Change the World Model United Nations Barcelona 2019 - Security Council B "The reform of the Security Council" - CWMUN
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Change the World
Model United Nations
Barcelona
2019
Security Council B
“The reform of the Security Council”
PLEASE NOTE that in this Guide all expressions written in blue and underlined are active links to
websites and documents. You are encouraged to explore them.
Index
What is this activity about pag. 3
What should you do now pag. 3
What will you do during the simulation pag. 3
What is a resolution pag. 3
What to know about the Security Council pag. 4
Countries to know and how to get prepared for the topic pag. 5
The reform of the Security Council pag. 6
Reasons to reform the Security Council pag. 6
Attempts to reform the Security Council pag. 7
The current debate about the UNSC reform: main issues pag. 9
Size of an enlarged SC pag. 9
Categories of membership pag. 9
Regional representation pag. 11
Veto pag. 11
The SC’s working methods pag. 12
Relation between SC and General Assembly pag. 13
Role of the EU in the Security Council pag. 13
Is a reform of the SC necessary and possible pag. 13
Conclusion pag. 13
Bibliography and suggested readings pag. 15
2
What is this activity about? Draft resolutions will be checked and possibly
edited by Chair and Director to conform to all
Model United Nations is a role-playing game. formal requirements. Eventually, Coalitions
Your task is to impersonate a diplomat of the will present their draft resolutions to the
assigned State and present the perspective of whole Committee. Other Delegates will
this State’s current government (and public debate and possibly amend the draft
opinion) on the following topic: “The reform resolutions, and then vote for or against. The
of the Security Council”. scope for the Committee as a whole is to
produce a resolution on at least one topic
What should you do now? from the agenda. The order of topics might
change: you must be ready to work on all of
Before the Simulation, you should write down them!
and bring with you:
What is a resolution?
-The Position Paper, a two-page long
document presenting the policy of your State
Resolution is a very specific document, build
on topic.
of Preamble and Main body, expressing the
will of a particular UN Committee agreed upon
-Handbook, a collection of relevant UN
by its Member States.
resolutions, reports, academic studies, and
news from reliable media. Resolutions are central to the UN and thus
MUN gives all participants the opportunity to
-Some topics for Moderated Caucus debates,
understand the process of creating them.
i.e. for short formal debates which should
Please seize this opportunity and prepare in
cover narrow aspects of each topic. advance at least one or two paragraphs per
each topic!
-Ideas for the Resolution, i.e. at least two or
three paragraphs that your State would like to The UN Security Council (SC) can produce
include in the preamble and/or in the main binding resolutions, which means that they
body of the Resolution. Sample resolution: are mandatory for all States to comply. These
S/RES/2231 (2015) resolutions are based upon the power
conferred to the SC by Chapter VII of the UN
-You should also learn Rules of procedure. charter in cases where a threat to
international peace and security is present.
What will you do during the Simulation? There are two forms of actions that the
Council can take: “measures not involving the
In Moderated Caucus you will hold short
use of armed force” (such as economic
formal debates (usually 10-15 minutes long)
sanctions, embargoes of arms and goods, a
on details of each topic. Delegates will present
breakup of diplomatic ties, etc), and
the policy and solutions of the represented
“measures involving the use of armed force”.
States in very short (usually one minute)
speeches.
In Unmoderated Caucus, you will walk around
the room freely and informally engage with
other Delegates to agree on your policies and
solutions, and to write draft resolutions
together as a Coalition.
3
What to know about the Security and establish a calm in which peaceful
Council? settlements may be sought.
Mandate: Beyond this, the Council may opt for
enforcement measures, including:
The UN Charter established six main organs of
the United Nations, including the Security economic sanctions, arms embargoes,
Council. It gives primary responsibility for financial penalties and restrictions,
maintaining international peace and security and travel bans;
to the Security Council, which may meet severance of diplomatic relations;
whenever peace is threatened. blockade;
or even collective military action.
All members of the United Nations agree to
accept and carry out the decisions of the A chief concern is to focus action on those
Security Council. While other organs of the responsible for the policies or practices
United Nations make recommendations to condemned by the international community,
member states, only the Security Council has while minimizing the impact of the measures
the power to make decisions that member taken on other parts of the population and
states are then obligated to implement under economy.
the Charter.
Organization:
Maintaining Peace and Security:
The Security Council held its first session on 17
When a complaint concerning a threat to January 1946 at Church House, Westminster,
peace is brought before it, the Council’s first London. Since its first meeting, the Security
action is usually to recommend that the Council has taken permanent residence at the
parties try to reach agreement by peaceful United Nations Headquarters in New York
means. The Council may: City.
set forth principles for such an
agreement;
undertake investigation and
mediation, in some cases;
dispatch a mission;
appoint special envoys; or
request the Secretary-General to use
his good offices to achieve a pacific
settlement of the dispute. Figure 1: First Session of the United Nations
Security Council in London, United Kingdom
When a dispute leads to hostilities, the on 17 January 1946. Credit: UN
Council’s primary concern is to bring them to Photo/Marcel Bolomey.
an end as soon as possible. In that case, the
Council may:
issue ceasefire directives that can help
prevent an escalation of the conflict;
dispatch military observers or a
peacekeeping force to help reduce
tensions, separate opposing forces
4
Countries to know and how to get States listed here! Consider that at the United
prepared for the topic Nations, States generally lean towards their
own geopolitical blocks: Western, Former
The Security Council is composed of 15 Soviet, African, Middle Eastern, Asian, Latin
Members: American… Consider also organizations such
as the European Union (EU), African Union,
five permanent members: China, Arab League, Association of Southeast Asian
France, Russian Federation, the United Nations (ASEAN), The Union of South
Kingdom, and the United States, American Nations (USAN), etc.
and ten non-permanent members
elected for two-year terms by the REMEMBER!
General Assembly (with end of term
date): Your task is to present the official position of
o Bolivia (2018) your assigned state. Misrepresenting this
o Côte d’Ivoire (2019) position and/or representing your private
o Equatorial Guinea (2019) views is against the rules, even if you do not
o Ethiopia (2018) agree with your State’s position. In any case,
o Kazakhstan (2018) you must not hyperbolize nor satirize the
o Kuwait (2019) position of your State. Humor, and especially
o Netherlands (2018) sarcasm, is generally not typical for formal
o Peru (2019) writing nor formal debates. Although MUN
o Poland (2019) welcomes wit and smart puns, please always
o Sweden (2018) be extremely considerate when using humor.
People to follow
Karen Pierce: UK Ambassador and Permanent
Representative to the United Nations
Ma Zhaoxu: PRC Ambassador and Permanent
Representative to the United Nations.
François Delattre: France Ambassador and
Permanent Representative to the United
Nations.
Learn about your State from the CIA World
Nebenzia Vassily Alekseevich: Russia
Factbook, from the official website of your
State’s permanent mission to the United Ambassador and Permanent Representative
Nations, and from other government websites to the United Nations.
(for example the website and social media
profiles of the Royal Family or President,
Prime Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs...)
Make sure to know as much as possible about
the foreign relations of your State with all
5
The reform of the Security Council
The international organizations are likely to the organ that has the responsibility to
last over the years. The fact that the maintain international peace and security.
international organizations have a long
duration exposes them to face many different Reasons to reform the Security Council
situations that quickly change under a
The main reasons for reforming the Security
political, social, and economical point of view.
Council are:
The situation since the institution of the UN
Security Council in 1945 deeply change. It is
1.The birth of the new States and the radical
due to remember one main fact: the fall of the
change of the international situation:
Berlin wall in 1989 facilitated a greater
during the UN Conference of San Francisco
intensity of the international relations.
(April 1945) only 50 States signed the Charted
The end of the Cold War after the fall of the
of the UN. Today, the number of UN members
URSS in 1991 completely altered the world’s
has increased involving also African and Asian
power structure. In this environment of
countries.
geopolitical transformations, a reexamination
of the structure and the composition of the
2.The greater role of the SC after the Cold War:
UN Security Council is needed.
during the Cold War, the SC was mostly the
place where the two main superpowers (USA
The modern international scenario is
and URSS) confronted themselves. However,
profoundly changed compared to the one
after the fall of the Berlin wall its role deeply
emerged after the Second World War. The
changed: it stopped to be a paralyzed tool and
complex and increasing threats to the
instead it became the place where practical
international stability and security led to an
decisions are made.
urgent need of reorganize a crucial institution
such as the UN. In particular, we will pay
3.The SC’s role as a legislator:
attention to reform of the Security Council,
The Art. 25 of the Charter assign to the SC the
power to take decisions on measures to be
6
accomplished by member States including from 6 to 10 and the number of ECOSOC
mandatory sanctions. members has been doubled.
The reform of the SC continued in 1974 and a
4.The new menaces that the world and, in special committee (Special Committee for the
particular, the SC is facing are, for instance, United Nations Charter and for strengthening
international terrorism, cyber terrorism, the role of the Organization) was created.
nuclear proliferation and so on. In 1993 the question of SC reform became of
the highest importance and the GA (General
5. The use of force by States: according to Assembly) passed Resolution 48/267.
Article 51 of the Charter, States can use armed This resolution determined the “Open-ended
force only in self –defense so only after an working group on the question of equitable
armed attack has happened. representation and increase in the
membership of the Security Council and other
Security Council matters”.
The first topic to address was surely the
number of permanent members. A group of
countries led by Germany pressed for a
resolution to increase the number of
permanent countries.
These requests were immediately defeated by
those countries who would have been
excluded from the Council.
Kofi Annan, the new Secretary General (SG)
was aiming at a more general UN reform. For
this reason, he published the “High Level
Figure 2: Everyone stands to approve the Charter. San
Panel (HLP) on Threats, Challenges and
Francisco Conference, April 194, History central.
Change” that is a list of 16 eminent persons
Attempts to reform the Security Council nominated to study current threats to
international security. For what concerns the
The very first attempts to change the voting
SC reform, the HLP did not come up to an
process and the composition of the SC date
agreement and so it pointed out two ways to
back to 1950 after Argentina and Cuba’s
expand SC membership.
request to discuss the right of veto.
The two different models had in common the
It could have been done during the tenth
idea that the total number of SC members
anniversary of the UN, since Article 109
should have been 24.
forecasted a Review Conference at that point.
Here are the two models:
Nevertheless, in 1955 there have been no
1. Model A pictured 6 new permanent
changes.
members with no power of veto and 3
Certainly, setting a Review Conference during
more two-year non-permanent seats;
the Cold War would have been a failure.
2. Model B opted for no new permanent
So, the only reform of the SC took place in
seats but for 8 four-year renewable
1963: the number of the non-permanent
members of the Council has been increased
7seats and one new two- year non- Italy and other countries composed the
permanent seat. “Uniting for Consensus” (UfC) proposal. They
were aiming for 10 new non- permanent
members, with the possibility of immediate
reelection after they mandate expired.
Nonetheless, no proposal was put to the vote.
The following years marked an impasse for
the Open- ended Working Group until 2008,
when it was decided to discuss the SC reform
in an informal plenary of the GA (GA
Resolution 62/557 2008).
This decision gave authority to Ambassador
Zahir Tanin (Afghanistan) to preside over the
intergovernmental negotiations.
The summary that he submitted presented 5
Figure 3: Security Council Reform. Source: WebPublicaPress issues that had been marked as necessary for
Online Magazine.
a real SC reform: categories of membership,
It was also suggested to review the situation veto, regional representation, size and
in 2020. working methods of the SC, and relations
After the HLP report, the Secretary General between SC and GA.
Report named “In Larger Freedom – Towards
Development, Security and Human Rights for
All” followed and it proposed a change in the
UN structure. According to the report, the Un
should have been structured around three
councils: Security Council, ECOSOC, and the
Human Rights Council. For what concerns the
composition of the SC, the Secretary General
supported the HLP’s two models.
The 2005 General Assembly summit did not
take any stance on the SC reform.
At the end of 2005, these were the positions:
The G4 (Brazil, Germany, India and Japan)
negotiated a draft Resolution directed to
increase the number of the members of the SC
to 25: 6 permanent members, with possibility
of veto after 15 years, and 4 non- permanent
members;
The African Union wanted the total number to
Figure 4. Source ETH ZURICH Center for
be 26, i.e. adding 6 permanent members and Security Studies.
5 non- permanent;
8This new series of negotiations did not lead to Categories of membership
any real change in the positions presented and
discussed in the past years. It seems that the The question of categories is by far the most
on- going work on the SC reform presents no crucial issue. An enlargement of the Council
hope (so far) of reaching a decisive conclusion. has been accepted by all counterparts but
proposals range from “low twenties” to “mid-
The current debate about the UNSC twenties”. Expansion of both permanent and
reform: main issues non-permanent categories should be as
follows, according to these States:
• African group: 2 permanent and 5 non-
permanent seats to African States, selected by
the African Union
• G4: 6 permanent (2 for African States, 2 for
Asian States, 1 for Latin America and
Caribbean, 1 for Western Europe and other
States) and 4 non-permanent seats (1 African,
1 Asian, 1 Eastern European, 1 Latin American
or Caribbean)
• France and UK: permanent seats to Brazil,
Germany, India and Japan along with
representation of Africa;
Figure 5. Source : Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y
Culto, República de Argentina. • Slovenia: 6 permanent (2 for Africa, 2 for
Asia, 1 for Latin America and Caribbean, 1 for
Size of an enlarged SC
Western Europe and other States) and 4 non-
In general, there is an agreement on the fact permanent.
that the SC needs to be enlarged.
This are the options concerning the The four new non-permanent seats, added to
expansion: the existing number of non-permanent
A. Five-to-seven non-permanent members, would increase the number of non-
members or a mix of permanent and permanent seats to 14. These 14 seats should
non-permanent); be divided into 2 groups: a group of 6 seats
B. Six permanent members and four non- with more frequent rotation, eligible for re-
permanent); election every second two-year term over a
C. A wider geographical representation period of twelve years, with the other 8 seats
would include Africa, Latin America following the existing rules.
and small islands.
9Some of the same State, as well as others, 2. Russia did not specify its idea of an interim
have also conceived a different solution, by model but underlined in its nonpaper of 2
expanding only the non-permanent category: March 2010 that “so far none of the existing
models of reforming the Council enjoys
• Italy and Colombia: longer-term seats prevailing support in the UN”; this ran counter
allocated to the regional groups (Africa, Asia, to the commonly held idea of an
Asia/Africa on a rotating basis, Group of Latin overwhelming majority in favour of the G4
American and Caribbean States, Western proposal.
European and Others Group/Eastern
European Group on a rotating basis). Regular 3. The US favoured a limited expansion of
non-permanent seats for a two-year term, both permanent and non-permanent
without the possibility of immediate re- members. New permanent members should
election, for the following groups: small States be identified by name (country-specific). Only
(population below 1 million), medium-size the current permanent members should have
States (population between 1 million and 10 the right of veto.
million), Africa, Asia, Group of Latin American
and Caribbean States, Eastern European 4. China is for increasing the number of SC
Group. They proposed 2 options for the members with priority for developing
duration of longer-term seats: a) from 3 to 5 countries, especially African ones. In its
years without the possibility of immediate re- Statement of 6 October 2009, however, China
election, or b) 2-year term with the possibility did not specify the number or categories of
of up to 2 immediate re-elections. new members and was silent on the right of
veto.
• The UfC re-proposed the 2005 document
but declared that it backed the Italo 5. Germany clarified its idea of an
Colombian proposal. intermediate solution. Like the UK and France,
Germany states firmly that this kind of
• The UK, France, Russia, Germany, solution “must be constructed in such a
Liechtenstein and the Republic of Korea fashion as to pave the way for an expansion of
underlined the need for an intermediate both categories”, allowing member States to
solution in order to bypass the stall in the make the transition to a permanent expansion
negotiations. of both categories at the review conference,
However, different proposals were submitted in no less than fifteen years.
within this framework:
1. UK and France: creation of a new category 1) Liechtenstein’s document contains
of seats with a longer mandate than that of some new points. It envisages the
currently elected members. On completion of creation of a new category of seats with
this intermediate period a review should take a longer mandate of 8/10 years with the
place to “convert these new seats into possibility of re-election (2 for Africa, 2
permanent seats”; for Asia, 1 for Latin America and
Caribbean, 1 for Western Europe and
Other States). After 16/20 years a review
10conference should take place, where the every intervention made, these seats would
member States would have the not imply a regional representation that, in
possibility of converting these seats into their opinion, would not fit the outstanding
permanent ones. principle of sovereign equality among States.
Regional representation However, this interpretation of “regional
representation” is rejected by permanent
During the negotiations, when countries
members, namely the US and Russia, which
address the issue of regional representation
only envisage “country-specific” admissions
they mainly tend to refer to “geographical
to the Security Council.
representation”, following Article 23.1 of the
Charter which endorses the criterion of
During these last rounds of negotiations, Italy
equitable geographical distribution. As a
did not renew its proposal for a European
result, when additional member States are
Union (EU) seat. However, both Italy and
proposed in the models proposed by
Portugal underlined the great change affected
negotiators, countries are divided into blocks
by the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. In
like “African States”, “Asian States”, “Latin
the opinion of both countries this new reality
American and Caribbean States”, “Western
should be translated “in the manner in which
European States”, or “Group of Eastern
the EU interacts with the Security Council”,
European States”. These blocks reflect a mere
and according to Italy must be taken into
geographical distribution of the seats and do
account in any further development of the
not imply that a given country could represent
SC’s reform. Even Germany, while
anyone other than itself.
campaigning for its own permanent seat, has
stated that the final goal would be the
It should be noted that the League of Arab
creation of a European seat.
States claims a permanent “Arab
representation” in any future expansion. Veto
Differing from the League of Arab States, the The question of the veto remains one of the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference dividing issues that continues to stall the
proposes an “adequate representation of reform process. In principle, all the other
major civilisations”, including the Islamic countries seem to be keen to abolish this tool,
Ummah, in any membership categories in an which is broadly considered an unjust and
expanded Security Council, so as to improve undemocratic legacy of the past. In practice,
the dialogue among civilisations. this aspect of the reform is more closely linked
to the outcome of the question of the
The African Union, stressing the historical Council’s enlargement. The G4 is campaigning
injustice suffered by the African continent, to enlarge both categories of members and to
claims two permanent seats and five non- equip the new permanent members with the
permanent, retaining for itself the right to same prerogatives as the P5. However, this
appoint countries from among its members. group is no longer a block and some countries
As the African countries underline in almost are more likely to compromise. While India
and Brazil strongly reaffirm their right to be
11fully accepted into the control room as constitutes a serious violation of human rights
booming emerging countries, Japan and law are indeed divergent.
Germany are more prudent. The situation of
these two countries is greatly different from The P5 are adamant that the standing
fifteen years ago, when the Security Council’ s prerogatives of the existing permanent
reform negotiations started, and they no members must not be changed by the reform.
longer seem like fully fledged candidates for
permanent seats. As a result, Germany and Russia has underlined that only when, and if,
Japan seem keener to compromise on a the new composition of the Council is
number of issues, including the right of veto decided, then the question of the veto can be
to new permanent members. The African discussed.
group states that African countries back the
total abolition of the veto. However, if the The SC’s working methods
power of veto outlives the reform and other
The subject of the “working method issue” is
countries join the group of permanent
a very important one. Many countries have
members, they must be invested with all the
managed to come to a conclusion about it,
responsibilities and tools that being a
while countries like Russia are discouraging
permanent member entail. Given that the
the negotiators from addressing the issue.
African group is asking for two permanent
However, an early partial reform has been
seats, it goes without saying that it wants
drafted.
these permanent seats to have the power of
veto.
The points for a wide reform of the Security
Council’s working methods have been listed in
In its latest proposal, the UfC does not
the Note by the President of the Security
envisage the possibility of enlarging the
Council on the “perception of the
permanent category. It does, however, care
transparency, efficiency and inclusiveness” of
about the veto question, and has presented
the Security Council’s activity.
two possible options: the complete abolition
First of all, dialogue with SC non-members
of, or limitations to the scope of the veto, i.e.
should be improved, such as the cooperation
allowing the use of the veto only on Chapter
with regional and sub-regional Organizations.
VII matters. However, the UfC does not intend
This could be done by enforce Articles 31 and
to tackle these issues separately since a
32 of the Charter and by making sure that
comprehensive reform is needed.
these countries participate in the public and
private meetings of the Council.
The Small Five (S5: Costa Rica, Jordan,
The Italian- Colombian proposal advanced in
Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Singapore) are not
April 2009 asked for better access to
interested in Council enlargement. As regards
information for non- Council members.
the power of veto, the S5 urge the permanent
This subject has been recently addressed by
members to refrain from using the veto in
Japan’s new engagement on this matter.
cases of genocide, crimes against humanity
The Us intervention mainly focused on
and mass violations of international
conveying the improvements already made
humanitarian law. But the definitions of what
with respect to transparency and efficiency.
12Relations between SC and General Assembly pursued, but only if the unification process
brings to the rise of a federal State.
During the debate on the latest Report on
Security Council activity, all the States harshly Is a reform of the SC necessary and possible?
criticised the report’s failure, in its traditional
format, to serve the purpose of The reasons why a reform of the Security
accountability. These reports are a mere Council is necessary have been its lack of
description of what has been done and lack a democracy, its insufficient geographical
full political analysis of the work of the representation, its lack of legitimacy, and its
Council. As many countries stated, the poor representation of the international
importance of the SC’s report to the GA on its community if compared with its increased
work is demonstrated by the fact that the UN powers.
Charter devotes a specific article to it.
Consultations between the two organs should Even if it is easy to find reasons why a reform
be strengthened by scheduling regular and is needed, it is not that easy to understand the
formalized meetings between their possible reasons that militate against it.
Chairpersons with a view to sharing One of these reasons could be the fact that a
information and improving cooperation. Once less wide SC will surely be more efficient,
again, while divergences between negotiators especially when important decisions must be
have been ironed out, Russia admonished all taken involving a long process of
creeping “attempts to redistribute the powers consultations. But, on the other hand, the
of the main bodies of the organizations to the reality proves that also a small SC could lack in
advantage of the General Assembly, efficiency.
compromising the prerogatives of the Security
Council”. It seems an endless work! A new The reason why this issue continues to come
round of negotiations started on 2 June 2010 up is probably because the reasons against a
on the basis of a document released on 10 SC reform have been outweighed by the
May and prepared by Ambassador Tanin reasons in favor.
according to positions and proposals
submitted by member States. Whether the reform is possible or not is
difficult to say. Some reforms must involve a
Role of the EU in the Security Council modification of the Charter, some others
could be achieved by a day-to- day practice.
Is EU membership of the Security Council
legally possible? The answer is no because an In general, the conclusion is quite pessimistic
entity must be a member of the UN to be also considering that there are some Countries
a member of the SC. that have no interest in making the
In addition to that, the EU, like other reformation process faster.
international Organizations, already had a
legal personality. For example, EU has been
subject of international agreements and
international responsibility. This is why EU
membership could be set as a goal to be
13Conclusion Now that you have read all about the topic,
it is time to ask yourself some questions to
A broad consensus exists on the fact that a structure a proper argument.
reform is needed. Many are the obstacles to
the reform, but the real problem is the Is my Country part of the Security
definition of its scope and the substance of its Council?
action. Another point is how this reform might Which have been the positions of
be achieved. my Country about the reform of
It seems that the majority of UN members the Security Council?
agree on the fact that the SC should be Why is the entry of my Country in
enlarged. This is a topic that should be taken the Security Council a problem?
in major consideration. A SC that counts Which could be the strong points
members seems a realistic explanation. that may have a leverage on the
The right of veto seems to be a controversial admission of my Country to the
issue. The question is still if there will ever be Security Council?
new SC’s members with the right of veto. Is your Country part of the Security
There are still contrasts about the duration of Council? If so, which are the
non-permanent seats and there are threats of an enlargement of the
differences of opinion on the category of the Security Council?
new seats (permanent or non-permanent).
It is a very complicated situation, but a better We suggest continuing your research
understanding of it will always help the operating with a wide range of sources in
discussion. order to better understand both the position
of your country about the topic and the topic
itself. A useful bibliography is shown below,
this will help your research.
Good luck and, most importantly, have fun!
14Bibliography and suggested readings
Giannini, L., La riforma del Consiglio di Sicurezza dell’ONU, Istituto di ricerche internazionali
Archivio Disarmo,
http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/index.php/en/publications/magazine/magazine/finish/61/117
Pangburn, A., Stein, S., The State of Security Council Reform, SSRC Conflict Prevention and Peace
Forum, 2015, https://s3.amazonaws.com/ssrc-
cdn1/crmuploads/new_publication_3/%7B1054B45E-F7DD-E411-940A-005056AB4B80%7D.pdf
Background on Security Council Reform, Global Policy Forum,
https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/49885.html?itemid=1321
Charter of the United Nations, Chapter V, Article 31, http://legal.un.org/repertory/art31.shtml
Consiglio di Sicurezza ONU- Riforma. La riforma del Consiglio di sicurezza dipende dagli Stati
Membri, UNRIC, https://www.unric.org/it/attualita/27141-consiglio-di-sicurezza-onu-riforma
La Riforma del Consiglio di Sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite e le priorità italiane, Ministero degli Affari
Esteri e della Cooperazione Internazionale,
https://www.esteri.it/mae/it/politica_estera/organizzazioni_internazionali/onu/la_riforma.html
Websites
UNSC Resolutions, http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/
Italian Institute for International Political Studies: https://www.ispionline.it/
Authors: Francesco Ancona, Eleonora Piergallini
Editor: Riccardo Stifani
Property of Change the World
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