Carbon Recycling Technologies - Roadmap for June 2019 (July 2021 Revision) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry In cooperation with the of ...

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Roadmap for
   Carbon Recycling Technologies

               June 2019 (July 2021 Revision)

            Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
            In cooperation with the of Cabinet Office,
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,
                  & Ministry of the Environment
CCUS/Carbon Recycling
 With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote capturing and
  recycling this material. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) will be recycled into concrete through mineralization, into chemicals through artificial
  photosynthesis, and into fuels through methanation to reduce CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere.
 Carbon Recycling technology advances research and development of CO₂ utilization promoting collaborations among industries,
  academia, and governments around the world while also stimulates disruptive innovation.
 Carbon Recycling is one of the key technologies for society, together with energy saving, renewable energy, and CCS.

                                                                                       1. Chemicals
                                                                                          • Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate, urethane,
   CCUS/Carbon                                                                              etc.)

    Recycling                                           EOR                               • Biomass-derived chemicals
                                                                                          • Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)

                                              Direct Utilization of                     2. Fuels
                                                                                          • Liquid fuels (1) (synthetic fuels:e-fuel,SAF,etc.)
Capture            Utilization                       CO₂                                  • Liquid fuels (2) (microalgae biofuels: SAF and diesel)
                                                                                          • Liquid fuels (3) (biofuels excluding fuels derived from
                                                                                            microalgae: MTG, ethanol, etc.)
                                              (welding, dry ice, etc.)                    • Gas fuels (methane, propane, and dimethyl ether)

                                              Carbon Recycling                          3. Minerals
                                                                                          • Concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides,
                      Storage                                                               etc.

                                                                                       4. Others
                                                                                          • Negative emission technologies (BECCS, blue
                                                                                            carbon/marine biomass, enhanced weathering,
                                                                                            reforestation, etc.)
                                                                                                                                                 1
Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies
Volume of utilized CO₂

          Phase 1                                  Phase 2                                           Phase 3
                                                 Attempt to reduce costs of technologies that are
           Pursue all potential technologies     expected to spread from 2030 onwards.                Pursue further cost reduction
            for carbon recycling initiatives.    Priority should be given to technologies for
           Priority should be given to           producing general-purpose commodity in             High consumption expected from
            technologies requiring no             robust demand, among technologies expected to      2030
            hydrogen and/or producing high-       diffuse on the premise of cheap hydrogen supply        Chemicals: Polycarbonate, etc.
            value added products, which can       from 2040 onwards.                                     Liquid fuels: Bio jet fuels, etc.
            be expected to be implemented                                                                Concrete Products: Road curb blocks,
            from around 2030 onwards.             Expected to spread from 2030                            etc.

                                                   Chemicals                                        Expected to start spreading from
  Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.)                                                                    around 2040
                                                      Polycarbonate, etc.
        Further CO₂ emission cuts                                                                     Chemicals
                                                   Liquid Fuels                                       Commodity (olefin, BTX, etc.)
                                                                                                      Liquid Fuels
  Liquid fuels (Bio jet fuels, etc.)                  Bio jet fuels, etc.
                                                                                                       Gas, Liquid (methane, synthetic
        Cost must be reduced to around             Concrete Products                                  fuels, etc.)
                                                    Road curb blocks, cement, etc                     Concrete Products
        1/8 -1/16 of current levels.
                                                                                                       Commodity

  Concrete Products (Road curb blocks, etc.)     *Technology requiring no                            *Expansion into commodity
                                                  hydrogen and/or high-value                          markets with robust demand
        Cost must be reduced to 1/3
                                                  added products will be
        – 1/5 of current levels.                                                                                                    *Target for 2050
                                                  commercialized first.
                                                                        Hydrogen                               JPY 20/Nm3 (cost at delivery site) *

                  CO₂ capture technology                  Reducing cost                               Less than ¼ of current cost

            Current                                          2030                                    From 2040 onwards
                                                                                                                                                       2
*1   Price researched by secretariat
 Summary of Carbon Recycling Technologies and Products                                       *2   Basic substances, chemicals (excluding some oxygenated compounds), and many technologies for fuels require large
                                                                                                  amounts of inexpensive CO₂-free hydrogen. Biomass-derived fuels may require hydrogen for hydrogenation treatment, etc.
               Substance After                                                                                                 Price of the Existing
               CO₂ Conversion                  Current Status*1                           Challenges                           Equivalent Product*1                     In 2030                From 2040 Onwards
                                                                                  Improvement of conversion
  Basic     Syngas/      Partially commercialized. Innovative
                                                                                  efficiency and reaction rate,                                                        Reduction in             Further reduction in
                         process (light, electricity utilization) is at
                                                                                  improvement in durability of                             -                          process costs               process costs
Substance Methanol, etc. R&D stage
                                                                                  catalyst, etc.
                                     Partially commercialized (e.g.,
                                     polycarbonates). Others are at R&D           Reduce the amount of CO₂
                                                                                  emission for polycarbonate. Other          Approx. JPY 300-500/kg
                Oxygenated           stage.
                                                                                  than polycarbonate, etc.                  (polycarbonate (domestic
                                                                                                                                                               Costs: similar to those of       Further reduction in
                Compounds            [Price example]                                                                                                           existing energy/products                costs
                                                                                  commercialized (Improvement in                   sale price))
                                       Price of the existing equivalent product   conversion rate/selectivity, etc.)
                                       (Polycarbonate)
Chemicals        Biomass-                                                         Cost reduction/effective
                                     Technical development stage (non-                                                                                         Costs: similar to those of       Further reduction in
                  derived            edible biomass)
                                                                                  pretreatment technique,                                  -                   existing energy/products                costs
                Chemicals                                                         conversion technologies, etc.
                Commodity            Partially commercialized (e.g., Syngas,      Improvement in conversion
                                                                                                                                     JPY 100/kg                                    Costs: similar to those
                Chemicals            etc. produced from coal)                     rate/selectivity, etc.
                                                                                                                             (ethylene (domestic sale               -                    of existing
               (olefin, BTX, etc.)                                                                                                      price))                                       energy/products
                                   Demonstration Stage                            Improvement productivity, cost             Approx. JPY 100/L level    Costs: similar to those of
                Liquid Fuel        [Price example]                                reduction, effective pretreatment                  (bio jet fuels     existing energy/products
                                                                                                                                                                                    Further reduction in
              (microalgae biofuel)                                                                                                                                                          costs
                                     Bio jet Fuels: JPY 1600/L                    technique, etc.                              (domestic sale price))       (JPY 100-200/L)
               Liquid Fuel Technical Development stage (e-fuel,                                                                      JPY 50-80/L
                                                                                                                             (alcohol as raw material                              Synthetic fuels: Less
              (CO₂-derived fuels SAF). Partially commercialized for edible Improvement in current                                                                                   than gasoline price
                  or biofuels;                                                                                                     (imported price)
   Fuels                         biomass-derived bioethanol.               processes, system optimization,                                                          -              costs: similar to those
                   excluding     [Price example]                           etc.                                                  Approx. JPY 130/L                                       of existing
              microalgae-derived   Synthetic fuels: about JPY300-700/L                                                     Industrial alcohol (domestic                               energy/products
                     ones)                                                                                                            sale price)
                 Gas Fuels                                                                                                         JPY 40-50/Nm3                                   Costs: similar to those
                                 Technical Development/Demonstration              System optimization, scale-up,                                         Reduction in costs for
              (methane, propane, Stage                                                                                               (Natural gas                                        of existing
                                                                                  efficiency improvement, etc.                                             CO₂–derived CH4
                dimethyl ether)                                                                                                   (imported price))                                   energy/products
                 Concrete,           Partially commercialized. R&D for                                                                                                                Other products,
                  cement,            various technologies and techniques for                                                          JPY 30/kg             Road curb block          except   road curb
                                                                                  Separation of CO₂-reactive and
                                                                                                                                                                                            block
 Minerals       carbonates,          cost reduction are underway.                 CO₂-unreactive compounds,                       (Road curb block      costs: similar to those of costs: similar to those
                  carbon,            [Price example]                              comminution, etc.                            (domestic sale price))   existing energy/products         of existing
                 carbides              order of JPY 100/t (Road curb block)                                                                                                           energy/products

                                     Partially commercialized (chemical                                                                                         Approx. JPY 1000-2000
                                     absorption). Other techniques are at                                                                                               /t-CO₂
           CO₂ capture                                                                                                                                                                            ≤JPY 1000/t-CO₂
 Common                              research/ demonstration stage                Reduction in the required energy,                                              (chemical absorption,
            (including                                                            etc.                                                     -                   solid absorption, physical
                                                                                                                                                                                                  ≤JPY 2000/t-CO₂
Technology                           [Price example]                                                                                                                                                  (DAC)
               DAC)                  Approx. JPY 4000/t-CO₂                                                                                                     absorption, membrane
                                     (Chemical absorption)                                                                                                            separation)
                                     Technologies have been roughly
  Basic                              established (e.g., water electrolysis).
                                                                                                                                                                       JPY 30/Nm3
                                                                                                                                                                                                    JPY 20/Nm3
                 Hydrogen            R&D for other techniques and cost
                                                                                  Cost reduction, etc.
                                                                                                                                                                                                (cost at delivery site)
Substance
                                     reduction are also underway.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           3
Scope : Roadmap for Carbon Recycling Technologies

We expect carbon recycling technology, where we consider CO₂ as a resource, will begin as
relatively small volume activities. We expect this initiative will continue to expand into different
application areas as cost effectiveness improves. We set relatively short-term targets for 2030 and
mid- to long-term targets for 2040 onwards.

 2030: Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization as soon as possible.
         (1) Establish an environment that fosters easy utilization of CO₂ (reducing costs for capture and recycle
             of CO₂)
         (2) Processes whose basic technology is established can replace existing products by reducing costs
              (products that do not require inexpensive hydrogen supply, as well as high-value added )

 2040 onwards: Technologies aiming at achieving commercialization in the mid- to long-
               term.
         ○ Early-stage technologies that have greater impacts by using a large amount of CO₂
           (possibly enabled by inexpensive hydrogen)

                         2030 (short-term)                             2040 onwards (mid-to long-term)
         Technologies producing high-value added                Expanded to products that have large
         products and/or requiring no hydrogen will be          demand:
         commercialized first:                                   • Chemicals (commodity: olefin, BTX, etc.)
 Field
          • Chemicals (polycarbonate, etc.)                      • Fuels (gas, liquid: methane, synthetic fuels,
          • Liquid fuels (bio jet fuels, etc.)                     etc.)
          • Concrete products (Road curb blocks, etc.)           • Concrete products (commodity)

                                                                                                                     4
Individual technologies

                          5
CCUS/Carbon Recycling
    Carbon Recycling: With the concept of Carbon Recycling technology, we consider carbon dioxide as a source of carbon, and promote
     separating, capturing, and recycling of this material. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) will be recycled into concrete through mineralization, into
     chemicals through artificial photosynthesis, and into fuels through methanation to reduce CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere.

                                                                                    EOR*1                      *1 EOR: Enhanced Oil Recovery
Emissions etc.                                        Storage
                                                                       Direct utilization (Welding, dry ice)

                       Utilizing waste gas
                       as it is
                                                    Utilization       Basic substances                         Thermal chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
                       Separating and
                       Capturing CO₂ from                             • CO/H₂ Syngas                           Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)
                                                                                                               Electrochemistry (electrochemical
                       waste gas                                      • Methanol, etc.                         reduction, etc.)
Common Technology

                                                                                                               Biological synthesis (microorganisms, etc.)
                          Capture            Transportation                                                    Combination of the above

                    • Chemical or physical ab/adsorption,
                      membrane separation, etc.                                                         • Oxygenated compounds (polycarbonate, urethane, etc.)
                    • Direct Air Capture (DAC)                                      Chemicals           • Biomass-derived chemicals
                    • CO₂ transportation (vehicles, pipelines,                                          • Commodity chemicals (olefin, BTX, etc.)
                      ships, etc.)
                                                                                                        • Liquid fuels (1) (Synthetic fuels: e-fuel, SAF*2)
                                                                                                        • Liquid fuels (2) (microalgae biofuels: SAF/diesel)
                                                                                                        • Liquid fuels (3) (biofuels excluding fuels derived from
Common Substances

                    Carbon-free Hydrogen Production                                      Fuel
                                                                                                          microalgae: MTG*3, ethanol, etc.)
                     • Water electrolysis                                                               • Gas fuels (methane, propane, dimethyl ether)
                     • Fossil resource reforming+CCS, etc.
                                                                                       Mineral          • Concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides, etc.
                        Domestic surplus renewable energy

                        Various hydrogen carriers (such as liquid                                       • Negative emissions technologies (BECCS, blue carbon/marine
                        hydrogen, MCH, NH₃,, etc.)                                     Others
                                                                                                          biomass, enhanced weathering, reforestation , etc.)

                                                                                                                                               *2 SAF: Sustainable aviation fuel
                                                                                                                                               *3 MTG: Methanol to Gasoline        6
Common technology
     CO₂ Capture Technology
                                                             Target for 2030                                        Target from
• Reduction in capital and operational costs and in required
  energy
    Development of new materials (absorbers, adsorbents,
                                                                                                                                              2040 onwards
    separation membrane)                                              • For low-pressure gas (CO₂ separation from flue gas, blast
    Reduction in production costs of functional materials               furnace gas, etc. at several percent and under normal pressure)
    Optimization of processes (in terms of heat/substance/power,          JPY2,000 level/t-CO₂                                                
  CO₂ emission source/application
                                                                      • For high-pressure gas (CO₂ separation from chemical                   • Achieve JPY 1,000/t-
• Establishing CO₂ capture and conversion systems by matching                                                                                   CO₂ or lower
                                                                        process/fuel gas, etc. several percent and several MPa)
  CO₂ supply and demand with co-production opportunities
• Establishing assessment baseline for energy consumption and
                                                                          JPY1,000 level/t-CO₂                                                • Improve the durability
                                                                          Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO₂                                           and reliability of CO₂
   cost
                                                                          Physical absorption, membrane separation, physical                    separation and
• Transportation and storage
                                                                          adsorption ,etc.
    Transportation cost reduction (large-scale transportation,                                                                                  capture systems and
    liquefaction technology)                                          • Overall review of other processes (power generation and                 downsize these
    Control and management of CO₂ supply and demand matching            chemical synthesis systems with CO₂ separation and capture)             systems
                                                                          Closed IGCC/Chemical looping, etc.
                                                 JPY1,000 level/t-CO₂                                                • Optimize CO₂ capture
• Chemical absorption (temperature swing (current process))               Required energy 0.5GJ/t-CO₂                                           systems according to
      Approx. JPY 4,000/t-CO₂                                                                                                                   the emission source
      Required energy: Approx.2.5GJ/t-CO₂
                                                                                                            and application
• Physical absorption (pressure swing (demonstration stage))          • Realization of an energy-saving, low cost CO₂
                                                                        capture system that is designed for each CO₂                          • Full-fledged spread of
• Solid absorption (temperature swing) (R&D stage)                                                                                              CO₂ separation,
• Physical adsorption (pressure/temperature gaps, advantageous
                                                                        emission source/usage
   in smaller scales, selectivity/capacity/durability improvements,
                                                                      • Realization of 10,000 hour continuous                                   capture, and
   development of new materials)                                        operation (to demonstrate the robustness and                            transportation
• Membrane separation (pressure difference)                             reliability)                                                            systems
• Others: cryogenic separation technique, Direct Air Capture, etc.                   • Develop CO₂
                                                                      • Establish assessment protocols to accelerate material                   networks (covering
                        development                                                             capture/transportation
• Oxygen-enriched combustion, closed IGCC
    Development of low cost oxygen supply technology                                            /utilization
• Chemical Looping combustion                                         • Establish energy-saving, low-cost CO₂ transportation and storage        infrastructure, hubs &
    Development of low-cost and durable oxygen carriers                 infrastructure matching CO₂ emission sources and usages                 clusters, etc.)
                                                                           Liquefaction (cooling, compression), storage (containers, tank),
                                                     transportation (vehicles, pipelines, ships, etc.)
• Development of low-cost CO₂ separation and capture technology
• Development of technology for transporting liquefied CO₂ by
  ships
                                                                                                                                                                         7
Common technology
  DAC (Direct Air Capture)

• Development of air contactor technology for contact between
  absorbers/adsorbents/membranes and air
• Development of distributed (small-scale) systems
  Development of large-scale (highly efficient) systems
                                                                        Target for 2030                              Target from 2040
                                                                                   onwards
• Reduction of equipment/operation costs and energy
  consumption
  Development of new materials (absorbers, adsorbents and
  separation membranes) (improve selectivity, capacity and                                            
                                                                      capture costs in the 2030s market               • Achieve capture costs
                                                    Example targets                                   less than JPY 2,000/t-
• Development of technologies to raise capture efficiency and         JPY 10,000/t-CO₂: ICEF (Innovation for Cool
  cut energy consumption to improve CO₂ separation and
                                                                                                                        CO₂
  capture
                                                                      Earth Forum) roadmap                            • Improve DAC system
• JPY 30,000-60,000/t-CO₂                                             JPY 10,000/t-CO₂: Published as corporate          durability and reliability
* In the absence of large-scale demonstration tests, costs vary       target for 2025 or 2030                         • Full-fledged spread of
  significantly depending on the system and technologies as                                                             DAC system
  well as on scales                                                 • Confirm the effectiveness from the lifecycle
• DAC technology should be to utilization renewable energy
  and other non-fossil power sources, considering storage and
                                                                      assessment (LCA) through pilot projects
  utilization of captured CO₂.
• Selection of DAC locations (suitable climate for CO₂ capture,
  proximity to energy sources and CO₂ utilization demands)
• Establishing assessment baseline for energy consumption
  and cost

• Moonshot Research & Development Program
   Chemical absorption, physical absorption, solid absorption,
   physical adsorption, and membrane separation methods
                                                                                                                                                     8
Common technology
  Explanations of CO₂ separation/capture and DAC technologies

Capture technologies                                 Principle                                               Application areas

Chemical absorption    • Chemical reaction between CO₂ and liquid.                             thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
                                                                                               iron and steel production, petroleum refining,
                                                                                               chemical production, and fossil fuel extraction
Physical absorption    • Dissolution of CO₂ into liquid.                                       thermal power plants (high gas pressure),
                       • Efficiency depends on the solubility of CO₂ in the absorbent.         petroleum refining, chemical production and
                                                                                               fossil fuel extraction
Solid absorption       • Absorption into solid absorbents.                                     thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
                       • Absorbents include porous materials impregnated with amines           petroleum refining, and chemical production
                         (for low temperature separation) or other solid absorbents for high
                         temperature separation.
Physical adsorption    • Adsorption onto a porous solid such as zeolite and metal-organic      thermal power plants, cement manufacture,
                         complex (e.g., MOFs).                                                 iron and steel production, petroleum refining
                       • Realized by increase and decrease of pressure (pressure swing)        and chemical production
                         or temperature (temperature swing).
Membrane               • Separation of CO₂ by using permeation through zeolite, carbon,        thermal power plants (high gas pressure),
separation               organic, or other membranes which have selective permeability         petroleum refining, chemical production and
                         for different gas species.                                            fossil fuel extraction

DAC (Direct Air        • Technology for direct capture of dilute CO₂ from the atmosphere       Capture CO₂ at very low concentration (400
Capture)                 using the abovementioned separation and capture technology.           ppm) in the atmosphere
                       • The DAC technology is an advanced version of the CO₂
                         separation and capture technology. Further cuts in costs and
                         energy consumption are required for commercialization.

                                                                                                                                                 9
Basic substances
   Methane Chemistry, etc. (Until inexpensive hydrogen can be supplied, methane (CH₄) or waste
        plastics will be used instead of CO₂.)

[CH₄→Syngas (1)]                                                      Target for 2030                                   Target from 2040
• Established as a commercial process
• Partial oxidation/ATR, dry reforming: There is a room for
                                                                                                                        Onwards
  improvement, such as making the reaction temperature         
  lower, searching suitable catalysts, improving durability,   • CH₄→Syngas Reaction temperature: 600°C
  etc.                                                           or lower
                                                                               (Catalyst: life of approx. 8000hr)
[CH₄→Others]                                                                                                            
                                                               • Development a hydrogen separation
• Separation under high temperature conditions (hydrogen
  and benzene, etc.)
                                                                 membrane                                               • Raw materials are replaced
• Direct synthesis of methanol (2) and of ethylene (3) are       that is usable even at 600°C                             with CO₂ (Slides 11 and 12)
  still at R& D stage.                                                                                                    and the costs are similar to
• Methane thermal cracking where CO₂-free hydrogen can                                                             those for existing
  be obtained is still at R&D stage (catalyst development,     • Costs are similar to those for existing                  energy/products
  carbon removal/utilization technology)                         energy/products
[Waste plastic or rubber depolymerization – olefin]                                                                     
• Develop technologies for waste plastic pretreatment                                           • Further reduction
  (removing impure substances)                                 • In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion rate/selectivity)     equal to or lower than the CO₂ emission
                                                                 intensity from
                                               the current process
• Heat management, equipment costs, development of
  low-cost oxygenation (such as the utilization of oxygen                                         P.10
  concurrently produced during electrolysis)                                                             (3)
                                                                 Natural Gas                (2)
                                                                     CH₄                                         Methanol
                                                                                    P.10                                              Chemicals
                                                                    Waste                                        CH₃OH
                                                                                  (1)                                          P.13
                                                                 plastics, etc.            Syngas         P.12
                                                                                                                                        Fuels
                                                                                                                    Ethanol
                                                                                           CO,H₂
                                                                                                                    C₂H₅OH
                                                                   CO₂, H₂
                                                                                  P.11
                                                                                                                        P.13

                                                                                                                                                         10
Basic substances
  Technologies to produce syngas containing Carbon Mono-oxide and Hydrogen
Thermal Chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
 
 • Further improvement in current processes (reverse-shift reaction)
                                                                 Target for 2030                                            Target from 2040
 • Capture and reuse of the CO₂ produced as a byproduct in reaction
   system
 
                                                                                                                                              Onwards
 • Improvement in steam reforming processes (processes, catalysts and          
   separation), thermal cracking of methane, thermal cracking of CO₂           •   Reduction in process cost                                     
   utilizing solar heat
                                                                                                                                                 • Further reduction in process cost
                                                                               
 • Catalyst Development                                                                                                                          • Further improvement of
       Hydrogen synthesis (photocatalysts) → Reverse shift reaction                                               conversion efficiency
       Direct synthesis of CO
           Improvement in conversion efficiency and separation of gas          • CO₂ processing speed 6t/yr/m2
           generated                                                           (Achievement of current density 500mA/cm2                         
 • System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable
 • Examination and comparison with the current CO production process
                                                                               electrolytic efficiency50%) (Electrochemistry)                    • CO₂ processing speed 11 t/yr/m2
                                                                               Note 1)
     (methane-derived)                                                                                                                            (Achievement of current density
                                                                                                                                                  1000mA/cm2 at ordinary
                                                                                                                                       temperature/normal pressure,
Electrochemistry (electrochemical reduction, etc.)                             • Further improvement in durability and
 Electrolytic reduction
                                                                                                                                                  electrolytic efficiency 50%)
                                                                                 Reduction in costs                                               (Electrochemistry) Note 1)
 
 • Development of a catalyst electrode that is suitable for high current
    density (improve reaction rate)                                            (Others)
 • Development of integration technology for catalyst electrodes (improve      • Development of renewable energy
                                                                                                                                                 (Others)
    the current density per unit volume)
                                                                                 combined systems                                                • Synthesis that utilizes thermal
 • Production of syngas through co-electrolysis (respond to load change,
    equipment scale)                                                           • Development of hybrid systems (Photo +                            chemistry/photochemistry/
                                                               Electricity, etc.)                                                electrochemistry/organisms is the
 • System design of a plant whose commercialization is viable                  • Sector coupling: Introducing the accommodation                    best mix of various
 • Examination and comparison with the current CO production process               of basic substances and Carbon Recycling projects
    (methane-derived)                                                                                                                              reactions/technologies.
                                                                                   through inter-industry cooperation, including
 • Securing massive, stable, CO₂-free electricity supply at reasonable             industrial complex operation
    prices

Synthesis utilizing organisms (such as microorganisms)
                                                                            Note 1) Estimate under the following conditions: 100MW plant, availability factor:16.3%, and JPY 2/kWh.
 • Implement various types of R&D                                                               Source of the available factor: Materials owned by ANRE (Agency for Natural Resources and Energy)
                                                                            Note 2) Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important                                                            11
Basic substances
  Technologies to produce Methanol, etc.
Thermal Chemistry (catalysts, etc.)
[CO₂ → Methanol]

• Reaction at low temperature (improvement in conversion
                                                                          Target for 2030                                  Target from 2040
  rate/selectivity)
• Separation/removal of the water arising from the reaction
                                                                                                                           Onwards
• Direct utilization of low quality exhaust gas (at a research stage)
                                                                        
     Measures against deterioration/improvements of durability of
                                                                        • Reduction in process cost
     catalysts
                                                      
• Examination and comparison with the current practical process         • Development of renewable energy combined
  (reaction through syngas)
                                                                          systems
• Utilization of CO₂ in existing methanol production equipment
                                                                        • Development of hybrid systems (Photo +
                                                                          Electricity, etc.)                                
[Syngas → Methanol (or DME)]
                                              • Considering large-scale methanol supply           • Further reduction in
• Improvement of yields in methanol production                            chain                                               process cost
• Methanol and DME production control technology                        • Apply the technology to existing production
                                                                          systems/secure affinity
                                                                                                                            
Photochemistry (photocatalysts, etc.)                                                                                       • The expected costs are
                                                                                                roughly equal to those
Synthesis utilizing organisms (such as microorganisms)                  • Demonstrate the technology for methanol to          incurred for the product
                                                                           be used in an actual environment
Implement various types of R&D                                          • Expand mixed utilization of existing fuels and      synthesized from natural
                                                 methanol as well as the mixed ratio                gas-derived methanol
• Direct synthesis of formic acid/methanol(by utilizing the protons
  in water)                                                             
• Improvement in reaction rate and efficiency                           • Establish a reaction control technology for
                                                        large-scale processes
• Securing massive, stable, CO₂-free electricity supply at              • Develop production technologies responding
  reasonable prices (in the case of utilizing electricity)                to CO₂ and H₂ supply and demand
                                              fluctuations
• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol production from syngas
  (derived from waste incineration facilities) using
  microorganisms (The technology to be established by 2023:
  Goal 500~1,000kL/y scale demonstration to be implemented)
   * some processes require no further hydrogen

                                                                                                          Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important   12
Chemicals
   Technologies to produce basic chemicals (olefins, BTX, etc.)

[MTO (Methanol to Olefins)]                                    Target for 2030                               Target from 2040
[ETO (Ethanol to Olefins)]
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion                                                                   Onwards
   rate/selectivity)
   E.g.:Controlling a generation rate for plastic
        materials (C2 ethylene, C3 propylene, C4    [MTO, ETO, syngas → olefins]
        butene, etc.) and rubber materials (C4      • Establish C2-C5 selective synthesis
        butadiene, C5 isoprene)                       technology
• Countermeasures against catalyst poisoning        • Further improvement of yield and control of
  (controlling carbon precipitation)
                                                      selectivity
                                                    • Establish mass production and cost reduction             
[MTA-BTX] (R&D projects exist)
• Developing catalysts (improvement in conversion     technologies for catalysts                               • The costs are similar to
  rate/selectivity)                                 • Establish olefin distillation and separation
                                                                                                                 those for existing
  E.g.:Controlling generation ratio of benzene,       processes
        toluene, xylene, etc.                       [MTA-BTX]                                                    energy/products
• Mass production technology for catalysts          • Further improvement of yield, control of
  (influences of materials, shapes, sizes, etc.)      selectivity and improvement of durability                
• Lengthening service lives of catalysts            • Establish processes for commercial plants                • In LCA, the amount of
• Poisoning countermeasures for improving
  catalysts lifetime
                                                                                                                 emissions must be equal to
                                                    [CO₂→olefins]                                                or lower than half of
                                                    • Further improvement of energy conversion                   the CO₂ emission intensity
[Syngas → olefins, BTX]
• Develop catalysts (to improve conversion            efficiency and generation speed
                                                                                                                 from the current process
   rate/selectivity)
   E.g.:Controlling a generation rate for plastic   
        materials (C2 ethylene, C3 propylene, C4    • In LCA, the amount of emissions must be
        butene, etc.) and BTX (C6 benzene, C7         equal to or lower than the CO₂ emission
        toluene and C8 xylene)                        intensity from the current process
• Suppression of the generation of CO₂, methane
  and heavy oil

[CO₂ → olefins]
• Develop electrochemical reaction technology
• Develop electrode catalysts, electrolytes and
  reactor vessels                                                                               Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important
                                                                                                                                                       13
Chemicals
  Technologies to produce functional chemicals (oxygenated compounds)

                               Target for 2030                              Target from 2040
[Polycarbonate, polyurethane]
• Direct synthesis from CO₂ to further reduce
                                                                                                      Onwards
  CO₂ emissions
• Develop synthesis processes that do not use
  highly poisonous materials such as
                                                  
  phosgene and ethylene oxide
                                                  • The costs are similar to those for                
• Establishment of mass production and cost
  reduction technologies                            existing energy/products                          • Further reduction in costs

Basic research level, under low TRL Process                                   
                                                  • In LCA, the amount of emissions must
(acrylic acid synthesis, etc.)                                                                        • In LCA, the amount of
• Catalyst development (improvement in              be equal to or lower than the CO₂
                                                    emission intensity from the current                 emissions must be equal
  conversion rate/selectivity)
• Realization of low LCA for reaction partners      process                                             to or lower than half of
  (such as utilizing biomass/waste plastics,                                                            the CO₂ emission
  etc.)                                                                                         intensity from the current
                                                  • Establish processes for commercial                  process
                                  plants
• Considering another CO₂ storage technique
  based on chemicals (such as oxalic acid,
  etc.)
• Consider processes to use microbes for
  fixing CO₂ to organic acid or oils and lipids

                                                      Oxygenated compounds include (in alphabetical order):
                                                      Acetic acid, acetic acid ester, acrylic acid, ethanol, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid,
                                                      polyamide , polyurethane, polycarbonate, polyester, salicylic acid, urethane, etc.
                                                                                                                                             14
Chemicals
   Technologies to produce biomass-derived chemicals

                                                                               Target for 2030                                   Target from 2040
(Cellulose-type biomass)
• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique (separation of                                                                      Onwards
  cellulose, lignin, etc.)
                                                                                                                  
• Establish the related techniques such as dehydration/drying,
                                                                               • The costs are similar to those for              • Large-scale production
  removal of impurities, etc.
                                                                                 existing energy/products                          (geographically-distributed chemicals
• Production process of high-value added chemicals from non-
                                                                                                                                   production that utilizes papermaking
  edible biomass
                                                                                                           infrastructure/agriculture and
• Screening and culture techniques for new microorganisms
                                                                               • In LCA, as compared to                            forestry/wastes, etc.)
  resources
• Utilization of biotechnology (Genome editing/synthesis),                       alternative petrochemical
                                                                                 products (such as oxygenated                    
  establishment of separation/purification/reaction process
                                                                                 compounds, etc.), the amount of                 • Further reduction in costs
  techniques
• Fermentation technology and catalyst technology that are not                   emissions must be equal to or
                                                                                                                                 
  susceptible to impurities                                                      lower than half of the CO₂
                                                                                                                                 • In LCA, as compared to alternative
• Development of effective materials conversion technologies for                 emission intensity from the                       petrochemical products (such as
  biomass materials                                                              current process                                   olefin, etc.), the amount of emissions
• High functionality in biomass-derived chemicals (adding marine
                                                                                                                                   must be equal to or lower than half
  biodegradable functions, etc.)                                                                                           of the CO₂ emission intensity from
                                                                               • Diversification and high                          the current process
                                                               functionality of biomass-derived
• Establishing integrated production processes (securing                         chemicals (Controlling marine                   •   Introduction into global markets
  production scale, stability in quality, etc.)
                                                                                 biodegradable functions, etc.)                      (Biodegradable plastics : JPY 850
• Expanding the scope of target products including derivatives
                                                                               • Hydrogen is necessary in                            billion (Global market share of
  (oxygenated compounds→olefin, etc.)
                                                                                 hydrogenation treatment                             Japan: 25%))
• Expanding the scope of application of biomass-derived
  chemicals and verify their economic performance
• Establishing an effective collection system for biomass materials
• Standardization of biomass-derived chemicals/intermediates

            •   Utilize edible biomass (mainly, ethanol and amino acid)                                               • Utilize non-edible biomass/microalgae
Image of
            •   Utilize oils and fats
expansion                                                                                                             • Bio power generation (ultimately, BECCS, BECCU)
            •   Bio and waste power generation
            •   Synthesize high-value added chemicals (functional chemicals)                                          • Diversification of biomass chemicals/fuels

* Such technological development is also common to that in fuel sector (bioethanol, etc.)
* Cultivation and capturing biomass technologies include marine use as well (fuel sector as well)                                                                           15
Fuels
  Technologies to produce liquid fuel (1) *Synthetic fuels (e-fuel, SAF)
                                                            Target for 2030                                 Target from 2040
                                                                                  onwards
• Challenges towards the introduction of             
  synthetic fuels include the reduction of costs     • Establish highly efficient, large-scale production
  and the establishment of production                  technology by 2030
  technologies (synthetic fuel production costs      • To this end, intensify technological development
  with current technologies are estimated at           and demonstration regarding synthetic fuels until
                                                       2030. The following are specific targets:              
• The hydrogen cost accounts for a major part
                                                        efficiency of the existing synthetic fuels            • Diffuse synthetic fuels
  of synthetic fuels production costs. Need to
                                                        production technology (reverse conversion               and cut their costs in
  tackle technological development and                  reaction + Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis               the 2030s for
  demonstrations for improving production               process), and design development and                    independent
  efficiency without waiting until a hydrogen cost      demonstration of equipment to realize large-scale       commercialization
  decline.                                              production                                              (based on
                                                     (2)Development of innovative production
                                                                                                                environmental values)
                                      technologies (CO₂ electrolysis, co-electrolysis,
                                                                                                                by 2040
• Need to establish an international assessment         direct synthesis (Direct FT)
  of synthetic fuels as decarbonized fuels and
                                                                                         
  develop a framework for offsetting CO₂
                                                     • Achieve a liquid fuels yield of 80% with a pilot-      • Realize synthetic fuels
  generated during their consumption with CO₂
                                                       scale (assumed at 500 BPD) plant                         costs below gasoline
  used for their overseas production.
                                                     • Upgrade electrolysis syngas production                   prices in 2050
                                                       technology, improve production performance with
                                 next-generation FT catalysts, conduct
• Developing innovative technology to integrally       demonstration operation tests for optimization,
  produce synthetic fuels from CO₂ emitted by          scale up pilot plant capacity (semi-plant
  power and other plants and hydrogen from             demonstration), and proceed to the
  renewable energy.                                    commercialization stage

                                                                                                                                          16
Fuels
   Technologies to produce liquid fuel (2) *Microalgae biofuel (SAF, diesel)

                                                                              Target for 2030                                     Target from 2040
                                                                                                                                  onwards
                                                                      
                                            • Bio jet Fuels: costs: similar to those for existing
(Microalgae→Bio jet fuels/Biodiesel)                                    energy/products, JPY 100-200/L (Currently,
• Improve productivity (culture system/ gene                            JPY1600/L)
  recombination)
                                                                      
• Low cost, effective pretreatment technique
                                                                      • 75 L-oil/day・ha (Currently, 35 L-oil/day∙ha)                    
• Establish the related techniques such as
  dehydration/drying, oil extraction, removal of                                                                                        • Further reductions in
                                                                      
  impurities, etc.                                                    • With regard to bio jet fuels, in LCA, as compared                 costs
• Develop the technology for utilizing oils/fats                        to existing jet fuels, the amount of emissions
  residues                                                              must be equal to or lower than half of the CO₂                  
  followed by demonstration level)                                                                                                      • Must contribute to 50%
                                                                      
• Large-scale technological demonstration                             • Compliance with fuel standards
                                                                                                                                          CO₂ reduction relative
• Pursuit of cost reduction                                           • Scale up to the demonstration level and                           to that for 2005 in
                                                                        establish the supply chain                                        aviation sectors
                                                    • Expand mixed utilization of the liquid fuel and
• Expanding the scope of application and verify                         an existing fuel as well as the mixed ratio
  economic performance                                                • Since hydrogen is used in relatively small
                                                                        amounts for oil reforming, the presence of CO₂
• Establishing an effective collection system for
                                                                        free hydrogen increases the GHG reduction
  raw materials                                                         impact

*Such technological development is also common to that in the chemicals sector                                         (FYI) If a bio jet fuels with a greenhouse gas emission
(High value added products, such as cosmetics and supplements derived from microalgae are partially commercialized)          reduction rate of 50% continues to be introduced
                                                                                                                             at 100 thousand kL/yr, a CO₂ reduction of 123
                                                                                                                             thousand t/yr will be achieved.                     17
Fuels
  Technologies to produce liquid fuel (3) *Biofuels (excluding fuels derived from
   microalgae ) (MTG, ethanol, diesel, jet, DMC, OME, etc.)

                                                                     Target for 2030                                Target from 2040
                                                                                                                    onwards
                                                             
                                   • In LCA, the amount of emissions must
• Improvement in FT Synthesis (current process)                be equal to or lower than the CO₂
  (Improvement in conversion rate/selectivity )                emission intensity from the current                   
• Improvement in other synthetic reaction (current             process                                               • The costs are similar to those
  process)
                                                                                                                       for existing energy/products
                                                             
• System’s optimization                                      • Wondering what impact a CO₂-derived                   
  (Renewable energy introduction                               fuel may have on the regulations/                     • In LCA, the amount of
                                   device/equipment on which naphtha-                      emissions must be equal to or
• Demonstration of integrated bioethanol production            /crude oil-derived fuels had no effect                  lower than half of the CO₂
  from syngas (derived from waste incineration               • Demonstrate the technology in an                        emission intensity from the
  facilities) using microorganisms (The technology to          actual environment                                      current process
  be established by 2023: Goal 500-1,000kL/y scale           • Expand mixed utilization of the liquid
  demonstration to be implemented)                             fuel and existing fuels as well as the
   * some processes require no further hydrogen
                                                               mixed ratio

* Costs for biofuels and target for CO₂ emissions, the same as biomass derived chemicals and microalgae biofuels attempt to reduce the cost equivalent to
  those existing energy/products in 2030 as well as in LCA the amount of emissions must be lower than half of the CO₂ emissions intensity from the current
  process.

                                                                                                   Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important      18
Fuels
  Technologies to produce gas fuels (methane, propane, dimethyl ether)

                                                                         Target for 2030                               Target from 2040
                                                                                             onwards
Existing Techniques (Sabatier Reaction)
• Long lasting of catalysts
• Heat management (utilizing the generation of heat)
• Activity management
• Considering scale-up                                                  
                                                                        • Reduction in costs for CO₂ derived CH₄
R&D of Innovative Technology (co-electrolysis, etc.)                                                                       
[Power to Methane]
                                                                                                   • The costs are similar
                                                                        • In LCA, the amount of emissions must               to those for existing
• Production of electrolytic methane and propane through co-
   electrolysis (utilization as city gas, etc.)                           be equal to or lower than the CO₂
                                                                                                                             energy/products
• Integrate the synthesis/power generation of electrolytic methane        emission intensity from the current
   that utilizes CO₂                                                      process
• Improvement of energy conversion efficiency
                                                                                                                           
                                                      • Demonstrate synthetic natural gas                • In LCA, the amount
• System’s optimization (introducing renewable energy)                    injection into gas introduction pipes at a          of emissions must be
• Upsizing/cost reduction                                                 commercial scale (several tens of                   equal to or lower
• Equipment cost                                                          thousands Nm3/h)                                    than half of the CO₂
• A framework should be developed to offset CO₂ generated during        • Develop sales channel/use application               emission intensity
  methane consumption with CO₂ used during for methane                  • Expand mixed utilization of the gas fuel
  production.
                                                                                                                              from the current
                                                                          and an existing fuel as well as the mixed
                                                                                                                              process
                                                                          ratio
                                            • Improve the energy conversion
• Commercial scale (125Nm3/h) demonstration that utilizes CO₂              efficiency further
  contained in exhaust gas from a cleaning plant
• Development of basic technology towards practical-scale (60
  thousand Nm3/h) demonstration of introducing city gas that utilizes
  CO₂ emission from coal fired thermal power plants
• Cutting-edge research to utilize co-electrolysis for synthesizing
  methane and propane more efficiently
                                                                                                Supplying inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important   19
Minerals
   Technologies to produce concrete, cement, carbonates, carbon, carbides, etc.

                                                                                                   Target for 2030                                       Target from
• Separation of effective components (Ca or Mg compounds) from industrial
  byproducts (e.g., iron and steel slag, waste concrete, coal ash, etc.) and/or mine
                                                                                        
                                                                                                                                                         2040 onwards
  tailings, produced water (e.g., brine), etc. (including the treatment of byproducts
                                                                                        • Road curb blocks: costs are similar to those for existing
  arising from the separation processes)
                                                                                          energy/products
• Improving the energy efficiency of pretreatments, such as the pulverization and
  separation of effective components to enhance reactivity with CO₂ (dry
                                                                                                              
  processes)
                                                                                        • 200 kWh/t-CO₂ (regardless of a raw material and reaction
• Energy-saving in wet processes (inexpensive treatment for waste-water
                                                                                          process)
                                                                                                                                                          • Products other
  containing heavy metals, etc.)                                                                                                                            than road curb
• Development of inexpensive aggregates, admixtures, etc.; optimization of                                                                                  blocks : The costs
                                                                                        
  composition; composite manufacturing technology using these materials
                                                                                        • CO₂ mineralization must be applied to ~10% of iron &              are similar to
• Reducing energy consumption for carbon and carbide generation, separating
                                                                                          steel slag and coal ash                                           those for existing
  and refining carbon and carbides
• Scale-up                                                                                                                                                  energy/products
                                                                                        
                                                                                        • Large-scale demonstration
                                                                                                                                                          • Reduction of costs
                                                                                                                to levels for
                                                                                        • Pursuit of cost reduction
• 500 kWh/t-CO₂ (e.g., utilizing iron and steel slag, dry processes)                                                                                        consistent with
                                                                                        • Survey on appropriate sites within/outside the country
                                                                                        • Promotion of demands by providing some incentive (such            commodities

                                                                                          as procurement for a public works project, etc.)                  (electrodes,
• Establish a supply system from CO₂ emission sources to mineralization process
  (optimized to net CO₂ fixation and economic performance)                                                                                                  activated charcoal)
                                                                                        
• Expand the scope of application and verify economic performance (development
                                                                                        • Expand raw materials (Coal ash, biomass mixed
  and demonstration of the technologies designed to utilize carbonates – verify the                                                                       
                                                                                          combustion ash, waste concrete, etc. → Iron and steel
  scope of application to concrete products, develop high-value added articles                                                                            • CO₂
                                                                                          slag, mine tailings, produced water, brine, lye water, etc.)
  such as luminous materials, etc.)
• Long-term evaluate of performance as a civil-engineering/
                                                                                                                                                            mineralization
                                                                                                                                        must be applied to
  building material as well as organize standards/guidelines
                                                                                        • Development of effective carbonation processes to                 ~50% of iron &
                                                                                          enhance CO₂ reaction quantity and speed

                                                                                        • Expanding the range of applications for concrete products
                                                                                                                                                            steel slag and coal
• Development of carbonation technology using calcium and magnesium                                                                                         ash
                                                                                          that effectively use CO₂
  contained in waste concrete and other industrial byproducts, waste brine etc.
                                                                                        • High value-added products (carbon fiber, nanocarbon,
• Development of technology to expand the range of applications to cover
                                                                                          etc.)
  concrete aggregates, soil improvement agents, glass materials, etc.
                                                                                        • Development of cement manufacturing processes
• Development of technologies for CO₂ reduction and carbonization
                                                                                          capturing carbon dioxide
*Iron slag, steel slag, and coal ash are already used as materials for concrete, but
 not in the form of carbonates

                                                                                                                                                                                  20
Important points for Carbon Recycling Technologies

 In order to effectively advance R&D in Carbon Recycling technologies to address
  climate change and the security of natural resources, the following points need
  to be considered;
 Inexpensive CO₂ free Hydrogen is important for many technologies
     •   Under the hydrogen and fuel cells strategy roadmap in ‘Hydrogen Basic Strategy’, the target
         cost for on-site delivery in 2050 is JPY 20/Nm3
     •   While the problem of hydrogen supply remains, 1) R&D for biomass and other technologies
         not dependent on hydrogen should continue, 2) CH₄ (methane) should be used in place of
         hydrogen until the establishment of cheap hydrogen.

 Using zero emission power supply is important for Carbon Recycling
      Conversion of a stable substance, CO₂, into other useful substances will require a large
       amount of energy.

 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) perspective is critical to evaluate Carbon Recycling
  technologies. These analysis methods should be standardized.

 Reducing the costs for capturing CO₂ will have a positive feedback on Carbon
  Recycling.
                                                                                                       21
(Reference) Initiatives to promote Carbon Recycling technology development

 Japan devised the “Carbon Recycling 3C Initiative” at the 2019 International Conference
  on Carbon Recycling to accelerate Carbon Recycling technology development and
  commercialization through international cooperation. The 3C’s are described below.

 1. Caravan (mutual exchange)
     Enhance bilateral and multilateral relationships by sharing information at any possible
     opportunities such as international conferences* and workshops.
     *International Conference on Carbon Recycling, World Future Energy Summit, etc.

 2. Center of Research (R&D and demonstration base)
     Promote the outcomes of Carbon Recycling at R&D sites of Osakikamijima and Tomakomai,
     and the cooperate with other R&D sites.

 3. Collaboration (international joint research)
     Japan-Australia MOC* (Signed on September 25, 2019)
      Establishment of regular meetings, sharing of research achievements, consideration of potential joint
      projects, etc.
     Japan-U.S. MOC (Signed on October 13, 2020)
     Sharing of technological information, mutual dispatch of experts, exchange of test samples, etc.
     Japan-UAE MOC (Signed on January 14, 2021)
      Sharing of information and research achievements, meetings for information exchange, exploration of
      potential for cooperation, etc.
      *Memorandum of Cooperation

                                                                                                              22
Japan-U.S. Climate Partnership (April 16, 2021)

Japan and the United States, at their summit meeting on April 16 committed to
 enhancing cooperation on climate ambition, decarbonization and clean energy, and will
 lead on climate action in the international community.
Enhancing bilateral cooperation in Carbon Recycling and other priority areas

Japan-U.S. Climate Partnership (excerpts)

Japan and the United States commit to addressing climate change and working
together towards the realization of green growth by enhancing cooperation on
innovation, including in such areas as renewable energy, energy storage (such as
batteries and long-duration energy storage technologies), smart grid, energy efficiency,
hydrogen, Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage/Carbon Recycling, industrial
decarbonization, and advanced nuclear power.

This cooperation will also promote the development, deployment, and utilization of
climate friendly and adaptive infrastructure through collaboration in areas including
renewable energy, grid optimization, demand response and energy efficiency.

                                                                                           23
Reference

            24
Glossary

Basic substances (methane chemistry, etc.)
 Methane chemistry…A technique to reform natural gas-derived methane into
                     single-carbon compounds, such as syngas (mixed gas of
                     carbon monoxide and hydrogen) or methanol, and by
                     using this as a material, perform interconversion with
                     single-carbon compounds or synthesis of multi-carbon
                     compounds.
 ATR…Auto Thermal Reaction

Basic substances (methanol, etc.)
 DME…Dimethyl Ether

Chemicals (commodity chemicals: olefins, BTX, etc.)
 MTO…Methanol to Olefins
 MTA…Methanol to Aromatics
 BTX…Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes

Fuel
 MTG: Methanol to Gasoline
                                                                              25
Reaction Formulae
CO₂ → CO (reverse shift reaction)
  CO₂ + H₂ → CO + H₂O ΔH= +41.2 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
                                  600–700℃
CO₂ → Methanol
  CO₂ + 3H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂O ΔH= -49.4 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
                       200–300℃
Syngas → Methanol
  CO + 2H₂ → CH₃OH ΔH= -90.6 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)

CO₂ → Ethanol
  CO₂ +3/2H₂O → 1/2C₂H₅OH + 3/2O₂ ΔH= +683.4 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)

   CO₂ + 3H₂ →1/2 CH₃CH₂OH (liquid) + 3/2H₂O ΔH =-174.1 kJ/mol (exothermic
reaction)
CO₂ → Methane (methanation; Sabatier reaction)
  CO₂ + 4H₂ → CH₄ + 2H₂O ΔH= -164.9 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
                                     250–550℃
Methane + CO₂ → Syngas (dry reforming)
  CH₄ +CO₂ → 2CO + 2H₂ ΔH= +247 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
                    800℃–
Methane → Syngas (steam reforming)
  CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂ ΔH= +206 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
                     750–900℃
Methane → Syngas (partial oxidation)
  CH₄ + 1/2O₂ → CO + 2H₂ ΔH= -35 kJ/mol (exothermic reaction)
                                     800℃–, without a catalyst 1300–1500℃

Thermal cracking of methane
  CH₄ → C + 2H₂ ΔH= +75 kJ/mol (endothermic reaction)
                          700–1000℃

FT synthesis
  CO + 2H₂ → (1/n)(CH₂)n + H₂O ΔH= -167 kJ/mol-CO (exothermic reaction)
                                                                             26
Flowchart for CO₂ Utilization (for chemicals/fuels/carbonates)
      Methanation
                           Methane CH₄                      Natural Gas
                                  Adding CO₂
                                                      H₂O,O₂

                                  Syngas CO+H₂                                   Fuels (diesel, etc.)
      reduction
                                                       FT Synthesis

CO₂                   H₂
                                                                                                  Gasoline
                                                     MTG

                                                     MTA
                                                                                                      BTX

                                                                                                DME (Gas Fuel)

                            Methanol CH₃OH                  Ethylene/propylene              Various Chemicals
                                                  MTO/MTP

                                                     Ethylene             Propylene
                                 Ethanol C₂H₅OH                                              Butadiene, etc.

             DMC (Liquid Fuel)

                                                                                      Polycarbonate, etc.
                  Polymerizaion Reaction
                                                                                          Carbonates
                                                                                 (Utilized as concrete materials, etc.)

                                                                                                                          27
Flowchart: CO₂ Utilization (for Bio-derived fuels/chemicals)
CO₂                         Gasification                                                    FT Synthesis
                                                                                                                                            Hydroprocessing
                                                       Syngas CO+H₂                                          FT Synthetic Oil                                      H₂

                                                                Fermentation/Chemical                                                               H₂
                                                                                                                 Dehydration/polymerization/
                                                                Conversion
                                                                                                                   hydroprocessing (ATJ)
         Cellulose-type                                                                Alcohols                                                  Hydrocarbon Fuels
         Biomass, etc.

                                                                                                                                Bioethanol
                                                                                           Fermentation
                                                                      C6 Sugar
                                             Saccharification                               w/catalyst           Polymer                       Hydrocracking           H₂
                         Hemi-cellulose                                                                       Intermediates
                                                                      C5 Sugar

                            Cellulose                             Fermentation w/catalyst
                                                                                                       Organic Acid
       Component                                                  Cellulose Nano Fiber
       Separation                                Nano-                   (CNF)
                                                 fiberization
                                                                                                                   Chemicals/Polymers
                                Lignin                             Aromatic Monomer
                                                                                                                   /Composite materials*

                                                                      LMW Lignins
                                                Lignification

                                                                                         Catalyst       Monomers of Fats
                                                                                                           and Oils
         Vegetable oil,
      waste cooking oil, etc.                                     Fats and Oils                                                         Hydroprocessing

                                                                                                          Fatty Acid Methyl Ester                                  H₂

           Microalgae                                                                                                                     Hydrocracking
                                                            Hydrocarbon (Crude Oil)

                      *Reduction reaction or hydrocracking during the process to produce "chemicals, polymer products or composite materials", may require hydrogen.        28
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