Assessment of Prevalence, Incidence and Severity of Red Pepper Disease in
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Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 45
ISSN: 2278-5213
Research Article
Assessment of Prevalence, Incidence and Severity of Red Pepper Disease in
Capsicum frutescens L. at Central Gondar, Ethiopia
Yigrem Mengist1*, Daniel Tadesse2 and Abebe Birara3
1,2
Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Gondar;
3
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences,
University of Gondar; P.O. BOX, 196; Gondar, Ethiopia
yigremmengist07@gmail.com*;+251918800726
Received: June 09 2019/Accepted: 30 July 2019/Published: 07 August 2019
Abstract
Production and productivity of red pepper is highly threatened by different biotic and abiotic factors. Among
biotic factors, disease is the most important factor that affects red pepper production in the world wide including
Ethiopia. However, the relative distribution and severity of each disease across district has not been well identified
to sound management strategies. Therefore, a survey was conducted which aimed to determine the prevalence,
incidence and severity of major red pepper disease and investigate the association of disease parameters with
crop management practices. A total of 120 farmers’ fields were randomly sampled from three districts namely
West Denbiya, Esat Denbiya and Takusa in central Gondar zone of Amhara region during 2017 and 2018 cropping
seasons. Disease incidence and severity varied across and within districts. Phytophthora root rot, Fusarium wilt,
Bacterial leaf spot, Powdery mildew, Anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot and Downy mildew were the most
dominant and frequently occurring diseases of red pepper. Variables such as altitude, varieties, seed bed types,
planting time and cropping pattern were significantly associated red pepper disease. Two years surveyed data
were collected, analyzed and expressed using percentage. Among all surveyed districts, the findings indicated
that the dominant red pepper disease severity were recorded from Phytophtora root rot (37.2%), Fusarium wilt
(32.8%) and Powdery mildew (25.0%) whereas the minimum severity were recorded from bacterial leaf spot (12.8%)
and Cercospora leaf spot (14.5%). The present study provides an indication of the prevalence, incidence and
severity of red pepper disease on which integrated management strategies could be derived to improve red
pepper production in the surveyed districts.
Keywords: Red pepper disease, disease incidence, Phytophthora root rot, Fusarium wilt, Cercospora leaf spot.
Introduction The total production of red pepper in the country for the
Red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is grown in many year 2009/10 main cropping season was estimated to be
countries of the world and its production for culinary and 183,402.6 ton. In addition in Amhara region, the total
vegetable uses had been increased from time to time production was 530.1 ton for the same year. Therefore, the
(Bosland et al., 2000; Koeda et al., 2014). It is the main contribution of Amhara region for the country production
part in the daily diet of most Ethiopian society. In Ethiopia was 29%. The total area cultivated by red pepper small
today, it is extensively produced and used. Red pepper is an holder farmers for the meher season 2016/2017 in North
important source of capsaicin, a compound that is pungent Gondar zone was 7,853.9 ha. The estimated average
and serves as digestive stimulant and Vitamins A, C and E production and productivity of red pepper in North Gondar
(Samira et al., 2013). It also contains appreciable amount of zone was 13,116 ton and 1.57 tons per hectare, respectively
calcium, phosphorus and iron (Kwenin et al., 2011). Pepper which is low compared to Amhara Region an average of 1.76
has also been widely used as a medicine to alleviate pain like tons per ha in 2016/17 (Berhane et al., 2018). The production
arthritis, to treat asthma, coughs and common cold, and to of pepper in the region is dominantly by smallholder
cure infected wounds. Even today, red peppers are one of farmers using rain by traditional farming practice. Very small
the most widely used of all natural remedies, for instance, amount of red pepper is being produced using irrigation
against arthritis (Kwenin et al., 2011). Red pepper is widely and modern inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds and
cultivated in different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. implement integrated pest management (Abay, 2010).
*Corresponding author
©Youth Education and Research Trust (YERT) jairjp.com Yigrem et al., 2019Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 46
According to Taffesse et al. (2012), there has been It is geographically located in 17029’32’’ North latitude and
substantial growth in crops, in terms of area cultivated, 42038’25’’ East longitude. The mean annual rainfall is ranged
yields and production since 2000, but a yield is low by from 875 to 1025 mm and the temperature ranged from 180c
international standards and overall production is highly to 350c. The zone is dominated by the agricultural sector,
susceptible to several biotic and abiotic factors. Among which employs about 80% of the working force. The zone is
biotic factors, diseases are one of the most important divided into 13 districts, and its boundaries are adjoin with
limiting factors in red pepper production (Mihajlović et al., North Gondar zone in the North, Awi zone in the West and
2017) and it causes losses of 25-90%. It suffers from a West Gojam zone in the South, North wollo zone in the
number of diseases but Phytophthora root rot, Fusarium East, South Gondar zone in the Southeast. The zone also
wilt, bacterial leaf spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose, has a total population of 3,036,961 (83.39% rural and 16.61%
Cercospora leaf spot and downy mildew are important urban) of which 56.35% and 43.65% are women and men,
constraint ones in globe responsible for yield losses respectively (Wondie et al., 2016). The dominant types of
(Kumar et al., 2011; Gómez-Rodríguez et al., 2017). Similarly, crop which is cultivated around the study area include teff,
root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. and Nacobbus maize, wheat, chickpea, white cumin and black cumin.
aberrans are one of the main problems in pepper (Djian-
Caporalino, 2012). Although quantified data on yield losses Sampling techniques: Field survey was carried out during
due to disease are not available for the country, the 2017 and 2018 main cropping season. A multistage sampling
importance of disease in red pepper production has been technique was used to select red pepper producer farmers.
given due attention. Among abiotic factors such as, lack of Out of three districts, nine major red pepper producing
improved varieties, traditional and backward production kebele were purposively selected based on red pepper
methods, improper and inadequate inputs supply, low soil production and productivity potential to represent the
fertility, drought and heat stress, lack of research outputs major red pepper growing areas of the zone. Then, after a
and extension services on production techniques, poor total of 120 farmer’s field who produced red pepper were
harvesting and post harvesting practices are also the most selected and inspected for disease prevalence, incidence
important production limiting factors (Alemu and Ermias, and severity. The timing of the survey was chosen so as to
2000; Simon, 2014). Likewise, the major production coincide with the time when the disease is reached
problems of red pepper were inadequate irrigation, low maximum stages. Red pepper cultivated fields were
rainfall, high input price and pests and disease whereas sampled randomly at intervals of 5-10 km along roads sides
marketing problems includes low produce price, lack of and distances between each farmer’s fields depended on
market and transport constraints (Endrias and Girma, 2015). the topography and the relative importance of red
pepper cultivation within each district. In each farmer’s
Total crop failure due to disease has been common in the field, 4m2(2m×2m) areas were marked out in five randomly
study area and farmers are sometimes forced to abandon selected points moving in, X‟ fashion of the fields using
their production due to excessive infection pressure in the quadrants was used to cover the whole field and disease
field. The diseases were highly expanded and distributed data were collected from individual quadrants and the five
aggressively in northwestern parts of the country from year samples per field were used as one site after averaged.
to year (Mekonen and Chala, 2014). The identity and relative Disease infected plants in each quadrant were collected for
importance of each disease across location has not been diagnostic use. Following each assessment, the number of
well profiled. Therefore, this study was initiated to healthy and disease infected leaves were counted within
determine (a) the relative occurrence, distribution, the area. During the survey period naturally infected
incidence and severity of red pepper disease in major different plant parts such as root, stem, leaf and pod which
growing districts of central Gondar zone (b) the influence of showed suspected typical symptoms of different diseases
cultural practice on red pepper disease epidemics, and (c) were collected. A total of 240 samples were collected and
to provide information which can be used in developing brought University of Gondar microbiology laboratories for
integrated management strategies against red pepper identification and confirmation of the pathogen.
disease.
Disease prevalence, incidence and severity: Prevalence of a
Materials and methods disease was calculated using the number of fields that
Description of study area: The study was conducted in major occupied by a particular disease divided by the total number
red pepper growing agroecologies of central Gondar zone, of field assessed and expressed in percentage.
Amhara national regional state, Ethiopia. The study was
conducted in three districts of central Gondar zone of DP (%) = × 100
Ethiopia namely West Denbiya, East Denbiya and Takusa
districts. Where, DP is disease prevalence.
*Corresponding author
©Youth Education and Research Trust (YERT) jairjp.com Yigrem et al., 2019Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 47
Incidence was calculated by using the number plants that On the contrary, among surveyed districts, the overall
are visibly diseased (showing disease symptoms) proportion maximum disease prevalence was recorded at East denbiya
to the total number of sampling units assessed. district (58.5%) followed by Takusa (57.1%) while the
To determine the incidence of red pepper disease at minimum mean prevalence was recorded at West denbiya
different farm fields used the following formula: (50.3%) (Table 1). Phytophtora root rot (Phytophtora capsici)
was the most common disease and found from 82 farmers’
DI (%) = × 100 fields out of 120 totals sampled red pepper field in both 2017
( )
and 2018 consecutive surveyed years. It was found to be a
Where, DI is disease incidence. devastating disease at seedling and fruiting stage of the
crop, when the rain fall is continuous and very intensive in
Severity was recorded by examining visually the whole the area (Granke et al., 2012). The findings are in line with
plants using percent leaf area affected in the quadrants. the findings of Sanogo and Ji (2012). The maximum disease
Severity was recorded using the modified Cobb’s scale prevalence along the three surveyed districts in two
(Peterson et al., 1948), by assessing 10 randomly tagged cropping season were found in red pepper fields sampled at
plants. The severity grades were converted into percentage East denbiya and Takusa district which resulted as 86.1% and
severity index (PSI) for the analysis (Campbell and Madden, 73.6% respectively. However, during surveyed two cropping
1990; Fininsa, 2003). season, the minimum disease prevalence was 68.6%
recorded at West denbiya districts (Table 1).
PSI = ×100
: ×
Fusarium wilt of red pepper caused by Fusarium capsici was
widely distributed through in the surveyed area of West
Results and discussion Gondar zone. This disease is the major disease of the
Red pepper disease prevalence: The prevalence of red surveyed district having soils of high water holding capacity
pepper disease was investigated during two main cropping with poor drainage. Symptoms of Fusarium wilt included
season following a planned two times survey across three wilting of the foliage and internal necrosis of the vascular
districts in central Gondar zone. Totally the prevalence of tissue in the stem of the plant (Bosland et al., 2012). The
red pepper disease was investigated in three districts of 68 prevalence was the second major disease found to be very
and 53 farmer fields which were assessed in the first and high occurrence in the surveyed area followed by powdery
second surveys respectively. The diseases found infecting mildew foliar disease which recorded 64.8% and 59.6%
red peppers after transplanting in the surveyed area were respectively (Table 1). The data indicated that the maximum
Phytophthora root rot (Phytophtora capsici), Fusarium wilt disease prevalence was 71.0 and 66.2% recorded at East
(Fusarium capsici), bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas denbiya and Takusa districts respectively. However, the
campestris pv. vesicatoria,), powdery mildew (Leveillula surveyed data indicated that the minimum prevalence was
taurica,), anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.), Cercospora leaf recorded on West denbiya districts 57.1% (Table 1).
spot (Cercospora capsici) and downy mildew (Peronospora The variation in the prevalence might be related to whether
capsici) diseases (Yesuf and Ayana, 1995; Mekonen and conditions and soil type of the specific surveyed area that
Chala, 2014). Study by Mekonen and Chala (2014) reported tended to favor the growth of the pathogens. This is
that powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and Fusarium wilt evidenced by the higher water holding capacity of the
(Fusarium oxysporum) as being the most widespread fungal vertisoil in East denbiya which enhanced the growth of
diseases of red pepper in Ethiopia. The mean distribution of pathogens. Powdery mildew caused by Peronospora capsici
each disease across the surveyed area was different. was one of economically important foliar red pepper
Among three surveyed districts of red pepper fields, the disease that occurred on the three surveyed districts of
maximum mean prevalence of Phytophtora root rot was West Gondar zone. In two consecutive cropping seasons,
86.11%, 73.56% and 68.64% while the minimum prevalence of the maximum prevalence of powdery mildew red pepper
bacterial leaf spot was 41.03%, 37.03% and 31.68% were disease was recorded from Takusa (69.8%), followed by
recorded at East denbiya, Takusa and West denbiya districts West denbiya (57.7%) while the minimum prevalence of
respectively (Table 1). Survey indicated that the maximum powdery mildew was recorded at East denbiya (51.4%)
mean prevalence in all disease was recorded from (Table 1). Foliar disease of Cercospora leaf spot has occurred
Phytophtora root rot (76.1%) followed by Fusarium wilt in all surveyed districts. In two years field survey, mean data
which recorded 64.78% while the minimum mean indicated that the maximum Cercospora leaf spot
prevalence was recorded from bacterial leaf spot (36.58%), occurrence was recorded at Takusa followed by East
followed by anthracnose and bacterial soft rot which denbiya which resulted in 64.8 and 58.6% respectively.
recorded 44.43% and 48.23% respectively (Table 1). However, the minimum prevalence was recorded at West
denbiya (46.4%) (Table 1).
*Corresponding author
©Youth Education and Research Trust (YERT) jairjp.com Yigrem et al., 2019Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 48
Table 1. Mean prevalence of major red pepper disease at three districts during 2017 and 2018 consecutive cropping season.
East Denbiya West Denbiya Takusa Mean
Red pepper disease
N.F Pre (%) N.F Pre (%) N.F Pre (%) N.F Pre (%)
Phytophthora root rot 30 86.1 21 68.6 31 73.6 82 76.1
Fusarium wilt 27 71.0 15 57.1 22 66.2 64 64.8
Bacterial leaf spot 6 41.3 5 31.7 4 37.0 15 36.7
Powdery mildew 18 51.4 12 57.7 19 69.8 49 59.6
Anthracnose 11 48.7 7 34.9 9 43.1 27 42.2
Cercospora leaf spot 20 58.6 10 46.4 17 64.8 47 56.6
Downy mildew 16 52.3 9 55.6 10 45.4 35 51.1
Total 42 58.5 30 50.3 48 57.1 120 55.3
Where, N.F number of fields where the disease sample was collected, Pre% is prevalence percentage.
Table 2. Mean disease incidence (DI) of major red pepper at three districts during 2017 and 2018 consecutive cropping season.
East Denbiya West Denbiya Takusa
Red pepper disease Mean
2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
Phytophthora root rot 65.4 71.8 50.6 58.4 55.9 65.3 61.2
Fusarium wilt 57.7 61.5 45.8 49.6 49.8 57.4 53.6
Bacterial leaf spot 28.7 35.3 24.8 29.7 25.7 32.1 29.4
Powdery mildew 46.5 40.2 49.3 42.1 52.4 46.6 46.2
Anthracnose 37.4 42.7 36.5 43.5 40.2 49.5 41.6
Cercospora leaf spot 32.4 35.7 31.5 38.5 35.2 45.5 36.5
Downy mildew 51.7 43.8 48.9 39.4 43.3 40.5 44.6
Table 3. Mean percentage severity index (PSI) of major red pepper diseases at three districts during 2017
and 2018 consecutive cropping season.
East Denbiya West Denbiya Takusa
Red pepper disease Mean
2017 2018 2017 2018 2017 2018
Phytophthora root rot 38.4 46.6 28.8 33.9 34.7 40.5 37.2
Fusarium wilt 33.2 42.1 26.7 30.2 29.5 34.9 32.8
Bacterial leaf spot 13.5 18.5 7.6 11.2 10.9 15.3 12.8
Powdery mildew 23.7 20.2 26.8 20.3 32.6 26.5 25.0
Anthracnose 13.4 17.4 16.7 18.9 19.5 23.6 18.3
Cercospora leaf spot 9.5 13.5 12.6 16.2 14.3 20.8 14.5
Downy mildew 29.4 24.7 20.2 17.5 25.3 20.9 23.0
Bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. In 2017 cropping season survey data indicated that
vesicatoria, was found in all inspected area. It affects red Phytophthora root rot was widely distributed and caused
pepper leaves, fruits and stems of the crop. Symptoms disease incidence damage by 65.4% in East denbiya followed
begin on leaves in small water-soaked spots and turn dark by 55.95 in Takusa district on farmer’s red pepper field while
brown (Chamberlin and Schmidt, 2012). The maximum the minimum disease incidence (50.6%) was recorded at
bacterial leaf spot prevalence was recorded at East denbiya West denbiya. In 2018 cropping season, the survey data
followed by Takusa 41.3 and 37.0% respectively while the revealed that Phytophthora root rot was highly prevalent in
minimum at West denbiya districts (31.7%) (Table 1). The major red pepper growing area of West Gondar zone as
overall surveyed districts showed that the minimum compared to 2017 cropping season with the incidence
prevalence of the disease (36.7%) was recorded from ranging from 58.4 to 71.8%, where the maximum disease
bacterial leaf spot as compared to other red pepper disease. incidence percentage was recorded from East denbiya
(71.8%) and the minimum disease incidence was noticed in
Red pepper disease incidence: The mean disease incidence West denbiya (58.4%) (Table 2). The maximum Fusarium wilt
percentage was carried out based on field observations. In (Fusarium capsici) disease incidence was recorded from East
West Gondar zone, the maximum disease incidence of denbiya (57.7%) followed by Takusa (49.8%), while the
Phytophthora root rot (Phytophtora capsici) was recoded in minimum disease incidence of (45.8%) was recorded in West
all of the three surveyed districts. Denbiya during 2017 cropping season.
*Corresponding author
©Youth Education and Research Trust (YERT) jairjp.com Yigrem et al., 2019Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 49
In 2018 main cropping season, the maximum disease Powdery mildew was also widely distributed throughout
incidence (61.5%) was also recorded from East denbiya, the major red pepper districts of central Gondar zone. In
followed by Takusa with 57.4% disease incidence (Table 2). 2017 cropping season, the disease severity revealed that
The variability in the occurrence of the diseases might be powdery mildew of red pepper was distributed in all
related to environmental conditions and soil type of the surveyed area in low to severe form with the severity
specific areas that tended to favor the growth of ranging from 23.7 to 32.6%, but the medium severity was
pathogens. This is evidenced by the higher water holding recorded in Takusa (26.8%). In 2018 cropping season, the
capacity of the vertisoil of East denbiya, which favour the maximum disease severity was recorded in Takusa (26.5%),
growth of Fusarium wilt in the area. Powdery mildew of red followed by West Denbiya (20.3%) while the minimum
pepper was distributed in all red pepper growing surveyed severity in East Denbiya recorded was 20.2% (Table 3).
districts in low to high form with incidence ranged 46.5 to Among the three surveyed districts, the lowest bacterial
52.4%. Among the three districts in 2017 cropping season, leaf spot disease severity was observed in West Denbiya
the maximum disease incidence was recorded in Takusa 7.6%, followed by Takusa having with value of 10.9%,
(52.4%), followed by West Denbiya (49.3%) while the however the highest severity 13.5% was recorded from East
minimum disease incidence of 46.5% in East Denbiya district. Denbiya during in the first surveyed cropping season.
Survey data in 2018 cropping season indicated that the
maximum incidence was recorded in Takusa (46.6%), while In the second surveyed cropping season, maximum severity
the minimum incidence in East Denbiya was 40.2% followed ratings were observed about 18.5, 15.3 and 11.2% in East
by West Denbiya (42.1%) (Table 2). During 2017 and 2018 Denbiya, Takusa and West Denbiya districts respectively.
cropping season, the bacterial leaf spot has been However, the occurrence of the disease was found to be
distributed in all three districts. However was recorded with very infrequent. The occurrence of bacterial leaf spot was
a low incidence. Among surveyed districts of West Gondar observed in all surveyed districts with low infestation level
zone in 2017 cropping season, the maximum bacterial leaf ranging from 7.6 up to 18.5% of severity index in both
spot incidence value was recorded from East Denbiya cropping season (Table 3). Two years mean PSI indicated
(28.7%) while the minimum incidence at West Denbiya that the maximum Phytophthora root rot mean PSI 42.5%
recorded 24.8%. The surveyed data in 2018 cropping season was recorded in East Denbiya followed by 37.6% PSI in
indicated that the maximum incidence recorded was 35.3% Takusa district. However, the minimum PSI 31.4% was
followed by 32.1% in East Denbiya and Takusa districts showed in West Denbiya district. It is apparent that among
respectively (Table 2). three surveyed districts the maximum mean Fusarium wilt
mean PSI 37.7% was observed in East Denbiya, followed by
Red pepper disease severity: Survey on the farmer’s field in Takusa PSI 32.2% while the minimum was from West
major red pepper growing area of West Gondar zone Denbiya with mean PSI of 28.5%. The highest powdery
revealed that Phytophthora root rot severity varied from mildew mean PSI 29.6% was recorded in Takusa while the
one locality to another due to altitude, cropping pattern, lowest mean PSI 21.9% was recorded in East Denbiya. The
growth stage, planting time, weeding management practice mean severity of bacterial leaf spot ranged from 9.4 to 16%,
and inoculum sources. Among surveyed districts during 2017 the maximum bacterial leaf spot mean PSI 16% was recorded
cropping season, the most affected fields were found in in East Denbiya, while the minimum mean PSI 9.4% was
East Denbiya (38.4%) severity, followed by Takusa (34.7%) recorded in West Denbiya (Table 3).
severity, but the minimum Phytophthora root rot severity
was noticed in West Denbiya which resulted in 28.8% Association of red pepper disease with different variables:
severity. In 2018, cropping season field survey data revealed Among three surveyed districts, the distribution, incidence
that the maximum disease severity (46.6%) was recorded in and severity of the above listed disease, the pepper disease
East Denbiya district while the minimum severity (33.9%) of Phytophthora root rot, Fusarium wilt and powdery
was recorded in West Denbiya (Table 3). Among identified mildew and minor leaf disease of bacterial leaf spot were
red pepper disease, Fusarium wilt was the second widely recorded in all three red pepper producer surveyed districts.
distributed types of red pepper disease, which recorded Most of the disease observed on red pepper farms can be
severity next to Phytophthora root rot. In 2017 cropping influenced by different factors like altitude, use of varieties,
season, the maximum Fusarium wilt disease severity was types of seed bed, planting time, growth stage of the crop,
recorded in East Denbiya (33.2%) and the minimum severity and planting pattern. However, in surveyed districts farmers
was noticed in West Denbiya (26.7%). Fusarium wilt is one of practice were variable and only few farmers apply
the major red pepper diseases having high disease severity recommended cultural practices.
(32.8%) in the surveyed district next to Phytophthora root
rot (Table 3).
*Corresponding author
©Youth Education and Research Trust (YERT) jairjp.com Yigrem et al., 2019Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR)
Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 50
Table 4. Association of mean severity major red pepper diseases for different parameter during 2017 and 2018
cropping season in Central Gondar zone, Ethiopia.
Major red pepper disease severity
Variables Class
PRR FW BLS PM Ant CLS DM
Mid (1951-2530) 48.6 38.8 23.0 29.8 26.1 31.5 29.8
Altitude
Low (1500-1950) 39.7 42.2 27.8 36.9 33.3 38.3 24.6
Improved 28.9 20.9 13.4 18.7 16.9 15.7 17.3
Varieties
Local 47.4 25.5 20.7 24.9 25.6 24.2 23.6
Seed bed Flat 45.3 40.9 14.2 38.9 27.4 20.8 30.3
types Raised 37.6 34.1 10.6 30.7 20.1 16.3 24.4
Planting Early 40.2 36.4 14.7 30.6 20.5 18.0 25.4
time Lately 37.8 35.1 11.4 27.6 18.9 15.3 23.1
Planting Seedling 43.8 40.2 14.6 32.5 23.3 19.3 28.4
growth
Flowering 37.8 36.9 18.9 38.4 30.4 25.1 36.3
stage
Cropping Monoculture 30.2 26.1 13.2 22.7 15.3 13.4 18.9
pattern Rotation 28.3 20.3 9.7 17.3 12.3 10.3 15.6
Where, PRR: Phytophthora root rot, FW: Fusarium wilt, BLS: bacterial leaf spot, PM: powdery mildew, Ant: Anthracnose,
CLS: Cercospora leaf spot, DM: downy mildew.
The surveyed result indicated that the maximum severity of However, the year intervals and the types of the crop which
Phytophthora root rot and downy mildew were recorded at used for rotation differ from farmers to farmers. About 50%
mid altitude which ranged from 1500-1850 msl whereas the of the farmers apply crop rotation only for one year and
maximum disease severity of Fusarium wilt, bacterial leaf cultivated wheat after red pepper. However, the remaining
spot, powdery mildew, anthracnose and Cercospora leaf 22% of the farmers used crop rotation for two years who
spot were recorded at low altitude ranges from 1070-1500 cultivated wheat and haricot bean after red pepper
msl (Table 4). This results in line with Mekonnen et al. cultivation. However, most of fungal and bacterial
(2015). Among the three surveyed districts, red pepper pathogen that caused red pepper disease once appeared
disease severity were highly recorded where the farmers can able to survive in the soil at least five years (Teferi and
cultivated local red pepper than red pepper improved Wubshet, 2015).
varieties (Mengist and Birara, 2019). Particularly all disease
prevalence, incidence and severity were recorded on local Conclusion
and improved varieties, however, the farmers who Even though the yield loss caused by each pathogen is not
cultivated red pepper improved varieties was found to be clearly studied and quantified in Ethiopia, these study
minimum with reference to occurrence, incidence and indicated that the presence of all the above identified
severity as compared to local cultivar (Table 4). The disease were destructive to red pepper production in
maximum severity of red pepper disease were recorded central Gondar, Ethiopia, due to the fact that they were
where the crops transplant in early time as compared to distributed widespread in red pepper producing area.
lately. In this study, there were more than seven types of fungal
and bacterial pathogens attacking red pepper across
Red pepper cultivated at flat seed bed was recorded for surveyed districts. The two years survey data showed that
maximum disease severity as compared to crops cultivated Phytophthora root rot and Fusarium wilt were widely
in raised seed bed. The survey result showed that the distributed and caused severe damage to all surveyed
maximum severity of Phytophthora root rot and Fusarium districts. The maximum prevalence, incidence and severity
wilt were recorded at seedling stage than flowering. On the of Phytophthora root rot and Fusarium wilt were recorded in
other hand, the maximum severity of bacterial leaf spot, East Denbiya and Takusa districts and it might be attributed
powdery mildew, anthracnose and Cercospora leaf spot and by favorable climatic conditions. Among three surveyed
downy mildew were recorded at flowering stage than districts, the result indicated that East Denbiya was a
seedling (Table 4). Among cropping pattern, 72% of the hotspot area for Phytophthora root rot and Fusarium wilt on
interviewed farmers used crop rotation after producing red red pepper crops.
pepper; the remaining 28% of the farmers used continuous
mono-culturing.
*Corresponding author
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Volume 8, Issue 3, August 2019 51
It is anticipated that the disease will continue to threaten 10. Fininsa, C. 2003. Relationship between common bacterial blight
severity and bean yield loss in pure stand and bean?-? maize
red pepper production until relevant integrated disease
intercropping systems. Int. J. Pest Managmnt. 49(3): 177-185.
management approaches were developed. Therefore it’s 11. Gomez-Rodriguez, O., Corona-Torres, T. and Aguilar-Rincon, V. H. 2017.
better to use red pepper germplasm for resistance against Differential response of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) lines to
diseases and immediate possible control measures should Phytophthora capsici and root-knot nematodes. Crop Prot. 92(8): 148-
152.
be taken especially on Phytophthora root rot, Fusarium wilt
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and powdery mildew to save crops. Many efforts were Advances in research on Phytophthora capsici on vegetable crops in the
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of Gondar, particularly College of Agriculture and pathogens on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Bako Tibbe and
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providing laboratory facilities during pathogen (Phytophtora Capsici) Disease at Central Gondar, Northwest, Ethiopia
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Cite this Article as:
Yigrem, M., Daniel, T. and Abebe, B. 2019. Assessment of Prevalence, Incidence and Severity of Red Pepper Disease in
Capsicum frutescens L. at Central Gondar, Ethiopia. J. Acad. Indus. Res. 8(3): 45-51.
*Corresponding author
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