2019 General Elections: Need for Human and Institutional Capacity Development for Political Parties - Covenant Journals
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Covenant Journal of Business & Social Sciences (CJBSS) Vol. 9 No. 2, Dec. 2018
An Open Access Journal Available Online
2019 General Elections: Need for Human and
Institutional Capacity Development for
Political Parties
Alfred Charles (Ph.D)1 & Goodnews Osah (Ph.D)2
1
Department of Democratic Studies,
National Institute for Legislative Studies (NLIS),
National Assembly
charles.alfred@nils.gov.ng
2
Department of Political Science and Public Administration
Babcock University, Ogun State, Nigeria
osahg@babcock.edu.ng
Abstract: Since Nigeria traced back its way to democratic governance in 1999,
the Independent Electoral Commission (INEC) has registered 67 political
parties has well over 80 more application for consideration for registration
before the deadline. Some of these parties are in comatose while others are
struggling to survival in the hash political environment. Given that political
parties are the livewire of democracy, there is need to enhance and support
their grow both in their human and institutional capacities. Thus study
recommends that for the immediate INEC should make the human and
institutional capacity development that National Institute for Legislative
Studies (NILS) is currently providing compulsory for all the political parties
that are ready to field candidates in the 2019 elections. While the long term
actions should include that after the 2019 elections, the National Assembly
should amend the electoral law to include a clause that will make the human
and institutional capacities‟ development compulsory for political parties; and
also a clause that spelt-out the required educational qualification of executive
members of political parties should be added to the electoral law too. All
executive members of political parties should have a second degree that is not
more than 50 years old.
Keywords: Elections, Human capacity, Institutional capacity, Development,
Political Parties
1Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
1. Introduction capacities which is preventing the
The Independent National Electoral parties from contributing their own
Commission (INEC) in January 2018 quota to the positive democratization
said it has over 80 political parties that process that is currently going on in
submitted applications for registration Nigeria.
ahead of the 2019 elections… that there As expected, ahead of the general
are currently 67 political parties already elections scheduled for 16th February
registered…. “As it is today, 80 more and 2nd March 2019, several countries
groups are seeking registration as and development agencies including the
political parties, and “we will continue United States of America, United
to register them until the time scheduled Kingdom, Japan and the UNDP have
by the Electoral Act for us to stop.… pledged to support Nigeria to achieve
(Premium Times, 2017). free and fair election. This study is
The above news item culled from the therefore, interested in proffering long
Premium Times shows that more and short terms measures that will help
political parties will be registered before to build the capacities of the executive
2019 general elections. There is nothing members and the institutions that made
diametrically and constitutionally wrong political parties viable.
with INEC registering more political II Review of Literature
parties. What is wrong, however, is to Compulsory Human and Institutional
leave the political parties in comatose, Capacity Development
as virtually all the political parties Generally and technically, political
currently in operation in Nigeria need parties in Nigeria do not need capacity
help in sundry forms in terms of building because, in modern
capacity and institutional development. development discourse the term
For instance, most of the political „capacity development‟ is preferred to
parties‟ executive members do not have the term capacity building. Capacity
any idea on how to raise funds, manage building assumes that no capacity exist
inter and intra political conflicts and (Angela, 2016) thus building up from
they also lack basic equipment such as scratch including starting up a structure
modern computer and database of vital step-by-step (OECD, 2006). Although,
information including membership list. Morgan (1996) observed that capacity
That political parties in Nigeria, in all building is “the ability of individuals,
material details, need capacity and groups, institutions and organizations to
institutional development have been identify and solve development
highlighted in various studies conducted problems over time”. On the other hand,
by Jeremy and Jibrin, (2013); Omotola, capacity development starts from the
(2010); Omotola, (2009); Jinadu (2011); premise that capacity exists and can be
Samuel, (2016); Taiwo, (2016); strengthened. Thus, capacity
Antonia, (2015) and many other development recognizes that there is no
international organizations including the situation in which capacity does not
UNDP (2010). However, what most of exist.
these studies have not squarely covered Venner (2014) explains that the concept
is how best to immediately improve the of capacity building (later replaced by
dismal conditions of the political parties capacity development) gained
in terms of human and institutional prominence in development circle in the
2Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
1990s as a better way of „doing‟ It appears that from the UNDP
development. While little was written in explanation of capacity development
academic literature on capacity cited by Angela (2016) above, much of
development in the previous decades, the concentration is still on the
the 1990s and subsequent years saw a development of human capacity while
geometric increase in references to little interest is placed on how to
capacity development. develop the institutions which the
Before the 1990s, capacity development political parties‟ executive members will
was mainly seen as an intervention outlive. Capacity development, as
linked to teaching and training directed explained by the UNDP, is what all
at individuals working in organisations. political parties in Nigeria need, it also
Today there is huge interest and appears that virtually all the political
tremendous advancement in both parties in Nigeria need and want is a
capacity development as a concept and comprehensive human and institutional
field of intervention. This interest has capacity development package that will
also provided more conceptual clarity be applicable in the long and short terms
especially as it involves processes of since the nation is still actively enjoying
change that aims to enable organisations the registration of new political parties
and institutions resolve, innovate and almost on quarterly basis.
respond to society‟s need. Another notable interest in the capacity
development discourse was by the
United Nations Development
OECD/DAC Govnet who defined it as:
Programme (UNDP) views capacity
“Capacity is the ability of people,
development as “….the how of making
organisations and society as a
development work better and is in whole to manage their affairs
essence about making institutions better successfully ... Capacity
able to deliver and promote human development is the process
development (Angela, 2016). The whereby people, organisations and
UNDP consequently hinged capacity society as a whole unleash,
development as the cornerstone of its strengthen, create, adapt and
development approach, especially as her maintain capacity over time”
specific role is to support and strengthen (OECD, 2006).
governments in developing countries. Other definition is presented in the table
below:
Table 1- Definitions of capacity development
Author and date Definition
Cohen (1993) “.. Any system, effort or process... which includes among it‟s major
objectives strengthening the capability of elected chief executive
officers, chief administrative officers, department and agency heads
and programme managers in general purpose government to plan,
implement, manage or evaluate policies, strategies or programs
designed to impact on social conditions in the community.”
1995 UN General “....that the objective of capacity-building and its sustainability
Assembly resolution should continue to be an essential part of the operational activities of
A/RES/50/120 the United Nations system at the country level, with the aim of
integrating their activities and providing support to efforts to
strengthen national capacities in the fields of, inter alia, policy and
3Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
programme formulation, development management, planning,
implementation, coordination, monitoring and review”
CIDA (1996) “A process by which individuals, groups, institutions, organizations
and societies enhance their abilities to identify and meet
development challenges in a sustainable manner”.
ISS, Support for „the approaches, strategies and methodologies used by developing
Capacity countries and/or external stakeholders to improve performance at
Development, The individual, organisational, network/sector or broader system level”
Hague, June 2005).
UNICEF-Namibia “Any support that strengthens an institution's ability to effectively
(1996) and efficiently design, implement and evaluate development
activities according to its mission”.
SIDA, Manual for „the conditions that must be in place e.g.: knowledge, competence,
Capacity and effective and development-oriented organisations and
Development, institutional frameworks, in order to make development possible”.
Stockholm, October
(2005)
UNDP (1998) “a concept which is broader the organizational development since it
includes an emphasis on the overall system, environment or context
within which individuals, organizations and societies operate and
interact (and not simply a single organization)”.
Morgan (2006) identifies five core Human and Institutional Capacity
capabilities that enables an organization Development (HICD) was developed by
to fulfil a function, these include: the the Bureau for Economic Growth,
capability to act, the capability to Agriculture and Trade (EGAT) to help
generate development results, the United Nations Agency for International
capability to relate, the capability to Development (USAID) integrate Human
adapt and the capability to achieve and Institutional Capacity Development
coherence. These core capabilities (HICD) into its development assistance
provide the basis for assessing the programs (USAID, 2010:7).
capacity of an organization to define its The USAID (2010) informs that, HICD
baseline for evaluating changes in can be successfully applied to any type
capacity and performance over time. of organization including government
Walters (2007) observed that what has organizations, non-profit organizations
not changed is that capacity and professional associations. HICD
development is firmly anchored in will enable these organizations to
development paradigms and is linked to responsibly meet the needs of their
the development process of individuals, countries and their citizens. The ultimate
organisations, institutions and societies goal of HICD is to help improve
at large. Viewed from this perspective performance in critical areas leading to
then, capacity development would measurable results in achieving the
involve strengthening of the individuals, organization‟s goals and objectives
organisations and institutions concerned (USAID, 2010:7). Therefore, for
to perform optimally. However, capacity political parties in Nigeria, the adoption
development must be well designed and of continuous HICD will adequately
executed in order to produce sustainable compensate for the lack of human
effects. capacities and the institutional
4Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
deficiencies of the political parties that iv. organization--party bureaucracy;
are endangering the consolidation of v. involvement in policy formulation;
democracy. It will variously reduce to vi. voter education and mobilization;
bearable minimum the visible lapses of and
political parties in Nigeria. Hence, in vii. protecting and defending the
this study compulsory HICD simply country‟s constitution.
means, HICD should be made Also Ukase (2006) has explained the
mandatory for both new and old importance of political parties thus:
political parties. Since when there is a Party system and party politics
clear vision, a broad-base commitment constitute the sub-structure or
and active stakeholder participation, foundation of any viable and
capacity building would be beneficial to durable democratic order, for this
the individual, organization and provides insight into how
institution strengthening. programmes of actions are
articulated and how interests are
Of course, capacity is not developed in a formed and aggregated in the
vacuum, Jeremy and Jibrin, (2013:4) society. Given these enormous
observed that, deepening democracy responsibilities, the success or
requires going beyond elections to failure of any political
building strong institutional foundations arrangement depends to a large
including the rule of law, extent on the nature and character
constitutionalism, strong media and civil of its political parties and party
system (Ukase, 2006: 184).
society, and, perhaps most importantly,
political parties. This implies that This means that democratic
political parties are the tap-roots of all consolidation works hand in hand with
the types of democracies currently in the strengthening of political parties.
operation globally. Even in the “closed” This explains why in even matured
type of democracies being practiced in democracies the human and institutional
places like China and Cuba, the “Party” capacities of political parties are still
is still the ultimate. constantly developed. In this study,
political parties‟ executives include all
Democratic theorists, according to
the personalities that directly manage
Pippa, (2005:3) have long debated the
the affairs of registered political parties.
most appropriate role and function of
political parties. Jinadu (2011:2) noted III. Why Nigerian Political Parties
that a political party helps to (a) Need Human And Institutional
structure electoral choice and (b) Capacity Development
conduct the business of government, In terms of ordinary ranking, to Femi
under a party label or banner. Besides (2016:2) the most fundamental right
the primary responsibility of political next to the right to life is perhaps the
parties globally that he conceptualized, right to vote. But in reality, the quality
Jinadu also observed that in Nigeria, the of the right to life often depends upon
secondary functions or responsibilities the quality of the circumstances under
of political parties are: which the right to vote takes place…..A
i. recruitment or reproduction of the desecration of the right to vote may
political class; therefore translate to a desecration of all
ii. membership recruitment; other democratic rights, if it is accepted
iii. patronage disbursement; that the essence of democratic elections
5Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
is to guarantee the protection of the Besides all the above mentioned
rights of the majority. functions, the key distinction, however,
The summation by Femi (2016) is so is that only political parties have the
germane to this study that it can now be ability to aggregate demands, which
safely concluded that, the non- they can facilitate compromise among
improvement and the non-strengthening diverse groups, to offer the electorate a
of the capacities of political parties can programme of alternative policy
be classified as an infringement of the proposals designed to meet these
rights of the whole citizenry in a demands, to recruit candidates for
country. The lack of continuous elective offices, and, if elected, to pass
development of the human and the legislation and to oversee the
institutional capacities of the political implementation of public policies.
parties has triggered various problems, One major omission in literature that
which have made them to be weak. covers political parties‟ functions in
Most liberal theorists believe that Nigeria is the fact that political parties
political parties are essential to the in Nigeria also provide varieties of jobs
practical workings of representative for the citizens directly and indirectly.
democracy. To them modern democracy They also help to unite the nation in
in mass societies, that is, multi-ethnic diverse ways by bringing together
and multi-religious nations like Nigeria people from different ethnic,
and others in Africa, is unworkable educational, class, social and religious
without political parties playing their backgrounds to work together. This
functions very well, as it were (Pippa, means that political parties are a
2005). Political parties all over the requisite in the developmental process
world do serve a wide variety of in Nigeria and they should not be left in
functions which include: their current weak forms. The identified
1) Conducting election campaigns, challenges of the nation‟s political
2) Mobilizing and channeling parties should be dealt with as soon as
supporters, possible.
3) Aggregating interests, In 2013, the Democratic Governance for
4) Structuring electoral choices, Development Programme of the UNDP
5) Linking leaders and activists, conducted a comprehensive study that
6) Selecting candidates for elected shows that political parties in Nigeria
office, could not carry out their traditional
7) Developing policy platforms, functions because they lack human and
8) Organizing legislatures, and institutional capacities in the areas
9) Coordinating the formation and outlined in Table 2:
activities of government. (Pippa,
2005:3).
Table 2: Challenges confronting political parties in Nigeria
1) Human resource capacity at the state and local level. The largest parties have local
leadership that is politically strong at the community level or the state level but
often lack key professional skills.
2) Parties frequently fail to generate effective internal communication between their
national and sub-national branches.
3) Related to this challenge are parties‟ limited abilities in use of technology.
6Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
Although some parties have demonstrated successful use of technology in
campaigning, most party leadership, due partly to its age, are yet to take advantage
of technological innovations like text or WhatsApp messaging to party leaders and
members for organizational and information sharing purposes, raising money
through mobile money or online fundraising, and generating on-line policy debate
on key party policy issues.
4) Parties have also yet to attempt to build national, data-rich, and computerized
membership databases, partly due to weak linkages between national, state, local
government and ward party offices, and partly due to the political manipulations
of party membership used by party candidates to exclude their opponents within
the party.
5) Developing a uniform, consistent and accessible way of recruiting, admitting, and
managing members is also lacking, with a number of observers insinuating that
the PDP has made it extremely difficult for members to join and frequently
manipulates membership when parties hold primaries.
6) Parties raised concerns about their abilities to mobilize resources and raise funds,
thereby limiting their activities that require significant resources. These concerns
were voiced most strongly by the non-parliamentary parties.
7) Parties have yet to demonstrate competence in research and analysis that looks at
their own performance and develop clear plans and strategies that provide national
frameworks for addressing their challenges and building the party
8) Parties have yet to develop an inclusive and research-based policy and manifesto
development process that provides a clear policy framework for them to govern;
nor have parties developed a consistent way of monitoring and evaluating the
extent to which their elected leaders are realizing their manifestos during their
terms of office
9) Related to this, parties lack ideological or institutional identities outside their
ethno-regional or religious affiliations, or their leading figures
10) Internal democracy in all of Nigeria‟s political parties is limited. While there are
rules on primary and internal party elections, parties often ignore, twist or subvert
the rules to arrive at candidates through processes of selection, negotiation, or
manipulation. The principle of zoning, in terms of providing equal opportunities
based geographical area, sometimes disenfranchises candidates who may wish to
contest.
Source: Compiled by Authors (2018) from UNDP (2013:12)
Besides the ten broad challenges 5) Own few “cash cows” (some
Nigerian political parties are facing means of investments that provide
enumerated in Table 2; the political constant stream of income).
parties also need to: According to Jinadu (2011), some of the
1) Establish training institutions to challenges faced by the Nigerian
train both new and old members; political parties include, but not limited
2) Design mechanisms to attract well- to:
educated young members; 1) Absence of mechanism for public-
3) Provide some sorts of material and self-assessment of extent of
benefits for new and old members; democratic values in handling in-
4) Own a well-resourced means of house matters in the party. Issues
mass communication such as a such as how parties choose their
radio station; and nominees, conduct their primaries,
and handle official matters
7Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
requiring the services of a purpose of gaining political
technocratic which only career advantage.
bureaucrats can handle, are a 5) Poor funding of the parties from
source of continuous challenge to the INEC, which more often than
the parties. not reduced the parties to seek
2) The recycling nature of Nigerian financial succour from rich
politicians that not only disallow Nigerians or, for the parties in
young upcoming politicians to power, from government official,
develop but also gradually take have continued to compromise the
over the control of the parties is a virulence of the parties to pursue
challenge. For the same reason, the purely public goods.
continued existence of the old 6) Constitutional and statutory lacuna
orders at the detriment of younger that have rendered the political
ones precludes the new focus from parties as willful assailants during
the present adverse politicking to election periods or victims of
positive and nation-building attack because there is neither
character to politics. constitutional nor statutory
3) Lack of ideology-based politics provisions for prosecuting election
and excessive emphasis on offenders.
personalized politics. It appears, the ongoing exercise to
Other challenges identified by Taiwo amend the 2010 electoral law will take
(2016:12) are: care of some of the challenges that are
1) Patrimonial politics, which purely legal that have been raised in this
connotes the issues of section. However, most of the issues
godfatherism, violence and raised can be taken care of through
political insecurity have been obligatory human and institutional
manifest in the Nigerian polity capacity development that particularly
from the colonial periods to the target the managers and founders of the
present political dispensation. political parties.
2) Power of incumbency of the ruling IV Political Parties’ Human and
party to control the appointed Institutional Capacity Development:
electoral bodies to the detriments Global Supports
of other parties reduces the The need for political parties‟ capacities
integrity of electoral process, create to be comprehensively developed in
mutual suspicion, disquiet among emerging democracies has propelled
the parties and the defection some international organizations to
syndrome that ultimately eliminate provide the necessary help. This section
competitive politics. will just list the international
3) Military-initiated democratic organizations that are helping to provide
transitions and constitutionalism capacity development for political
which have made observance of the parties directly all over the world. The
ideals of democracy observable by contents of this section were culled from
the rulers and the ruled. studies done by Michael, (2014:23);
4) Ethnicity-based politics and Leni, and Alan (2009); UNDP, (2010)
campaign of calumny for the sole and Ann and Levan (2012). Some of the
international organizations that are
8Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
essentially helping to build political view of Omotola (2009) no democracy
parties capacities world-wide are: can survive without strong political
1. National Democratic Institute, parties. Nigeria should without delay do
2. Netherlands Institute for Multiparty something drastic to immediately
Democracy (NIMD), develop the weak political parties that
3. DemocraShe, dots its political firmament.
4. Department for International Currently, Nigeria has 67 registered
Development (DFID), political parties, which means since the
5. Foreign & Commonwealth Office recent return of liberal democracy to the
(FCO) country in 1999 an average of three
6. United Nations Development political parties are registered every
Programme (UNDP). year. The fact that most of these
7. United Nations Agency for political parties are just paper tigers
International Development (USAID). because of poor human and institutional
Several projects have been initiated by capacities is no longer news to all
the UNDP and intended to strengthen concerned authorities and personalities
capacity that will bring stability, (Antonia, 2015; Olanrewaju, 2015;
national unity and meaningful Akubo, and Yakubu, 2014; and
participatory democracy to Nigeria‟s Ademola, 2015). What is urgently
political system. One of such projects its needed therefore is a comprehensive and
establishment of the Political Party compulsory immediate and long terms
Leadership and Policy Development HICD. Of course, capacity development
Centre (PPLPDC) at the National is necessary to make political parties
Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies more competent to withstand the strong
(NIPSS). wave of domestic and global push for
The Economic Commission for West institutionalization of the
Africa States ECOWAS is another body democratization process. More so, that
that regularly organizes capacity some of these parties are in comatose in
development workshops to member the hash political environment. The
states. One of such, is the review and instant and long term actions are
validation of training modules for presented below:
political parties in the member states. Immediate action needed:
1) INEC should make the human and
V. Conclusion and Recommendations institutional capacity development
The major highlight of this study is
that National Institute for
about how political parties which are the
Legislative Studies (NILS) is
livewire of democracy in most
currently providing compulsory for
developing nations such as Nigeria can
all the political parties that are ready
be enhanced and supported to grow both
to field candidates in the 2019
in their human and institutional
elections.
capacities. Of course, the needed
Long term action needed:
capacity development would bring about
1) After the 2019 elections, the
institutional change. This summation
National Assembly should amend
also flows from Jinadu‟s (2011)
the electoral law to include a clause
formulation that, party reform to deepen
that will make the human and
democracy in the country (Nigeria)
institutional capacities‟
remains an unfinished business. In the
9Alfred Charles & Goodnews Osah CJBSS (2018) 9(2) 1-12
development at NILS compulsory parties should be added to the
for political parties; electoral law too. All executive
2) Also a clause that spelt-out the members of political parties should
required educational qualification of have a second degree that is not
executive members of political more than 50 years old.
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