Comprehensive Assessment of Thermal Comfort and Indoor Environment of Traditional Historic Stilt House, a Case of Dong Minority Dwelling, China
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sustainability
Article
Comprehensive Assessment of Thermal Comfort and Indoor
Environment of Traditional Historic Stilt House, a Case of Dong
Minority Dwelling, China
Yue Jin and Ning Zhang *
Guangxi Key Laboratory of New Energy and Building Energy Saving, College of Civil Engineering and
Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; 2011016@glut.edu.cn
* Correspondence: 6613027@glut.edu.cn
Abstract: The stilt house is one of the most representative of Chinese architecture among national
minority traditional dwellings, most of which are located in mountainous regions whose climate is
characterized by hot summers and cold winters. Moreover, it is widely distributed in Southeast Asian
countries, such as Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, etc., as well as tropics like Hawaii, Guam. These kinds of
dwellings have unique architectural aesthetics as well as high climate adaptability. However, because
of their remote locations and rapid disappearance in urbanization, few studies have focused on their
real indoor environment and thermal comfort. More studies were engaged in their architectural
aesthetics and space patterns. In this study, based on the measurement and evaluation of residential
natural lighting, ventilation, air quality, and thermal comfort in traditional stilt Dong village houses,
the air temperature, humidity, CO2 and PM2.5 concentrations, wind speed, direction, and other
Citation: Jin, Y.; Zhang, N.
variables are monitored and analyzed. Results show that the inhabitants have a higher thermal
Comprehensive Assessment of
comfort adaptation than urban residents under natural ventilation. Meanwhile, the humidity of
Thermal Comfort and Indoor
Dong stilt dwelling can reach a satisfactory level within 24 h except for the morning period. The
Environment of Traditional Historic
Stilt House, a Case of Dong Minority
satisfaction of the acoustic environment needs to be improved via reasonable structural maintenance.
Dwelling, China. Sustainability 2021,
13, 9966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ Keywords: comprehensive assessment; historic stilt building; minority traditional dwellings; energy
su13179966 saving potentials; environmental suitability
Academic Editors: Paola Villoria-Sáez,
Fernando Ruiz Mazarrón and
César Porras-Amores 1. Introduction
Traditional dwellings are the treasures of human culture and witness to civilization.
Received: 22 July 2021
Their perfect climate adaptability and human comfort have highly inspired modern ar-
Accepted: 30 August 2021
chitecture design. Influenced by mountainous terrain, subtropical climate, and regional
Published: 6 September 2021
context, these stilt houses are widely distributed in minority areas of Guangxi, Yunnan
province, and other countries in Southeast Asia and tropical islands, such as Malaysia,
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
Laos, Thailand, Guam, Hawaii, etc. [1]. These traditional dwellings in some way also
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
influenced the modern dwellings. Figure 1 shows the typical traditional stilted house and
published maps and institutional affil-
iations.
modern stilted dwelling of Chamorro, the aboriginal of Guam. From that, we can find
their similar structural characteristics with bottom floor overheads, sloping roofs, and
lightweight maintenance structures, but with different façades and spaces.
Living comfort is deeply related to the indoor environment, which not only includes
thermal comfort, but air quality, acoustics, natural lighting, behavior, and contexts [2].
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Current research increased the complexity level of building evaluation and analysis meth-
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
ods [3]. All these evaluation factors are accompanied by human thermal comfort, mental
This article is an open access article
and physical health, safety, and building energy consumption. Francesco et al. put forward
distributed under the terms and
that the most relevant environmental factors are: thermal environment (TH), air quality
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
(AQ), acoustics (AC), and natural lighting (LT). For dwellings, the weighting schemes can
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
be summarized as follow: AC = 0.29, TH = 0.28, AQ = 0.22, LT = 0.21 for dwellings [4].
4.0/). As for the relation between perception and behavior, few studies can be found. Some
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179966 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 2 of 17
behavioral studies showed that physical quantities are related to perceptual domains;
however, personal and contextual factors can also affect occupants’ perception and vice
versa [5–7]. The traditional dry fence-style houses in Dong villages are fully adapted to
local climate and topography characteristics. The buildings are made of local materials and
are mainly made of wood. The bottom of the building is overhead. According to the height
of the terrain, the height of the columns reaching the ground varies, which minimizes the
excavation of the base and allows for a simple ecological architectural concept. With the
increased use of modern materials, most of the dwellings in Dong villages adopt flat glass
windows, which effectively addresses the residential ventilation problem. The top floor is
y 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 18
the living space for families, which means a larger space is available for this purpose; it has
good ventilation and a wide view of the external landscape.
Figure 1. Traditional
Figureand modern stilted
1. Traditional dwelling
and modern of Chamorro,
stilted dwelling ofGuam
Chamorro, Guam.
Living comfort isWith
deeply the spread
relatedoftoglobal development,
the indoor these traditional
environment, which not dwellings
only includesare disappearing
thermal comfort, but air quality, acoustics, natural lighting, behavior, and contexts huge
fast and are being replaced by modern concrete buildings, resulting in a [2]. amount of
Current research increased the complexity level of building evaluation and analysis meth- dwellings
energy exhausting and environmental problems. Restudying these traditional
ods [3]. All theseand rethinking
evaluation the interaction
factors of dwellings
are accompanied and human
by human thermal comfort,
comfort, some hints of healthy
mental
living and energy efficiency are inspired. On-site monitoring
and physical health, safety, and building energy consumption. Francesco et al. put for- and the field questionnaire are
used to evaluate these stilted buildings comprehensively in order to take on this challenge.
ward that the most relevant environmental factors are: thermal environment (TH), air
Regarding research on stilt houses, some studies [8–10] have reported the building
quality (AQ), acoustics (AC), and natural lighting (LT). For dwellings, the weighting
features of stilt dwelling houses in terms of site, building shape, and structural and con-
schemes can be summarized as follow: AC = 0.29, TH = 0.28, AQ = 0.22, LT = 0.21 for
struction technology. Some researchers focus on the relationship between the traditional
dwellings [4]. Asdwelling
for the building
relation space
between
andperception and behavior,
culture, tradition, few studies
and materials [11–13]. can be
Assessments of tra-
found. Some behavioral studies showed
ditional dwelling thatmainly
houses are physical quantities
related are comfort
to thermal related in to summer
perceptualand winter [14];
domains; however, personal
however, fewand contextual
studies exist onfactors can monitoring
the on-site also affect occupants’ perception
of the envelopment of temperature,
and vice versa [5–7]. The traditional dry fence-style houses in Dong villages
humidity, acoustics, natural lighting, and indoor pollutants concentration, are fully
as well as other
adapted to local environmental
climate and topography characteristics.
variables. From the literatureThe buildings
review are made
and actual of localmany people
investigation,
materials and areliving
mainly madedwellings
in such of wood.areThelow-income
bottom of the building
groups, is overhead.
and most of themAccord-
are in remote moun-
ing to the heighttainous
of theareas in developing
terrain, the height countries; the living
of the columns environment
reaching in some
the ground way is poor with
varies,
inferior sanitary conditions [15]. A questionnaire survey
which minimizes the excavation of the base and allows for a simple ecological architec- was answered by the residents of
the monitored house to master and evaluate their real living
tural concept. With the increased use of modern materials, most of the dwellings in Dong conditions. In general, the
entire
villages adopt flat residential
glass windows, building
which fully embodies
effectively the residents’
addresses life philosophy
the residential with dynamic and
ventilation
problem. The top floor is the living space for families, which means a larger space is avail- to its simple
static partitions and the separation of clean water and sewage [16]. Owning
form, clear structure, and unique style, Dong village stilt residences in northern Guangxi
able for this purpose; it has good ventilation and a wide view of the external landscape.
are one of the most typical types of dry fence architecture in China [17–19].
With the spread of global development, these traditional dwellings are disappearing
The objective in this study incorporates two parts: in the first one, the traditional Dong
fast and are being replaced by modern concrete buildings, resulting in a huge amount of
stilt house will be evaluated comprehensively on thermal comfort, air quality, acoustics,
energy exhausting and environmental problems. Restudying these traditional dwellings
and rethinking the interaction of dwellings and human comfort, some hints of healthy
living and energy efficiency are inspired. On-site monitoring and the field questionnaire
are used to evaluate these stilted buildings comprehensively in order to take on this chal-
lenge.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 3 of 17
and natural lighting by on-site monitoring; in the second, comparisons of the assessment
on traditional stilt dwelling with the real-time questionnaire will be made. Meanwhile, we
will discuss the potential reasons for the difference and the relationship between physical
quantities and personal perception. Based on the analyses above, benefits, drawbacks, and
improvements for Dong traditional houses will be put forward. It should be noted that
new concrete buildings with traditional façades will be excluded.
2. Research Methods
2.1. Physical and Environmental On-Site Monitoring
The adaptability of traditional dwellings to the environment using a passive design
strategy, as well as the actual temperature acceptance range of traditional wooden column
dwellings, were studied in terms of thermal comfort [20]. For this purpose, the temperature,
humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations of typical Dong
village traditional houses were measured. The monitoring instruments included a black-
bulb thermometer, an online temperature and humidity monitor, a hand-held anemometer,
and a pollutant concentration for PM2.5 and CO2 . The instrument parameters are listed in
Table 1. According to the ASHRAE measurement data, the distance from the solar radiation
to the external wall is greater than 0.6 m. In this study, the monitoring instruments were
approximately 1 m away from the external wall and 1.1 m away from the ground to ensure
the accuracy of the average air temperature, wind speed, and humidity data by considering
the height of the bottom of windows.
Table 1. Monitoring instrument specifications.
Instrument Sampling
Test Parameter Test Instrument Model Number Test Range
Precision Type/min
Air dry bulb AZ temperature Automatic
AZ8829 −40 ◦ C~85 ◦ C ±0.6 ◦ C
temperature recorder record/10
Air Relative AZ Humidity Automatic
AZ8829 0% RH~100% RH ±3% RH
Humidity recorder record/10
black-bulb Black-bulb Automatic
JTR04 5 ◦ C~120 ◦ C ±0.5 ◦ C
Temperature thermometer record/10
hot-wire ±(0.03 m/s +3% Hand movement
Wind speed ST-730S 0 m/s~40 m/s
anemometer measured value) (HM)/60
Hand movement
Wind direction wind vane — — —
(HM)/60
Surface Hand-held infrared Hand movement
— −40 ◦ C~85 ◦ C 0~100 ◦ C ± 2 ◦ C
temperature thermometer (HM)/60
Five monitoring points were used located at the entrance corridor, fire pool, bedroom,
storage room, and bedroom on the loft floor (Figures 2 and 3). The instruments can
continuously monitor the indoor environmental variables (i.e., temperature, humidity,
black-bulb temperature, pollutant concentration, wind speed, and wind direction) in each
space for 24 h in one week.
2.2. Questionnaire Survey and Participants
In this study, the Questionnaire Star software was used for the questionnaire survey.
The questionnaire survey was divided into two parts to make the research more universal
and more effective for studying the adaptability of traditional residential spaces to modern
life and their thermal comfort satisfaction: the degree of satisfaction in traditional space
utilization and the satisfaction in terms of thermal comfort, natural ventilation, natural
lighting, sound insulation performance, indoor air quality, and other factors of the living
space [21]. There are two main forms of Dong village dwellings in the survey: traditional
stilt buildings with the ground floor overhead and semi-column buildings with the front
building and the background. A total of 472 questionnaires were distributed (see Sup-
plementary Materials), of which 469 were valid after three were determined as invalid.
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 4 of 17
Among the valid questionnaires, 209 were taken by male participants, and 260 were taken
by female participants. The age distribution of the interviewees is summarized in Figure 4.
The questionnaire survey was conducted in groups to meet the requirements of the4 ofPMV
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18
evaluation index and ensure the accuracy of the experimental data. In the questionnaire,
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18
basic information, such as clothing status, activity status, the degree to which doors and
windowsblack-bulb
were opened, and the
temperature, use ofconcentration,
pollutant air conditioning equipment,
wind speed, was
and wind recorded.
direction) The
in each
respondents were
space for allowed
24 h in oneto adjust
week. their clothes, the state of doors and windows, and
black-bulb temperature, pollutant concentration, wind speed, and wind direction) in each
the
use of air conditioning according
space for 24 h in one week. to the ambient temperature. Therefore, the questionnaire
provides real-time data [22].
Figure 2. The layout of Dong Village dwelling with five monitoring points.
Figure 2. The layout of Dong Village dwelling with five monitoring points.
Figure 2. The layout of Dong Village dwelling with five monitoring points.
Figure 3. The section
Figure of traditional
3. The Dong village
section of traditional stilt dwelling.
Dong village stilt dwelling.
Figure 3. The section of traditional Dong village stilt dwelling.
questionnaire survey was conducted in groups to meet the requirements of the PMV eva
uation index and ensure the accuracy of the experimental data. In the questionnaire, basi
information, such as clothing status, activity status, the degree to which doors and win
dows were opened, and the use of air conditioning equipment, was recorded. The re
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 spondents were allowed to adjust their clothes, the state of doors and windows,
5 of 17 and th
use of air conditioning according to the ambient temperature. Therefore, the questionnair
provides real-time data [22].
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 1
Table 2. Dress state of residents.
Option Subtotal Proportion
Long-sleeved T-shirt 17 3.6%
Short-sleeved T-shirt 335 70.97%
Long-sleeved Age DistributionFigure
Figure 4. shirt of Dong 4. Age Village.18Distribution of Dong Village.
3.81%
Short-sleeved shirt 2.3.
2.3. Definition of Relevant
Definition Parameters 42
of Relevant Parameters
8.9%
Suit pants
2.3.1. Determination of the Dressing 49 State and Metabolic 10.38%
2.3.1. Determination of the Dressing State andRate Metabolic Rate
Jean 52 11.02%
During the questionnaire survey, all the
During the questionnaire interviewees
survey, were seatedwere
all the interviewees in aseated
relaxed in state.
a relaxed state
Pants 259 54.87%
According to Appendix AccordingBtoofAppendix Evaluation B ofStandard
Evaluation for Indoor
Standard Thermal
for Indoor and Thermal
Humid Environ-
and Humid Env
Slim
ment skirt
of Civil Buildings 38 was set8.05%
ronment of(GB/T50785-2012)
Civil Buildings (GB/T50785-2012) [23], the average metabolic
[23], the average ratemetabolic torate
1.0was set t
Dress
MET. The dressing
1.0 MET.status Theof residents,
dressing 53 which
status of is their
residents, daily
which outfit,
is is
their listed
daily in Table
outfit, is 11.23%
2.
listed in Table
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AnkletPEER
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PEER
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PEER
PEER
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Leather shoes/sports shoes 56 11.86%
Option Table
Table 2. 2.Dress Dress state
Subtotal
stateofofresidents.
residents. Proportion
Sandal/slipper Table
Table 2.
2.2. Dress 337
Dress state
state of
ofof residents.
residents. 71.4%
Table
Table 2. Dress
Dress state
state of residents.
residents.
Invalid
Option Long-sleeved T-shirt Table
Table
Table2.2. 2.
Subtotal Dress
Dress
2.Subtotal 5
Dressstate state
state of
stateof
17 of residents.
residents.
ofresidents.
residents. Proportion 1.06%
Option Table
Table
Table 2.
2. Dress
Dress
Dress state
state of
of residents.
residents. Proportion 3.6%
Option
Option Table 2. Subtotal
SubtotalDress state of residents. Proportion
Proportion
Long-sleeved Option
Valid questionnaires T-shirt Subtotal
17 467 Proportion 3.6%
Long-sleeved
Long-sleeved Option
Option
Option
Option T-shirt
Short-sleeved
T-shirt
T-shirt Subtotal
Subtotal
Subtotal
Subtotal 17 335
17 Proportion
Proportion
Proportion 70.97%
Proportion 3.6%
3.6%
Long-sleeved
Long-sleevedOption
Option
Option T-shirt
T-shirt Subtotal 17
Subtotal
Subtotal 17 Proportion
Proportion
Proportion 3.6%
3.6%
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved T-shirt
T-shirt 335 335
17 70.97%
70.97%
3.6%
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleevedT-shirt
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved T-shirt
T-shirt
Long-sleeved
T-shirt
shirt 17
335
1717 18 3.6%
70.97%
3.6%
3.6%
Long-sleeved T-shirt2.3.2. Determination of 335 17 70.97%
3.6%
3.81%
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved T-shirt
T-shirt
shirt 335
18 1717
Building Outer Boundary Parameters 3.6%
70.97%
3.6%
3.81%
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved shirt
T-shirt
T-shirt
shirt
T-shirt
T-shirt 33533518
18
335
335 3.81%
70.97%
70.97%
3.81%
70.97%
70.97%
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleevedT-shirt
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved shirt
Short-sleeved
T-shirt
shirt
shirt The traditional stilt42
T-shirt
shirt 18
335335
18
335
residential
42
buildings in Dong villages are wooden 3.81%
70.97%
70.97%
3.81%
70.97%
8.9%
8.9%structures wit
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Long-sleeved shirt
shirt
shirt
shirt 18 42
18
42
1818 8.9%
3.81%
3.81%
8.9%
3.81%
3.81%
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Long-sleeved
Suit pants shirt
shirt
shirt
shirt Suit
the pants
ground floor overhead. 4218
42
49421818 49
Therefore, the heat absorption coefficient 8.9%
3.81%
3.81%
8.9%
3.81%
10.38%
10.38% of one floor
Suit
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Suit
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved pants
pants shirt
shirt
shirt
shirt 42 49
49
4242 10.38%
8.9%
8.9%
10.38%
8.9%
8.9%
Suit
Short-sleeved
Short-sleeved
Suit
Short-sleeved
Jeanpants
pants shirt
shirt
considered according to5242
shirt Jean 4942
49 42
the floor rather than the ground (i.e., a semi-infinite
52 10.38%
8.9%
8.9%
10.38%
8.9% flat wall
11.02%
SuitSuit
Suit
Suit Jean
pants
pants
Jean
pants The exterior walls of the
pants 49 52
49
52
4949 11.02%
10.38%
11.02%
10.38%
11.02%
10.38%
10.38%
Suit
Suit Jean
Suit pants
pants
Jean
Pants pants 52
25949
52
4949
building are generally made of a light wood 11.02%
10.38%
10.38%
partition board
11.02%
10.38%
54.87%
Pants
Jean
Jean
Pants
Jean
Jean
Pants
52259
259
5252 259
52 type of wood with uniform thermal conductivity. 54.87%
11.02%
11.02%
54.87%
54.87%
11.02% The roo
11.02%
Slim Pants
Jean
Jean
Pants
Jean
skirt which is composed of a 25952
single
259
38 5252 54.87%
11.02%
11.02%
54.87%
11.02%
8.05%
Slim
Slim Pants
Pants
Pants
Pants skirt Slim skirt
skirt 25925938 38
38
259
259 8.05%
54.87%
54.87%
8.05%
54.87%
54.87%
8.05%
Slim Pants
Slim skirt
Pants
Dress skirt is a sloping roof with double-tile
Pants 38
259
53 259
38
259 ventilation (as shown in Figure 5). 11.23% 8.05%
54.87%
54.87%
8.05%
54.87%
Slim
SlimSlim
Slim Dressskirt
skirt
Dress skirt
skirt Dress 38 53
38
53
3838 53 11.23%
8.05%
8.05%
11.23%
8.05%
8.05%
SlimDress
Slim
SlimDress
Anklet skirt
skirt
skirt 53
1438
53
3838 11.23%
8.05%
11.23%8.05%
11.23%
8.05%
2.97%
Anklet
Dress
Dress
Anklet
Dress
Dress 53 14
53
14
5353 2.97%
11.23%
11.23%
2.97%
11.23%
11.23%
Anklet
Dress
Dress
Anklet
Dress
Stocking
Anklet 14
753
14
5353 14 2.97%
11.23%
11.23%
2.97%
11.23%
2.97%
1.48%
Stocking
Anklet
Anklet
Stocking
Anklet
Anklet 1414 7 7
14
7
14 1.48%
2.97%
2.97%
1.48%
2.97%
2.97%
Leather Stocking
Anklet
Anklet shoes
Stocking
Anklet
shoes/sports
Stocking 7
14
5614 714 1.48%
2.97%
2.97%
1.48%
2.97%
1.48%
11.86%
Leather
Leather shoes/sports
Stocking
Stocking
shoes/sports
Stocking
Stocking shoes
shoes 7 56
56
77
7 11.86%
1.48%
1.48%
11.86%
1.48%
1.48%
Leather
Leather shoes/sports
Stocking shoes
Stocking
shoes/sports
Stocking
Sandal/slipper
Leather shoes
shoes/sports shoes 56
337 777
56 56 11.86%
1.48%
1.48%
11.86%
1.48%
71.4%
11.86%
Leather
Leather
Leather
Leather Sandal/slipper
shoes/sports
shoes/sports
Sandal/slipper
shoes/sports
shoes/sports shoes
shoes
shoes
shoes 56337
337
5656
56 71.4%
11.86%
11.86%
71.4%
11.86%
11.86%
Leather
Leather
Leather Sandal/slipper
shoes/sports
shoes/sports
Sandal/slipper
shoes/sports
Invalid shoes
shoes
shoes
Sandal/slipper 337
556
3375656 337 71.4%
11.86%
11.86%
71.4%
11.86%
1.06%
71.4%
Invalid
Sandal/slipper
Sandal/slipper
Invalid
Sandal/slipper
Sandal/slipper 337337
337
337 5
5 1.06%
71.4%
71.4%
1.06%
71.4%
71.4%
Valid Invalid
Sandal/slipper
Sandal/slipper
Invalid
Sandal/slipper
questionnaires Invalid 4675
337337
3375 5 1.06%
71.4%
71.4%
1.06%
71.4%
Valid questionnaires
Valid Invalid Invalid
questionnaires
Invalid
Invalid 4675
55555
467
1.06%1.06%
1.06%
1.06%
1.06%
Valid
Validquestionnaires
Invalid
Invalid
questionnaires
Invalid Valid questionnaires 467
467 5 467 1.06%
1.06%
1.06%
Valid
Valid questionnaires
questionnaires
Validquestionnaires
Valid questionnaires
questionnaires 467467
467
467
Valid
Valid
Valid questionnaires
questionnaires 2.3.2. Determination ofof 467
Building 467
467 Outer Boundary Parameters
2.3.2.
2.3.2. Determination
Determination Building
ofBuilding
Building Outer
Outer Boundary
Boundary Parameters
Parameters
2.3.2.
2.3.2.
2.3.2. Determination Determination
Determinationof Buildingofof Building
Outer Outer
Outer
Boundary Boundary
Boundary
Parameters Parameters
Parameters
2.3.2.
2.3.2. The
2.3.2. traditional
Determination
The traditional of
Determination
Determination stilt
of
stilt residential
Building
ofBuildingresidential
Building buildings
Outer
Outer buildings
Outer Boundary in
Boundary
Boundary Dong
in Dong
Dong villages
Parameters
villages
Parameters
Parameters are are wooden
wooden structures
structures with
wit
2.3.2.
2.3.2.
2.3.2.
2.3.2. TheDetermination
The traditional
Determination
Determination
traditional
Determination of
stilt
ofof
stilt
of Building
residential
Building
Building
residential
Building Outer
Outer
Outer
buildings
Outer Boundary
buildings
Boundary
Boundary
Boundary in
inin DongParameters
villages
Parameters
Parameters
villages
Parameters areare wooden
wooden structures
structures wit
with
Thethe The
ground
traditional
the ground traditional
floor
stilt stilt
overhead.
residential
floor overhead. residentialTherefore,
buildings buildings
Therefore, intheDong
the heat
heatDong
villages villages
absorption are
absorption are
wooden wooden
coefficient ofstructures
structures
coefficient ofoneone floor with
floorwitis
thegroundThe
ground
The
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The traditional
traditional
traditional
traditional stilt
flooroverhead.
overhead.
stilt residential
residential
stiltresidential
stilt residential
residential buildings
Therefore,
buildings
buildings
buildings theheat
inin
heat
in Dong
Dong
inDong
Dong
Dong villages
absorption
villages
villages
villages are
are
are
are wooden
coefficient
wooden
wooden
wooden structures
of onefloor
structures
structures
structures floorwit
with
wit
with
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with theconsidered
ground The
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ground
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traditional
traditional
floor
traditional
floor according
overhead. stilt
stilt
overhead.
stilt
to residential
the
Therefore, Therefore,
residential
floor buildings
Therefore, the
buildings
buildings
rather
the the
than
heat inin
heat
in
the absorption
Dong
Dong
absorption groundvillages
villages
absorption
villages(i.e.,
coefficient coefficient
are
are
are
a wooden
wooden
coefficient
wooden of
semi-infinite
of one of
floor one
structures
structures
one
structures
flat
is with
floor witisi
with
wall).
theconsidered
the
the ground
considered
ground
ground according
floor
according
floor
floor overhead.
overhead.
overhead. to the
to the Therefore,
floor
floor ratherthe
Therefore,
rather
Therefore, than
the
than
the heat theabsorption
heat
the
heat ground (i.e.,
absorption
ground
absorption (i.e., a semi-infinite
a semi-infinite
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient ofof
of one
one
one flat
flat
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floor
wall
floor is
the
considered
thethe ground
ground
considered
the
The ground
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exterior floor
according
floor
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walls overhead.
totorather
the overhead.
overhead.
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of the the Therefore,
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Therefore,
Therefore,
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Therefore, the
than
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absorption
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of flat
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floor
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wall)
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considered The
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considered exterior
considered
exterior
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than
building
the floor
building
the floor
floor
arearegenerally
the
rather
are
rather
rather
ground
generally
than
generally
than
than the
made
(i.e.,
the
the
a semi-infinite
made
ground
made
ground
ground of a
light
a(i.e.,
(i.e., light
light
(i.e., a a
a
wood
flat
wood
wood
partition
wall).
semi-infinitepartition
semi-infinite
partition
semi-infinite
board,
flat
flat
flat
wall
board
wall
board
wall)
wall
considered
The exterior
considered
considered according
walls
wallsof
according
according the
ato to the
building
the floor
floor rather
are
rather than
generally
than the
the madeground
ground ofof (i.e.,
a(i.e.,light aaaasemi-infinite
semi-infinite
wood partition
whichflat flat wall)
board,
wall)
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consideredexterior according ofof the
toatosinglethe
the floor
building
floor rather
are
rather than
generally
than the
the ground
made
ground (i.e.,
athermal
light
(i.e., semi-infinite
wood partition
semi-infinite flat
flat wall
board
wall)
exterior whichwalls is is
of composed
the building of are single
generally type of
madewood of with
a light uniform
wood thermal
partition conductivity.
board, The roof
Thewhich
The
which
Figure
The exterior
exterior
5.
exterior composed
iscomposed
composed
Wooden walls
walls ofof
ofathe
exterior
walls of the
athe single
building
building
wall and
buildingtype
type of
are
of
are wood
Double-tile
are generally
wood
generally with
with
roof.
generally uniform
made
uniform
made
made ofof
of aalight
aathermallight
light conductivity.
wood partition
conductivity.
wood
wood partition
partition The
Theboard
board roo
roo
board
The
which
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which
isThe a exterior
is
exterior
exterior
slopingis
exterior composed
roof walls
walls
walls
walls
withofof
of
of the
the
a
the single
the single
double-tile building
buildingtype
building
buildingtype ofare
are
ofwood
are
are generally
wood
ventilation with
generally
generally
with
generally
(as made
uniform
made
made
uniform
made
shown inofof
of
of
Figurea
thermal
aa
thermal light
light
light
light 5). wood
wood
wood partition
conductivity.
wood partition
partition
conductivity.
partition The
The board
roof
board
board
roo
board
is
whicha sloping
sloping
is roof with
composed with of double-tile ventilation (as shown
shown inthermal
Figure 5).
is is
which
which
is aaasloping
which
which
which
which
is iscomposed
isis
isis
sloping
roof
composed
composed
roof
roofwith
composed
composed
composed with
of
ofof
of
of aaaaasingle
double-tile
of
single
aadouble-tile
singletype
single
single
single
double-tile
single
type
type
type of
of
ventilation
type
type
type ofof
of
wood
ventilation
ofofwood
wood(as
wood
wood
wood
ventilation
wood
with
(as
with
with
with
with
with
(as
with
uniform
uniform
uniform
uniform
shown
uniform
uniform
shown
uniform
in
inin Figure
thermal
Figure
thermal
thermal
thermal
thermal
Figure
thermal 5).5).
5).
conductivity.
conductivity.
conductivity.The
conductivity.
conductivity.
conductivity.
conductivity.
The
Theroof
The
The
The
The
roo
roo
roo
roof
roo
roo
is
isis
isaaa
2.3.3.
a sloping
Indoor
sloping
sloping
sloping roof
roof
roof
roof with
Energy
with
with
with double-tile
Load
double-tile
double-tile
double-tile ventilation
ventilation
ventilation
ventilation (as
(as
(as
(as shown
shown
shown
shown inin
in
in Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure 5).
5).
5).
5).
isisisaaasloping
slopingroof
sloping roofwith
roof withdouble-tile
with double-tileventilation
double-tile ventilation(as
ventilation (asshown
(as shownin
shown inFigure
in Figure5).
Figure 5).
5).
The questionnaire survey was conducted in August, the hottest month of the yea
2.3.2. Determination of Building Outer Boundary Parameters
The traditional stilt residential buildings in Dong villages are wooden structu
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966
the ground floor overhead. Therefore, the heat absorption coefficient6 of of17one floo
sidered according to the floor rather than the ground (i.e., a semi-infinite flat w
exterior walls of the building are generally made of a light wood partition boar
isiscomposed
composedof aof a single
single type oftype
woodofwith
wood withthermal
uniform uniform thermal conductivity.
conductivity. The roof is a The
sloping
sloping roof
roof withwith double-tile
double-tile ventilation
ventilation (as shown(as shown5).in Figure 5).
in Figure
Figure
Figure 5. Wooden
5. Wooden exterior
exterior wall
wall and and Double-tile
Double-tile roof. roof.
2.3.3.
2.3.3.Indoor Energy
Indoor LoadLoad
Energy
The questionnaire survey was conducted in August, the hottest month of the year.
The questionnaire
The average survey was
outdoor air temperature was conducted
29.8 ◦ C. When in investigating
August, thethe hottest
degreemonth
of of
The average
satisfaction outdoor
in terms air temperature
of residential was 29.8
thermal comfort, the °C.
houseWhen investigating
was in the degree
a state of natural
faction in terms of residential thermal comfort, the house was in a state of
ventilation. A total of 411 respondents said that they commonly used an electric fan as natura
the
tion. A total of 411 respondents said that they commonly used an electricInfan as th
refrigeration equipment in the room, which accounts for 87.08% of the responses.
winter, they primarily relied on the fire pool for heating; however, 12 respondents said that
eration equipment in the room, which accounts for 87.08% of the responses. In
they used electric heating and other electrical auxiliary equipment for heating. In addition,
they
118 primarily
respondents relied
said on the
they used fire pool
auxiliary for heating;
air conditioning andhowever, 12the
heating, but respondents
switching said
used electric
frequency heating and other electrical auxiliary equipment for heating. In addi
was low.
respondents said they used auxiliary air conditioning and heating, but the switc
2.4. Thermal Comfort Evaluation Method
quency
2.4.1. wasComfort
Thermal low. Evaluation of PMV-PPD and aPMV
Based on ASHRAE 55-2017, the effective temperature value is usually operated at a
constant threshold to achieve thermal comfort under natural ventilation [24]. However,
the actual thermal acceptability in traditional dwellings is wider than the standard value.
What is the actual threshold of 80% thermal satisfaction for Dong village stilt dwelling?
What are the critical influencing factors of the living environment? A PMV-PPD method
and a field investigation were promoted to evaluate the stilted houses roundly.
ASHRAE defines thermal comfort as the thermal environment in which people feel sat-
isfied psychologically. Thermal comfort is a subjective feeling of the thermal environment,
which belongs to the broad category of physical environment, physiology, psychology, and
sociology [25]. In addition, it includes four indoor climate factors: air temperature, air
humidity, air speed, and average radiation temperature.
Additionally, it includes two human factors: clothing and metabolic rate. Accordingly,
the PMV is expressed as follows [26,27]:
PMV = [0.303exp(−0.036M) + 0.0275] × TL (1)
where TL represents the thermal load on the human body. The difference between the
heat produced by the human body and the heat that must be released to the external
environment in order to maintain the human body’s comfort reflects the thermal deviation
of the human body from heat balance [28]. The metabolic rate of the human body (i.e.,
the rate of energy release in the chemical reaction of food decomposition) is represented
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 7 of 17
by M (W/m2 ), W (W/m2 ) refers to the work rate of the human body (i.e., the mechanical
efficiency of human body output under different activity intensities; generally = 0), Pa
(kPa) is the vapor pressure, ta (◦ C) is the ambient air temperature surrounding the human
body and tr (◦ C) is the average radiation temperature of the surrounding environment.
The actual value of the thermal sensation vote is a typical thermal comfort evaluation
index, and the PMV average thermal sensation index is more suitable for indoor artificial
thermal environments [29]. Adaptive adjustment is not considered in the PMV model,
which leads to a deviation between the predicted average vote of thermal sensation and
the actual situation [30,31]. The adaptive PMV (aPMV) in the China Indoor Thermal
Environment Assessment Standard (GB/T50785-2012) was used to evaluate the indoor
thermal environment to reflect the average thermal sensation index more accurately [32].
Because most of the residents in Dong Village adopt natural ventilation to adapt to the hot
and humid climate during the summer, the evaluation index of non-artificial cold and heat
sources in buildings was selected. The aPMV is expressed as
aPMV = PMV/(1 + λPMV), (2)
where λ is the adaptive coefficient. When PMV ≥ 0, λ = 0.21; when PMV ≤ 0, λ = −0.49.
2.4.2. Thermal Sensation and Operating Temperature
The operating temperature top reflects the influence of ta and tr on human thermal
sensation. The average radiation temperature is approximately equal to the black-bulb
temperature [33]. Moreover, top is often used as an evaluation index to describe the indoor
thermal environment, and it is expressed as follows:
top = (ta + tr )/2, (3)
3. Case Study
3.1. Village Description and Space Characteristic
Dong minority village is located in Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County at 108◦ 530 –
109◦ 520 E and 25◦ 220 –26◦ 20 N. (Liuzhou, Guangxi, China) with its history of more than
two thousand years. It belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone and the thermal
zone characterized by hot summers and cold winters [34]. There are four distinct seasons
throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of 17–19 ◦ C. The coldest month
is January, with an average temperature of 7.1 ◦ C; the hottest months are from July to
August, with an average temperature of 27 ◦ C. Therefore, moisture resistance, ventilation,
and heat insulation are the requirements for the environmental suitability of traditional
dwellings in this area. The terrain here is almost mountainous. All dwellings are built
with a high adaptation of local landforms (Figure 6). In such a village, a high wooden
drum tower is usually located in the center of the village, which is the center of public
activities, such as meetings, ceremonies, assemblies, and entertainment. Most traditional
dwellings here are wooden. In the past 20 years, residents have begun to build their houses
with concrete but still decorate with traditional patterns to keep the local façade consistent,
leaving their former houses decayed. However, some of them have been built for more
than one hundred years. To protect such historical buildings, an overall evaluation of
Dong village houses is indispensable. However, to measure all of these traditional wooden
houses will require huge, unnecessary work since over 50% of the dwellings are of poor
quality, and some even collapsed.
The traditional residence selected is more than one hundred years old, with a total
area of approximately 107 m2 , three stories, and the ground floor is overhead (raised above
the ground by stilts).
The ground floor of the building is typically used for livestock, and the upper floor is
used for living and family activities. Generally, the fire pool is the center of the building
plan, as shown in Figure 2. Alternatively, the fire pool is set on the first floor and is used for
living activities; in this case, the top floor is used for the sleeping quarters. The entrance
thousand years. It belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone and the thermal zon
characterized by hot summers and cold winters [34]. There are four distinct season
throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of 17–19 °C. The coldest mont
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 is January, with an average temperature of 7.1 °C; the hottest months are8 of from
17 July t
August, with an average temperature of 27 °C. Therefore, moisture resistance, ventilatio
and heat insulation are the requirements for the environmental suitability of tradition
isdwellings
generally in this area.
located on theThe terrain here
mountain’s is almost
surface and mountainous.
has an open front All porch,
dwellingswhichareisbuilt wit
a high adaptation of local landforms (Figure 6). In such a village,
mainly used as a semi-outdoor space for drying clothes, resting, and socializing. It also a high wooden drum
towerasisausually
serves banquetlocated
area forin the center
guests. of the village,
It is equivalent to thewhich
balconyis in
themodern
center residences.
of public activitie
such
The as floor
first meetings,
is the ceremonies,
large main spaceassemblies, and entertainment.
and is generally Most traditional
a family communication space.dwelling
The section of the building displaying the main space of a Dong dwelling
here are wooden. In the past 20 years, residents have begun to build their houses is shown in wit
Figure 3. Influenced
concrete but still by Dong culture,
decorate the family activity
with traditional space
patterns toand sacrificial
keep space
the local revolve
façade consisten
around the fire pool [35]. Affected by topography, building materials, and construction
leaving their former houses decayed. However, some of them have been built for mor
expertise, the total surface area of each floor is relatively small. After the gallery and fire
than one hundred years. To protect such historical buildings, an overall evaluation o
pool are arranged, the remaining space on the first floor is used for the kitchen and storage.
Dong
The village houses
maintenance structureisfacing
indispensable.
the gallery isHowever,
generally a to measure
light partition,all of these
which tradition
is easily
woodeninhouses
removed summer will
forrequire huge, unnecessary
better ventilation. work
In winter, since over
partitions 50% of for
are installed thewind
dwellings ar
of poor quality,
protection and insulation
and thermal some even collapsed.
[36].
Figure 6. The mountainous terrain of the village.
Figure 6. The mountainous terrain of the village.
3.2. Indoor
Theand Outdoor Thermal
traditional residence Environment
selected is more than one hundred years old, with a tot
areaTheof approximately
outdoor thermal 107 m2, threeisstories,
environment the main and the affecting
factor ground floor
indooristhermal
overhead (raised abov
comfort.
The average outdoor air temperature was 27.4 ◦ C with an average outdoor temperature
the ground by stilts).
range of 26.1–33.8 ◦
The groundC.floor The variation trend of is
of the building indoor temperatures
typically used foratlivestock,
monitoringand
Points
the1,upper
2, floo
3, 4, and 5 and the outdoor temperature are shown in Figure 7 (legend 1 means point 1, and
is used for living and family activities. Generally, the fire pool is the center of the buildin
so forth). The maximum and minimum values of Point 1 are 34.1 and 25.6 ◦ C, respectively.
plan, as shown in Figure 2. Alternatively, the fire pool is set on the first floor and is use
The corresponding values for Points 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 30.9 and 26.1 ◦ C, 33.9 and 26.2 ◦ C,
for and
32.5 living activities;
25.6 ◦ C, and 39.8in this
andcase,
25.6 ◦the top floor is used for the sleeping quarters. The entranc
C, respectively.
is generally
Through directlocatedsolaron the mountain’s
radiation surfaceheat
and air convective andtransfer,
has anthe open
heat front porch, which
of the exterior
mainly
wall used as atosemi-outdoor
is transmitted the interior throughspacetheforwalls,
drying clothes, resting,
particularly andwest
the east and socializing.
walls, It als
◦ C, causing an indoor air temperature
serves as a banquet area for guests. It is equivalent to the balcony in modern residence
such as Point 5 with a high temperature of 39.8
change,
The firstwhich
floor canis directly
the large affect thespace
main indoorand
thermal comfort. aTherefore,
is generally to test the thermal
family communication space. Th
inertia and thermal conductivity of the maintenance structure, the
section of the building displaying the main space of a Dong dwelling is shown in Figurtemperatures of the
outer and inner surfaces of the outer wall were monitored on the east, south, west, and
3. Influenced by Dong culture, the family activity space and sacrificial space revolv
north walls. Figure 8 shows the temperature fluctuations of the external wall facing
around the fire pool [35]. Affected by topography, building materials, and constructio
each direction.
expertise, the total surface area of each floor is relatively small. After the gallery and fir
pool are arranged, the remaining space on the first floor is used for the kitchen and sto
age. The maintenance structure facing the gallery is generally a light partition, which
The outdoor thermal environment is the main factor affecting indoor thermal com-
fort. The average outdoor air temperature was 27.4 °C with an average outdoor tempera-
ture range of 26.1–33.8 °C. The variation trend of indoor temperatures at monitoring
Points 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and the outdoor temperature are shown in Figure 7 (legend 1 means
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 point 1, and so forth). The maximum and minimum values of Point 1 are 34.1 and 25.69 °C,of 17
respectively. The corresponding values for Points 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 30.9 and 26.1 °C, 33.9
and 26.2 °C, 32.5 and 25.6 °C, and 39.8 and 25.6 °C, respectively.
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10
Figure 7. Variation
Figure 7. Variation of
of Indoor
Indoor air
air temperature of 55 spots.
temperature of spots.
Through direct solar radiation and air convective heat transfer, the heat of the exte-
rior wall is transmitted to the interior through the walls, particularly the east and west
walls, such as Point 5 with a high temperature of 39.8 °C, causing an indoor air tempera-
ture change, which can directly affect the indoor thermal comfort. Therefore, to test the
thermal inertia and thermal conductivity of the maintenance structure, the temperatures
of the outer and inner surfaces of the outer wall were monitored on the east, south, west,
and north walls. Figure 8 shows the temperature fluctuations of the external wall facing
each direction.
Figure 8. Comparison
Figureof8.air mean temperature
Comparison of four
of air mean externalofwalls.
temperature four external walls.
Meanwhile, Figure 9 shows the
Meanwhile, humidity
Figure 9 showschanges at eachchanges
the humidity monitoring point
at each within apoint with
monitoring
24 h period. The peak humidity at Point 1 was 86.1%, the lowest humidity was
24 h period. The peak humidity at Point 1 was 86.1%, the lowest humidity53.9%, and
was 53.9%,
the average humidity was 72.5%. The peak, minimum, and average humidity at
the average humidity was 72.5%. The peak, minimum, and average humidity Points 2, 3, at Poin
4, and 5 were 84.9%,
3, 4,67.7%,
and 5 and
were76.6%,
84.9%,83.3%,
67.7%,60.6%, and 74.9%,
and 76.6%, 83.3%,87.5%,
60.6%,66.9%, and 77.9%,
and 74.9%, 87.5%, 66.9%,
and 85.5%, 46.8%,77.9%,
and 71.3%, respectively.
and 85.5%, 46.8%, andThe peakrespectively.
71.3%, humidity occurred
The peakat 7:00 AMoccurred
humidity in all at 7:00
points, except at Point 1 (6:00 except
in all points, AM) and Point1 3(6:00
at Point (2:00AM)
AM).
and Point 3 (2:00 AM).Figure 8. Comparison of air mean temperature of four external walls.
Meanwhile, Figure 9 shows the humidity changes at each monitoring point within a
24 h period. The peak humidity at Point 1 was 86.1%, the lowest humidity was 53.9%, and
the average humidity was 72.5%. The peak, minimum, and average humidity at Points 2
Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 10 of 17
3, 4, and 5 were 84.9%, 67.7%, and 76.6%, 83.3%, 60.6%, and 74.9%, 87.5%, 66.9%, and
77.9%, and 85.5%, 46.8%, and 71.3%, respectively. The peak humidity occurred at 7:00 AM
in all points, except at Point 1 (6:00 AM) and Point 3 (2:00 AM).
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of
Figure 9. Indoor air humidity of five spots within 24 h.
.
Figure 9. Indoor air humidity of five spots within 24 hours
The subjective evaluation of thermal comfort is affected by solar radiation, effecti
The subjective evaluation wind
air temperature, of thermal
speed,comfort is affected
the metabolic bythe
rate of solar radiation,
human body, effective
and clothing statu
air temperature, wind speed, the metabolic rate of the human body, and
In Figure 7, it can be observed that the room temperature in summer was clothing status.
25–31 °C. T
In Figure 7, it questionnaire
can be observed that the room temperature in summer was 25–31 ◦ C.
was conducted between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM. From the answers (see Fi
The questionnaire wasweconducted
ure 10), can know,between
most of the 9:00 AMthe
time, and
aPMV5:00inPM. From the
the indoor answers was 1–1
environment
(see Figure 10),accounting
we can know, mostofof
for 42.6% thethe time, thePart
responses. aPMV
of theintime,
the indoor
the aPMVenvironment
was 0.5–1, accountin
was 1–1.5, accounting
for 29.5%for
of 42.6% of the responses.
the responses. Part of
The proportion ofresponses
the time, forthewhich
aPMVthewas
aPMV0.5–1,
was betwe
accounting for −0.5–0.5
29.5% of(i.e.,
theinresponses.
the thermalThe proportion
equilibrium of responses
state) for which to
was 7.2%. According thethe
aPMV
actual questio
was between −naire
0.5–0.5 (i.e., in
survey, thethe thermal equilibrium
percentage of residents’ state) was 7.2%.
satisfaction with According to the is 79.3%
thermal comfort
actual questionnaire
summer.survey, the percentage of residents’ satisfaction with thermal comfort
is 79.3% in summer.
Figure 10. Distribution of Figure
indoor10.
thermal vote. of indoor thermal vote.
Distribution
3.3. Satisfaction of Building Natural Lighting, Acoustic, and Ventilation
3.3. Satisfaction of Building Natural Lighting, Acoustic, and Ventilation
Previously, architectural research on traditional dwellings focused on architectural space,
Previously, architectural research on traditional dwellings focused on architectur
architectural decoration, thermal comfort, energy performance, and other aspects [37–39].
space, architectural decoration, thermal comfort, energy performance, and other aspec
Few studies are concerned with comprehensive assessment factors, including thermal
[37–39]. Few studies are concerned with comprehensive assessment factors, includin
thermal comfort, living environment, occupants’ behavior, or perception of tradition
buildings. To fill up this gap, the natural lighting, acoustic, optical, and air quality of Do
village’s traditional dwellings were investigated, monitored, and analyzed. At the sam
time, the behavior and sensation of residents were surveyed. To make the data and evSustainability 2021, 13, 9966 11 of 17
comfort, living environment, occupants’ behavior, or perception of traditional buildings.
To fill up this gap, the natural lighting, acoustic, optical, and air quality of Dong village’s
traditional dwellings were investigated, monitored, and analyzed. At the same time, the
behavior and sensation of residents were surveyed. To make the data and evaluation more
objective, all 472 respondents we selected also live in traditional wooden dwellings, whose
material, space patterns, and orientations are similar; concrete houses are not included.
Referring to the thermal comfort evaluation standard, 0 is neutral, 1 is very satisfied, 2 is
relatively satisfied, 3 is generally satisfied, −1 is relatively dissatisfied, −2 is not12satisfied,
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW of 18
and −3 is very dissatisfied. Table 3 shows Q21 about the overall satisfaction degree of the
acoustic, natural lighting, thermal environment, and air quality of their stilt houses.
Table 3. The overall satisfaction degree of thermal, air quality, daylight, acoustic environment (Q21).
Table 3. The overall satisfaction degree of thermal, air quality, daylight, acoustic environment (Q21).
Q21. Considering the Heat, Air Quality, Daylight, Acoustic Environment, Your Over-
all Satisfaction
Q21. Considering the Heat,with the Current
Air Quality, Indoor
Daylight, Environment
Acoustic is () Your Overall
Environment,
Satisfaction with the Number
Satisfaction Degree Current Indoor Environment is ()
Percentage
−3 (very dissatisfied)
Satisfaction Degree 0
Number 0%
Percentage
−2(not satisfied)
−3 (very dissatisfied) 7 0 1.48% 0%
−1(relatively dissatisfied)
−2 (not satisfied) 27 7 5.72%1.48%
−1 (relatively dissatisfied)
0(neutral) 3527 7.42%5.72%
1 0(very
(neutral)
satisfied) 14035 29.66% 7.42%
1 (very satisfied)
2 (relatively satisfied) 140
188 39.83%29.66%
2 (relatively satisfied) 188 39.83%
3(generally satisfied)
3 (generally satisfied)
7272
15.25%15.25%
invalid
invalid 33 0.64%0.64%
Valid
Valid 469
469
From the questionnaire, the acoustic survey results are shown in Figure 11 (among
From the questionnaire, the acoustic survey results are shown in Figure 11 (among
which five questionnaires were invalid and 467 were valid). These results show that ap-
which five questionnaires were invalid and 467 were valid). These results show that ap-
proximately 31% of the residents are in the state of value 2 (relatively satisfied), account-
proximately 31% of the residents are in the state of value 2 (relatively satisfied), accounting
ing for the highest proportion among all possible responses. In addition, 18% and 19% of
for the highest proportion
the residents expressed among all
satisfaction andpossible
generalresponses.
satisfaction,Inrespectively,
addition, 18% and 19%for
accounting of the
residents
68% of the overall satisfaction, which means that the residents are relatively satisfied with68%
expressed satisfaction and general satisfaction, respectively, accounting for
of
thethe overallenvironment
acoustic satisfaction,ofwhich means
the living that the residents are relatively satisfied with the
space.
acoustic environment of the living space.
Figure DistributionofofAcoustic
Figure 11. Distribution Acousticenvironment
environment satisfaction.
satisfaction.
Dong village dwellings
Dong village dwellingsgenerally
generallyhave
have windows
windows in in
thethe north–south
north–south direction,
direction, andand
the windows are small. According to the results shown in Figure 12, approximately
the windows are small. According to the results shown in Figure 12, approximately 11%
11%
of theofresidents
the residents weresatisfied
were very very satisfied
with thewith the ventilation
ventilation of their
of their houses, 40%houses, 40% (the
(the highest
proportion) were relatively satisfied with the ventilation of the house, and 1% and 2% of
the residents were very dissatisfied and dissatisfied, respectively, with the ventilation of
the house. Compared with the data, the ventilation of traditional Dong village’s dwellings
is determined to be of general satisfaction, which is consistent with the actual monitoring
results.Sustainability 2021, 13, 9966 12 of 17
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW
highest proportion) were relatively satisfied with the ventilation of the house, and 1%
and 2% of the residents were very dissatisfied and dissatisfied, respectively, with the
ventilation
Sustainability 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW of the house. Compared with the data, the ventilation of traditional 13 ofDong
18
village’s dwellings is determined to be of general satisfaction, which is consistent with the
actual monitoring results.
Figure 12. Distribution of natural ventilation satisfaction.
Figure 12. Distribution of natural ventilation satisfaction.
Figure 12. DistributionAccording
of natural ventilation
to Figuresatisfaction.
13, the periods of high CO2 concentrations occur betwee
AccordingAM and 9 PM–12
to Figure 13, theAM, and PM
periods of 2.5 is mainly
high concentrated between
CO2 concentrations 10 AM–12 PM a
occur between
AccordingPM.
to Figure
The 13, the
main periods
reason forof highpollutant
these CO2 concentrations occurresults
concentration between
is 2–10the fire pool
that
2–10 AM and 9 PM–12 AM, and PM2.5 is mainly concentrated between 10 AM–12 PM
AM and 9 PM–12 AM, and PM2.5 is mainly concentrated between 10 AM–12 PM and 8–9
and 8–9 PM. The ally used
main by local
reason residents
for these is open,
pollutant and the dwellings
concentration results isonly
thathave small
the fire poolopenings
PM. The main reason for these pollutant concentration results is that the fire pool gener-
generally used north
by and
local south doors
residents is and
open, windows.
and the The kitchen
dwellings only generally
have small does not on
openings have wind
ally used by local residents is open, and the dwellings only have small openings on the
the north and has small
south doorswindows,
and with poor
windows. The smoke exhaust
kitchen generallyfacilities,
does not resulting
have in indoor smo
windows
north and south doors and windows. The kitchen generally does not have windows or
or has small cannot be
windows, rapidly
with poor discharged
smoke outdoors.
exhaust facilities, resulting in indoor smoke
has small windows, with poor smoke exhaust facilities, resulting in indoor smoke thatthat
cannot
cannotbebe rapidly dischargedoutdoors.
rapidly discharged outdoors.
Figure 13. Concentrations
Figure 13.ofof interior PM2.5of
Concentrations and CO2 . PM2.5 and CO2
interior
Figure 13. Concentrations interior PM2.5 and CO2
When considering the environmental factors surveyed above, every factor has a
When considering When considering thefactors
environmental factors every
surveyed above,a re-
every factor ha
relationship with each the environmental
other; for instance, surveyed
air quality above,
(AQ) factor
is impacted by has
ventilation.
lationship withlationship
each other;with each other;
for instance, for instance,
air quality (AQ) isair quality by
impacted (AQ) is impacted
ventilation. How- by ventilation
However, the very satisfaction of ventilation only accounts for 24%, while the thermal
ever, the very
ever, the very satisfaction satisfaction
of ventilation of accounts
only ventilation
foronly
24%,accounts
while thefor 24%, comfort
thermal while the thermal c
haswith
has a relationship a relationship
ventilationwith ventilation
for residents for residents
of Dong of Dong village,
village, ventilation is mostventilation
criti- is moYou can also read
