Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black pomfret Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)
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Research in Marine Sciences
899
Volume 6, Issue 2, 2021
Pages 899 - 914
Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry
and scale characteristics of Black pomfret Parastromateus niger
(Bloch, 1795)
Hina Gul Gharsheen1, Zubia Masood1,∗ , Quratulan Ahmed2, Semra Benzer3, and
Asim Ullah Khan4
1
Department of Zoology, Sardar Bhadur Klan Women’s University, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
2
University of Karachi, The Marine Reference Collection and Resources Centre, Karachi,
Pakistan
3
Gazi University, Gazi Faculty of Education, Department of Science Education, Teknikokullar,
Ankara, Turkey
4
Faculty of Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore,
Pakistan
Received: 2020-12-12 Accepted: 2021-04-18
Abstract
The knowledge about biometric differences is essential for the description of sexual differentiation
of any particular species and also has numerous implementations in fish biology. A total of 100
samples (50 males and 50 females) of Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) commonly called ‘black
pomfret’ were gathered from Quetta fish market of Balochistan to observe first time biometrically
by calculating the morphometric, meristic and scale characteristics for examining the sexual
dimorphism and phylogenetic relationship. The overall results revealed that highly strong and
significant correlations (r>70; p
900 Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914
1. Introduction between sexes of Upeneus vittatus on the basis
of its scale shapes.
Family Carangidae is composed of diverse Morphological characters can be categorized
groups of economically important coastal into two types, (i) morphometric characters,
pelagic fishes and include 32 genera and 140 and (ii) meristic characters (Honebrink, 2000).
species, which are commonly called as, scads, Information’s regarding to morphometric and
black pomfrets, pampanos, jacks, queen fish, meristic variables play a vital role in analysis
and amberjacks (Nelson, 2006). Parastromateus of fish taxonomy and their phylogeny. Mostly
niger belongs to this family is commonly morphometric characters can be classified into
known as “Black Pomfret” commonly (i) genetically (Narrow range), (ii) intermediate
abundant in Pacific Ocean and Indian ocean. It (Moderate range), and (iii) environmentally
found near the muddy bottom and mainly feed (Vast range) controlled characters that also
on small invertebrates and eggs and larvae of show’s a great potential value in systematic,
fishes or sometimes shows seasonal variations fisheries management and assessment of
in their diets (Dadzie, 2007). This species is sexual dimorphism (Quist et al., 2012;
a rich source of essential protein for human Fatnassi et al., 2017; Ukenye et al., 2019;
consumption. Spawning season extends from Famoofo and Abdul, 2020). These characters
July to October. Body shape was laterally are now used to identify the fish body shapes
compress and elongated with dark grey colored as previously described by Cabral and Murta,
fins. Pectoral fins are sickled-shape, while both (2002) and Palma and Andrade (2002). Mostly,
dorsal and anal fins are wedged-shape, whereas fish exhibit great variances in their external
caudal fin is forked shape. The size of female morphology, even within same and different
is comparatively larger than males and reaches species or sometimes also varied among many
up to 30cm in TL (Tan, 2009). Whole body is populations belong to single species (Hossain
covered with both cycloid and ctenoid scales. et al., 2015). Morphometric characters
As several microstructures of scale including therefore can be considered as important
its size, width, shapes, and types, and also tools in identification of species, genus or
the various shapes of ctenii on ctenoid scale, stocks of fish (Murta et al., 2008; Imam et al.,
different position of focus, and arrangements of 2011). As fish species identification is quiet
radii and circulii on scale had also been used by essential practices in fisheries conservation
several workers like Lagler (1947); Vernerey and management; therefore, traditionally, most
and Barthelat (2010), Esmaeili and Gholami works usually used only external morphological
(2011), Ibanez et al. (2011), Zubia and Rehana characteristics for it (Zubia et al., 2015b);
(2011), Esmaeli et al., (2012) Ambareen et al. however, sometimes these methods had been
(2015), and Zubia et al. (2015a), which had also proved unreliable. Therefore, further analysis
demonstrated that scale characters can be used on microstructures of fish scale has also been
as viable tools in observing the phylogenetic considered to observe their significance in
relationships between various fish groups, and systematic studies of various species, as well as
also for sexual dimorphism. Likewise, Matondo for sexual dimorphism. Presently, no published
et al. (2010), had observed sexual dimorphism literature was available on biometric data asResearch in Marine Sciences 901
Figure 1. Showing the eight body regions for scale collection from Parastromateus niger
2.4. as
well Statistics
the microstructures of scales of the 2.3. Scale sampling and Scanning
Parastromateus niger. Electron Microscopy (SEM)
All Statistical analysis of data was carried
The objective of this study will be a first approach out using MS Excel and SPSS statistical package
toprogram
describefor Windows Ver.
morphological 26.scale characters In this study, scale samples collected from
and
for observing their basic importance in sexual eight body regions of fishes includes, i.e., 1:
2.4.1 Linearand
dimorphism Regression
phylogenyrelationships between Morphometric
of this species. head region, 2: and meristicregion,
Pectoral characters with total
3: Abdominal
body length (TL) of fish region, 4: Region below dorsal fin, 5: Mid-
2.Linear
Materials andequation
regression methods dorsalthe
was also adopted to detect region, 6: Caudal
proportional region, 7:
peduncle between
relationships all
Region below anal fin, 8: Base of caudal fin
2.1.
aboveFish sampling
mentioned morphological characteristics of this species with TL as described by Rimzhim
9: Region above pelvic fin by followed the
and Goswami (2015) as mention below:
A total of 100 samples of Parastomateus niger method of Zsuzsanna (2016). Then washed
Y=
(50 a+bX and 50 males) purchased from Fish Scales in warm water at 60°C for 3 to 4(1)
females hours
market of district Quetta of Balochistan from for removing mucous or dust particles from
where, ‘X’ represents TL of fish, and ‘Y’ represents morphometric and meristic characters; ‘a’
June 2018 to July 2019. Then 11 morphometric scale surface. Scales were further cleaned by
shows intercept, and ‘b’ represents the regression slope (Zubia et al., 2015b).
and 2 meristic characters calculated by soaked in 5% KOH solution for 10 minutes and
the procedures previously followed by dried on filter paper, and finally kept between
2.4.2 Correlation Coefficient (r)
Manimegalai et al. (2010), and Zubia et al. two microscopic slides for prevents them for
(2015b)
In this by using
study, themeasuring
values ofboard with meter
correlation curling
coefficient after air
(r) were alsodry. These dried
calculated scales
between all were
these
scale and Vernier calliper. mounted by using aluminum stubs
morphometric and meristic characters with TL at 5% significance (p0.70 shows stong relationships between two variables TL versus morphological
respectively.
length (FL), head length (HL), snout length
(SL), eye character
diameter (ED), post-orbital length
2.4. Statistics
(POL),
whereas, pectoral fin between
variations length (PFL),
all theseanal fin
morphometric and meristic variables of male and female
length (AFL), dorsal fin length (DL), body
sexes of black pomfret were observe by using two sample t-testsanalysis
All Statistical of data wasinterval
at 95% confidence carried (CI).
out
depth (BD); while Meristic characters includes, using MS Excel and SPSS statistical package
dorsal fin-rays
2.4.3 t-test count (DFC) and anal fin-rays program for Windows Ver. 26.
analysis
count (AFC), respectively.
900902 Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914
2.4.1 Linear Regression relationships between analyzes the difference between means of each
Morphometric and meristic characters with For morphological characters
conduct a 2-sample of male
t-test, male and and female
female populatio
total body length (TL) of fish populations The
independent. of 2-sample
this species
t-testiswas statistically
used to analyzes th
significant
For conduct at2-sample
a p0.05. TheThe hypotheses
2-sample of a
t-test two-tailed
was used test
to analyzesoft
at p0.05. The hypotheses
detect the proportional relationships between all would be:
morphological characters of male and female 2-sample
For conduct a populationst-teo
above mentioned morphological characteristics •HH0:0:µ1 1
− µ2 = 0 (means
(means of each morphological
morphological2-samplecharacter
at p0.05. TheThe hypotheses of
of this species with TL as described by Rimzhim character of two populations are equal)
H1: 1 2 ≠ 0 (means of each morphological
morphological characters of
character
and Goswami (2015) as mention below: •HH1:
0: µ − µ22 ≠
11 = 0 (means of each
eachmorphological
morphological character
at pResearch in Marine Sciences 903
Table 1. Linear Regression relationships between TL and various morphological characteristics of
Parastromateus niger
Combined sexes (N=100)
X Y Mean±S.D Min Max. A b r p-value CT
M/C
TL 23.7±4.9 12.4 33.5
FL 23.3±5.2 11.2 29.4 0.14 1.1 0.98 0.00 ***
STL 20.4±4.9 9.5 27.0 1.17 1.2 0.97 0.00 ***
HL 6.1±1.3 3.3 8.0 -1.8 4.6 0.93 0.00 ***
SL 2.1±0.5 1.0 2.9 5.12 9.5 0.80 0.00 ***
ED 1.1±0.2 0.7 1.4 0.45 22 0.64 0.00 **
TL POL 2.8±0.6 1.5 3.9 0.65 8.1 0.93 0.00 ***
PFL 8.3±1.6 4.0 11.0 -0.7 3.3 0.94 0.00 ***
DFL 13.4±2.7 7.0 16.5 -0.8 2.0 0.91 0.00 ***
AFL 12.2±2.6 6.3 15.1 -0.5 2.1 0.93 0.00 ***
BD 11.9±2.3 5.9 15.1 -3.3 2.4 0.90 0.00 ***
DFC 43.5±1.6 41.0 46.0 -61 2.0 0.31 0.33 *
AFC 38.9±0.5 35.0 40.0 -59 2.1 0.25 0.14 *
Female (N=50)
M/C
TL 26.5±6.0 14.2 33.5
FL 23.3±5.3 12.0 29.4 -0.08 0.88 0.98 0.00 ***
STL 20.4±5.0 10.2 27.0 -1.49 0.83 0.97 0.00 ***
HL 6.1±1.3 4.0 8.0 0.52 0.21 0.94 0.00 ***
SL 2.1±0.5 1.0 2.9 -0.24 0.09 0.92 0.00 ***
ED 1.1±0.2 0.7 1.4 0.19 0.03 0.88 0.00 ***
TL POL 3.1±0.6 1.7 3.9 0.14 0.11 0.94 0.00 ***
PFL 8.3±1.7 5.2 11.0 1.20 0.27 0.91 0.00 ***
DFL 13.4±2.8 7.6 16.5 1.40 0.45 0.94 0.00 ***
AFL 12.2±2.7 6.4 15.1 0.61 0.44 0.96 0.00 ***
BD 11.9±2.4 6.8 15.1 1.66 0.39 0.96 0.00 ***
DFC 43.5±1.7 42.0 46.0 38.77 0.18 0.41 0.33 *
AFC 38.9±0.5 38.0 40.0 37.97 0.04 0.16 0.22 *
Male (N=50)
M/C
TL 21.0±3.9 12.4 25.0
FL 18.6±3.5 11.2 22.0 0.24 0.87 0.97 0.0 ***
STL 16.4±3.2 9.5 19.2 -0.33 0.80 0.96 0.0 ***
HL 5.1±0.9 3.3 6.5 0.86 0.20 0.85 0.0 ***
SL 1.8±0.5 1.0 2.5 -0.54 0.11 0.75 0.0 ***
ED 1.0±0.2 0.7 1.3 0.29 0.03 0.47 0.02 *
TL POL 2.6±0.6 1.5 3.0 -0.36 0.14 0.93 0.0 ***
PFL 6.6±1.2 4.0 7.5 0.33 0.30 0.95 0.0 ***
DFL 11.2±2.3 7.0 15.0 -0.05 0.54 0.86 0.0 ***
AFL 10.4±2.2 6.3 13.2 -1.00 0.54 0.93 0.0 ***
BD 10.6±2.0 5.9 13.2 0.82 0.46 0.88 0.0 ***
DFC 42.0±1.1 41.0 44.0 42.76 -0.04 0.17 0.32 *
AFC 38.4±1.8 35.0 40.0 31.33 0.34 0.54 0.12 *
Note: S.D=standard deviation; a=intercept; b=regression slope; r=correlation coefficient; *** shows strong correlation
(r>0.70), ** shows moderate correlation (r >0.60; * shows weak correlation (rMoreover, significant variations (t-test, p0.05)
between
904 sexes of this
Assessing species,
sexual as shown
dimorphism in Table
and systematic 2. the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914
with
Table 2. Analysis of 2-sample t-test at 5% Confidence level (Cl)
Two samples t-test and CI
x Y t-test p-value CI
M/C
TL 2.90 0.01 (1.71, 10.88)
FL -2.80 0.01 (-9.45,-1.33)
STL -2.61 0.02 (-8.51,-0.90)
HL -2.56 0.02 (-2.21,-0.21)
SL -1.69 0.11 (-0.84,0.08)
ED -1.23 0.23 (-0.28,0.07)
TL
POL -2.43 0.03 (-1.22,-0.09)
PFL -3.13 0.01 (-3.26,-0.64)
DFL -2.41 0.03 (-4.85,-0.34)
AFL -2.13 0.05 (-4.37,-0.04)
BD -1.95 0.07α (-3.83,0.13)
DFC -2.61 0.02 (-2.80,-0.29)
AFC -1.22 0.24α (-1.87,0.52)
Note: 2-sample t-test value significant if P0.05.
3.3. Sexual dimorphism body region and their significance in systematic
study of this species, as shown in Figures 2, 3,
3.4. Scale characteristics
Moreover, significant variations (t-test, p0.05) between sexes of this species, as
collected
shownfrom different
in Table 2. body region and their significance in systematic
The results of thisstudy
studyofshowed
this species, as
that strong
shown in Figures 2, 3, 4.1-4.8, 5.1-5.8 respectively. and significant correlations (pResearch in Marine Sciences 905
Figure
Figure2.2.SEM
SEMFigure 2. SEM microphotographs
microphotographs
microphotographs ofofscale
scale
ofof of scale ofniger
Parastromateus
Parastromateus Parastromateus
niger niger
(A) complete
(A) complete (A) complete
scale
scale from scale from
from pectoral
pectoral region regionpectoral re
(B) anterior (B) with
field
(B) anterior field anterior
with field(C)
circuli
circuli (C)with
Focus
Focuscirculi
(D)(C)
(D) Focus field
Posterior (D) Posterior
field
Posterior (E) Lateral field
field
(E) Lateral (E) Lateral field
field
Figure 2. SEM microphotographs of scale of Parastromateus niger (A
(B) anterior field with circuli (C) Focus (D) Posterior field (E) Latera
crophotographs of scale of Parastromateus niger (A) complete scale from pectoral region
with circuli (C) Focus (D) Posterior field (E) Lateral field
ateus niger (A) complete scale from pectoral region
eld (E) Lateral field
Figure 3. SEM microphotograph of Parastromateus niger. (A) Scale of male fish from head region, (B)
Scale of female fish from head region
Figure 3. SEMFigure 3. SEM microphotograph
microphotograph of Parastromateus
of Parastromateus niger.
niger. (A) Scale (A) Scale
of male of male
fish from headfish from(B)
region, head region,
Scale
Scale of female fishof female
from headfish from head region
region
Figure 3. SEM microphotograph of Parastromateus niger. (A) Scal
Scale(A)
microphotograph of Parastromateus niger. of Scale
female fishfish
of male from head
from headregion
region, (B)
fish from head region
Figure 4.1. SEM of region 1 (head) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
905
ger. (A) Scale of male fish from head region, (B)
905 905906 Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914
Figure 4.1. SEM of region 1 (head) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 4.2. SEM of region 2 (pectoral) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 4.3. SEM of region 3 (abdominal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 4.4. SEM of region 4 (below dorsal fin) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field Scales of
Male fish of Parastromateus niger
Figure 4.5. SEM of region 5 (Mid dorsal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
906
Figure 4.6. SEM of region 6 (Caudal peduncle) showing anterior field, focus and posterior fieldResearch in Marine Sciences 907
Figure 4.6. SEM of region 6 (Caudal peduncle) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 4.7. SEM of region 7 (below anal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 4.8. SEM of region 8 (Caudal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field Scales of
Male fish of Parastromateus niger
Figure 5.1. SEM of region 1 (head region) showing focus, Lateral field and posterior field
Figure 5.2. SEM of region 2 (pectoral) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
907
Figure 5.3. SEM of region 3 (abdominal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field908 Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914
Figure 5.3. SEM of region 3 (abdominal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
Figure 5.4. SEM of region 4 (below dorsal fin) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field Scales
of Female fish of Parastromateus niger
Figure 5.5. SEM of region 5 (Mid dorsal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field
908
Figure 5.6. SEM of region 6 (Caudal peduncle) showing focus, Lateral field and posterior field
Figure 5.7. SEM of region 7 (below anal region) showing anterior field, focus and Lateral field
Figure 5.8. SEM of region 8 (Caudal region) showing anterior field, focus and posterior field Scales of
Female fish of Parastromateus niger
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationship of morphological characters with TL
The results of this study showed that strong and significant correlations (pResearch in Marine Sciences 909
But meristic characteristics of males, females anterior field of scale, while radii were
and combined sexes were showing only completely absent on them. Anterior field was
weak and insignificant correlations (r0.05) with total body length (TL). Meristic exposed. The scales from the pectoral region
characters were fixed for males and females of represent all characteristic features of a true
this species throughout the life history. Hence, cycloid scale; therefore, could be designed as
it had been proved that sexual dimorphism key type scales of this species that could be
occurs in Parastromateus niger based on all valuable in taxonomy. Scales found in head and
these morphometric characteristics of this caudal regions were smaller in size. Focus was
study. Therefore, our present investigation was mostly oval or round shaped, while its position
in agreements with Zhan and Wang (2012), was also found to be different in all scales
Rathipriya et al. (2018), Famoofo and Abdul when collected from several body regions of
(2020). All such morphometric variations fish. Focus lies more towards the center of all
between sexes might be because of changes in scales, except the head scales of male fish, in
several environmental conditions of habitat, which focus was lies more slightly near the
availability of food as well as breeding season anterior field. From focus, lines-of-growth
(Hossain, 2010). Hence, morphometric were emerging out, and are known as ‘circuli’
variables are considered good tools, which help (Figure 2), which contain space between them
in assessment of sexual dimorphism of this are called inter circular space. These circuli
species (Fatnassi et al., 2017). Though, fish is were chiefly many elevated ridges occurs on
much sensitive vertebrate to the environmental the scale surface and showed great variances
changes; however, it has great ability to with regard to their thickness, arrangement
quickly adapt them by producing variations in or relative spacing between them. For
its morphometric variables (Hossain, 2010). example, the posterior field of scale contains
Ghasemzadeh and Ivantsoff (2004) observed comparatively large inter-circulur space that
that variations in external morphological the anterior field. Such minimum inter-circulur
characters are recurrently using as a primary space occurs in anterior field of scale might be
way of generating taxonomic differentiation due to the presence of focus on it. The circuli
between different families or genera or species. were found as wedged shape with broad base
According to Narejo (2010), the information and pointed from their upper region. Posterior
of morphometric variables of fish along with portion of scale was enclosed with thick layered
their statistical association is quite necessary for epidermis, while anterior portion was soft, and
authentic systematic investigation. epidermis was lacking on it. Distinct annuli
were also observed in anterior and lateral fields
4.2. Scale characteristics of scale, which indicates the fish age. These
In this study, scale shows structural pattern annual rings were apparently visible as dark or
of true cycloid type scale, which is generally light bands in alternative forms as presented in
ovoid to oblong in shapes. Microstructures the Figures 2, 3, 4.1-4.8, 5.1-5.8 of this study.
includes anterior, posterior and lateral fields, As yet no previous literature was published to
circuli, focus lies in center or more towards explain the structure of black pomfret scales,910 Assessing sexual dimorphism and systematic with the biometry and scale characteristics of Black... / 899 - 914 therefore, literature published on other fish endemic Aphanius species by Teimori et al. species was considered in this study. Lagler (2017) observed that the general structure (1947) observed that the scale size, shapes, types of scale in these species was true cycloid, and number of various countable structures like except in Aphanius ginaonis, which possess ctenii, radii, circuli and position of focus on though cycloid scales but also with some kind fish scales could be considered as least usable of spinous structures that are found on their characters that can used for the identifications posterior edge that could be used as a valuable of higher taxonomic levels (families), as well key character for reviewing the phylogenetic as species or geographical variant populations. relationships of this species. Likewise, Batts (1964) had also described Moreover, the detail studies of all microstructures similar key-based microstructures of fish of true cycloid scales of Parastromateus niger scale that have been proved as valuable tools by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the in identification of various flat fish species. present study was in agreement with Hilton et al. Sire et al. (2009) had described that fish scale (2010), Negi and Negi (2015), and Zsuzsanna can be considered as most important structure (2016), who also reported the similar results of fish integumentary system, which shows for scale morphology in Molva molva, Barilius great variations in their ontogeny, histology barna and Merluccius merluccius. The position and morphology during various ichthyological of focus lies in focus more towards the anterior studies of various fish groups. Therefore, field was also in accordance with Esmaeili et the use of scale morphology in systematic al., (2012), who also stated the same position classifications of various fish groups can be of focus in the scales of Garra rossica. As seen about one hundred years ago by Agassiz the inter circular space lies among the circuli (1833), who described the classification is actually indicates the fast and slow growth of various fish groups based on their scale rates in fishes, because during both winter and types, however with development of scanning autumn seasons, the growth of whole fish and electron microscopy (SEM), detail studies also its scales becomes retarded due to less of microstructure’s of a fish scale has now availability of food, and thus reduce the space considered as an important key characters that between the circuli, and therefore responsible can be valuable in systematic and phylogeny of for the formation of dark bands or annuli on different groups of fishes as reported by several scales. The position of circuli round the focus workers including Roberts (1993), Esmaeili can also play an important role in identification et al. (2012), Zubia et al. (2015a), Teimori et of any fish species (Esmaeili et al. 2007). al. (2017), and Alcaraz and Gholami (2019). Hence, according to Fisher and Pearcy (2005), Earliest researchers like Dapar et al. (2012), circuli are those microstructures of scale Ganzon et al. (2012) and Ibáñez et al. (2012) that can be considered a useful indicator of also revealed that the ancient lifetimes of fish, seasonal changes, spawning season, feeding variations in habitat condition and various rate, pollution, migration from one aquatic other environmental factors can produce great environment to other (Helfman et al., 2009). variations in scale morphology. For example, In addition, the development of radii on fish study of scale morphology among six Iranian scale was also connected with types of aquatic
Research in Marine Sciences 911
habitat, scale flexibility, nourishment, and J. 2015. Linear regression relationships
movement of fishes as previously described by between different scale parameters and body
Johal et al. (1984), Tandon and Johal (1996), size of Labeo rohita (family Cyprinidae)
and Esmaeili et al. (2007). collected from Baran Dam of Bannu district,
Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa province, Pakistan.
Conclusion World Journal of Zoology, 10 (2): 78-82.
Batts, B.S. 1964. Lepidology of the adult
As a result, this study was a first approach to
Pleuronectiform fishes of Puget Sound,
describe morphological and scale characters
Washington: Copeia.
for observing their basic importance in sexual
Cabral, H. N., and Murta, A. G. 2002. The diet
dimorphism and phylogeny of Black pomfret
of blue whiting, hake, horse mackerel and
Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795). These
mackerel of Portugal. Journal of Applied
results of this species will shed light on the
Ichthyology, 18(1): 14-23.
next researchers. Thus, from the obtained
Dadzie, S. 2007. Food and feeding habits of
results, it was concluded that biometry and
the black pomfret, Parastromateus niger
scale characteristics could also provide key
(Carangidae) in the Kuwaiti waters of the
characters in fish taxonomy, variations in the
Arabian Gulf. Cybium: International journal
populations belong to same species as well as
of ichthyology, 31(1): 77-84.
in sexual dimorphism.
Dapar, M. L. Torres, M. A. J., Fabricante, P. K.,
and Demayo, C. G. 2012. Scale morphology
Acknowledgements
of the Indian goatfish, Parupeneus indicus
I express my gratitude to Mr. Yusuf, Technical (Shaw, 1803) (Perciformes: Mullidae).
engineer in centralized lab of University of Advances in Environmental Biology, 6:
Karachi for his assistance in scale pictures from 1426-1432.
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Esmaeili, H. R., Teimori, A., Gholami, Z.,
Zarei, N., and Reichenbacher, B. 2012.
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