitable access to relief and recovery
resources
Economic Informal sector not captured, where women are Women’s economic empowerment is key to resilience—
opportunities: predominantly found; women often perform removing constraints to economic activities and
unremunerated work that does not get captured or increasing women’s participation in income-earning
Participation in compensated in post-disaster needs assessments opportunities and access to productive assets in pre-
economic activities and post-disaster context
and access to and Women often have less access to credit and savings to
control over key absorb shocks Need to better capture gender disaggregated and
productive assets losses in post-disaster assessments
Women’s burden increases (caring for injured,
children, elders) after disasters; often expected to do Reducing gaps in access to productive assets, notably
unremunerated work in recovery land (individual control/ownership of land and female
access to community-owned land), housing and
Women lack access to relief and recovery resources, technology
property and inheritance rights are not adequately
recognized or understood to protect women’s assets Register land and housing built in in recovery process
in woman’s name, or joint names
Women are often referred to as an homogeneous group
but are stratified by race, ethnicity, disability, sexual
identity, as well as by their socio-economic status,
their geographic location and migration status
Agency: Gender-based violence (GBV) increases in many post- Protection of safety and human rights in DRM for
disaster contexts women and children, including sensitivity and
Freedom from attention to multiple forms of social marginalization
violence; the ability Evidence that women contribute to greater resilience (age, disability, etc.)
to have voice when empowered and put in decision making positions
and influence in Enhancing women’s role in building broader resilience;
governance and fostering women’s participation in policy formulation
political processes processes—need for women in decision making
positions; promoting more partnerships of women with
governments6 / Gender Action Plan
Where are we? Progress and gaps
Since 2009, GFDRR has increasingly include a gender focus. Gender and barriers to ownership of assets, 74%
underscored in its strategic DRM trainings were also piloted on a seek to empower women and 37%
documents the importance of one-off basis to DRM staff in the East enhance women’s voice and agency.
integrating gender dimensions into Asia and Pacific and Latin America and The review was not able to capture
its activities as a core operating Caribbean regions. In parallel, early information related to project outcomes
principle. In the 2009-2012 engagement with the GROOTS network and impacts, as most of the projects had
partnership strategy, GFDRR committed through the 2011 South-South grant and not been implemented for a sufficient
to integrate gender into national DRM collaboration with this and other civil amount of time to show results at the
strategies and supporting programs society networks through the Pilot Civil outcome or impact level.
targeting women and children. The Society Strategy (2012–2014), helped
to advance the dialogue on gender and GFDRR has also recently taken
subsequent 2013-2015 strategy also
underscored this need for a stronger women’s leadership within the GFDRR some important steps to improve
effort to address gender dimensions partnership. its monitoring and reporting on
throughout GFDRR-supported projects. gender aspects across the portfolio.
Operationally, a review of World Bank Beginning in FY15, implementing
Notably, in 2013 with the support of its
DRM activities4 show an improvement teams have been requested to indicate
Consultative Group, GFDRR adopted
over the past few years in terms of in project proposals whether the
an annual work planning process that,
considering gender. Of 368 WB lending project supports gender equality
for the first time, allocated dedicated
projects with DRM components or DRM aspects. This tagging of proposals
resources to support mainstreaming
co-benefits (see annex 3) approved with a gender marker, however, is
of gender-sensitive approaches into
between FY2012-2015, 74% are “gender done on a voluntary basis by the task
projects.
informed.”5 Of these, 48% go further to team leader (TTL), and not always
Additionally, GFDRR has provided include specific “gender actions.” Since followed up in the later project phases.
support to a number of analytical FY12, gender integration within DRM While some TTLs may be aware of
and knowledge-sharing initiatives lending operations has increased from the potential gender dimensions of
to strengthen the evidence base and 59% of the annual portfolio to 82% specific DRM investments, others may
promote policy dialogue on gender in FY15. Of the 179 projects approved be less so and in need of inputs from
and DRM. For example, in 2011, between FY12-15 that were consider a gender specialist to consider these
GFDRR supported the development to have gender actions or be gender dimensions. Additionally, there may
of a series of Guidance Notes focused informed, 23% seek to improve women’s not be much incentive for a TTL to tag
on integrating gender considerations a project with the gender marker, as it
4
GFDRR’s activities are guided by its Annual
into DRM programs in the East Asia would then imply adjusting the project
Work Plan, endorsed by the Consultative
and Pacific Region. The notes offered Group (CG). The Work Plan presents a design and monitoring the impacts on
practical tools to governments and pathway for GFDRR to scale up efforts to
meet the demand of developing countries for gender equity.
implementing partners to mainstream enhanced resilience in the face of growing
gender into DRM projects, and help hazards from and exposure to natural disas- Since the rollout of the new system,
ters and climate change. The latest work plan
project teams design and implement is available at www.gfdrr.org. 100% of GFDRR funded projects have
gender dimensions into DRM work 5
Operations are considered to be “gender been screened for the gender cross-
across the Region. In response to the informed” if a gender analysis or gender cutting theme. Of these projects, 21%
impact was either taken into consideration
Haiti earthquake, GFDRR prepared a during project design or mentioned as an ex- are “gender informed” and 12% include
short guidance note for the government pected outcome. Operations are considered actions to address gender aspects.
to have “gender actions” when analyzed as
and responding team to address being “gender informed” while additionally Under the FY17-19 GFDRR Work Plan,
gender in the response and recovery having specific components/activities that 53% of proposed projects are expected
seek to minimize mentioned gender gaps
phase. See annex 1 for a full list of relevant to the project’s development objec-
to undertake specific actions to address
GFDRR-supported publications that tive(s). gender dimensions.GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 7
More work is needed to ensure that In summary, GFDRR has increasingly roles is to leverage larger development
all relevant GFDRR activities consider strengthened is policy statements investments, a clearer understanding
the gender dimension of DRM, and on gender and DRM. And while it of the specific gaps and opportunities
that these aspects are monitored has also supported some key pilots that GFDRR could address and promote
and evaluated for impact on gender and analytical work to support within larger development investments
equity. Currently, indicators to monitor these policies and strategies, these in relation to gender and disaster risk
and report on gender outcomes are have been undertaken in an ad hoc management would be beneficial.
not yet embedded within GFDRR’s fashion. What has been lacking is a
program logic as well as its monitoring review of global experience to better
and evaluation framework. Broader inform GFDRR policies and strategies,
gender integration across the portfolio, and a comprehensive strategy to
therefore, is still a work in progress strengthen the awareness and capacity
and efforts to expand engagement and of government partners and operational
investment in this area are ongoing.6 staff to understand and address the
6
For more information, see: https://www.
gender aspects of DRM investments.
gfdrr.org/inclusive-community-resilience In addition, since one of GFDRR’s key8 / Gender Action Plan
Where do we want to be in five years and how will
we get there?
Based on the learning accumulated
through the implementation of the
BOX 1. ICR STRATEGY, 2015-2017
pilot CSO strategy (2012-2014), the
CG endorsed the Inclusive Community Objective 1 Integrate civil society, citizen engagement, gender, women’s
Resilience strategy at the fall CG of 2014, empowerment, and social inclusion mechanisms into GFDRR’s portfolio
which provides the foundation for a Action Promote broader civil society, citizen engagement, gender, women’s
more comprehensive approach. The ICR empowerment, and social inclusion mechanisms into GFDRR’s portfolio
program document lays out the ICR work to ensure that DRM efforts are responsive to community priorities and to
plan endorsed by its Technical Advisory improve development impact.
Group in 2015, and indicates expected
Results 1.1 Technical assistance provided to GFDRR projects to integrate
results of the gender integration efforts
civil society, citizen engagement, and gender/women’s empowerment
throughout the GFDRR portfolio of
elements
activities (see Box 1).
1.2 Progress monitored and reported following GFDRR’s Monitoring and
As mentioned, the GAP will be Evaluation (M&E) Framework
implemented across GFDRR’s portfolio.
The ICR program functions both as a
thematic initiative integrating disaster
and climate resilience into “non-DRM” and innovation, and (ii) Programming, empowerment being generated
areas of development work that focus Analytics and Advisory Services. throughout other ICR-supported
on households and communities, in research. Highlight any innovations
addition to a cross-cutting theme
(i) Knowledge, Learning and and emerging developments in this
throughout GFDRR country programs
Innovation area.
to integrate gender, social inclusion
and citizen engagement into DRM u Undertake training and other u Make resources available to task
activities. The GAP will also be aligned professional development activities teams for just-in-time, specialized
with the World Bank’s broader policies, to increase the capacity of GFDRR capacity-building or advice to help
approaches, strategies and mechanisms staff, partners and governments to them address specific gender-related
for gender integration and women’s identify, analyse and incorporate DRM issues. The design of this just-
empowerment. gender and women’s empowerment in-time mechanism will be based
elements into its portfolio activities. on lessons learned from the Climate
Planned Activities This includes developing a module Change Rapid Response Window
for DRM staff to be included in on setting up eligibility criteria,
The specific objective of the GAP is
orientation curricula, a module level of maximum funding, and
to develop and implement a more
for social development specialists best practices setting up feed-back
systematic and results-focused
that may not be familiar with DRM/ mechanisms for impact assessment.
approach to the analysis, design, and
CCA contexts or concepts, and u Increase the number of GFDRR
monitoring and evaluation of the
modules specific to the Social Impact investments specifically focused
integration of gender and women’s
Assessment and Post-Disasters Needs on women’s empowerment. For
empowerment within the GFDRR’s DRM
Assessments (PDNA) processes. examples of such investments under
policies, programs, projects, analytics
and advisory services. This objective u Support the generation and development, see Box 2.
will be achieved through a number of dissemination of best practices,
targeted interventions focused on two evidence and results of effective
key areas: (i) Knowledge, Learning gender integration and women’sGFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 9
(ii) Programming, Analytics and
Advisory Services BOX 2. EXAMPLES OF GFDRR INVESTMENTS FOCUSED ON
u Identify and put in place an easily WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT
accessed pool of expertise in gender
Strengthening community resilience, with a focus on gender-based
and DRM/CCA to provide technical
violence. In Somalia, GFDRR is seeking to increase the resilience of
advice to GFDRR staff, partners and
vulnerable populations to multiple risks through improved livelihoods and
client governments. This will include
economic opportunities, targeting support towards women. The project will
partnerships with institutions work to improve gender-based violence prevention and response services,
having a recognized performance and will pilot an innovative economic and social empowerment model that
record in gender and DRM/CCA. aims to increase women’s access to and control over economic resources and
Specific attention also will be given social networks. Additionally, the project will test a range of interventions
to the identification and training of to improve women’s agency and decision-making power, thereby reducing
specialists who can be mobilized to vulnerability to violence within or outside the home, and ultimately
participate in the specific context of improving socio-economic resilience to external shocks.
post-disaster needs assessments.
Community-Based Disaster Risk Mapping: In the Philippines, GFDRR
u Introduce tools and mechanisms
is supporting communities targeted by National Community Driven
to strengthen the process for
Development (NCCD) to conduct participatory disaster risk mapping to
developing and screening proposed inform the design and implementation of community sub-projects, improving
investments to ensure that they sub-project quality and community resilience to disasters. The NCCD is a
adequately comply with the intent pillar of the Government of the Philippines’ National Poverty Reduction
of the World Bank’s gender policies Strategy and is implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and
and performance indicators, Development (DSWD). It aims to empower communities in 847 targeted
i.e. systematic and effective municipalities to achieve improved access to services and to participate in
gender integration and women’s more inclusive local governance.
empowerment.
Catalyzing Community-Public Partnerships for Inclusive DRM: This
u Identify specific needs and
project will build technical capacity and political-will for practical,
initiatives to support client
collaborative initiatives enabling DRM Agencies to partner with grassroots
governments to more effectively
women community organizations to reduce risks, facilitate resilience
generate gender-disaggregated data building activities, and engage disaster struck communities in recovery and
and analysis for PDNAs. reconstruction. Working with civil society and government partners, the
activities focus on transferring institutional support for context-appropriate
Expected Results public-community partnership activities that accelerate risk reduction and
Overall expected results of the GAP are: recovery programs, through the leadership of women’s groups, in rural and
urban poor settlements in Central America and South Asia; and, establishing
u Increased capacity of trained regional and national agreements to cooperate with community based
personnel to identify, analyze and organizations and local authorities to facilitate South - South exchanges and
incorporate gender elements into training processes that transfer and adapt good practices in inclusive, multi-
GFDRR’s investment portfolio; stakeholder disaster risk reduction.
u Mechanisms and practices in place
to improve the quality of gender
analysis; and,
gender-informed and to ensure that empowerment related to disaster
u Physical targets related to actual 50% of the GFDRR active portfolio and climate risk management.
improvements in integration of incorporate specific actions to
gender in activity design and u Monitoring and evaluation
address gender aspects. mechanisms and indicators in place
implementation and its assessment
during activity screening – including u Increased investments in specific that accurately capture the results of
having the GFDRR portfolio be 100% activities focused on women’s interventions in programs/projects.10 / Gender Action Plan
How will we know we’ve arrived/on our way?
Performance indicators will be u Improving GFDRR portfolio through GFDRR’s annual report
developed that are aligned with performance: Once appropriate and can include: (i) quantitative
GFDRR’s ICR strategy, which is broadly mechanisms are in place,GFDRR indicators and targets (e.g.
aligned with the GFDRR’s overall will track gender inclusion across outcomes disaggregated by sex, as
M&E framework. These performance its portfolio, measuring the appropriate), which will serve as
indicators will also be aligned with the achievement of expected results, prima facie measures of progress
World Bank’s indicators for collecting outcomes, and out-puts. The target is in gender mainstreaming, and
and monitoring projects along three to ensure that the portfolio is 100% (ii) qualitative analysis of what’s
dimensions of gender (gender analysis gender-informed (i.e., not just tagged working and what’s not, with a view
and/or consultation on gender-related for the gender theme),working of capturing best practices and
issues; pro-active gender-sensitive through two main avenues: (i) showcasing the impact of specific
project design; M&E of gender impacts). improving understanding of how interventions on outcomes.
to effectively engender activities
During FY17, a proposal on the The two monitoring elements
through dedicated re-sources,
monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are complementary, and will be
building capacity,and strengthening
arrangements will be developed and implemented in parallel. It is expected
the body of analytical work and
consulted with GFDRR stakeholders. that as GFDRR increases support
tools to help implementing teams
The proposal will outline the M&E to task teams to better understand
effectively engender their activities.
approach necessary to ensure effective ways to engender their activities, the
implementation of the action plan, and u Improving GFDRR reporting: performance of the portfolio, measured
will provide performance targets to allow Specific indicators to track gender through indicators embedded in
periodic monitoring of progress towards outcomes across the portfolio will GFDRR’s reporting mechanisms, is
meeting the Plan’s overarching goals. be developed and embedded within expected to improve. Similarly, efforts
The periodic monitoring and reporting GFDRR’s existing monitoring and to improve the measurement and
will also contribute to the Plan’s smooth evaluation systems. The target is reporting of outcomes will help guide
implementation and allow the replication to ensure that 50% of the projects the approaches taken to build capacity
and scaling up of the most succesful in the active portfolio incorporate and develop analytical work.
initiatives. Specific elements of the specific actions to address gender
monitoring plan will include: inequality. Progress will be capturedGFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 11 Next Steps The development of the Gender Action With the Gender Action Plan endorsed In parallel, an approach will be Plan benefited from consultations with a by the April 2016 Consultative Group, developed to monitor and evaluate number of internal and external gender the plan will be taken forward in the progress of the implementation of the experts and CSO partners. Stakeholders following way: Activities described in Gender Action Plan and the integration consulted include members of the the sections on Knowledge, Learning of gender into GFDRR’s portfolio. As ICR Technical Advisory Group and the and Innovation; and, Programming, the M&E approach and indicators will broader Consultative Group; and, within Analytics, and Advisory Services will need to be fully integrated into GFDRR’s the World Bank, the Gender CCSA, be developed and rolled out within the overall M&E framework, it will be Climate Change CCSA, GSURR Social first one-to-three years of the plan’s developed and updated in coordination Development Specialists, DRM Regional implementation. with the revision process for GFDRR’s Coordinators and DRM specialists, M&E framework. among others.
12 / Gender Action Plan
Annex 1: List of key gender-themed publications
supported by GFDRR and the World Bank
Ahmad, Nilufar. 2012. Gender and marginalized groups will increase social gender-mainstreaming efforts in rural
climate change in Bangladesh: The resilience overall, and states that it development and climate change
role of institutions in reducing gender is necessary “go beyond consulting adaptation projects. Recommendations
gaps in adaptation program. Social with communities to build meaningful include specifically targeting women
development papers; no. 126. Social partnerships between communities and and their specific needs through climate
inclusion. Washington, DC: World their governments.” Like many other projects; considering that adaptation
Bank. documents on gender and DRM, it points strategies proposed by women tend to
out that disaster recovery provides an be more individual, small-scale, low-
This study, from 2010-2011, analyzed
opportunity to reduce gender inequality. cost and low-impact, whereas strategies
the gender dimension of climate
proposed by men are often larger-
change and the role of institutions in Arnold, Margaret. 2010. Helping
scale, more capital intensive and more
reducing gender gaps in Bangladesh. women and children to recover and
technically complex; and development
The study also provides suggestions for build resilient communities. World
and government agencies should
reducing the vulnerability of women Bank, Washington, DC.
promote activities and projects that
to climate change-related hazards. The
This short guidance note was prepared aim to reduce the workload of women,
study provides an overview of climate
change and the gender and institutional for the government of Haiti and the rather than simply offering more
context; key study findings (site- and agencies involved in the response and trainings and project related tasks;
household-specific vulnerabilities recovery of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. and investing in women can lead to
and a description of institutional It lays out key principles and approaches beneficial and cost-effective outcomes.
challenges and gaps in supporting to supporting the recovery of women
Gennari, Floriza; Arango, Diana;
the resilience of women and men); in the immediate, medium, and longer
Hidalgo, Nidia; McCleary-Sills,
examples of adaptation programs in term recovery phases, including: ensure
Jennifer. 2015. Violence against
Bangladesh; and recommendations for that relief and recovery interventions
women and girls resource guide:
enhancing gender-responsive adaptive protect the safety and human rights of
Disaster risk management brief.
capacity in Bangladesh. Examples of all; assess and understand the different
Washington, DC; World Bank Group.
activities include the construction needs of women, girls, boys and men for
and rehabilitation of gender friendly, recovery, including the indirect economic This document focuses on the
multipurpose cyclone shelters in the impacts women typically suffer from prevalence of violence against women
coastal areas through the Emergency being in the informal economy; establish in post-disaster scenarios, with
2007 Cyclone Recovery Project. specific monitoring mechanisms (e.g., attention paid to possible interventions
Continuous Social Impact Assessments) to reduce gender-based violence. It
Arnold, Margaret, and De Cosmo, to ensure that women and children notes that violence against women can
Sergio. 2015. Building social can access recovery resources; and prevent them from seeking shelter and
resilience: Protecting and empowering fostering grassroots women as leaders in aid, increasing their susceptibility to
those most at risk. Global Facility for community recovery. injury and reducing their ability to fully
Disaster Reduction and Recovery.
recover from the losses of disaster. The
Washington DC: World Bank. Ashwill, Maximillian; Blomqvist,
document then outlines the steps to
Morten; Salinas, Silvia; Ugaz-
This document highlights the benefits integration of a gender-based violence
Simonsen, Kira. 2011. Gender
of increasing the role of women component into DRM in preparedness
dynamics and climate change in rural
(and other marginalized groups) in stages as well as post-disaster
Bolivia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
decision making and improving access response and recovery stages, from
to education, healthcare, and other This report studied gender dynamics rapid situation analysis to steps at the
resources. The document posits that in rural Bolivia and is intended to policy-, institutional-, and community-
increased participation among diverse provide useful insights that support level.GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 13
Gupta, Suranjana. 2015. Community in lending. One section is dedicated The project’s Environmental and Social
Led Partnerships for Resilience. Global to the “social dimensions of disaster,” Safeguards framework included an
Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction. with a subsection dedicated to gender. annex, “Framework for Mainstreaming
Washington, DC: World Bank. The review identified 71 projects that Gender in Infrastructure,” which
considered women’s specific needs and required men and women to have equal
This report surveys community-led
vulnerabilities. The section provides input in the consultation process, and
partnerships for resilience that are
some recommendations, including targeted potential gender problems
organized and led by grassroots women.
improving data gathering (including specific to infrastructure reconstruction.
The report highlights the successes
gender desegregated data), targeting
of community-led partnerships that Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, Zoe.
female-headed households, ensuring
leverage field-tested practices and 2011. Gender informed monitoring
access to training and employment, and
solutions, and seek larger partners to and evaluation in disaster risk
seeking opportunities to create equity
strengthen, refine, and scale up. management. East Asia and the Pacific
in land ownership (pp. 50-52).
Region sustainable development
De Silva, Samantha; Burton, Cynthia.
Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, guidance note; no. 3. Gender
2008. Building resilient communities:
Zoe. 2011. Making women’s voices and disaster risk management.
Risk management and response to
count: Addressing gender issues in Washington, DC: World Bank
natural disasters through social funds
disaster risk management in East
and community-driven development This note covers the collection and
Asia and the Pacific. East Asia and
operations. Washington, DC: World analysis of sex-disaggregated data,
the Pacific Region sustainable
Bank. needs assessment, pre- and post-
development guidance note; no. 1.
disaster assessment and analysis,
This document is designed primarily Gender and disaster risk management.
and gender indicators. An annex
to help Task Teams on social funds Washington, DC: World Bank.
provides examples of common tools to
and community-driven development
This guidance note gives an overview incorporate gender into pre- and post-
(CDD) operations identify disaster
of the links between gender and disaster assessment and analysis.
risk management issues in their
disaster risk management, identifies
programs and projects and to design Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis,
key operational bottlenecks, and
and implement appropriate responses. Zoe. 2011. Integrating gender issues
recommends strategies and resources.
Module 7, Gender in Community-Based in community-based disaster risk
It notes that while many guides
Disaster Management, gives guidance management. East Asia and the Pacific
exist, implementation of gender
on mainstreaming gender in community- Region sustainable development
mainstreaming into DRM remains ad
based disaster risk management guidance note; no. 4. Gender
hoc (p. 6).
strategies and projects and emphasizes and disaster risk management.
the need to mainstream gender at Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, Zoe. Washington, DC: World Bank.
policy, program, and project levels and 2011. Integrating gender issues in
This guidance note outlines the
offers suggestions on best practices disaster risk management: Policy
rationale behind integrating gender into
from project experiences in diverse development and in projects. East Asia
CBDRM, and the methods and processes
settings. and the Pacific Region sustainable
for integration. An annex focuses on
development guidance note; no. 2.
Parker, Ronald S.; Thomas, Vinod; gender-based community mapping.
Gender and disaster risk management.
Chhibber, Ajay; Barbu, Alain.
Washington, DC: World Bank. Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, Zoe.
2006. Hazards of Nature, Risks to
2011. Integrating gender issues in
Development: An IEG evaluation of This guidance note focuses on
recovery and reconstruction planning.
World Bank assistance for natural integrating gender in DRM policy
East Asia and the Pacific Region
disasters. Washington, D.C: World and projects, with the majority of
sustainable development guidance
Bank. content weighted towards the latter.
note; no. 5. Gender and disaster risk
The guidance note references the
The document is an evaluation of management. Washington, DC: World
Infrastructure Reconstruction Financing
the World Bank’s experience with Bank.
Facility, which was aimed at filling
disasters from 1984 to 2005. This
financing deficiencies for public This guidance note examines the
represents 528 projects and $26 billion
infrastructure after the 2004 tsunami. particular challenges that women face in14 / Gender Action Plan
the disaster recovery and reconstruction in social protection programs as part policy and administrative systems
process. The note specifically address of a DRM strategy. Social protection involved in DRM in Tamil Nadu, and
bottlenecks, including housing, land, programs are important in reducing the makes recommendations for future
and property rights; health and increasing economic marginalization of gender-sensitive recovery efforts and
post-disaster violence; community already vulnerable poor communities. strategies to increase resilience. It
services and infrastructure restoration; Programs can neglect to provide or notes that a gender neutral or explicitly
and poverty reduction, livelihood replace the assets and technical support non-exclusionary DRM policy is not the
restoration and economic development. necessary for women to strengthen/ same as actively promoting integrating
It also provides a point of entry for adapt or resume their economic gender components into recovery efforts
gender in post-disaster recovery and activities. (p. 1). It also posits that post-disaster
reconstruction. recovery periods offer the opportunity
World Bank. 2011. Gender and climate
to recalibrate infrastructure, housing,
Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, Zoe; change: three things you should know.
property, and land ownership, in ways
Burton, Cynthia; Stanton-Geddes, Washington DC: World Bank.
that improve women’s capacity to be
Zuzana. 2012. Integrating gender-
This document is a summary of the involved in economic activity.
sensitive disaster risk management
“why” and “how” of mainstreaming
into community-driven development World Bank. 2012. More than
gender-sensitive approaches into
programs. East Asia and the Pacific mainstreaming: promoting gender
climate action. Below are highlighted
Region sustainable development equality and empowering women
examples of overlap between the
guidance note; no. 6.Gender through post-disaster reconstruction.
documents climate change focus and
and disaster risk management. MDF-JRF working paper series; no. 4.
DRM activities, mostly in climate
Washington, DC: World Bank. Washington DC; World Bank Group.
resilience activities.
This document focuses on This rapid assessment analyzed gender
World Bank Distance Learning. 2008.
mainstreaming gender in community- dimensions of CDD and DRM in an
Gender Aspects of Disaster Recovery
driven development (CDD) programs. Indonesian government anti-poverty
and Reconstruction: Tsunami Recovery
It outlines the importance of CDD program. It investigated community
and Reconstruction in Tamil Nadu,
programs in disaster risk reduction and perceptions of women’s participation
India. Washington, DC: World Bank.
recovery, and provides guidelines on in activities, the extent and type of
how to integrate gender sensitivity into This document is a case study women’s participation and engagement
CDD programs. of how gender was and was not with the program, and the local
included in post-tsunami recovery government context. The document
Rex, Helene Carlsson; Trohanis, Zoe;
and reconstruction conducted three also provides strategic direction as
Burton, Cynthia; Stanton-Geddes,
years post-disaster. It examines the well as operationalization suggestions
Zuzana. 2012. Making livelihoods and
housing sector, the re-establishment of for the specific program. The study
social protection gender-sensitive.
the social capital through communal found high-level support for gender
East Asia and the Pacific Region
spaces, livelihood restoration through mainstreaming, institutional capacity
sustainable development guidance
loss recovery, and new economic dedicated to gender mainstreaming, and
note; no. 7. Gender and disaster risk
opportunities and to improved the incorporation of gender into local
management. Washington, DC: World
preparedness through establishment of policies and plans.
Bank.
early warning system and knowledge
This guidance note focuses on the dissemination. It also gives background
importance of gender considerations on national-level and state-levelGFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 15
Annex 2: Methodology for gender analysis
of the DRM portfolio
For purposes of this review, the DRM operations, gender was screened in expected outcome. Operations were
portfolio consists of World Bank lending relation to three main components- considered to have “gender actions”
projects with DRM-specific components analysis, action, and impact (see chart when analyzed as being “gender
or co-benefits approved from FY12-15 1). Additionally, eleven indicators informed” while additionally having
(368 projects), and GFDRR projects that were developed (see chart 2) and
specific components/activities that seek
were in active status between the same used to gain a deeper understanding
to minimize mentioned gender gaps
period. of gender dimensions within relevant
relevant to the project’s development
projects. Operations were considered
Data was collected from several to be “gender informed” if a gender objective(s). The absence of an analysis,
different WB resources including analysis or gender impact was either action, or impact resulted in projects
Business Warehouse, Operations Portal, taken into consideration during being categorized as “not gender
and Image Bank. When analyzing project design or mentioned as an relevant.”
Table 2. DRM/Gender Main Components
u Does the project identify and analyze gender issues relevant to theproject objectives or components?
u Was a gender assessment conducted and are findings relevant tothe design of the project?
Analysis
u Are results of consultations with women/girls and/or other vulnerable groups or NGOs that focus on these groups
reported?
Actions u Are there specific or targeted actions that address minimizing gapswomen and men?
u Women Are specific gender and sex-disaggregated indicators present in theresults framework?
Impacts
u Is an evaluation planned in which gender specific impacts are to beconsidered?
Table 3. DRM/Gender Indicators
Does the project appraisal document (PAD) identify the specific gender gaps with respect to the problem that is being
Yes or No
addressed? If yes, does the PAD explain or indicate potential causes of the identified gaps?
Is the project required to conduct a more detailed gender analysis prior to or at an early stage of implementation? Yes or No
Does the PAD indicate what opportunities there are to promote women’s leadership and empowerment as a result of the
Yes or No
project?
Does the PAD require stand-alone or integrated activities to ensure the project is reducing the gender gaps between males
Yes or No
and females that were identified in the gender analysis/assessment?
Does the PAD require monitoring plans to track the differential impact of these activities on male and female beneficiaries? Yes or No
Does the PAD require data to be disaggregated by sex? Yes or No
Does the project seek to remove barriers to women’s ownership and control over assets Yes or No
Does the PAD enhance women’s voice and agency and seek to engage men and boys Yes or No
Are there components that have a direct Gender-DRM relationship? Yes or No
Page
Sections/ page numbers from PAD that could be used as examples of good practice
Numbers
Gender (Y/N) or Gender Informed Yes or No16 / Gender Action Plan
2. For WB lending operations, all
Steps to Analyzing projects were compared to the DRM
General limitations/caveats
Gender Mainstreaming co-benefit portfolio (see annex u Project documents for additional
within Disaster Risk 3) and overlapping projects were financing operations may not
Management Operations extracted, creating a DRM dataset include detailed descriptions of
with the above mentioned integrated components since often detailed
Step 1: Data collection and World Bank gender indicators. In information is outlined in parent
identifying the portfolio regards to the GFDRR portfolio, project documents. Typically, these
1. Through the WB Business Warehouse all projects funded by GFDRR original projects will fall outside of
and SAP, a dataset of WB lending were considered since they were the FY12-FY15 scope, and therefore
and GFDRR projects from FY12-15 originally not analyzed in the DRM may not have been included in
was created. All of these collected co-benefit analysis and also because the Image bank Keyword Search
operations were screened during the they all have DRM relevance. Dataset for the DRM co-benefit
project design phase by Task Team analysis. Therefore, there is a small
probability that some additional
Leaders for: Step 2: Review of Documents
financing documents did not contain
a) Gender Actions and Data Analysis
any of the listed DRM keywords
b) Gender Analysis 3. All relevant project documents from and the parent project occurred
c) Gender Mechanisms the DRM co-benefit portfolio were before FY12, causing them to not
d) Gender (Y/N) reviewed individually to assess be included in this dataset. This
e) Gender Theme Code - 0059 gender dimensions against the retroactive approach additionally
three aforementioned components- limits the determination of gender
Although all aggregated projects were
analysis, action, and impacts and integration within DRM operations
screened for the above-mentioned
the 11 gender related indicators. All by the information provided in the
actions or mechanisms, not all were
gender relevance was document in a project documents. With this limited
marked as having gender dimensions
Excel. amount of information, many gender
during the project design phase.
4. For each project, at least one project activities may be overlooked simply
document (PADs, PIDs or, Project due to lack of understanding or
Paper) was referenced for analysis. inclusion in project descriptions.GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 17
Annex 3: Methodology to identify projects
with DRM co-benefits
e) preparing to cope with disaster The methodology for measuring DRM
Background impacts through such mechanisms co-benefits can be found below:
The World Bank’s coding system tracks as risk sharing and transfer and;
lending projects and captures activities Step 1: Creating the baseline
f) engaging in post-disaster
in which a primary objective involves and determining the universe
interventions that foster resilient
DRM. Since DRM is a cross-cutting
recovery and reconstruction. Actions taken:
issue that applies to all sectors of
development and is often not referred The tracking system measures lending 1. A condensed dataset was prepared,
to as a project objective, GFDRR also commitments with DRM co-benefits at using Bank portfolio analysis
tracks WB operations that provide the time of project approval as opposed databases that contained projects
DRM co-benefits. DRM co-benefits are to measuring increased disaster from relevant fiscal years.
DRM positive externalities that accrue resilience resulting from the financing
2. An automated keyword search,
in addition to the main objectives of associated with each operation. As
using standard DRM language, was
the development activity. An activity part of the system, newly approved
conducted of all approved Bank
provides DRM co-benefits if it has the projects from the following lending
project documents to identify
explicit purpose of increasing human sources are screened for their potential
projects not included in any of the
security, well-being, quality of life and contributions to DRM: IDA/IBRD (PE),
above mentioned databases.
sustainable development by improving Recipient Executed Activities (RE),
the understanding of disaster risk, Special Financing (SF), Guarantees 3. The list of projects was crosschecked
fostering risk reduction or risk transfer, (GU), and select Trust funds (GE). with all projects approved by the
or by improving disaster preparedness, Board betweenFY12–FY15 under the
In order to differentiate between DRM Bank sector and Thematic Codes to
response, and resilient recovery practices.
and development, activities are only ensure that no DRM projects had
Activities that have DRM co-benefits recorded as contributing to DRM if the been overlooked.
aim to reduce the human, social, and following eligibility criteria are met:
economic impact of natural disasters
1. There is explicit DRM reasoning Step 2: Review of project
and include interventions such as:
in the project’s appraisal and/or documents
a) assessing and identifying natural supporting documents Actions taken:
hazards and vulnerabilities;
2. The activity directly addresses 1. The review was conducted for IDA/
b) integrating disaster prevention
vulnerability resulting from natural IBRD projects, Recipient Executed
and mitigation into development
disasters and Climate Change Activities and other bank executed
to reduce the potential impacts of
Trust Funds, approved by the Board.
disasters; 3. The activity contributes to post-
2. All relevant project documents were
c) adapting to climate change disaster reconstruction measures
reviewed to assess co-benefits or
and variability and developing through implementation support,
whether they were“DRM informed,”
sustainable environmental infrastructure development,
based on the definition of DRM
management interventions for recovery strategies, or post-disaster
co-benefits in Section IV (adapted
disaster prevention and mitigation; assessments.
from the Climate Change co-benefit
d) preparing for disasters through for methodology: http://go.worldbank.
example improved early warnings org/RM27OYR5F0).Project designs
and contingency plans; that were informed by a disaster
risk assessment/study, but did not18 / Gender Action Plan
finance any DRM activities were kept f) IBRD/ IDA/ Grant DRM
General limitations/ caveats:
in the database and not counted as Co-benefits
having a DRM co-benefits. u Project documents for additional
g) Disaster Type financing projects may not contain
3. At least one project document • Determined by what disaster(s) detailed descriptions of components
(PADs, PIDs or, Project Paper) was is referenced. If the project because the parent project
referenced for analysis. is to reduce general risks documents generally includes this
associated with various natural detailed information. Typically, these
4. After updating and confirming
disasters, the disaster type is original projects will fall outside
project information with the World
referred to as “DRM General” of the FY12-FY15 scope, and would
Bank Group Operations Portal and
h) DRM Relevant Component (1-6) therefore not have been included
Imagebank, Projects were labeled/
in the Imagebank Keyword Search
categorized using a series of criteria, • The title of the first Component, Dataset. Therefore, there is a small
the most important in attempting sub-component, or policy area probability that some additional
to quantify co-benefits are the that contains a DRM co-benefit financing documents did not contain
following:
• A short summary of the any of the listed DRM keywords
a) Total Commitment component was included in and the parent project occurred
• Total commitment from a cell comment, as well as an before FY12, causing them to not be
relevant financing (IBRD/IDA, explanation of DRM activities included in this dataset.
Trust Funds, etc.) including and associated pillar
u This retroactive approach
contingencies. • For Policy Areas, all prior additionally limits the determination
b) Climate Change Adaptation co- actions with DRM co-benefits of DRM co-benefits by the
benefit under that policy area were information provided in the project
listed with its associated pillar documents. With this limited amount
c) Mutual DRM and CCA co-benefit
and a short summary in a cell of information, some DRM activities
• This includes financing that comment may be overlooked simply due
was determined to have CCA to lack of inclusion in the project
i) Relevance to DRM pillar (1-5)
co-benefits by OPCS as well as descriptions.
(with explanation)
DRM co-benefits
• A short explanation was
d) Project DRM Co-benefit Financing
included on relevance to the
• The sum of all DRM sector DRM Pillar
financing (not including
j) DRM Pillar (1-5) Financing $
contingencies)
k) Total DRM Pillar Financing $
e) Project DRM Co-benefit Financing
% l) Relevance to HFA (1-5) (with
explanation)
• Calculated using total DRM
co-benefit financing and total • Short explanation of relevance
project financing(not including was included
contingencies)GFDRR 17th Consultative Group Meeting / 19
Annex 4: Glossary of key terms
Agency The capacity to make decisions about one’s own life and act on them to achieve a desired outcome, free of
violence, retribution or fear (World Bank 2014b).
DRM Co-Benefits Disaster Risk Management positive externalities that accrue in addition to the main objectives of the
development activity.
Gender Gender refers to the social, behavioral and cultural attributes, expectations and norms associated with being
male or female (World Bank 2011).
Gender equality Refers to how these factors determine the way in which women and men relate to each other and to the
resulting differences in power between them (World Bank 2011).
Gender-based An umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially
violence ascribed (that is, gender) differences between males and females. Gender-based violence includes acts that
inflict physical, mental, or sexual harm or suffering; threats of such acts; and coercion and other deprivations of
liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life (IASC 2015).
Gender A process that systematically integrates gender perspectives into legislation, public policies, programs and
mainstreaming projects. This process enables making women’s and men’s concerns and experiences to be made an integral
dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political,
economic, and societal spheres with the goal of achieving gender equality (United Nations 2002).
Gender-smart Solutions that achieve the overall objectives of an intervention while closing relevant gender gaps in the
solutions process.
Risk The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences. UNISDR (2009). UNISDR
Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. UNISDR: Geneva.
Strategic approach to The use of diagnostics and analytics to identify the key gaps between males and females in a country or sector,
mainstreaming and constraints to agency that will be targeted through operations to achieve clearly articulated results.You can also read
