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APA Referencing
APA REFERENCING
(American Psychological Association)
This guide is designed to help you use the APA referencing system in your assignments.
For more detailed information refer to the Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association
Date Updated: 19/04/2011
http://www.nmit.edu.au/ Converted to APA style from NMIT Harvard guide by Viv Mariolle
Page | 1 of 16APA Referencing
Contents
What Is Referencing?.......................................................................................................................... 3
Why Reference? ................................................................................................................................. 3
What Is Plagiarism? ............................................................................................................................ 3
Reference Lists And Bibliographies .................................................................................................... 4
Referencing Books .......................................................................................................................... 4
Referencing Articles ........................................................................................................................ 5
Referencing Multimedia .................................................................................................................. 5
Referencing Online Resources ....................................................................................................... 6
Reference List/Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 7
Sample Reference List/Bibliography ............................................................................................... 7
In-text Referencing .............................................................................................................................. 8
Examples........................................................................................................................................... 10
Print Resources ............................................................................................................................. 10
Print Resources ............................................................................................................................. 11
Multimedia ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Images/ Illustrations ...................................................................................................................... 12
Personal Communication .............................................................................................................. 12
Standards ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Online Resources .......................................................................................................................... 14
Blog ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Electronic Book ......................................................................................................................... 14
Journal Article............................................................................................................................ 14
Journal Article from Database ................................................................................................... 14
Media Release .......................................................................................................................... 14
Newspaper Article from Database ............................................................................................ 14
Podcast ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Website ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Web Document ......................................................................................................................... 15
Wiki............................................................................................................................................ 15
Further Information ............................................................................................................................ 16
Date Updated: 19/04/2011
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Page | 2 of 16APA Referencing
This guide to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system is designed
to assist you in documenting the sources of information you use for your assignments. It is
based on a number of resources which draw from the 6th edition of the Publication manual of
the American Psychological Association - the resources are listed at the end of this guide.
The use of a “hanging indent” and the Doi (Digital object identifier) are of key importance in
this style of referencing.
What is Referencing?
Referencing is a system used to identify and acknowledge the ownership or source of words,
information or ideas that you have used in your assignment.
You must reference in your assignment when you:
• Quote another person’s words exactly
• Copy tables, figures, illustrations or diagrams
• Paraphrase by putting someone else’s ideas into your own words
• Summarise by providing a short description of someone else’s ideas
You need to acknowledge sources both within the text of your paper (in-text referencing)
and at the end of your paper in a reference list and/or bibliography.
Why Reference?
Referencing is essential to:
• Avoid plagiarism. You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have used
from other writers. If you do not you are giving the impression that another person’s
words or ideas are your own. This is called plagiarism. Plagiarism carries academic
penalties.
• Verify the information you are using. Using other people’s ideas and information
will help you to validate the arguments and/or statements you are making in your
assignment.
• Follow up on information. Readers of your assignment may wish to follow up on
the subject you are writing about by consulting some of the sources you used to
research your assignment.
What is Plagiarism?
• Using all or part of someone else’s words or ideas and presenting them as your own.
• When you directly copy (quote) material from books, journal articles, electronic
sources, internet, sound recordings, films and you do not acknowledge it.
• When you take someone else’s work and put it into your own words (paraphrase)
without acknowledging it.
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Reference Lists and Bibliographies
The words ‘bibliography’ and ‘reference list’ are often used interchangeably, however they
are different.
• A reference list contains only the details of items you have referred to, or quoted or
used in your assignment.
• A bibliography includes all items you used to research and write your assignment
even if they are not directly referred to, or quoted or used in your assignment.
Both bibliographies and reference lists are placed at the end of your assignment and
arranged alphabetically by author, or where no author is given, by title. Works by the same
author are listed in order of publication date – earliest to latest. Works by the same author in
the same year, are listed in alphabetical order of the title.
The reference list should be on a separate page, double spaced and when citing a title the
second and subsequent lines should be indented between 5 to 7 spaces. Check
punctuation carefully
It is important you consult with your teacher to determine whether a reference list or
bibliography is required.
Referencing Books
The details required, in order, are:
• Name of author(s), editor(s), compiler(s) or organisation responsible
• Year of publication in parenthesis ( )
• Title and subtitle if any (in italics with minimal capitalisation)
• Edition in parenthesis (if other than first, edition abbreviated to ed.)
• Place of publication
• Publisher
Author Year Title (italicised) Edition Place of Publisher
publication
Mollison, M. (2003). Producing videos: a complete guide (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen
& Unwin.
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Referencing Articles
The details required, in order, are:
• Name of author(s) of the article
• Year of publication in parenthesis ( )
• Title of article –do not italicise
• Title of periodical (italicised)
• Volume number
• Issue number in parenthesis( )
• Page number(s)
Author Year Article title Periodical title Volume Issue Page(s)
(italicised)
Rowley, J. (2003). Action research. Education and training, 45 (3), 131-138.
Referencing Multimedia
Multimedia includes CD-ROMs, videos, films, television radio programs. The details required,
in order, are:
• Producers surname and first initial, followed by (Producer) in parenthesis
• Directors/Writers surname and first initial followed by (Writer) or (Director)
• Date of release
• Title (italicised)
• Format (for example DVDs, films, television and radio programs)
• Place of origin, followed by a colon :
• Studio or distributor.
Producer Writer Date Title Country
Sykes, A. (Producer), & Collins, C. (Writer). (2007).The information age [DVD], Bendigo, Vic:
Classroom Video.
Studio or Distributor Format
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Referencing Online Resources
Online resources may include online journals, both from databases or from the Internet, and
other web resources. The details required are the same as for print resources plus:
• Internet website – only include the date you accessed the website if the information is
likely to change or be updated.
• The DOI ( Digital Object Identifier)
• The web address (or URL) or the name of the database from which the information
was retrieved if no DOI is provided.
From a website:
Author Year Title of document
(italicised)
Australian Information and Library Association. (2006).Statement on information literacy for
all Australians. Retrieved from http://www.alia.org.au/policies/information.literacy.html
Web address
OR
Full text from an electronic database without a DOI :
Author Year Article title Periodical title
(italicised)
Hawawini, G. (2005). The future of business schools. Journal of management development,
24(9), 770-782. Retrieved from Emerald Management Xtra College database.
Volume Issue Pages Datebase name
OR
Full text from an electronic database with a DOI :
Author Year Article title Periodical title Volume
(italicised)
Powell, J. (2010).The power of global aging. Ageing International, 35(1), 1- 14.
doi :10.1007/s12126-010-9051-6
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) Issue Pages
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Reference List/Bibliography
The full details of each reference are placed at the end of your assignment in either a
reference list or a bibliography and arranged alphabetically by author, or where no author is
given, by title. Works by the same author are listed in order of publication date – earliest to
latest. Works by the same author in the same year, are listed in alphabetical order of the
title. Remember, the reference list should be on a separate page, double spaced and when
citing a title the second and subsequent lines must be indented 5-7 spaces (hanging indent
style). Titles should be italicised. Personal communications are not included in your
reference list as they are not traceable.
Sample Reference List/Bibliography
Australian Information and Library Association. (2006). Statement on information literacy for
all Australians. Retrieved from http://www.alia.org.au/policies/information.literacy.html
Epstein, J. M. (2008). Making sustainability work: best practices in managing and measuring
corporate social, environmental and economic impacts. San Francisco, CA:
Greenleaf.
Goldsmith, E., & Mander, J. (Eds). (2001). The case against the global economy: and for a
turn toward localization (Rev. ed.). London, England: Earthscan.
Hubbard,G. (2008). Strategic management: thinking, analysis & action (3rd ed). Frenchs
Forest, NSW: Pearson Education.
Labatt,S.T. & White,R.R.(2007). Carbon Finance: the financial implications of climate change.
Hobson, NJ: John Wiley.
Latimer, P. (2008). Australian business law (27th ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH.
Powell, J. (2010). The power of global aging. Ageing International, 35(1), 1-4.doi:
10.1007/s12126-010-9051-6
Tortura, T., Funke, B.R., & Case, C.L .(2004). Microbiology: an introduction (8th ed.). San
Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Warburton, J., & Chambers, B. (2007). Older Indigenous Australians: their integral role in
culture and community. Australasian journal on ageing 26(1), 3.
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In-text Referencing
(Brief references in the text of your assignment)
In-text referencing can be either direct quotations or paraphrasing.
Direct quotation means using the exact words of another person. Use double quotation
marks for quotes under 40 words and include the author, year and page numbers in brackets.
Smyth states that “Figure captions should be as concise as possible”
(Smyth, 2009, p.90).
Do not use quotation marks if the quote is over 40 words. Indent the whole quote 5 spaces
and use block style print. Cite the quote in your list of references.
Paraphrasing means using others ideas expressed in your own words, e.g.
Smyth (2009) states that it is important to ensure that figure captions …
For in-text referencing, you need three pieces of information:
• Author/s surname/s
• Year of publication
Example: Figures should be simple for maximum impact (Smyth, 2009).
Author Year
If there are 2 authors, always include both names. If there are 3.4.or 5 authors list them all
in the first reference but from then on just use the name of the first author , followed by “et
al.” which means ‘and others’ If there are 6 or more authors cite the first author followed by
“et al.” followed by the year.
Example: Rix et al (2002).
First author Year
If there is no identifiable author, use the title of the work instead. The title should be italicised.
Example: Moran allows 2 months for the design and prototyping of a new product
(Manufacturing and the product cycle: a case study of Moran furniture, 2006).
Title Year
For direct quotes or summaries, quotation marks should be placed around the beginning and
end of the passage and you also require:
• Page number/s
Use block style if the quote is over 40 words in length and do not use quotation marks.
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Author Year Page
Example: “Figure captions should be as concise as possible” (Smyth, 2009, p.90).
Author names may be integrated into the text of your assignment, followed by the year of
publication in parentheses.
Author Year
Example: Smyth (2009) maintains that the main advantage of a figure is its visual impact.
Remember: The full details of each reference are given at the end of your assignment in the
reference list and/or bibliography.
Further information
Use the examples on the following pages as a guide.
If you require further information or assistance with referencing, library staff are always
available to assist. The Locations & Hours page of the library website provides information
on where to find the libraries as well as contact numbers and opening hours. Alternatively
you can submit a question to our librarians online using the Ask a Librarian service.
Use the References listed at the end of this guide for more details, or for subject focused
referencing information.
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Examples
PRINT RESOURCES IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
BOOK: Morton (2005) discusses … Morton, R. (2005). King Kong: the history
One author OR of a movie icon from Fay Wray to
“Merchandising was a key component in the King Peter Jackson. New York, NY:
Kong ‘76’s promotional campaign” (Morton, 2005, Applause Theatre and Cinema Books.
p.167).
OR
King Kong has appeared in both successful and
unsuccessful films (Morton, 2005).
BOOK: Weise and Weynand (2007) describe Weise, M., & Weynand, D. (2007). How
nd
Two authors OR video works (2 ed.). Burlington, MA:
“To minimize the visible loss of data….”( Weise Focal.
&Weynand,2007,p.158)
BOOK: Krotoski, Nosek and Turk (1996, p.6) found Krotowski , D. M., Nosek , M. A., & Turk, M.
Three to seven authors changing perceptions... A., (1996). Women with physical
Include all of the authors names in the first citation. disabilities. Baltimore, MA: Paul H.
Krotoski et al.(1996, p.6) found changing Brookes.
perceptions…
After the first citation use only the surname of the
first author followed by et al. -not italicised and
followed by a full stop after al. Year of publication
and page numbers follow in brackets.
BOOK:
More than seven ( Ali et al. , 2002, p.127 ) Ali, M., Boulden , G., Brake, T., Bruce, A..,
authors Eaton, J., Holden, R., … Tee, R.
(2002). DK successful manager’s
Show only the name of the first author followed by handbook. London, U.K: Dorling
et al. – not italicised and followed by a full stop after Kindersley.
al.
Up to 7 authors – include all names
More than 7 authors – include the first 6
followed by 3 full stops in a row and then
the last author’s name.
BOOK: Macquarie learners dictionary (1999) Macquarie learner’s dictionary (1999). North
No author OR Ryde, NSW: Macquarie Library
(including … (Macquarie learners dictionary , 1999)
encyclopaedias and
dictionaries)
BOOK: Nelmes, J. (Ed.). (2003). An introduction to
Editors film studies. (3rd ed.). London, U.K:
One Editor (Nelmes , 2003) discusses… Routledge
OR Goldsmith, E., & Mander, J. (Eds.).
( 2001)The case against the global
Two or more Editors Goldsmith and Mander (2001) state… economy: and for a turn toward
localization. (Rev.ed.). London, U.K:
Earthscan
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PRINT RESOURCES IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
BOOK: … (Australian Bureau of Statistics ,1996) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1996).
Corporate author OR Australians and the environment.
Department of Human Services prepared the action Canberra, ACT: Author
plan for older Victorians (DHS 1999).
Department of Human Services. (1999).
The organization’s name must be written in full the Creating a Victoria for all ages: an
first time. An abbreviation can then be used. action plan for older Victorians.
Melbourne, Vic : Author
When the author and the publisher are the
same, the word Author is used in place of
the publisher.
BOOK: Mollison (2003) identifies… Mollison, M.(2003) Producing videos: a
Edition complete guide, (2nd ed.), Crows Nest,
OR NSW: Allen & Unwin
Composition involves arranging elements in a scene
to give a desired effect (Mollison, 2003). Edition number is placed after the title.
Edition number is not necessary for 1st
ed.
BOOK: Webster (1996) states that cinema… Webster, C. (1996). Film: the place where
Chapter or part of OR art and technology meet. In J.
Shadow plays are the earliest form of cinema Nelmes, An introduction to film studies
(Webster ,1996, p.63) (pp. 61-64).London, UK: Routledge.
CONFERENCE (Hossain, Bailey & Lubulwa, 2003), state… Hossain, A., Bailey, G. & Lubulwa, M.
paper (2003) Characteristics and travel
Or patterns of older Australians: impact of
population ageing on tourism. In
As stated by Hossain, Bailey & Lubulwa (2003) International Conference on
Population Ageing and Health:
Modelling our future Canberra,
Australia, 8-12 December 2003. (pp.
3-25) Canberra, ACT: Bureau of
Tourism Research.
JOURNAL Warburton & Chambers (2007) reflect on … Warburton, J., & Chambers, B. (2007).
article Older Indigenous Australians: their
OR integral role in culture and
‘…need for a body of contemporary research in this community .Australasian Journal on
area’ (Warburton & Chambers 2007). Ageing, 26 (1), 3.
NEWSPAPER (Gettler 2007). Gettler, L. (2007, April 18) You can get rich
Article and be free, but can you be happy?
The Age, p.16.
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MULTIMEDIA IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
DVD , VIDEO Sykes, A. (Producer), & Collins, C. (Writer).
Or MOTION PICTURE The information age (2007) traces the development (2007).The information age [DVD], Bendigo,
… Vic: Classroom Video
Include the names of writers and producers
where available. Format is enclosed in
square brackets immediately after the title.
SONG The song Chosen Ones (2004) was composed by Camilleri, J. (2004) Chosen ones. On The
from a CD … Great Black Sorrows [CD]. Australia:
Rajon.
IMAGES/ IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
ILLUSTRATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
IMAGE or
ILLUSTRATION – from Raphael’s painting “St.George and the Tresidder, J. (2000) Symbols and their
Printed book Dragon”(Tresidder, 2000, p.54) meanings London, UK: Duncan Baird.
IMAGES
- Online (The lunar interior,1999) shows… The lunar interior [Image].1999.
Retrieved from
http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/br
owse/moon/moonint.jpg.
DATA If you reproduce table data found online you must Include the name of the web page where
In a table caption include a reference. the table data is found:
Cite the author and date: Melbourne Water. (2009) Rainfall and River
level data: Chart view Thompson Dam
Table 2 shows total cumulative rainfall in the Rain. Melbourne, Australia:
Thompson Dam in the past twelve months Melbourne Water.
(Melbourne Water, 2009)… Retrieved from
http://www.melbournewater.com.au/c
All tables should be numbered and table ontent/rivers_and_creeks/rainfall_and
captions should be placed above the table. _river_level_data/chartview.asp?Stati
onID=358
Table 2: Cumulative Rainfall totals Thompson Dam
2009
PERSONAL IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
COMMUNICATION BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
Emails /letters / In an email received from R. L. Phillips (personal Personal communications such as emails,
telephone calls / communication, March 16, 2011) the observation letters, telephone calls, personal interviews
conversations and was made ….. and conversations are not included in the
personal interviews reference list as they cannot be easily
traced.
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STANDARDS IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
STANDARDS According to (Standards Australia, 2006), when Standards Australia. ( 2006)Residential
- Print constructing… timber-framed construction Part 2: Non-
cyclonic areas, AS 1684.2-2006.
Sydney, Australia: Author.
STANDARDS According to (Standards Australia, 2006), when Standards Australia. (2006).Technical
from a database cabling… standard S008: requirements for
customer cabling products (ACA TS
008:2006). Retrieved from
http://saiglobal.com
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ONLINE IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
RESOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
BLOG
Personal Lawrinson (2009) states that… Lawrinson, J. (2009, October 02) Writing in
the margins [Web log post]. Retrieved
from
http://julialawrinson.livejournal.com/
ELECTRONIC BOOK Bardzell and Bardzell (2006 , p.262) argue that… Bardzell, J. & Bardzell, S. (2006).
– from database Macromedia Studio 8: training from the
source. Retrieved from Proquest Safari
Books Online database.
If no DOI is available include the name
of the database or the URL address.
JOURNAL ARTICLE Cherrington (2007) describes… Cherrington, J. (2007). Exporting success
OR Management Today, (April). Retrieved
‘…it's in the interests of countries to attract overseas from
investment to their own shores (Cherrington, 2007). http://www.aim.com.au/DisplayStory.as
p?ID=623
JOURNAL article from As Rowley (2003) states Rowley, J. (2003) Action research: an
database OR approach to student work based
Students require a high level of support when using learning, Education and Training, 45 (3)
action research for the first time (Rowley, 2003, pp.131-138. Retrieved from Emerald
p.131). Management Xtra College.
MEDIA RELEASE Chair of the House of Representatives Climate George, J.( 2009). Climate change
Change, Water, Environment and the Arts committee to discuss coastal
Committee Jennie George (2009) announced… management, [Press release}.
Retrieved from
http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committe
e/ccwea/coastalzone/media/media21.p
df.
NEWSPAPER article Gettler (2007) contrasts… Gettler, L. (2007, April 18) You can get rich
from database OR and be free, but can you be happy? The
(Gettler 2007). Age, p. 16. Retrieved from Proquest
Australia New Zealand Newsstand
database.
PODCAST (Inoculating fish in Vietnam: The Science Show, Fisher, D. (Producer), & Williams, R.
(RADIO program) 2009) (Presenter). (2009, August
29)Inoculating fish in Vietnam: The
OR Science Show, [ Audio podcast]
referring to the speaker: Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/scienceshow/s
Robyn Williams (Fisher & Williams, 2009) discussed tories/2009/2670170.htm
the practice of vaccinating farmed catfish…
Note: Include:
1. Name of the producer and presenter
2. Date of the podcast.
3. Name of podcast (italicised)
4. Format of podcast [square brackets]
5. URL
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ONLINE IN TEXT EXAMPLE REFERENCE LIST OR
RESOURCES BIBLIOGRAPHY EXAMPLE
PODCAST (The Winds of change: Four Corners 17 March McDermott, Quentin. (Producer &
(TV program) 2008) Presenter). (2008, March 17) The
Winds of change: Four Corners [video
Note: The title is written in italics. webcast] Retrieved from
http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/
2008/s2188218.htm
Note: Include the following information
in the Reference list:
See example above (Radio program)
WEBSITE (Discover Ireland.ie, 2009) Failte Ireland National Tourism
(entire website) Development Authority.( 2007) Discover
Content liable to change so date of retrieval is Ireland.ie, Retrieved October 26, 2009,
included. from http://www.ireland.ie
WEB DOCUMENT However, ‘Any agreed increase in a bond amount Australian Department of Health and
for example pdf should be associated with an improvement in Ageing (2009). Varying the amount of
accommodation for the resident (Australian an accommodation bond with an
Department of Health and Ageing, 2009, p.2). existing resident, Retrieved October 26,
2009 from
Include date pdf was accessed in case important http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/
information is changed. publishing.nsf/Content/47F37CAD8EC
C0906CA2576250005EB94?$File/vary
_accomm_bond_w_exist_res.pdf
WEB DOCUMENT According to the Australian Library and Information Australian Information and Library
for example html Association (2006) … Association (2006). Statement on
information literacy for all Australians.
OR Retrieved from
…in their policy outline (ALIA 2006). http://www.alia.org.au/policies/informati
on.literacy.html
WEB DOCUMENT Australian business addresses and contact details Yellow pages online. (2006). Retrieved
with no author can be searched at (Yellow pages online, 2006) from http://www.yellowpages.com.au
WIKI Wikis usually contain content generated by multiple Climate change, Bioenergy (n.d.) In
users, and may have no named author. Wikipedia. Retrieved October 14,2009
from
Cite the title of the wiki and the date it was accessed http://www.bioenergywiki.net/Climate_c
as wiki content is subject to frequent change. hange
(Climate change, n.d.) Note: include the following information in
the Reference list:
1. The name of the article
2. No date (n.d.) – frequent revision.
3. Date accessed.
4. The URL of the article page.
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Page | 15 of 16APA Referencing
If you require further information or assistance with Referencing, library staff are always
available to assist. The Locations & Hours page of the library website provides information
on where to find the libraries as well as contact numbers and opening hours. Alternatively
you can submit a question to our librarians online using the Ask a Librarian service. The
following helpful websites were consulted to convert the existing NMIT Harvard Guide to
APA format.
References and further information
Curtin University of Technology. (2010) Apa referencing. Retrieved from
http://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/content.php?pid=141214&sid=1335391
Monash University Library. (2011).American Psychological Association (APA) style
examples. Retrieved from http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/apa.html
University of Southern Mississippi libraries.(2009) APA Style Guide 6th edition. Retrieved
from http://www.lib.usm.edu/help/style_guides/apa.html
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