Consolidating for the Future - SSDs and Big Data - Samsung For Partners
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WHITEPAPER Consolidating for the Future SSDs and Big Data This white paper will explore the impact of big data in various key fields and the important role solid state drives (SSDs) are to play in the future of data management, most notably the higher performance and cost savings offered over hard disk drives (HDDs) in the data center. Through consolidation, resources are used more efficiently, allowing an organization to better prepare for the future. Introduction “Big data is the new oil” is a popular phrase these days. From 2015 to 2019, big data and business analytics As the discovery of oil fields changed industries in the application sales are expected to increase from around 1800s, so too does the implementation of big data $122 billion to more than $187 billion, an increase affect lives across sectors today. There’s simply more of over 50%.1 The market is driven to collecting and information being collected than we know what to do collating data sets, a trend that is likely to increase with, and technological bottlenecks limit how much with time and technological improvements. and how quickly we can process the data. As hardware capabilities improve, however, we move ever further Big data is happening whether we prepare for it or not. into an era where big data shapes how our computers Upgrading data centers to optimize performance will and machines interact with us, and how they will not only help facilitate the influx of more data, but shape our lives. also yield cost savings for organizations.
SSDs are the future for data centers
handling big data
Solid-state disk drive (SSD) shipments from
2012
With torise
the 2017 (in data
of big million units)
comes increased In 2013, SSD shipments totaled at 57 million units.
requirements for processing the information, and By 2017, this number is expected to reach 189.6
200 189.6
data centers equipped with SSDs are the future. million units, a 333% increase. SSD purchases are on
SSD implementation isn’t a new but growing trend. the rise. In five years, the market for enterprise SSDs
is expected to be approximately 7.5 times larger than
150
SSDs need little introduction. Unlike HDDs which it is today.2
Unit shipments in millions
store information electromagnetically, SSDs store
data on interconnected flash memory chips. The The increase in both sales and shipments of
100
absence of moving mechanical parts in SSDs enterprise SSDs worldwide exhibit how more
results in less seek time for data, giving almost organizations are opting to invest in SSD technology.
instantaneous39 access. As such,57there’s a lower chance And the technology is rapidly advancing: from
50
for mechanical failure, whereas HDDs are composed the first quarter of 2015 to the first quarter of
of a read/write head, an actuator and a spindle 2016, average SSD capacity grew approximately
around which the platter revolves. HDDs were once 33 percent.3 Price-per-GB has declined with the
0
the most common
2012 form of drive
2013on the market.
2017* emergence of NAND SSD, leading the way to 3D
Today this is changing. NAND, where NAND storage layers are stacked to
increase density and thus capacity.
By early 2017, revenues from enterprise SSDs will
exceed revenues from HDDs worldwide. By 2019, SSDs have, in the past, been regarded as costlier with
revenues from SSDs is forecasted to exceed that limited capacities, but in the past three years, SSD
of HDDs by $3.811 million. retail prices will have dropped from $1 per gigabyte
Revenues from enterprise hard and solid-state disk (HDD/SSD) drives worldwide from
2012 to 2019 (in million U.S. dollars)
17,500
15,356
15,000
13,515
11,475
12,500 11,036 11,374 11,545
Revenue in million U.S. Dollars
10,420
9,707
10,000 8,897 8,917 9,181
7,463 9,418
7,500
5,771
4,429
5,000
3,022
2,500
0
2012 2013 2014 2015* 2016* 2017* 2018* 2019*
HDD SSD
Consolidating for the Future | 2
Solid-state disk drive (SSD) shipments from But what does all this have to do with handling large
2012 to 2017 (in million units) amounts of data? Higher capacity and higher density
drives are necessary for data centers of the future
200 189.6 if they are to handle big data. Where SDDs outshine
HDDs is also its greatest gift to data processing:
higher IOPS and lower latency. One enterprise SSD
150 can replace several HDDs, as we will see in this
Unit shipments in millions
paper, offering higher performance power in very
small packages.
100
50 39
57
SSDs outperform
HDDs
0
2012 2013 2017*
Performance is a major draw to using SSDs in the
data center. SSDs have an I/O latency of only 3 to 5
in 2013 to $0.23 per gigabyte in 2017. While this
3 microseconds by utilizing flash memory at speeds
is still more expensive than the 4 to 5 cents per up to 3000 times faster than HDDs.4 With regards
gigabyte it costs for HDD storage, it’s important to performance, one SSD is worth as many as 20
to note that price-per-GB should not be the sole HDDs.5 This makes SSDs ideal for working within
measure of a drive’s worth. While SSD drives may environments that require lots of data input and
have higher costs per gigabyte, a lower cost SSD can analysis (Tier 0 and high Tier 1 databases), as SSDs
Revenues
outperform from enterprise
a higher priced HDDhardwhenand solid-state
it comes to disk
have (HDD/SSD) drives worldwide from
much lower latency.
2012 to 2019
input/output operations per
(in million second
U.S. (IOPS). SSDs are
dollars)
additionally more cost effective than HDDs given Even the fastest HDDs, on the other hand, don’t
their numerous cost savings, such as reduced power
17,500 function as well in high-traffic environments, as
consumption and lower space requirements. they are limited to the physical disk scanning for
15,356
reading and writing. SSDs have no moving parts and
15,000
Furthermore, even though innovations in HDD 13,515
no physical sectors to scan, therefore they are not
technology, like heat-assisted magnetic recording, limited by hardware movement.
11,475
12,500 11,036 11,374 11,545
are leading to increases in capacities, the fact that
Revenue in million U.S. Dollars
10,420
HDDs utilize mechanical parts by nature give them 9,707 Boot time and transfer rates are faster with SSDs
10,000 8,897 8,917 9,181
an inevitable performance wall. At some point, as well. In situations where time is a factor, such
HDDs would need to spin faster to achieve greater 7,463 as when dealing with financial transfers, or when
9,418
7,500
performance, increasing power consumption, performance speed is a matter of life or death,
5,771
decreasing reliability and creating serious such as with an autonomous car reacting to a road
4,429
overheating
5,000 issues. problem, the high-performance speeds of SSDs
3,022 help greatly.6
And2,500
that is not to say that SSDs offer limited
capacities today. With innovations like 3D NAND, With additional advances in write-optimization and
manufacturers can produce highly dense chips, the viability of compression and deduplication given
0
offering increasing2012 capacities
2013in very small
2014 2015* the fast performance
2016* 2017*of SSDs, 2018*
organizations can
2019*
packages (2.5” V-NAND SSDs are already available succeed with fewer SSDs than the number of HDDs
by Samsung). HDD SDDs, whichSSDhave already dominated they would otherwise require. For those dealing with
the under 1 TB consumer market, are growing fast big data, this level of performance and low latency is
beyond the growth of HDDs and poised to take over a must.
the realm of higher capacities.
Consolidating for the Future | 3SSDs are more to be replaced. SSDs have an AFR that is much lower
- 0.5% - making it such that HDD failures in one year
reliable can exceed SSD failures over five years.8 One minute
of downtime can cost a company an average of
$7,900.9 It’s far better to reduce that chance of failure.
Additionally, wear-leveling technology optimizes the
rewrite process of an SDD to even out usage across
data blocks to prolong the lifespan of the drive. It’s
like a tire rotation if your SDD were a car. The SDD
controller manages data movement so that the P/E
cycle is undertaken across multiple cells, rewriting
data to new blocks dynamically and utilizing lesser
used segments. Data may have an expiration date,
but today’s SSDs are prolonging it further into
the future.
The importance of
SSD technology in
burgeoning sectors
Unlike HDDs, SDDs have no moving parts, meaning While SSDs are already widely used in computers and
there are no gears and spindles to degrade and mobile devices, SSD implementation in data centers
ultimately break. The mechanics of HDDs themselves will prove crucial to burgeoning sectors dealing with
create a bottleneck in high I/O environments.7 big data. Such industries requiring quick processing
And because enterprise SDDs are protected against and predictive analysis require high IOPS and low
power outages, data is protected against the latency.
unexpected. The non-volatility of NAND SSDs, in
particular, allow them to retain data even when the Imagine all the thinking that goes into driving a car
power source goes missing. (responsibly) on the road; there are many factors
to consider. For autonomous cars, the amount of
Many who are unfamiliar with current SSD data inputted is even greater. While humans rely
technologies may still be concerned with the on primarily visual and auditory cues, autonomous
reliability of the drives. The lifespan of an SSD is cars of the future will utilize not only visual data but
measured by a finite number of writes and rewrites also, to say the least, real-time metrics on traffic
(the P/E cycle). While this may sound ominous, conditions from satellites, and analytics data on
it’s not unlike general depreciation of any capital. automobile systems maintenance and the car’s
Manufacturer warranties of SSDs today range from many sensors. All this data needs to be processed,
three to five years, with some lasting as long as 10 analyzed and conveyed in real time for the safety
years. While true longevity of a drive is determined of the passenger(s), ultimately resulting in up to
by how it’s utilized in practice, we can see SSDs 1GB per second of metrics for current models of
holding their own in terms of lifespan. self-driving cars (that’s 2 petabytes of data per car
per year, as things currently stand).10 This number
The annual failure rate (AFR) of HDDs is, on average, will rise dramatically in the future. As more sensors
3 percent. In an enterprise setting over a five-year and analytics are added, as well as the ability for
period, this means that 15 percent of HDDs will need
Consolidating for the Future | 4cars to communicate with one another and to smart and business IT systems. While SSDs themselves can
city installations, data storage and processing encrypt automatically, in these sectors where privacy
requirements are compounded greatly. is tantamount, self-encrypting drives (SEDs) provide
a stronger solution. For SEDs, Encryption is managed
SSDs will play an influential role in the management by the firmware of the SSD, meaning no additional
of big data for autonomous cars. Because safety software is required. Power-fail protection prevents
is a factor, reliability is an issue. Data processing SSD corruption, while the nature of SSDs themselves
requirements will go beyond simple navigational provide greater reliability than HDDs against
needs, thus requiring faster I/O speeds to interact environmental factors. SEDs are cost-effective and
with a vast network of constant information flow, reliable, providing all the benefits of SSDs with even
an unseen world in which cars not only “speak” more security.12
with one another but where they also learn to be
better drivers. This back-and-forth of compiling and Smart devices also need to conserve energy as many
creating data places a spotlight on the autonomous are always on. SSDs are beneficial in this regard
car industry as a contributor to big data, replacing oil because they can be placed on standby and switched
as the key “driver” in transportation.11 on quickly. When security, reliability and read/write
speeds for large quantities of data are involved, SSDs
The Internet of Things are the optimal solution.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is another key player in Wireless mesh networking
the future of big data. As more smart devices compile
information to enhance user experience, more data Wireless mesh networking takes the ideas present
will be generated and communicated for analysis in autonomous cars and IoT and expands them to
between systems. The same learning data points your create an entire smart city. Imagine streetlamps,
future smart espresso machine might utilize to brew road bumps, traffic lights and signs all equipped
a perfect caffè latte joins the countless other metrics with nodes (small transmitters) that allow them
that include those used by your smart refrigerator to communicate with one another. Using dynamic
to identify a lack of almond milk. But with so much routing, nodes know the quickest method of
information flying around, one important requirement conveying information directly to other nodes while
comes up that needs addressing: security. adjusting to find the clearest signal, bypassing the
need for a central hub and eliminating concerns
Even smart home devices of today generate concern of signal blockage. Because it’s wireless, mesh
over privacy issues. This is even more true with computing provides great applications for many
regards to industrial IoT (IIOT), such as with military industries and products of the future.13
Consolidating for the Future | 5New nodes can be introduced without requiring a disruptive changes that will forever alter the way
massive system update, as existing nodes can adapt we do things. All this data, of course, will need to be
to new ones. As more nodes are introduced, the processed quickly and reliably. As storage capacities
network expands, creating even more data. Where for SSDs increase in smaller chips, prediction
once entire cities were illuminated by whale oil, then capabilities utilizing large sums of data increase
gas, and now electricity, the cities of the future will dramatically. Technology is quickly catching up,
be energized by silent nodes communicating back once again, to what was thought of as merely
and forth, processing the data that will illuminate science fiction.
our lives. As with autonomous cars and IoT, SSDs
will provide a big role in the processing of all this The logical step forward from predictive analytics
information because of reliability and low latency. and smart devices is artificial intelligence (AI). To
This is especially true with 3D NAND SSDs, as create a machine capable of thinking, learning and
citywide smart devices will require smaller drives to planning, it would require a system that can take in
fit inside tiny devices. vast quantities of observational data and process it
all at incredible speeds.
The field of predictive analytics takes on big data
analysis on a complex scale. Big data may be the
new oil, but oil is useless without proper application.
Analytics, from diagnostic to deep learning, is the
application of big data. Predictive analytics is taking
what is observed and forecasting, in real time, to
predict and anticipate future behavior. Your favorite
dating app or video recommendation application
are innocuous precursors to a much bigger world of
machine learning and prediction.
Take the previous explorations of autonomous
cars, IoT and wireless mesh networking and toss
predictive analytics into the mix. One day, all that
data, both current and historic, generated by the Storage with high IOPS is a big factor in developing
numerous sources will be compiled for utilization. AI systems. With faster processing, the artificial
Consumers benefit from real-time predictive analysis mind is all the better. This can be seen today in
of such data because it allows companies and gaming while comparing today’s offerings to those
organizations to provide greater user experience of the past. Computerized enemies in many games,
(imagine a carsharing app knowing where in a particularly first-person shooters, are essentially
sprawling city it ought to deploy most of its fleet of rudimentary forms of AI. While in the past such
autonomous cars based on past consumer behavior). villains might only move back and forth, today they
Subsequently, company’s benefit for anticipating anticipate gamer behavior and act accordingly. This is
customer needs (such as when to increase shipping, thanks to increases in computing and storage power.
inventory, etc. of an item). As more data comes in, As these two components increase in power, so too
the potential for predictive analytics grows in ways does the potential for capable (and non-villainous) AI.
hard to fathom today, as the utilization of various
seemingly unrelated data points in real time can New designs for SSD chips provide a big leap forward
yield behavioral forecasts that step outside the box in supporting AI. Advances that can pack more
of today’s conventional thought. storage into smaller packages with lower power
requirements, like 3D NAND SSDs, will be essential
The application of real-time predictive analytics for becoming the “brains” behind future AI, driving
with big data transcends industries and fields. From the exponential growth of SSD capabilities and
sales to policing, predictive analytics can provide leading the way to smarter machines.
Consolidating for the Future | 6Where do we go from here?
So how does an organization prepare itself for a
future swimming in evermore data? Consolidation
is the key. Whether your organization is preparing to
work in the aforementioned sectors or is just looking
to make its data center more effective, consolidation
is a practice worth pursuing to increase efficiencies
and reduce costs.
CONSOLIDATION AND COST SAVINGS
Consolidation is the reduction of data center Total Cost of Ownership
machines, making the most of the resources at
hand. Since 2009, shortly after the financial crisis, In 2016, worldwide data center systems spending
Wells Fargo underwent the consolidation process was about $173 billion, projected to increase to $177
via virtualization and closed 100 data centers billion in 2017, 5% of overall IT spending ($3,486
while increasing efficiencies. The carbon footprint billion).(16) Data centers play an integral part in the
of their mainframes was cut in half, while energy future of big data. Upgrading HDD servers with SSDs
consumption dropped as much as 5% annually.14 can reduce the total cost of ownership (TCO) of the
Additionally, the United States government saved data center. TCO is comprised of two costs: capital
$3.3 billion in the consolidation of its servers since expenditures (CapEx) and operating expenditures
2011.(15) For organizations that run data centers, (OpEx).
whether big or small, consolidation is key for CapEx refers to the costs of obtaining capital. While
optimizing performance and lowering costs. SSDs cost more per gigabyte, they are higher in
density and perform better than HDDs. Data centers
Regardless if it’s about reducing the number of utilizing SSDs require fewer racks than those utilizing
machines or making the most of your current data HDDs to obtain the same level of performance. This
center space, it goes without saying that SSDs, which can translate to lower CapEx costs for those building
offer higher performance per drive than several data centers, because fewer SSDs are required to
HDDs, can be an important factor in consolidation. match the performance of more HDDs. For those
Other benefits of consolidation include increased consolidating, even more of the savings with SSD
reliability, reduced real estate costs, and lower implementation will come from OpEx.
maintenance costs related to cooling, labor, and,
most notably, power consumption. In this section, OpEx refers to the costs of operating the capital,
we’ll explore these savings, and several others, and covering a wide variety of costs from the electricity
make the case for consolidation. bill to server maintenance and labor. Nearly 80% of
data center costs follow the initial acquisition of the
But to truly understand the cost savings of capital.(17) For this reason, making the data center
implementing SSDs in the data center, we need to more manageable can yield significant cost savings;
look at the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of a data it’s in OpEx where the greatest savings can be found
center. with consolidation. For example, a small 5 to 10 rack
data center with cooling, power, fire suppression
and Tier 1 security can cost approximately $4,500
per month in total ongoing maintenance, of which
Consolidating for the Future | 7the highest costs are power ($2,500 per month; 55.6% of total SAMSUNG
ongoing costs) and cooling ($750 per month; 16.7%).18 Reducing
power consumption alone can make a huge difference and SSDs
can help.
The Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), a non-
profit authority on the storage industry, conducted a study with
an email server configured for 2,000 active Blackberry email
users with 100MB storage per address and 3 IOPS per user. For
the requirements, they concluded that 18 SAS 15K 146GB HDDs
would be necessary, while only two SATA 256 256GB SSDs could
be used otherwise. The sets of HDDs and SSDs were compared
over a period of five years. The TCO of the HDDs came out to be
$17,063 while the total cost of the SSDs was $6,348. While the
upfront cost of the HDDs was $13,177, the SSDs cost $6,273 (47.6% Samsung’s 32TB NAND SSD, set
the cost of the HDDs). The margin was even more apparent with for release in 2017, more than
subsequent per year costs: the HDDs cost $987 per year while the doubles the storage capacity of
SSDs cost only $19 (1.9% the cost of the HDDs) to maintain. The the PM1663a SSD, released in
biggest savings came from power consumption and cooling, with 2016, from 15TBs to 32TBs by
SSDs costing only 1.9% that of HDDs. To put it simply, fewer SSDs utilizing 64 vertically stacked
can do the job of many HDDs at a fraction of the TCO.17 NAND storage layers in one
chip package, the highest
Because SDDs use less than half the power of HDDs while density currently available
delivering hundreds of times higher performance in terms of in an SSD chip. Additionally,
IOPS and require less cooling, major OpEx costs can be drastically the NAND SSD fits 2.5-inch
reduced with SDD implementation in the data center. slots (as opposed to 3.5-inch
slots), facilitating insertion
into smaller drive slots.
Reducing ongoing costs Performance-wise, the 32TB
SSD allows for higher sequential
in your data center read/write performance in
smaller devices with greater
power efficiency. These speeds
Data centers use a lot of power. According to the U.S. Department
are essential in processing lots
of Energy, data centers in the United States used an estimated
of data in real time, using a
70 billion kWh, or 1.8% of total domestic electricity consumption,
flash array that blurs the line
in 2014, the most recently measured year. That’s 2 percent of all
between caching and storing.
domestic power output.19 Data center energy use is expected to
Based on 4th Generation
increase 4 percent from 2014-2020, to an estimated 73 billion
vertical NAND (V-NAND)
kWh in 2020.20
technology, the 32TB SSD will
be the largest capacity SSD in
Replacing server racks currently running HDDs with SDDs allows
the industry.
organizations to reduce their data center footprint, or get more
out of the space they currently have, since servers use 50 percent
of a data center’s power.21 At peak, SSDs use about 2W each, while
HDDs use about 6W, making SSDs the obvious choice for energy
cost savings.22
Additionally, should data processing requirements grow, it’s
far safer to optimize current space than to acquire new space.
Consolidating for the Future | 8Expansion can be risky because construction can
cause data outages, annoying customers and Bridging the future
damaging company reputation, as well as create
security concerns should the servers contain with 3D NAND
sensitive data.
As such, data center energy expenditures, one of
the top OpEx costs, could stand to be lowered. The
practice of consolidation is one promoted also by the
United States government in the hopes of reducing
data center sizes and energy usage. The financial
gains for a company consolidating its data centers
are such that a 20 percent reduction in electricity
usage could result in savings of approximately $90
per server per year on the energy bill, as well as
reduced capital costs for the facility by $2,000 per
server.23 Increasing efficiencies with dense, high- We’ve seen in this white paper how SSDs can
performance SSD drives can offer more revenue from outperform HDDs in performance, reliability and cost
higher transactional speeds with a reduced operating savings. But SSDs have been improving far faster
space. than HDDs as they stand as a technology now. It’s in
these innovations that SSDs will far surpass HDDs.
Cutting power consumption creates a more social
benefit as well. In 2013, data centers in the United It isn’t until we explore the potential of 3D NAND
States produced approximately 97 million metric that we see the true future of SSDs. There’s only so
tons of CO2. In 2020, it’s predicted that data centers much one can fit on a 15nm transistor; 3D NAND
will produce 147 million metric tons.24 With so builds upwards in the same amount of space.
much work going to offsetting carbon footprints, With stacked layers of memory cells, 3D NAND
consolidation can save a company from any related scales 2D (planar) NAND to greater capacities and
taxes and fees. Such efficiency improvements are performance, with increased densities that result in
expected to save 620 billion kWh between 2010 lower costs per bit. Vertical architecture allows up to
and 2020.20 100 layers of cells to be stacked with potentials to
scale densities up to 1 terabit as we forecast today.
Another benefit of utilizing fewer servers upgraded
with high-performance SSDs is that there are 3D NAND offers benefits beyond vertical stacking.
reduced touch points for management. Cutting the Advances in algorithms additionally speed data
number of servers and data center space means writing to up to two times faster than traditional
there’s less of a management burden on hired SSDs while utilizing 45 percent less energy. Non-
labor. Additionally, SSDs create less noise, so the conductive insulation holds charges to prevent data
noise pollution within the data center is reduced as corruption, thereby increasing reliability beyond the
well, something the management staff would likely traditional SSD.
appreciate.
In the near future, SSDs will overtake HDDs in
Again, much of the TCO of a data center falls per gigabyte cost savings as it already has in
under OpEx costs. High-density SSDs lead the performance, and it will be 3D NAND leading
way in allowing for data center consolidation to the way.
substantially reduce such expenditures.
Consolidating for the Future | 9SUMMARY
It seems like a long time now since the days of the early oil pioneers. But as Rockefeller capitalized on fields
of oil, so too will today’s organizations benefit from fields of data if they are prepared to do so. Innovations
like 3D NAND will optimize data centers efficiently and reliably, allowing organizations to consolidate with
SSDs, generating more processing power within comparatively smaller spaces to data centers operating with
HDDs. With the cost of SSDs decreasing alongside increases in storage capabilities, the future for companies
operating in a world of big data looks mighty good.
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