Biosecurity Tools to do the job - Animal identification system proposed FMD vaccine supply secured - UWC
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biosecurity
A PUBLICATION OF BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND
ISSUE 68, 15 JUNE 2006
Tools to do
the job Animal identification
system proposed
FMD vaccine supply
secured
Wood packaging rules
9 16 24
editorial
Having the right tools for the job
Jeff Trevella
Biosecurity magazine
Biosecurity is published six-weekly
by Biosecurity New Zealand, with
regular input from the Department
of Conservation, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Fisheries and regional
contents
EDITORIAL
Having the right tools for the job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
O
ur front-line inspectors are the most
important people in the MAF Quarantine
Service. We rely on them to keep watch at our
borders for the risk materials that threaten the things
we love most about this country – its flora, fauna
a micro-camera to explore behind panels and into
deep recesses that wouldn’t usually be checked using
visual inspection techniques. ‘Sniffer technology’,
which detects odours of at-risk materials in shipping
containers, is another line of inquiry. We are also
councils. It is of special interest to all lifestyles and landscapes. working with other border agencies to assess
those with a stake in the protection FRONTLINE NEWS biometric tools, such as iris scanning, to facilitate the
of New Zealand’s economic,
If they are to do the job we expect of them, we
have to give them the right tools and technology, processing of passengers at airports.
environmental and social assets Risk analysis: first tool in the biosecurity kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
from the dangers posed by pests and Avian influenza surveillance stepped up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 the right processes and procedures, and the right In addition to new technology, we have initiated
diseases. Animal welfare issues are organisational structures. our Capability Project to give us more flexibility
BNZ head elected president of world animal health body . . . 7
also covered. The articles in this in how we resource our business in these changing
magazine do not necessarily reflect Universal animal identification system proposed . . . . . . . . . 8 The last four years have seen significant change
to operational requirements across all parts of times. This work focuses on providing inspectors
government policy. Foot and mouth disease vaccine supply secured . . . . . . . . . 9
the Quarantine Service, including major increases with relevant training and a competency-based
For enquiries about specific articles, Official BSE freedom status for New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 framework. Our vision is to develop a professional
refer to the contact listed at the end of
in passenger loadings, cargo volumes, regulatory
MAF goes to the Fieldays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 requirements and associated border control processes. inspectoral workforce that can move from one area
each article.
Gypsy moth levy unchanged. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 There are currently a number of projects – some to another, and is competent and capable in all of
General enquiries (e.g. circulation those areas. Such flexibility entails moving away from
Getting in touch on marine biosecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 in the early stages, some more advanced – under
requests or information about discussions about what various job titles mean and,
Biosecurity New Zealand): Biosecurity spinoff for boatwash facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 way within the Quarantine Service to re-equip our
inspectors to face the border control challenges instead, having a situation where we know people are
Biosecurity Magazine, Biosecurity
Noogoora bur found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
arising from these changes. competent to recognised standards.
New Zealand, PO Box 2526, Stricter rules for wood packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pastoral House, 25 The Terrace, This work includes the implementation of our At the same time, we have just restructured our
Doing things right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Wellington, New Zealand. Information Solutions Strategic Plan. This involves management team with the aim of clarifying our
Tools for destruction of risk goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
mapping our business processes with a view to reporting lines and enabling a greater focus on the
Phone: 04 819 0100 Fungus hits radiata pine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
reviewing the way we work in some areas, including operational side of the business. As a result, our
Fax: 04 474 4257 planning functions are now based in a stand-alone
the introduction of new IT systems. We have already
Email: biosecurity@maf.govt.nz BIOSECURITY SCIENCE unit, a move that has also given us better ability to
seen positive results of such work at our international
Internet: www.biosecurity.govt.nz Four tools for use in incursion responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 mail centre and air cargo operations. If we can plot the direction of our business. The new structure
Brown lace lerp hyperparasitoid found in New Zealand . . . 18 continue these successes, we will free up more time also reflects the fact that 75 percent of our business
Editorial enquiries:
Better border biosecurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 for our inspectors to focus on their fundamental role: is in Auckland and, consequently, this area needs
Editor: Phil Stewart appropriate resourcing.
Trans-Tasman collaboration: Distance diagnostics. . . . . . . . 22 managing biosecurity risk at the border.
Phone: 04 384 4688 That is just a quick snapshot of some of the initiatives
Wallaceville focus for rapid animal disease response . . . . . 24 Also on the technology front, we are in the process
Email: biosecurity@wordpict.co.nz of equipping inspectors of used imported vehicles under way in the MAF Quarantine Service. I
ISSN 1174 – 4618 BIOSECURITY SYSTEMS with PDAs. This allows them to record and collate have every confidence that they will bolster our
Changes in Biosecurity Strategic Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 information more efficiently in the field. We are also inspectorate capability and translate into benefits
Biosecurity New Zealand fax contacts:
investing heavily in research and development. For for both the nation’s biosecurity and our valued
Regional pest management website . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Policy and Business: 04 819 0731
example, together with Biosecurity New Zealand, customers.
Animal Welfare: 04 819 0728 we have been trialling videoscope technology as ■ Jeff Trevella
BIOSECURITY INTERFACE Strategic Development Manager
Pre-clearance: 04 819 0733 a clearance tool for used imported vehicles. This
Post-clearance: 04 819 0736 Honorary animal degree at Unitec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 equipment uses a fibre-optic flexible shaft tipped with
MAF Quarantine Service
Compliance and Enforcement: World Meat Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
09 300 1021 WSPA Director-General visits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Incursion Investigation and Reference
Laboratories: 04 526 5601
SPCA conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The tools for the job
In this issue we look at the tools we employ to protect New Zealand’s biosecurity. These come in many forms:
UPDATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
technology at border control points (p3); risk analysis (p4); vaccine supplies (p9); a high-tech incinerator (p14);
DIRECTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 sophisticated modelling, DNA analysis, stable isotope tools and sterile insect techniques in the fight against
exotic moths (p16); the “Better Border Biosecurity” suite (p20); distance diagnostics (p22); and Wallaceville’s
Cover: Focus on the tools to do the job. incursion response and animal disease diagnostic capabilities (p24).
Montage: Words & Pictures.
2 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 3
FRONTLINE NEWS
Risk analysis: first tool in problem in the marine and freshwater environments.
the biosecurity kit Occasionally, there may be new plant species identified,
such as Wollemi pine – a critically endangered
Australian tree that is currently under risk analysis to
import material into New Zealand.
Uncertainty always exists
The more technical information that is available, the
greater certainty there will be about conclusions in
the analysis. But there will always be uncertainty,
Risk analysis for the Malus genera, such as apple budwood, has a particularly around the potential impacts of unwanted
very wide scope covering multiple species and countries. organisms on our native flora and fauna. Predicting
these can be very difficult. Where missing information
might be critical to our decisions or needed to test
Each year, New Zealand imports nearly $8 billion An example of a more specific scope is aubergines from Samoa critical assumptions in a risk analysis, then further
– one type of fresh produce from a single country. This narrows
worth of products. A significant proportion of research may be needed. A precautionary approach is
the potential list of organisms for assessment, but also means usually taken in the meantime. Under the World Trade
these imports are ‘biosecurity risk goods’, and we further assessment would be necessary to import the same Organisation Sanitary and Phytosanitary agreement
must set standards to manage the biosecurity risk commodity from a new country to ensure no further pests are (SPS agreement), we can take a precautionary approach
they present. present in these new countries. to decisions in the face of uncertainty. However, this
Under the Biosecurity Act 1993, risk goods are broadly defined must be accompanied by an active pursuit of further
International standards available information to address this uncertainty.
as anything that could be reasonably suspected to constitute,
MAF can also choose to base preventative measures on
harbour or contain an organism that may cause unwanted
harm to natural and physical resources or human health. An
international standards if it considers they are sufficient to Public interest can be high
meet the required level of protection. This can reduce the time All risk analyses are internally and externally peer-
import health standard (IHS) is needed to import these goods.
taken to develop an IHS. But there are not many international reviewed by experts, then undergo public consultation.
Development of an IHS has two major phases:
standards, and the health status of our plants and animals may Public interest in a proposed IHS can be unpredictable
• risk analysis differ from other countries, so specific measures based on our and may influence the amount of time taken in
• preparation of a standard(s). own risk analysis may be required. consultation. There was strong public interest in import
Risk analyses are carried out by the Risk Analysis Group in the Other situations where we might use international standards as requirements for genetically modified grains and seeds,
Pre-clearance Directorate of Biosecurity New Zealand. This a basis for our measures include: highly pathogenic avian influenza (bird flu), food safety
small group of five veterinarians, eight plant specialists and issues such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy
• protocols to prevent the international movement of
five environmental (terrestrial and aquatic) and human health (BSE, or mad cow disease) and salmonella in poultry
mosquitoes dangerous to human and animal health which
experts work across the biosecurity system. They contribute to products. There are often conflicting viewpoints from
are available, widely understood and implemented
risk assessments for both new incursions and established pests. stakeholders.
• ballast water standards in sea-going vessels. An international
Most of their work, however, is focused on preventing new The level of risk that is acceptable varies between
standard in bio-fouling on the hulls of vessels would make
unwanted organisms arriving on imported goods. individuals, within and between organisations and
significant improvements to managing risks of invasive
This step in IHS development can take time and resources as stakeholders and even between countries, and is
species in the marine environment.
MAF assesses: managed on an import-by-import basis. The acceptable
level of risk for New Zealand for each import is based
• what organisms are likely to enter via a particular Amount of information
on the available science and using a process of expert
commodity or pathway Another important factor in risk analysis is the amount of peer review and public consultation to ensure we have
• the likelihood of organisms entering with these goods scientific information available. For example, sheep, cattle and considered all relevant information. Ultimately, though,
poultry have a large amount of high-quality information already MAF makes that decision on behalf of all stakeholders
• the consequences to New Zealand’s unique flora and fauna, accepted internationally, compared with cage birds such as
people, cultural and social values, and to our economy. based on best available science (some of which will be
finches, where there is relatively little information available. conflicting) and expert opinion.
Broad scope means more analysis Sources of good quality, internationally accepted information
include: SPS framework for fair decisions
Completing a risk analysis presents many challenges, which
can affect how long it takes. The scope of the analysis (i.e., • internationally agreed standards such as in the World New Zealand’s economy relies heavily on our ability
what is being assessed) is important. Generally speaking, the Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) animal health to trade – to export our products. An international
more specific the scope, the smaller the project is likely to be. codes and testing manuals and international standards for rules-based trading environment is essential to us doing
For example, a current risk analysis for Malus genera (e.g., phytosanitary measures (ISPMs) that in a fair and equitable manner. The SPS agreement
apple) budwood imports into New Zealand has a large scope provides that framework.
• published risk analyses and trading protocols from a country
because it covers several species of Malus from all countries in that New Zealand routinely trades with The ultimate test of our decision-making is a dispute
the world. This has meant scanning the literature and pest lists action under the World Trade Organisation. If we
• published reference texts and peer-reviewed scientific
worldwide to assess a large number of potentially unwanted set a precautionary stance in the absence of sound
journals and research conducted by reputable institutions.
organisms (there are nearly 1500). argued logic and without active pursuit of the missing
information, we open ourselves up to dispute or
A review of an existing standard – such as this one where there New-to-science challenges countries taking retaliatory action against export of our
are potentially 1500 pests to assess – can be streamlined to
There are also challenges around assessment of species or their products.
focus on the worst pests or on a particular class of organisms
pests and diseases that are new to science. This is a particular Aubergines from Samoa: specific scope for risk analysis.
such as viruses. ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/sps/agreement/index.htm
4 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 5
FRONTLINE NEWS
Avian influenza surveillance Biosecurity New
stepped up Zealand head elected
Avian influenza, Influenzavirus
type A, is a disease of birds. It is
designate H5 and H7 as notifiable avian
influenza (NAI) and require reporting of
humans represent the highest risk of
introduction of H5N1 into New Zealand, president of World
Organisation for
these subtypes when found in poultry, either through smuggling risk goods,
an extremely contagious infection regardless of their pathogenicity. such as birds or poultry products, or
affecting all bird species. Influenza being infected themselves in an H5N1
OIE surveillance guidelines for NAI
viruses include a large number of
different virus subtypes and strains,
and highly pathogenic notifiable avian
influenza (HPNAI) country freedom
Southeast Asian strain-affected country.
Surveillance for avian
Animal Health
were adopted in May 2005. No country
and certain subtypes are categorised has NAI freedom, and this is unlikely influenza
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry for the standards that allow animal
in future, but HPNAI country freedom BNZ commenced a comprehensive
as highly pathogenic (HPAI) or of (MAF) Assistant Director-General and products to be traded safely, including
is achievable. New Zealand is free of surveillance programme last month. The
head of Biosecurity New Zealand, Dr country ‘disease-free’ status. In matters
low pathogenicity (LPAI) on the basis highly pathogenic avian influenza based long-term objectives for surveillance in
of trade involving animal products, it is
of the severity of clinical signs in on the absence of evidence in poultry, New Zealand are to: Barry O’Neil, was elected president
the standards of the OIE that the World Raised on dairy, sheep and beef farms
but at the moment it does not meet the (a) demonstrate country freedom from of the World Organisation for Animal Trade Organisation is guided by,” Mr
chickens. in Manawatu and the Bay of Plenty, Dr
OIE surveillance guidelines for positive HPNAI Health, the Office International des Sherwin said. O’Neil graduated from Massey University
LPAI viruses may cause mild or no evidence to substantiate its claim for Epizooties (OIE), at a meeting in
(b) demonstrate compartment freedom The OIE (also known as the World with a Bachelor of Veterinary Science
clinical disease in chickens, and are of freedom from either HPNAI or NAI. Paris on 26 May.
from NAI (all H5/H7 subtypes) in Organisation for Animal Health) is an with distinction in 1978. He practised
little concern to human health. Highly Therefore, Biosecurity New Zealand
commercial galliforms (chickens and He has been participating in OIE intergovernmental agency founded in in large and small animal practices in
pathogenic subtypes arise by antigenic (BNZ) is increasing surveillance for
turkeys). activities since 1991 and has served as 1924 with 28 member countries. New New Zealand, Asia and Europe, and
drift (mutation), re-assortment and avian influenza to meet the new OIE
New Zealand’s delegate since 1994. He Zealand joined shortly after and took from 1983 as a MAF veterinarian. In
recombination of the genetic material reporting requirements and demonstrate This ongoing programme will survey all
was previously Vice President of the part in the first general session in 1927. 1991, he accepted a diplomatic posting
between different strains. Certain New Zealand’s freedom from highly bird categories: layer flocks, broilers,
OIE’s administration commission – its New Zealand has since become a major based in Brussels, responsible for New
strains of LPAI virus of the H5 and H7 pathogenic notifiable avian influenza. breeder chickens, backyard chickens,
board of directors – for the last three contributor to the standard-setting Zealand’s veterinary issues in Europe and
subtype have changed to become highly New Zealand’s risk profile for avian ratites, farmed ducks and geese, game
years. activities of OIE, which currently has 167 the Middle East, where he first became
pathogenic avian influenza. Although not influenza in bird populations, however, birds and wild birds. It is an extension
member nations. involved with the OIE.
all H5 or H7 subtypes cause disease, all has not changed. The lack of migratory of the ongoing passive surveillance MAF’s Director-General Murray Sherwin
overseas outbreaks to date have been H5 programme already in place, and welcomed Dr O’Neil’s election, saying it “The presidency is not a full-time role, Dr O’Neil became MAF’s chief veterinary
waterfowl and live bird markets makes
and H7. This fact prompted the World will provide the evidence needed to was a significant achievement, both for but it’s a key position and will do much officer in 1994 and was appointed to
New Zealand less at risk from H5N1
Organisation for Animal Health (Office demonstrate New Zealand’s freedom Dr O’Neil and for New Zealand. to enhance New Zealand’s reputation head the MAF Biosecurity Authority
strains than virtually anywhere in the
International des Epizooties, OIE) to from HPNAI to the OIE. internationally. It offers the opportunity when it was formed in 1999. The
world. In fact, most would agree that “The OIE is a key organisation for New
to influence the future strategy of the Biosecurity Authority was the forerunner
BNZ has been working with the poultry Zealand. Our economy is extremely
OIE, and obviously personal challenges of Biosecurity New Zealand, established
industry to put in place the most efficient dependent on the trade of animal
for Dr O’Neil as well,” Mr Sherwin said. in 2004, which Dr O’Neil now heads.
surveillance strategy. Phase one of the products and the OIE is responsible
�■ www.oie.int
programme will conduct surveillance for
avian influenza in layer and broiler flocks.
Surveillance studies in indigenous wild Policy revisions over the past year include: The overall aim of an incursion response is dependent on bird
birds, targeted at wrybills and mallards, category, but is generally :
• a more holistic approach to biosecurity which incorporates
have been carried out since 1976. This
response values for human health, environmental, cultural
work will now become integrated into • rapid eradication of HPNAI
and social reasons as well as economic concerns
the overall avian influenza surveillance
programme to ensure a consistent and • integration with and complementing the Ministry of Health’s • phased eradication of LPNAI to prevent HPNAI evolution in
coordinated approach. New Zealand Influenza Pandemic Action Plan commercial galliforms
• inclusion of response actions for emerging exotic AI viruses
Incursion response which are not LPNAI nor HPNAI such as H9N2, a zoonotic • control/monitor/eradicate exotic emerging avian influenza
BNZ is responsible for comprehensive virus endemic from Korea to Israel viruses depending on risk (i.e., zoonotic).
biosecurity for all categories of birds, • identification of separate Technical and Stakeholder Advisory
from grandparent commercial chickens Groups as independent sources of advice to the Chief Ready and waiting
to endangered native species. Risk-based Technical Officer (CTO)
response actions will be elaborated New Zealand is well positioned to respond to an outbreak of
based on principles in the Technical • inclusion of preventative, as well as emergency, vaccination avian influenza. The principles contained in the draft policies are
Response Policies for Avian Influenza as a response option, particularly for threatened indigenous consistent with overseas policies and conform to the guidelines
Viruses of Regulatory Concern. These birds in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The policies are
documents are high-level statements of • phased eradication response of LPNAI only in commercial dynamic documents reflecting current scientific information,
intent and specify response objectives for galliforms pending a more explicit risk assessment for other which will be reviewed and fully endorsed at the time of an
implementation by disease management avian categories incursion. They are ready and waiting in the event that an
operational teams. incursion response is initiated.
All bird categories are to be covered • inclusion of provisions to evaluate the status of other
in the surveillance programme. susceptible species including aberrant hosts (cats, mustelids) ■ Helen Keyes, Senior Communications Adviser, Biosecurity New Zealand,
and pigs (potential mixing vessels). phone 04 819 0161, helen.keyes@maf.govt.nz
6 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 7
FRONTLINE NEWS
Working group Commercial supply of
proposes emergency FMD vaccine secured
universal animal In July 2005, New Zealand joined the elite
identification
membership of developed countries that have
secured a commercial supply of foot and
system mouth disease (FMD) antigen to be used for
emergency FMD vaccine production in the
event of an outbreak. Emergency vaccine has
In August 2004, an Animal Identification and Traceability
Working Group was established to consider ways to enhance a greater efficacy than off-the-shelf vaccines
New Zealand’s animal identification systems. While current The Animal Identification and Traceability Working Group’s
that are routinely used in countries where
systems are adequate, demands for traceability for animals proposal will initially cover cattle and deer.
Photo: Christine Hein-Patrick, courtesy
will continue to increase for market access, and to meet New Zealand Warnham & Woburn Society.
FMD is endemic.
biosecurity and other on- and off-farm needs. There are seven serotypes of FMD: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2,
SAT3 and Asia 1. Cross protection between serotypes
The enhancements proposed are adoption of a single, universal that there will be changes to these schemes to bring them or even within strains is poor, and therefore a variety of
livestock identification system, supported by a core registry of into a universal single scheme. In the meantime, a number of antigens have been selected that reflect current circulating
data linking animals with people and properties. The proposal changes to the official schemes have been proposed or are being strains of greatest risk to New Zealand. These frozen vials of
will initially cover cattle and deer, and includes adoption of developed. specified FMD antigens, stored in liquid nitrogen, constitute
individual animal identification and maintaining electronic New Zealand’s FMD vaccine bank.
The Animal Health Board (AHB) has been developing in-house
records of all animal movements between properties. This will In March 2006, Dr Dorothy Geale, Senior Adviser
information systems to replace functions previously contracted
replace the paper-based systems we have in place now, and (Surveillance and Incursion Response), visited Dr Timothy
to AgriQuality Limited. The AHB’s Disease Management
aims to replace elements of existing systems which duplicate Doel, Site Manager of the Merial Animal Health Ltd
Information System (DMIS) went live in 2005, and a tag
information requirements. Other livestock sectors may also be Biological Laboratory in Pirbright, England, where
registry to link tags issued by AHB to DMIS is currently under
able to use a system, when developed, based on herd/flock or New Zealand’s FMD vaccine antigen concentrates are
development.
individual ID as appropriate. manufactured and stored.
RFID standards
Governance group established They discussed vaccine production, manufacturing
The AITGG has been developing standards for the use of radio protocols and security provisions, and the manufacturing
An Animal Identification and Traceability Governance Group frequency devices, as an optional alternative to the bar coded and quality assurance programme for the final antigen to
(AITGG) has now been established to oversee the work around tags or other visual devices. The AHB has indicated it is willing be manufactured for the New Zealand vaccine bank was
development from concept to implementation, and will shortly to recognise RFID devices in its identification scheme. This will reviewed.
appoint a Project Director. The AITGG members are: Ian assist the AITGG as a transition measure, until the new animal Above: Vials of FMD Ag.
Corney, Federated Farmers (Chairman); Ted Coats, Dairy Last month, documentation for the final antigen for New
identification system is developed, by allowing people to use
Insight; Jeff Grant, Meat and Wool New Zealand; Richard Left: Liquid nitrogen tanks. Zealand’s FMD vaccine bank was received, completing a
RFID tags as an official secondary tag. Pictures courtesy of Tim Doel.
McColl, Meat Industry Association; Andrew McKenzie, New process initiated in 2003 when Cabinet approval was sought
Zealand Food Safety Authority; Kevin Old, Dairy Companies Separately, AgriQuality has indicated to MAF that it wishes to to establish such a bank.
Association of New Zealand; Barry O’Neil, Biosecurity New continue to manage an official scheme to support market access ■ Andre van Halderen, Senior Adviser (Animals) Surveillance and
Zealand; Paul Reynolds, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; and biosecurity services that can be extended to all species, not Response, Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 04 819 0543 or 029 894 0543
and Simon Vincent, New Zealand Deer Farmers’ Association. just cattle and deer, and is seeking recognition of a new official
scheme.
The next steps will be completion of a more thorough ‘needs
analysis’ by all the interested parties to identify specific MAF responsibility to assess proposals
requirements for information, and to prepare a project plan MAF has responsibilities in assessing changes to existing
Trade benefits likely in official BSE freedom status
outlining resources and activities required. schemes or proposals for new schemes in accordance with the
Biosecurity (Animal Identification Systems) Regulations 1999
Changes to existing animal identification under the Biosecurity Act. Part of its assessment requires MAF
systems to consider whether there could be confusion between schemes
The World Organisation for Animal Trade Organisation is guided by,” said where New Zealand’s freedom from
Health (OIE) has unanimously approved Biosecurity Minister Jim Anderton. many other diseases offers significant
There are three MAF-approved animal identification schemes in or to ascertain the level of support (or absence of opposition)
New Zealand as a country free from “This is good news for New Zealand opportunity.
place at present. These are schemes set up under the Biosecurity for the changes proposed. It is the responsibility of the
bovine spongiform encephalopathy overseas trade. It means fewer barriers “This decision also represents a
Act 1993 and the Biosecurity (Animal Identification Systems) organisations applying for changes to these schemes to provide
(BSE). Australia, Argentina and Uruguay for our products. Countries that are not large amount of hard work by many
Regulations 1999. Two schemes (MINDA, managed by this information for the assessment. Final approved changes will
have also been granted country freedom recognised as BSE free must exclude government officials, and they are to be
Livestock Improvement Corporation, and the Animal Health be notified by way of the New Zealand Gazette and Biosecurity
status. certain tissues from all manufacturing, congratulated. That work dates back to
Board’s identification scheme) are approved for use in cattle and magazine.
deer and assist in tracing the origins of bovine Tb cases. The “New Zealand has never had a and they become waste instead of 1990, when BSE surveillance was first
For further information on the proposed changes, please contact
third approved scheme is used by MAF for tracking imported case of BSE, but on issues of animal useful products. This includes products established.”
the Animal Health Board, AgriQuality Limited, or MAF.
live animals. health that impact on trade, it is the like gelatin and biopharmaceutical
■ Susan Keenan, Senior Policy Analyst, Biosecurity New Zealand, standards of the OIE that the World products. Biopharmaceuticals is an area
When the work of the AITGG is implemented, it is anticipated phone 04 819 0408, fax 04 819 0730, susan.keenan@maf.govt.nz
8 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 9
FRONTLINE NEWS
MAF goes to the Fieldays
GETTING IN TOUCH
on marine biosecurity
W
ith this high use of the marine environment, both
commercially and recreationally, New Zealanders are in an
ideal position to act as the ‘eyes’ for biosecurity. Biosecurity
New Zealand’s aim, therefore, is to empower New Zealanders to be
biosecurity-aware.
This means encouraging marine users to:
• report anything unusual they notice
• if they own a boat, take the responsibility to keep the hull clean;
and
• if they own a marine farm, develop plans to prevent diseases and
pests from destroying their business.
It’s that time of year again, and the annual Mystery Creek National Agricultural
Biosecurity New Zealand recognises the need to offer support for
Fieldays have just wound up.
New Zealanders have a strong this relationship to be a success, and future work will concentrate on
improving our linkages with those in the marine sector.
The Fieldays are the biggest show on the manage risks should the disease arrive in
Above: The
Mystery Creek affinity with the marine
To this end, we are working to make sure the stakeholders who need
agricultural calendar and attended by New Zealand. It also stressed that Fieldays provide
an important
Avian influenza
environment. or want information about our biosecurity work get it, and that we
New Zealand is considered low risk for
MAF is increasing surveillance
tens of thousands in the rural industries.
activity and working to increase
early detection and manage
opportunity
A new survey has found 39
risks should the disease
in turn hear from them.
arrive in New Zealand.
avian influenza viruses of public health New Zealand is considered low risk
for avian influenza viruses of
As with the past two years, MAF to put the public health concern, and is well
prepared to respond to an outbreak.
concern, and is well prepared to respond
– incorporating Biosecurity New Zealand to an outbreak.
biosecurity
message
Photo supplied by Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
percent of the general population We have recently sent a survey form to stakeholders we have
Animal identification
identified and who are on our mailing lists. If you are interested
– had a significant presence at the event fish in the sea, 32 percent boat or
and traceability
before tens of
MAF is working with industry to
in registering as a stakeholder and receiving information from
enhance animal identification
The animal traceability story outlined
and traceability systems,
starting with a single animal
with a stand in the main Mystery Creek thousands of ID system for all cattle and
jet-ski around our coastline,
deer. This will enable greater
Biosecurity New Zealand, please email: lesley.patston@maf.govt.nz
sharing of core information
how MAF is working with industry New Zealanders.
on animals, associated
Pavilion.
properties and people across
approved organisations
for a number of purposes
Photo: Clive
21 percent kayak, 18 percent
including biosecurity, food
to enhance animal identification and We hope that once we have this information on hand, we can begin
safety and market access.
The display represented the whole scope Dalton.
traceability systems, starting with a to improve our communication with you and others in your industry
of MAF activities, featuring signage single animal ID system for all cattle and Right: Avian
dive or snorkel and 10 percent go or interest group.
on MAF Policy initiatives, the work
of the Quarantine Service and current
deer. This will enable greater sharing of influenza
and animal
yachting. ■ Lesley Patston, Senior Communications Adviser, Ministry of Agriculture and
core information on animals, associated Forestry, phone 04 819 0163 or 027 205 1418, lesley.patston@maf.govt.nz
Biosecurity New Zealand projects. identification
properties and people across approved were part of this
The 2006 biosecurity messages focused organisations for a number of purposes year’s biosecurity
on avian influenza as well as animal including biosecurity, food safety and focus at Mystery
Biosecurity spinoff for
Creek.
identification and traceability. market access.
The avian influenza message outlines The site also featured ‘live’ displays of
how MAF is increasing surveillance and
working to increase early detection and
current biosecurity pests, with a tank of
sea squirt and a display of forest pests. boat washing facility
The manager of a new Tauranga
Gypsy moth levy unchanged boat washing facility describes
his venture as “a bit of a Kiwi
cleaning routine, ensuring that the
hull is coated in anti-fouling paint
For the third successive year the gypsy moth levy placed on imported containers arriving in New Zealand annually and number eight wire story”. As well and is repainted regularly.
all containers and used cars imported into New Zealand will represent the most likely areas for an incursion. In addition, a as speeding up the process, the The Tauranga boatwash took the
remain unchanged at $0.65c per unit. The levy covers the grid-based trapping system is now used to allow a large area to
boatwash saves water and can help team two years to perfect, but it
annual cost of the surveillance programme and ensures that be covered with a relatively small number of traps. Above: the Boatwash facility in Tauranga
stop the spread of weeds and other means the job is now done in under a saves time and money.
gypsy moth trapping retains a high level of efficiency at an The programme is based on the placement nationwide of unwanted organisms. minute. Located at Tauranga’s popular
equitable cost. around 1600 pheromone-baited traps. The traps are checked Sulphur Point, the facility is similar to
Gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) is a major threat to the New fortnightly from November through to April. Any suspect a carwash, and is used by about 500 “The opportunities within New Zealand
Noel O’Dwyer and two friends came
Zealand environment and has been the target for specialist moth captured in a trap is sent to Ensis entomologists for boaties per week in summer. are huge,” says Noel. “Australia will be a
up with the idea of a coin-operated
surveillance since 1992, when ships from the Russian Far East identification. All moths forwarded to Ensis this season were big market for us too, with water saving
boatwash after spending an hour-and-a- The invention also saves a considerable
were identified as capable of transporting Asian gypsy moth already known from New Zealand and none were reported as opportunities. We’ve already had some
half washing their boat following a day amount of water. Washing by hand can
egg masses to our shores. the gypsy moth. interest from Townsville.”
out fishing. take up to 1200 litres of water, compared
In 2005, the surveillance programme was revamped to increase In 2003, a gypsy moth was trapped in Hamilton which resulted with the 135 litres the boatwash uses. Tauranga Council Senior Property
Exotic aquatic pests can take over natural
the probability of detecting any stray moths. The most in a successful eradication programme, highlighting the value Consultant John Budden says the
ecosystems and reduce biodiversity; they The inventors plan to take the boatwash
significant improvement was targeting high-risk pathways of the early warning trapping system. boatwash is a huge benefit to the council
can also affect recreation and fishing. to other regions and are already in talks
for gypsy moth introduction into New Zealand. Sites such and to the users. “I hope a lot of other
■ David Hayes, Biosecurity New Zealand, david.hayes@maf.govt.nz with a number of councils throughout the
as transitional facilities process the approximately 500,000 Biosecurity New Zealand also councils in New Zealand take it up.”
recommends maintaining a regular hull country and abroad.
10 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 11
FRONTLINE NEWS
Noogoora bur found in Bay of Plenty How do we know
Noogoora bur (Xanthium
strumarium) has been found at
hair, bags and clothing. They also float,
which allows them to spread readily
we are doing things
two sites in the Bay of Plenty. The
plant pest is also found in the
along waterways.
Noogoora bur is widespread in North
right?
Waikato where it is the subject of America and Australia. It gets its name Biosecurity New Zealand (BNZ) is it is a check to see what should be
an eradication programme, but this from Noogoora Station in Queensland often subject to scrutiny. European happening is actually happening.
is the first detection in the Bay of where it was first identified in Australia Union agricultural officials might Much of the work arises from
Plenty for more than 50 years in the 1860s after being imported with ask how their import standards planned, regular audits that offer
The seeds and cotyledon-stage cotton seed from the Mississippi delta. are being met by New Zealand assurance that the biosecurity system
young plants are poisonous to stock, exporters. The media might want is working as it should. The team
Noogoora bur has been found in
particularly pigs and cattle. The fruit to know what we would do in a also undertakes investigations and
the Waikato around Matamata and
(small woody ‘burs’) are easily entangled foot and mouth disease outbreak. reviews of particular circumstances
Cambridge, and historically from one
in sheep’s wool and can decrease fleece
early collection in Wellington City. It is BNZ might want to assure itself where things might not have gone as
quality. Burs can also compete with
currently an eradication species in the Noogoora bur: subject of eradication that a shipment of cattle has planned.
pasture species and carry some fungal
Environment Waikato Regional Pest programmes in the Waikato been certified correctly to meet Audits and investigations carried out
diseases capable of infecting horticultural and now the Bay of Plenty.
Management Strategy. There has been market access and animal welfare by the Compliance Team are based
plants.
one previous collection from the Bay of requirements. on seeking improvement to a system
Closely related to Bathurst bur, and Plenty, from an unspecified Tauranga site rather than being the clichéd ‘finger
Working with the landowners, new For situations like these, BNZ can point
similar in appearance, Noogoora bur is in 1953. pointing’ exercise that audits can be
season’s planting will be delayed to allow to standards and procedures that detail
often taller, does not have spines and the perceived to be. and delivery agencies, as both get to see
Maize paddock sites seeds to germinate and be sprayed out its actions and those of organisations
bur is bigger with much longer ‘beaks’ ‘how the other half lives’.
twice. This will be followed by a post- that provide services to it. But how do we “We focus on both systematic and
(see photo). The bigger of the two sites is a maize When an audit has been completed,
emergent herbicide following planting, know that our standards and procedures technical components of an auditee’s
The leaves are grape-like and alternate paddock near Papamoa. Initially thought and physical inspection of the site to are actually being followed? operations, to provide Directors with the parties involved meet to discuss
on the stems. They are 5–15cm long to be Bathurst bur, the land owner remove by hand any Noogoora bur confidence in the general management the findings and agree on methods
That’s where the Compliance Team of
and have prominent purple veins. The reduced the infestation from 5 hectares plants that may emerge. of their systems as well as the technical of addressing any deficiencies and
Biosecurity New Zealand comes in.
flowers are inconspicuous and are found to scattered plants over a 1-hectare aspects,” says team manager Wayne recommendations for improvement. This
Officers from EBOP are engaged in
from January to March. The almost egg- area before the plant was recognised as The Compliance Team is a group of combined approach provides a robust
surveillance of properties where some Ricketts. “We also look at BNZ’s role
shaped bur is hard and woody, densely Noogoora bur. auditors, within the Compliance and system where everyone is working toward
of the maize was sent as silage, and will and advise on potential improvements to
covered in hooked spines, has terminal Enforcement Group, with agricultural, the same goals.
The second, much smaller site was found continue this for a number of years. its systems. With the policy:delivery split,
beaks, and is brown when mature. The horticultural, forestry, veterinary and
on the edge of a maize paddock near Tracking of the maize that went to a audit has a core role in ensuring policy is Barry O’Neil, who heads Biosecurity
burs appear from March through to animal welfare backgrounds. It is also
Bethlehem, Bay of Plenty. grain merchant is also underway. being implemented and that it is actually New Zealand, is very committed to
August. building marine and environment
implementable.” the audit process. “The audit function
Environment Bay of Plenty (EBOP) Playing detective, EBOP officers are also experience in order to cover BNZ’s
is an essential tool for ensuring that
Seed remains dormant Once an audit has been agreed to,
PEOPLE
officers have moved swiftly to develop investigating possible sources of the extended accountabilities.
Directors are invited to send staff as required standards are being implemented
a management plan for the two sites. Noogoora bur infestations on the two
There are two seeds in each bur, one The team provides a tool for BNZ as required and therefore that BNZ
widely separated properties. observers. While this provides for
slightly larger than the other. One seed All plants have been removed by hand Directors to assess compliance with continually improves as an organisation,”
technical assistance (to the auditor),
germinates quickly, the other is slower to and burnt. Drains and riverbanks in the ■ Victoria Lamb, Senior Adviser Pest international agreements, legislation, he concludes.
IN BIOSECURITY
germinate and can remain dormant for catchment have also been inspected, after Management, Biosecurity New Zealand,
phone 04 819 0523, victoria.lamb@maf.govt.nz
standards and procedures for which
it is also an avenue for improving
relationships between standard-setters ■ Wayne Ricketts, Team Manager, Compliance,
several years. The burs catch in wool, tail earlier flooding of one of the sites. they are accountable. In other words, Biosecurity New Zealand,
wayne.ricketts@maf.govt.nz
Stricter import rules for wood packaging Mark of approval
As foreshadowed last year in Biosecurity treatment or fumigation (methyl bromide All wood packaging material that is Wood packaging treated to the ISPM 15 standard should be marked with the following stamp:
59:12, wood packaging material is now or phosphine), or chemical preservation. treated and marked according to the
subject to stricter import rules under a The new standard is closely aligned ISPM 15 standard should comply with Official certification
new import health standard (IHS) that with the International Standard for the New Zealand import health standard, Two letter code for number for facility that
came into effect on 1 May. so long as all bark has been removed. country in which produced the wood
Phytosanitary Measures Number
It may be inspected to ensure that it is wood packaging was packaging.
All New Zealand importers have until 15: Guidelines for Regulating Wood
free of regulated pests and extraneous produced.
1 July 2006 to comply with the standard, Packaging Material in International Trade
which has been developed as a response (ISPM 15). The New Zealand standard, material such as leaves and bark. Wood
to the biosecurity risk of untreated however, gives treatment options, such packaging that is not marked must
packaging. From this date, all non- as chemical preservation and fumigation be accompanied by a phytosanitary
certificate with the treatment detailed, or Treatment that the
compliant wood packaging on imports with phosphine, that are not in the ISPM wood packaging has
will be treated, re-shipped or destroyed at 15 standard. a National Plant Protection Organisation-
been given.
the expense of the importer. endorsed treatment certificate.
Many international exporters are already
■ Jim McLaggan, National Programme Manager,
Under the standard, importers will have complying with ISPM 15 for shipments to MAF Quarantine Service, phone 07 856 1814,
to ensure that packaging arriving in other countries. Note: This mark can only be given to wood packaging by an approved provider from the country of origin.
fax 07 856 1827, seacontainer@maf.govt.nz
New Zealand has undergone either heat ■ www.biosecurity.govt.nz/woodpackaging
12 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 13
FRONTLINE NEWS
Tool for destruction of risk Fungus hits radiata pine in South
goods en route to New Zealand Nectria flute canker is having a serious impact on radiata pine plantations in the southern South Island.
Stem malformation, typically developing pruning and disease development is
This month, a biosecurity tool we’d prefer never to have to use will
after pruning, has become a problem in delivering valuable disease management
begin a five-to-six week voyage across the Pacific to New Zealand some Pinus radiata plantations in part of information, while disease incidence
from Lancaster Pennsylvania, United States. the South Island over the last 10 years. surveys are providing knowledge of disease
Infection through the pruned branch stub impact at both a local and regional level.
The 12-metre-long CP4000HD Air Curtain Incinerator may result in extensive stain and decay Funding is being sought for a number of
(Destructor) trailer-mounted unit will increase Biosecurity within the stem, although tree crowns additional initiatives, including:
New Zealand’s (BNZ’s) capability for rapid, effective, remain green and healthy.
mobile destruction of risk goods in a New Zealand-tested, • production of a field diagnosis guide
The cause of the problem has been
environmentally acceptable manner. These risk goods identified as Nectria fuckeliana, a • evaluation of the extent of genetic
include everything from carcasses of livestock infected with Northern Hemisphere fungus which is resistance within radiata pine
exotic disease to plant or forestry pests, genetically modified commonly recorded in its natural range • potential for disease vectoring
organisms and illegally imported goods. as a saprophyte or weak pathogen of
• wound treatments to reduce infection;
MAF received an exemption under the Ministry for the species of Picea and Abies. It is the most
and
Environment’s National Environmental Standards for Dioxins commonly isolated fungus from affected
and other Toxics, Air Quality and Landfill Gas 1 Sept 2005 to trees. Nectria fuckeliana had not been • development of a site risk classification
use portable air curtain incinerators for Part VI provisions of recorded in New Zealand prior to 1996. system.
the Biosecurity Act 1993. Current research, managed by a group Gaining a better understanding of the
The Air Curtain Incinerator (ACI) trial carried out in the of affected forest growers under the disease, and the development of mitigation
Waikato last year by Sinclair Knight Merz confirmed that a umbrella of the Forest Health Research strategies, are critical not only to the
trailer-mounted ACI pit unit could dispose of sheep and cow Collaborative, is focused on delivering management of affected forests, but also to
carcasses with minimal adverse effects on the environment at on-the-ground mitigation strategies. understanding the risk to the wider New
rates similar to those in overseas studies. Ecological studies are in progress to better Zealand plantation forest estate.
understand the relationship between the ■ Dr Gordon Hosking
A trailer-mounted pit ACI unit is preferable in New Zealand
fungus and its host, the infection process, Hosking Forest Consultancy Tell-tale symptoms of nectria flute canker
due to its better mobility, reduced transportation costs and Gordon.Hosking@xtra.co.nz on radiata pine.
and spread between trees. A major field
fewer terrain restrictions than a skid mounted unit. The latter,
trial to clarify the relationship between
however, is not restricted by soil and groundwater conditions.
BNZ intends to lease the CP4000HD unit to a commercial
PEOPLE
forestry contractor. Such contractors have the necessary skills
4th New Zealand Biosecurity
and ancillary equipment, such as excavators fitted with grapples
to lift wood and infected carcasses or other risk goods. They
are also well placed for sourcing the dry wood needed to fuel
ACI units. Through this arrangement, experienced operators
will be available to run the ACI in the event of a biosecurity Above: The successful air curtain incinerator trial held last year in the
IN BIOSECURITY Summit
Waikato showed the importance of access to ancillary equipment and Clive Pigott joined Investigation and Diagnostic
emergency. skilled operators.
Centre (IDC), Wallaceville in May 2006 as
■ Mark Howell, Senior Adviser (Animals) Surveillance and Response,
Inset: We’ll take one of those, thanks: A trailer-mounted air curtain Immunology Team Manager. He comes from the
Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 04 819 0545, mobile 021 190-3901,
incinerator like these is en route to New Zealand. United Kingdom, where he most recently worked
mark.howell@maf.govt.nz
as Senior Development Scientist with Dynalbiotech
Ltd, in the HLA Diagnostics division. Prior to this,
PEOPLE
Clive worked extensively in the clinical laboratory
setting dealing with solid organ and bone marrow transplantation,
within the NHS. In addition, he spent a valuable four years working
for the North-West Regional Immunology Service, St Mary’s Hospital
IN BIOSECURITY Manchester. Educated to PhD level, Clive now manages one of the
three key diagnostic laboratory teams at the Wallaceville site.
Dr Susan Cork IN BIOSECURITY
Susan graduated with a BVSc from Massey
in the eastern zones of the Himalayan
Paul Hallett recently joined the Pre-clearance
Directorate of Biosecurity New Zealand (BNZ) as “Thinking Globally - Acting Locally”
recently joined the University in 1986 and has a special Kingdom of Bhutan.
Senior Adviser, Operational Standards. Paul was
Investigation and interest in disease diagnosis, emerging
During her time in Bhutan, and also a most recently employed by an independent pre-
Diagnostic Centre wildlife diseases and public health. She was
short period of time managing the SPCA in shipment inspection company where he focused 7 - 8 November 2006
(IDC), Wallaceville, to awarded a PhD in 1994 for a study on the
Suva, Fiji, Susan gained experience in the on quality system development, biosecurity
take up the position diseases of New Zealand native birds and
diagnosis of a range of diseases exotic to issues and stakeholder relationships. Previously
of Team Manager, helped set up a number of collaborative
New Zealand. She is currently completing a he had been employed by MAF Quarantine
The Duxton Hotel, Wellington
Virology. Susan was disease assessment initiatives for New
Diploma in Public Policy and has published Service undertaking various roles within the Auckland cargo
previously at Head Office where she Zealand wildlife with colleagues from
a book and a number of articles and operation.
worked for two years in the Animal Risk Massey University and the Department
scientific papers on animal health-related
Analysis Team and, more recently, spent of Conservation. In 1995, Susan began a Paul moved from Auckland to Wellington to undertake this position.
subjects.
a year working with the Strategic Science very rewarding two-year project running He will be involved in various projects within the Operational To register your interest and to receive
Team. a district veterinary diagnostic laboratory Standards team such as the container pathway project. further information please contact:
deirdre.haines@maf.govt.nz or 04 819 0364
14 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 15
BIOSECURITY SCIENCE
Moth incursion Location Date Current status
White spotted tussock moth Eastern Auckland 1996 Eradicated
Western Auckland and
Painted apple moth 1999 Eradicated
Mt Wellington (Auckland)
Gum leaf skeletoniser South Auckland 2002 Pest management programme
Penrose/Mt Wellington
Fall webworm 2003 Eradicated
(Auckland)
Asian gypsy moth Hamilton 2003 Eradicated
Four tools infested area, where they mate with wild
female moths. The resulting progeny will
Western Auckland and Australia. All
of the specimens tested from the West
Zealand origin, possibly the offspring of
one of the new arrivals caught earlier in
for use in
be sterile, and over time the population Auckland population were haplotype I. 2006.”
will collapse or die out. Some of the specimens trapped during
Moths bred in the colonies are fed an 2005 east of the western Auckland New tools employed against
biosecurity artificial diet which includes a dye that
stains body fats red. Males released
population were found to be haplotype
II. Stable isotope analysis indicated
that these specimens had most likely
fall webworm
BNZ used mtDNA analysis and stable
incursion
during the sterile insect technique isotope tools when confronted with the
programme are also dusted with developed as larvae in Australia. find of another fall webworm in Mt
a luminous dye. These two dyeing Wellington in 2005 – just weeks before
Stable isotope tool
responses
techniques make it easy to identify the the announcement that the pest had been
trapped males. Recovered males provide It was not until the stable isotope tool eradicated. It was a tense time. It was
valuable information, such as flight became available in 2005 that a link known two strains of the fall webworm
distances from the release site, that can be between a given moth and the location are found in North America – a red head,
The recent announcement that in which the larvae had developed could
used to inform and adjust the models. and a black head variant. The black-
painted apple moth (PAM) had been be determined. The stable isotope ratio headed strain is also found in Japan.
successfully eradicated from West The sterile insect technique was used
technique examines the proportions of
Auckland and that there had been no towards the end of the eradication MtDNA analysis confirmed the
the isotopes of elements such as hydrogen
programme at sites where recent PAM individuals trapped during 2005 in
further finds of fall webworm in Mt trap catches had occurred, effectively
found in the wing scales of the moth
Auckland to be the black-headed strain.
Gum leaf skeletoniser larva (above) and painted apple moth adult (page opposite).
Wellington, Auckland was cause for flooding these areas with male moths
specimen and compares that with the
This was backed up by the stable
celebration. ratios found in the rain water from
carrying the sterility factor. isotope analysis that indicated that these
known sources. Similarly, carbon found
individuals most likely originated in a
I
an Gear, Manager Eradication opportunity to develop and test the refined and distilled as we gain a better in the wing scales is compared with
Mitochondrial DNA analysis carbon found in host plants grown in a
region with more depleted deuterium
Programmes with Biosecurity New efficacy of these techniques. They were understanding of the invader’s potential (hydrogen 2) than New Zealand. Japan
Rapid technological advances in given locality.
Zealand (BNZ), says, however, that then applied during the fall webworm impact.” is a region that has an isotopic signature
molecular science have also contributed
this by no means signals a relaxation eradication programme. Modelling has been used to support Ian says that while conventional analysis consistent with the analyses.
to the tools available to strengthen
of the vigilance required to keep New decisions on the timing of activities such can determine what the sample contains,
our biosecurity defences. Analysis of
Zealand free of exotic pests and diseases. Modelling as ground searches, trap deployment, stable isotope analysis gives information Exciting addition to toolbox
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reveals
“Over the last decade there have been Population and phenological modelling sterile insect releases, interpretation of the genetic profile (haplotype) of the about the origin of the specimen. Ian is excited by the potential these new
five moth incursions which have required is dynamic and responsive, allowing trap catches and, if necessary, aerial specimen, which can then be compared “Knowing where the trapped adult tools offer. However, he points out that
a significant biosecurity response and the modeller to maximise the value of treatments. with the profile of other specimens most likely developed as a larva helps he sees the techniques as additions to the
drawn strongly on community support existing information and use it to help to determine if they have a common us to understand the possible pathway biosecurity toolbox, not replacements,
Ian describes it as a predictive technique,
(see box on next page). develop the most effective and timely ancestor. it followed to enter New Zealand. Steps complementing other tools.
where assumptions are clearly defined,
incursion response programme. can be taken to close the pathway down
“Initially the tools available to assist allowing them to be questioned, As mtDNA is passed from mother “Decisions made by MAF would not
in these responses were limited. Over “Often, when a pest is first discovered defended, or adjusted as further to daughter it is a powerful tool for or put in more biosecurity defence have been different in the absence of the
time they have become increasingly little is known about it. We need to know information arises. tracking matrilineage in some species mechanisms such as fumigation of sea information offered by the molecular and
sophisticated and are a valuable addition its origin, means of entry, likelihood of back hundreds of generations. It was containers, heat treatment, or a revision stable isotope tools. Both of these tools
to the biosecurity toolbox for future establishment, potential threat to native Sterile insect technique this technology that was employed in the of the health import health standards,” have served to reinforce the fact that the
incursion response programmes,” he says. species, feeding habits, and whether it human genome project. he says. right decisions have been and continue to
Another tool in the biosecurity arsenal
is a new population or has it already is the sterile insect technique (SIT) that “The tool has given proof that the four be made.”
Four tools in particular have evolved During the PAM response, two distinct
established here. All these questions need was used during the PAM response. SIT of the five PAM trapped in the Auckland
which will provide vital information for genetic profiles, haplotype I, and ■ Ian Gear, Manager Eradication Programmes,
to be answered. is a form of insect birth control. Male surveillance grid during 2005 most likely
BNZ and its technical advisers. Due to haplotype II were identified in painted Biosecurity New Zealand, phone 04 819 0410,
its complexity, duration, and scale, the “This requires the gathering of vast moths that have been sterilised through apple moth specimens drawn from developed as larvae in Australia. Testing ian.gear@maf.govt.nz
PAM programme provided the greatest amounts of information that can be exposure to Cobalt 60 are released in the of the fifth suggested it was of New
16 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | ISSUE 68 ISSUE 68 | BIOSECURITY NEW ZEALAND | 17
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