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CANADIAN INTERMOUNTAIN JOINT VENTURE:
Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands
CONSERVING BIRDS
IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE
Chilcotin Grasslands/Chris Harris
www.cijv.ca
CONSERVING BIRDS
IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE
Compendium to the
CIJV Update to the Prospectus
and Biological Foundation 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Who We Are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What We Do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Canadian Intermountain Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Threats to Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Riparian Habitat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Threats to Riparian Habitat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Grasslands and Shrub-steppe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Threats to Grasslands and Shrub-steppe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Partner Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Partner Accomplishments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Priority Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Why Partner with the CIJV?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
For additional technical information on the bird groups, see the companion technical document Canadian Intermountain
Joint Venture Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands: Update on the Prospectus and Biological
Foundation (November 2016). For information on wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Implementation
Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010).
b CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape
CONSERVING BIRDS
IN A WORKING LANDSCAPE
Compendium to the
CIJV Update to the Prospectus
and Biological Foundation 2016
WHO WE ARE
The Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture (CIJV) is a cooperative
partnership of government agencies, non-government
conservation organizations, universities, industry and landowners,
who share a common goal to conserve habitat for the benefit of
birds, wildlife and people.
Wilson’s Phalarope/Ian Routley
CIJV VISION
The Canadian Intermountain region is a landscape that supports healthy populations of birds,
maintains biodiversity and fosters sustainable resource use.
CIJV MISSION
orking together to maintain, enhance, restore and manage habitat for the benefit of wildlife
W
and people in the Canadian Intermountain region.
WHAT WE DO
The CIJV was formally established in 2003 to sustain healthy bird populations by providing regional implementation of
national and continental conservation plans for waterfowl1, shorebirds2, landbirds3 and waterbirds4. The CIJV is one of
a network of 21 habitat-based and 3 species-based Joint Ventures created to implement the North American Waterfowl
Management Plan in Canada, the United States and Mexico, with the common goal to conserve bird populations.
1 North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP 2012)
2 The Canadian Shorebird Plan (Donaldson et al 2000)
3 Partners in Flight: Framework for Landbird Conservation in Canada (Rich et al 2004)
4 Wings Over Water: Canada’s Conservation Program for Seabirds and Waterbirds (Milko et al 2003)
CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape 1
Activities in the CIJV focus on wetlands, lakes and rivers, riparian areas and grasslands. Although these habitats cover only a
small portion of the landscape, they support a high diversity of birds, including over one dozen species that are considered at
risk under the federal Species at Risk Act. These habitats are also under some of the most intense threats and are at greatest
risk of loss.
Together, CIJV partners work to secure, restore and manage habitat for birds and wildlife. This collaboration is built on a
foundation of many years of cooperative conservation activities among the CIJV’s major partners (see Table 4).
THE CANADIAN
INTERMOUNTAIN
British Columbia
REGION
Alberta
The CIJV operates in the Interior of British
Columbia (BC) and the Rocky Mountain
portion of Alberta. Adjacent Joint Ventures
include the Pacific Birds Habitat Joint Venture
to the west, the Prairie Habitat Joint Venture
to the northeast and the Intermountain West
Joint Venture to the south.
The Canadian Intermountain region is one of
the most ecologically diverse in Canada, with a
tremendous variety of habitat types, including
desert, grasslands, shrub-steppe, riparian,
wetlands, dry and moist coniferous forests
and alpine tundra. These habitats support a
rich diversity of plants and wildlife.
Map of CIJV area (yellow outline), showing two of the North American
Bird Conservation Initiative’s Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) within
its boundaries.
CIJV FACTS
• Home to 373 bird species, 19 of which are Endangered, Threatened or Special Concern under
Canada’s Species at Risk Act (as of 2016)
• Contains the highest diversity of owls, woodpeckers, swifts and hummingbirds in Canada
• Supports over 1.45 million breeding waterfowl during spring and summer
• Contains over 1,500 species of native vascular plants, 43 species of fish, 29 species of
amphibians and reptiles and 94 species of mammals
2 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape
WETLANDS, LAKES
AND RIVERS
Not only are wetlands some of
the most productive areas on
the landscape, particularly in dry
areas, they are also relatively rare,
covering only about 5 per cent of
the Canadian Intermountain region.
Most wetlands are found at low
and middle elevations in the central
Interior of BC; they are even more
uncommon in the southern Interior
and in mountainous terrain.
Wetlands, lakes and rivers in the
region continue to face significant
pressures. Human developments are
often clustered around lakes or along
major rivers since these are attractive Homestead Marsh/©DUC
and productive areas for people to live.
Over the past several decades, large tracts of wetland habitat have been lost, particularly due to agricultural development in
valley bottoms. Growing human populations continue to encroach on remaining habitats, reducing their availability and often
significantly compromising their quality for birds and wildlife.
Table 1: Priority birds in wetlands, lakes and rivers
Habitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a
Wetlands, American Avocet, American Bittern, American Dipper, American White Pelican, American Wigeon, Bank Swallow,
lakes and rivers Barrow’s Goldeneye, Black Swift, Black Tern, Bufflehead, California Gull, Caspian Tern, Cinnamon Teal, Clark’s Grebe,
Common Loon, Common Tern, Double-crested Cormorant, Forster’s Tern, Franklin’s Gull, Gadwall, Great Blue Heron,
Green-winged Teal, Gyrfalcon, Hooded Merganser, Horned Grebe, Lesser Scaup, Mallard, Northern Harrier, Peregrine
Falcon, Redhead, Red-necked Phalarope, Ring-necked Duck, Rough-legged Hawk, Ruddy Duckb, Rusty Blackbird,
Sanderling, Short-eared Owl, Thayer’s Gull, Trumpeter Swan, Virginia Rail, Western Grebe, White-winged Scoter,
Wilson’s Phalarope
a Priority species have been adapted from those identified in Environment Canada’s Bird Conservation Strategies for the region (Environment Canada 2013a,b). Species assessed by
the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as Special Concern, Threatened or Endangered are in bold.
Threats to Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers
• Draining or infilling for human development (urban or industrial areas, roadways, agriculture).
• Damage or loss from poor livestock grazing practices.
• Flooding and altered hydrological cycles due to the creation of large reservoirs for hydroelectric projects, dams, flood
control and other water management measures.
• Increasing water extraction demands.
• Climate change impacts resulting in shallower and less permanent wetlands.
• Disturbances to breeding sites.
CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape 3
Development
Transportation corridors
Other Mining, oil and gas
Climate change Crop Agriculture
Environmental contaminants Ranching (e.g., overgrazing)
Disturbance Hunting and trapping
Dams and water management Timber harvest
Mountain pine beetle
Invasive and problematic species
Relative impact of threats facing priority wetland birds in the CIJV5. The top three greatest threats are climate change, crop
agriculture and ranching activities, such as overgrazing.
RIPARIAN HABITAT
Riparian areas occur in places where water
influences vegetation, making it distinct from
upland vegetation. They are typically located
around lakes and wetlands and along streams
and rivers. Riparian areas occur in all parts of
the Canadian Intermountain region, from low-
elevation floodplains to high mountain streams,
through grasslands and dry forest landscapes, to
moist coniferous and cold subalpine forests.
Although riparian areas account for a small
proportion of the CIJV’s landmass, they support
a disproportionately high number of birds,
particularly in arid regions. A number of species
are highly dependent on these habitats and
many more use them for nesting, foraging and as
migratory corridors.
Historically, riparian areas have suffered significant
losses due to various forms of development. For
example in the Okanagan Valley, 50 to 90 per cent
Creston Pelicans/©DUC of some riparian communities have been
permanently lost6 – many of the causes of these
losses continue today. Riparian areas are generally located in accessible valley bottoms and their proximity to water makes
them particularly vulnerable to fragmentation and development. In mountainous areas, roads and railways are often
restricted to valley bottoms and follow watercourses; these transportation corridors then open up the area to agriculture,
housing and industrial development.
5 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.
6 Lea 2008
4 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape
Table 2: Priority birds in riparian habitats
Habitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a
Riparian Barrow’s Goldeneye, Black-billed Magpie, Bufflehead, Calliope Hummingbird, Hooded Merganser, Lazuli Bunting,
Lewis’ Woodpecker, Long-eared Owl, MacGillivray’s Warbler, Rufous Hummingbird, Vaux’s Swift, Western Screech-
Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yellow Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat
a Priority species have been adapted from those identified in Environment Canada’s Bird Conservation Strategies for the region (Environment Canada 2013a,b). Species assessed by
the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as Special Concern, Threatened or Endangered are in bold.
Threats to Riparian Habitat
• Alteration and loss due to fragmentation and development (housing, industrial, agricultural, transportation corridors).
• Degradation from livestock grazing and trampling; riparian areas in drier zones, such as grasslands and dry woodlands,
are particularly at risk.
• Loss due to timber harvesting (commercial forestry, firewood cutting, etc.) threaten a number of species, especially
cavity-nesting riparian species.
• Climate change, human water management and increasing water demands alter natural hydrology and can cause loss
and/or degradation of riparian habitats.
Other
Climate change
Environmental contaminants
Development
Disturbance
Transportation corridors
Dams and water management
Crop Agriculture
Invasive and problematic species
Ranching
Mountain pine beetle
Timber harvest
Hunting and trapping
Relative impact of threats facing priority riparian birds in the CIJV7. The three greatest threats are development, timber
harvesting and crop agriculture.
7 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.
CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape 5
GRASSLANDS AND
SHRUB-STEPPE
The Canadian Intermountain region contains
almost 90 per cent of British Columbia’s
grasslands8. Grasslands have an extremely
restricted distribution, covering less than one per
cent of the CIJV landscape. Typically found along
valley bottoms, most grasslands in the CIJV are hot
and dry and are characterized by widely spaced
shrubs, such as big sagebrush and common rabbit-
brush, as well as a variety of bunchgrasses.
Grassland birds are one of the fastest and most
consistently declining bird groups in North
Lac du Bois Grasslands/Tasha Sargent
America9, and grassland habitat is critically
important for several species at risk in the
Canadian Intermountain region. For example, Sage Thrasher, Burrowing Owl and Long-billed Curlew are listed under the
federal Species at Risk Act; these species are grassland or shrub-steppe obligates, meaning that they do not use any other
habitat type.
Table 3: Priority birds in grassland and shrub-steppe habitats
Habitat Priority Species (in alphabetical order)a
Grassland and American Golden-Plover, American Kestrel, Bank Swallow, Barn Owl, Barn Swallow, Black-billed Magpie, Bobolink,
shrub-steppe Brewer’s Sparrow (breweri), Burrowing Owl, Canyon Wren, Common Nighthawk, Common Poorwill, Dusky Grouse,
Ferruginous Hawk, Golden Eagle, Grasshopper Sparrow, Gyrfalcon, Horned Lark, Lark Sparrow, Long-billed Curlew,
Long-eared Owl, Northern Harrier, Prairie Falcon, Rock Wren, Rough-legged Hawk, Sage Thrasher, Sharp-tailed
Grouse, Short-eared Owl, Swainson’s Hawk, Upland Sandpiper, Western Meadowlark, White-throated Swift
a Priority species have been adapted from those identified in Environment Canada’s Bird Conservation Strategies for the region (Environment Canada 2013a,b). Species assessed by
the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as Special Concern, Threatened or Endangered are in bold.
Threats to Grasslands and Shrub-steppe
• Habitat loss to agriculture and/or development is the greatest threat to grassland and shrub-steppe habitats. BC’s
grasslands and shrub-steppe are limited in extent, and a significant portion of their area has already been lost to crop
agriculture and urban/suburban development. Losses are ongoing as more grassland continues to be subdivided and
developed or converted to intensive agriculture.
• Poorly managed cattle grazing degrades grassland and shrub-steppe habitat by reducing ground cover, removing
litter and altering vegetative structure and species composition; however, well-managed grazing can help maintain
healthy grasslands.
• Fire suppression has led to local grassland losses due to increasing forest encroachment.
• Pesticides may impact some grassland birds, either through toxic exposure such as the consumption of poisoned prey
or by a reduction in food sources.
8 Wikeem and Wikeem 2004
9 North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee 2009
6 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape
Other
Climate change
Environmental contaminants Development
Disturbance Transportation corridors
Fire and fire suppression Mining, oil and gas
Invasive and problematic species Crop Agriculture
Hunting and trapping
Ranching (e.g., overgrazing)
Relative impact of threats facing priority grassland birds in the CIJV10. The three greatest threats result from crop agriculture,
development, and ranching activities that result in poor condition grasslands.
PARTNER ACTIVITIES
The CIJV conserves and promotes healthy bird populations by ensuring the sufficient quantity and quality of habitat through
securement, restoration and management techniques. Habitat conservation is a partnership effort that is strongly supported
by sound science, policy and outreach activities.
Securement: CIJV partners work to secure key natural breeding habitats that are at high risk of loss or degradation.
Habitat may be secured through purchase or donation, permanent conservation covenants or long-term landowner
agreements. Secured properties are managed for the benefit of wildlife. Compatible commercial and recreational uses
(e.g., ecologically sensitive grazing) may be permitted where they do not conflict with wildlife values.
Restoration: Partners engage in restoration activities on high-value sites that have been degraded. For example, partners
may work to restore natural water flows and flooding cycles (e.g., wetlands and riparian areas), remove invasive species
or install fencing to control livestock access to sensitive areas.
Stewardship: Stewardship programs focus on changing broad land use for the benefit of birds and bird habitat. Examples
include promoting the voluntary adoption of agricultural practices that are better for wetlands, or implementing
grazing systems that maintain healthier grasslands and benefit grassland birds.
Science: Monitoring programs enable partners to track local, regional and national bird populations. Joint Venture
partners engage in targeted research to gather key information and answer specific questions around CIJV
conservation issues.
Policy: Policy activities are collaborative and informed by science. CIJV partners encourage governments at all levels to
support conservation and protect sensitive ecosystems.
Outreach: CIJV partners raise awareness of birds and their conservation needs through public outreach and education,
including citizen science programs, publications and educational and interpretive signage at project sites.
10 Threat data adapted from Environment Canada 2013a,b.
CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape 7PARTNER ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Many organizations have invested significant resources and energies in conservation efforts in the CIJV region. Conservation
achievements include numerous habitat acquisitions, promotion of protection and stewardship programs and development
and implementation of strategies and tools to guide conservation efforts and successful outreach programs.
Between 2003 and 2015, CIJV partners invested
over $54 million (cash and in-kind contributions)
in CIJV habitat projects. This has resulted
in the securement of 142,507 hectares (ha) or
352,142 acres of valuable habitat that is now
managed for birds and other wildlife. Over
67,000 ha or 165,560 acres of these lands have
subsequently been restored to improve their
ecological values. An additional 20,600 ha or
50,904 acres have been positively influenced by
stewardship activities11.
PRIORITY ACTIONS
The CIJV focuses efforts where they will have the
greatest benefit to habitats and the birds that
Partnerships are key to CIJV success./Grasslands Conservation Council
rely on them. In the past, securing and restoring
habitat has been a mainstay of this work; such efforts have yielded great successes and will always be a major part of CIJV
activities. However, to provide the greatest benefit to birds, CIJV actions must influence land-use practices at a much greater
scale than individual properties. Going forward, the CIJV must take an active role in promoting land stewardship; establishing
partnerships with industry and local governments will be critical to achieve this broader influence.
Priority actions for CIJV partners include:
Securement and Restoration
• Continue to work with partners to secure, and where necessary, restore high-value habitats throughout the CIJV region.
Stewardship
• Increase voluntary uptake and use of existing guidance tools such as the Develop With Care12 suite of best management
practices and the Wetland Stewardship Partnership’s Wetland Ways guidelines13 in agriculture, ranching, development,
forestry, mining and energy industries, to enable contractors, property owners and operators to minimize impacts on
wetlands, lakes and rivers and riparian areas.
• Encourage forestry operators to adopt third-party certification standards that include additional protection for riparian
habitats (e.g., Forest Stewardship Council Certification).
• Work with farmers’ institutes and associations to encourage agricultural producers to develop and implement
Environmental Farm Plans14.
• Work with the ranching industry to increase awareness and uptake of tools, such as the Grassland Conservation
Council’s Grasslands Monitoring Manual, to enable ranchers to manage their rangelands in an environmentally sensitive
and sustainable manner.
11 Canadian Habitat Matters 2015
12 http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/bmp/devwithcare/
13 http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/documents/bmp/wetlandways2009/wetlandways_docintro.html
14 https://www.bcac.bc.ca/ardcorp/program/environmental-farm-plan-program
8 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working LandscapeScience
• Identify priority grassland areas for securement, restoration and
stewardship activities.
• Continue to update the Grassland Conservation Council’s maps of BC
grasslands (completed in 2004 and updated in 2015) to enable partners to
track changes in grassland habitats over time.
• Investigate potential sources of land cover information to enable fine-scale
mapping of riparian habitats across the CIJV region.
Policy
• Connect with municipal and regional governments to increase awareness of
the value of grasslands, riparian areas, wetlands, lakes and rivers and their
conservation needs.
• Increase awareness and uptake of the Wetland Stewardship Partnership’s
Green Bylaws Toolkit15 (and the companion Grasslands Primer16 and
Wetlands Primer17), which provide examples and case studies of bylaws
and tools that enable local governments to effectively conserve sensitive
habitats within their boundaries.
For additional objectives specific to wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain
Joint Venture Implementation Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010)18.
The CIJV’s conservation efforts are based on sound science
at the landscape level./©DUC
WHY PARTNER WITH THE CIJV?
Partnerships are the backbone of the Joint Venture. The CIJV partnership facilitates access to and sharing of scientific,
technical and industry expertise and guidance. Partners can share or leverage financial and human resources, and use
those resources more efficiently to plan and deliver the most effective on-the-ground bird and habitat conservaton projects
according to their resources and mandates. This approach helps address future CIJV challenges and celebrate collective
successes. By bringing together diverse partners, the CIJV can accomplish together what would be difficult or impossible for
any single group to achieve alone.
The CIJV has one of the most diverse partnerships among the Canadian Joint Ventures. Partners include representatives
from industries which have large impacts on the working landscape. Consequently, there are many opportunities to work
cooperatively with industry to develop creative solutions to conservation challenges. Partnerships with industry, landowners
and other land users also create opportunities to work on lands which partners may not otherwise be able to access or
influence at a meaningful geographic scale.
Many organizations have invested significant resources and energy in conservation efforts in the CIJV, but realizing the
long-term vision will require ongoing and new commitments. To continue to deliver effective habitat conservation and meet
emerging challenges, the CIJV needs to expand existing partnerships and develop new ones.
15 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/green-bylaws-toolkit/
16 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/grasslands-primer/
17 http://bcwetlands.ca/tools/wetlands-primer/
18 CIJV Technical Committee 2010
CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working Landscape 9Key communities to partner with
include:
• I ndustry: Partnering with industry
allows the development of creative
solutions where industry and
conservation interests work together
to maintain the ecological and
economic health of the Canadian
Intermountain region. Key steps
include continued involvement of the
ranching industry, and new/expanded
involvement with the forestry,
agricultural, mining and energy sectors.
• L ocal Governments and First Nations:
Involving local governments and First
Nations will enable the CIJV to gather
and make use of local knowledge
and expertise, and help guide the
Quintal Restoration Site/©DUC local conservation, restoration and
management activities.
• A
cademia: Building new partnerships with universities and technical
Table 4: CIJV partners
institutes will foster CIJV research to fill significant knowledge gaps.
Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Partners
• G
eneral public: Engaging naturalist groups, fish and game clubs
Bird Studies Canada
and other local associations with an interest in conservation will
BC Cattlemen’s Association help enable the CIJV to deliver clear and coordinated conservation
BC Field Ornithologists/BC Nature messaging to the public while raising public awareness and support
BC Hydro for conservation efforts.
BC Ministry of Environment
The success of the CIJV is attributed to sound science and strong
BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and partnerships delivering habitat conservation projects at the
Natural Resources Operations
landscape level. To learn more about the CIJV, visit www.cijv.ca. To find
Federation of BC Naturalists out about partnership opportunities, contact the CIJV Coordinator at
Ducks Unlimited Canada ec.pccb-bcjv.ec@canada.ca.
Environment and Climate Change Canada –
Canadian Wildlife Service For additional technical information on the bird groups, see the
companion technical document Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture
Kootenay Conservation Program
Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and Grasslands: Update
Grasslands Conservation Council of BC on the Prospectus and Biological Foundation (November 2016)19. For
The Nature Conservancy of Canada information on wetlands, see the Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture
The Nature Trust of BC Implementation Plan: Wetlands and Associated Species (2010)20.
UBC Faculty of Forestry
19 CIJV Technical Committee 2014
20 CIJV Technical Committee 2010
10 CIJV: Conserving Birds in a Working LandscapeREFERENCES
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CIJV Technical Committee. 2014. Canadian Intermountain Joint Venture Wetlands, Lakes and Rivers, Riparian Areas and
Grasslands: Update on the Prospectus and Biological Foundation.
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Donaldson, G. M., C. Hyslop, R. I. G. Morrison, H. L. Dickson, and I. Davidson. 2000. Canadian shorebird conservation plan.
Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 27pp.
Dyer, O. 1998. Mammals in Smith, I.M. and G.G. E. Scudder. Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera
Ecozone. Burlington: Ecologic Assessment Network, 1998.
Environment Canada. 2013a. Bird Conservation Strategy for Bird Conservaton Region 9 in Pacific and Yukon Region: Great
Basin. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada. Delta, BC. 105pp + appendices.
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Milko, R., L. Dickson, R. Elliot and G. Donaldson. 2003. Wings over water: Canada’s waterbird conservation plan. Canadian
Wildlife Service, Ottawa, ON.
North American Bird Conservation Initiative, U.S. Committee, 2009. The State of the Birds, United States of America, 2009.
U.S. Department of Interior: Washington, DC. 36pp.
North American Waterfowl Management Plan. 2004. North American Waterfowl Management Plan Implementation
Framework: Strengthening the Biological Foundation. 105pp.
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