Diabetes Voice - WORLD DIABETES DAY 2016 ISSUE
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Diabetes Voice
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON DIABETES Issue 4 November 2016
WORLD DIABETES DAY 2016 ISSUE
EYES ON DIABETES Over 400 million people currently live with diabetes. One in two is undiagnosed. Screening for type 2 diabetes is important to ensure early diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of serious complications. ACT TODAY TO CHANGE TOMORROW www.worlddiabetesday.org
CONTENTS
13 THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN 18 THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
Why screen for type 2 diabetes? Diabetic retinopathy: from evidence
and promise to real life observations
4 DIABETES VIEWS 13 Why screen for type 2 diabetes?
Welcome to the World Diabetes Day David Cavan
2016 Special Edition
Douglas Villarroel
18 Diabetic retinopathy: from evidence and
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN promise to real life observations
6 WDD 2016 around the world Sehnaz Karadeniz
23 Regional report: racing to Beat Diabetes in
10 IDF School of Diabetes: Tackling Brazil
diabetes through education Maria Tereza B. Lima
International Diabetes Federation © International Diabetes Federation, 2016 - All rights reserved. No part
Promoting diabetes care, prevention and a cure worldwide of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
Editor-in-Chief: Douglas Villarroel any means without the written prior permission of the International
Editor: Elizabeth Snouffer Diabetes Federation (IDF). Requests to reproduce or translate IDF
Editorial Coordinator: Lorenzo Piemonte publications should be addressed to communications@idf.org.
All correspondence should be addressed to: The material in this document is for information purposes only. IDF
Elizabeth Snouffer, Editor makes no representation or warrantires about the accuracy and reli-
International Diabetes Federation ability of any content in the document. Any opinions expressed are
Chaussée de La Hulpe 166, 1170 Brussels, Belgium those of their authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of
Tel: +32-2-538 55 11 | Fax: +32-2-538 51 14 IDF. IDF shall not be liable for any loss or damage in connection with
diabetesvoice@idf.org your use of this document. Through this document, you may link to
third-party websites, which are not under IDF’s control. The inclusion
Diabetes Voice is available online at www.diabetesvoice.org of such links does not imply a recommendation or endorsement by
IDF of any material, information, products and services advertised on
third-party websites, and IDF disclaims any liability with regard to your
access of such linked websites and use of any products or services
advertised there. While some information in Diabetes Voice is about
medical issues, it is not medical advice and should not be construed
as such.
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 3
DIABETES VIEWS
WELCOME
to the World Diabetes Day
2016 Special Edition
Douglas Villarroel
Editor-in-Chief
Diabetes Voice
World Diabetes Day (WDD) was first introduced WDD is led by thousands of volunteers and
as a day to raise awareness of diabetes and professionals dedicated to improving the lives
related complications in 1991. The International of people living with or at risk of diabetes. The
Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the World Health IDF develops the WDD campaign each year and
Organization developed the initiative in reaction awareness is disseminated with campaign support
to the rise in cases of diabetes worldwide. and facilitation by IDF member associations
November 14th was chosen as WDD because it worldwide, including the American Diabetes
is the birthday of Sir Frederick Banting, a medical Association, Diabetes UK, Diabetes Australia, the
scientist who co-discovered insulin and used the Canadian Diabetes Association, Diabetes South
discovery to successfully treat a 14-year old boy Africa, Diabetes New Zealand and the Diabetic
with type 1 diabetes. In 1923, Frederick Banting Association of India. These organizations arrange
and John James Rickard Macleod received the events at international, national and local levels.
Nobel Prize in Medicine for their discovery Typically, annual events leading up to and on the
which forever changed the fate of millions of day of November 14th include:
lives worldwide by increasing their chances for
Conferences, workshops and seminars for
survival.
health and public policy professionals.
WDD became an official United Nations Day on
The distribution of information to encourage
December 20, 2006 with the passage of United
at risk individuals to be screened for diabetes.
Nation Resolution 61/225. The official date aims
to raise awareness of diabetes, its prevention and Events to highlight diabetes in local and
the medical care that people with the condition national media, including television,
need to avoid devastating complications. newspapers and Internet publications.
Governments, non-governmental organizations
WDD races to increase awareness of diabetes.
and private businesses are encouraged to increase
awareness of the disease, particularly among the
general population and the media.
4 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016
DIABETES VIEWS
Civil leaders around the world issue proclamations ‘Eyes on Diabetes’ campaign speaks directly to
on WDD to raise awareness of diabetes in their the risk of eye disease leading to blindness. Of the
communities. Many events aim to raise money 415 million adults worldwide living with diabetes
for research into improved treatments for type (2015), over one third will develop some form of
1 and type 2 diabetes, and ultimately a cure for diabetic retinopathy – a complication of diabetes
type 1 diabetes. that can lead to vision impairment and blindness.
In addition, more than 93 million adults, or one in
The theme of World Diabetes Day regularly
three, currently living with diabetes have diabetic
changes. For example, the WDD theme between
retinopathy. Early detection and timely treatment
2009 and 2013 was focused on diabetes
of diabetic retinopathy can prevent vision loss
education and prevention. Other past WDD
and reduce the impact of diabetes on individuals,
campaign themes have included human rights,
their carers and society.
healthy eating, obesity, the disadvantaged and
vulnerable, and children/teenagers with or at This November, IDF hopes to achieve 1 million
risk for diabetes. These campaign themes are individual screenings through the Test2Prevent
integrated into massive public events such as initiative. The year’s activities and materials will
press events to discuss the increase in diabetes focus on promoting the importance of screening
prevalence, sporting events, breakfasts, leaflet/ to ensure early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
poster campaigning, and lighting ceremonies. and treatment to reduce the risk of serious
“Going blue” marks WDD with millions of complications. Many people who live with
advocates proudly wearing blue hats, t-shirts and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes are not aware of
even painted faces with the blue circle. Landmark their condition and are at a much greater risk of
buildings and monuments around the world are complications.
lit up in blue to help spread awareness of the day.
By the time of diagnosis, diabetes complications
In 2014-15, ‘Healthy Living and Diabetes’ was may already be present so early screening is very
the theme of WDD. Diabetes education and important. The World Diabetes Day campaign
prevention is critical to help the public understand ‘Eyes on Diabetes’ also stresses that screening
diabetes warning signs and the risks associated for all diabetes-related complications is an
with diabetes. Once a person is diagnosed with essential part of managing all types of diabetes
diabetes it is critical that they are empowered for healthier, more productive and longer lives.
to self-manage, and have access to care for best
management practices and treatment.
In this way, World Diabetes Day also aims to
enhance diabetes education worldwide so it
provides the information people need in order to
live with the condition and treat it carefully. The
theme for 2016 ‘Eyes on Diabetes’ focuses on the
importance of early screening for diabetes. One
in two people with diabetes remain undiagnosed,
which makes them particularly susceptible to
the complications of the condition, causing
substantial disability and premature death. The
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 5
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
WDD 2016 AROUND THE WORLD
25TH ANNIVERSARY
World Diabetes Day (WDD) has been celebrated Today, the World Diabetes Day campaign isn’t
as the official awareness day for diabetes for limited to just one day:
25 years, since 1991. IDF and the World Health
WDD is a platform to promote IDF
Organization created the initiative in response
advocacy efforts throughout the year.
to growing concerns about the escalating health
threat posed by diabetes worldwide. World WDD is leading global efforts to promote
Diabetes Day became an official United Nations coordinated and concerted actions to
Day in 2006 with the passage of United Nation confront diabetes as a critical global
Resolution 61/225. health issue.
6 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
WDD is represented by IDF’s blue circle logo that November 11-13.
was adopted in 2007 after the passage of the
Rwanda
UN Resolution on diabetes. The blue circle is the
global symbol for diabetes awareness, signifying
The Rwandan Diabetes Association has a week-
the unity of the global diabetes community in long series of activities planned for World
response to the diabetes epidemic. Diabetes Day. These include screening for type
2 diabetes, heart disease and eye complications
The theme of World Diabetes Day (WDD) 2016 is on the occasion of Kigali Car Free Day on 6
‘Eyes on diabetes’. WDD key campaign messages November; a Blue Half-Marathon on 13 November
include: to increase diabetes awareness among the
Rwandan population and promote the importance
Screening for type 2 diabetes in of physical activity in helping to prevent type 2
communities worldwide is critical to diabetes and diabetes complications; the lighting
modify the course of undiagnosed and of the Kigali Convention Center in Blue; and an
untreated diabetes and reduce the risk of extensive media campaign through national,
complications. community and private radio, national television
and print media.
Screening for diabetes complications,
including retinopathy and other eye EUROPE
diseases, is an essential part of managing
all types of diabetes. Belgium
In Brussels, the IDF European Region will be
With over 230 national diabetes associations
organizing a lunch debate on “Mobilising Political
in 170 countries and territories, IDF represents
Will” at the European Parliament on 8 November.
the interests of the growing number of people
The event will be hosted by Marian Harkin MEP and
with diabetes and those at risk. The following
Anne Hedh MEP to facilitate a discussion between
compilation represents a snapshot of all the
MEPs, the Commission and IDF Europe Members
awareness activities organized by the IDF’s global
on the development of a European strategy to
diabetes community to mark World Diabetes Day
prevent diabetes and diabetes complications.
2016.
The partnership with the European Parliament
includes an exhibition on diabetes, blood glucose
Visit www.idf.org/wdd-events to see a more
testing for MEPs and staff, as well as a ‘vitality’
comprehensive overview planned activities this
healthy dish on offer for the whole week at the
November.
canteen of the Parliament.
AFRICA
Denmark
The Danish Diabetes Association will be
Ghana
conducting type 2 diabetes risk assessments
at approximately 200 venues throughout the
Diabetes Youth Care will be organizing a two-
country on November 14. In addition, landmarks
day mini camp and eye screening session for
such as Frederiksborg Castle in Copenhagen and
young people living with diabetes in Ghana on
the Energy Tower in Roskilde will be lit in blue for
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 7
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
World Diabetes Day. In Beirut, the Chronic Care Center will attempt
to form the world’s largest human blue circle.
Germany
Also in the city, 400 individuals will participate
DiabetesDE has joined forces with German in the Beirut Marathon on November 13 to raise
Diabetes Aid and the German online community diabetes awareness, with blood glucose testing
#dedoc to conduct a country-wide type 2 diabetes being provided at the start.
screening campaign – Germany Measures! –
through online risk assessments and blood glucose United Arab Emirates
screenings during the month of November.
In Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City will
Turkey conduct a community-based outreach programme
to promote healthy lifestyles, prevention and early
The Turkish Diabetes Association will be
detection of diabetes, through raising awareness
organizing a week-long series of awareness
among public and health care providers. Over
activities in Istanbul under the theme “Eat Healthy
2,000 people are projected to participate in
- Be active - Prevent Diabetes”. These include
screening for type 2 diabetes.
screenings for type 2 diabetes in collaboration
with the city administration, the distribution of
NORTH AMERICA
brochures and type 2 diabetes risk assessments
to the general population. Diabetes awareness
Guyana
videos will be displayed on public trains, metros,
buses, ferries and airplanes. The Guyana Diabetes Association will be
organizing a cocktail reception and dinner
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA in the capital Georgetown, involving local
and international speakers and government
Lebanon representatives.
8 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
Trinidad and Tobago WESTERN PACIFIC
The Girls Association of Trinidad and Tobago
Australia
has partnered with Caribbean Lifestyle Diabetes
Centre to bring awareness to diabetes. On 14 Diabetes Queensland is organizing a fundraising
November there will be a talk on diabetes and the event - SWIM10 SWIM-A-THON to support vital
formation of human blue circles at 5 locations on research and support services for Queenslanders
the island. living with all types of diabetes.
Hong Kong
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
Youth Diabetes Action is organizing a Diabetic
Brazil Eye Disease Seminar in Hong Kong on 26th
November 2016. Attendees can meet with
In São Paulo, a blue picnic (Piquenique Azul) will
an ophthalmologist and learn how to prevent
be held for people with diabetes and their friends
diabetic eye disease.
and families. The event will feature physical
activity, talks about living with diabetes, music Malaysia
and competitions with prizes.
Students’ Club Tour De’Force of the Faculty of
Hotel & Tourism Management, UiTM Sabah will
Honduras
be organizing an outdoor recreational event on
A social media campaign will be conducted using Sunday 13 November 2016. The main highlight
the hashtag #ojoconladiabetesHN to increase will be the formation of a human blue circle on
diabetes awareness and promote the use of the top of the picturesque Bukit Tirig hill. Activities
blue circle, the global symbol of diabetes. for local communities and participants will also
include medical check-ups and general awareness
SOUTH EAST ASIA about diabetes.
India
In Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Lekhraj Diabetes
Hospital & Medical College will organize a day-
long event that will include a diabetes seminar
and press conference, risk assessment for type
2 diabetes, random blood glucose testing for
individuals identified as being at moderate to very
high risk, and a diabetes walk with blue balloons
handed out to all participants. Activities will
culminate with the blue lighting of the hospital.
Maldives
The Diabetes Society of Maldives will conduct
free blood sugar testing at multiple locations
across the country on 14 November.
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 9
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
IDF SCHOOL OF DIABETES: TACKLING
DIABETES THROUGH EDUCATION
World Diabetes Day 2016 on 14 November marks the launch of the International
Diabetes Federation’s School of Diabetes, a flagship initiative of the Federation to help
address the gaps that currently exist in the provision of quality care for people with
diabetes around the world. Diabetes Voice spoke to IDF President Dr Shaukat Sadikot
about the IDF School of Diabetes and what it will achieve.
Why is there a need for a School of Diabetes? providers, particularly primary care physicians,
diabetes educators and people with diabetes.
When the 5th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas
came out in 2011, it had a significant amount of If we are to prevail against diabetes, we have to
data but one statistic stood out in that year: one empower health professionals so that they are
person died of diabetes related complications best equipped to address all aspects of diabetes.
every SEVEN seconds. When the 7th edition of Education is our main strategy to tackle diabetes
and a key focus area for IDF.
the Diabetes Atlas was published in 2015, we
learned—every SIX seconds one person dies from What are the main components of the IDF
diabetes (5 million deaths). School of Diabetes?
During this time, almost every association The IDF School of Diabetes is international
had published new guidelines and consensus in scope and will provide a source of online
statements, and a good deal of new information education and certified courses on various
was published in a myriad of journals disseminated aspects of diabetes prevention and care. Certain
through a variety of conferences and meetings. components will be open access and deal with
Additionally, a variety of new medications were basic education and information for people with
launched for the treatment of diabetes. Despite diabetes as well as their healthcare providers.
all of these advances, the care and treatment of The certified courses have been developed for
people with diabetes worldwide is not improving physicians, both specialists and primary care
at an acceptable rate. physicians, and for diabetes educators. The online
courses will use the continuing education format
Today, we have a huge amount of knowledge
so that participants will be able to update their
about diabetes and we also have medications
knowledge for a specific period of time. Some
for treating diabetes, but too many people
of the courses will be tutorials with access to
living with diabetes today do not have access
tutors and mentors from the seven regions of IDF.
to information, care or treatment. The primary
Initially, the courses will be available in English,
aim of the activities of the International Diabetes
and further languages will be added in future,
Federation (IDF) is to improve the lives of people
subject to funding.
with diabetes and therefore, it is time to come
out of the ivory towers of academia and look The School will also offer an open forum for
at the ground reality. We have an obligation to discussion, linking to D-Net, where people
increase diabetes knowledge among healthcare with diabetes and healthcare providers can ask
10 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
questions and share their experiences. we anticipate will expand to as many countries as
possible. In addition, individuals who complete
It is important to make clear that the IDF School
the certificate courses will be eligible to become
of Diabetes will not issue degrees or diplomas
Fellows of the IDF School of Diabetes.
but only certify that individuals have undergone
training in their field. A nominal fee will be
charged for the certificate courses to ensure the
future sustainability of the School.
How will the School be governed and structured?
The School of Diabetes will be governed by a
Board of Directors comprised of representatives
from the seven IDF Regions. The the day-to-
day management of the School will be the
responsibility of an appointed Dean and Vice
Dean who will head small committees that will
oversee all content. A Science Audit group will
specifically validate the content of the certified
courses. An Honorary Faculty of around 250
experts from various fields will set up the courses,
assist with updating them, and act as tutors and
examiners. They will also be responsible for the
open access education and lead the discussion
groups in the open forum. The faculty will also
work closely with IDF Centers of Education, which IDF President Dr. Shaukat Sadikot
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 11THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
IDF SCHOOL OF DIABETES CERTIFIED COURSES*
1. IDF Certified Course for Diabetes • Diabetes care by primary care physicians and
Educators establishing a diabetes clinic.
• Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy.
• Epidemiology, classification and diagnosis of
• Diabetes and oral health.
diabetes.
• Infections in diabetes.
• The role of the diabetes educator, team
• Emergencies in diabetes.
management, teaching and learning.
• Diabetes in special populations.
psychosocial and behavioural approaches.
• Physical activity and nutrition therapy. 3. IDF Certified Course for Specialists
• Insulin administration.
• Self-management and sick-day management. • Physiopathology of type 2 diabetes.
• Pre-diabetes. • Pharmacological treatment I: Metformin, SU, GL,
• Community awareness, promotion and AGI, TZD.
prevention, research, evaluation. • Pharmacological treatment II: Glitptin, GLP,
• Diabetes in special populations. SGLT2I.
• Insulin therapy: initiation, intensification and
2. IDF Certified Course for Primary Care newer insulins.
Physicians • Microvascular complications (retinopathy,
nephropathy, DPN and DAN).
• Epidemiology, classification and diagnosis of
• Microvascular complications (nephropathy).
diabetes.
• Macrovascular complications (CVD, PVD, CV risks
• Physiopathology of type 2 diabetes.
and HF).
• Pre-diabetes.
• Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy.
• Management guidelines.
• Diabetes and oral health.
• Non-pharmacological treatment of diabetes:
• Infections in diabetes.
diet, exercise and lifestyle modification.
• Emergencies in diabetes.
• Insulin therapy: initiation and intensification.
• Sexual life and diabetes,
• Physical activity and nutrition therapy.
*The course modules will be made progressively available on
www.idfschoolofdiabetes.org starting November 14. Further
modules will also be added subsequently.
The IDF School of Diabetes is supported by an an unrestricted educational grant from
AstraZeneca. Danilo Verge, Vice President CVMD, Global Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, shares
his thoughts on the partnership.
Please tell us why AstraZeneca is partnering with IDF on the School of Diabetes?
“Diabetes continues to be one of the world’s most significant health challenges. While our
focus at AstraZeneca includes the development of medicines that reduce the global burden
and complications of diabetes, we’re also committed to developing and supporting programs
that provide education and enable access to healthcare. The IDF’s School of Diabetes initiative
fits perfectly with our ambition.
With a public health challenge as great as the one we face with diabetes, we know we can’t
act alone if we hope to address it effectively with a strong impact to reduce the global burden
of diabetes. Partnerships working with organisations such as the IDF are key.“
12 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
WHY SCREEN FOR
TYPE 2 DIABETES?
David Cavan
It is well known that the number of people with diabetes is increasing rapidly across
the globe such that in 2015, IDF estimated there were 415 million adults living with
diabetes, the vast majority of whom have type 2 diabetes. What is not so well known
is that almost half of all people living with diabetes do not know they have it.1
The key goal of management of type 2 particular risk from developing complications,
diabetes is to help people with the condition because the signs and symptoms of diabetes
achieve good glycaemic control through best are often not felt or detected for many years,
practice for care, treatment and education for even decades. Tragically, it is not uncommon
self-management. Staying within near normal for people to be first diagnosed with diabetes
blood glucose values improves current wellbeing after presenting with vision loss due to diabetic
and minimises the risk of future complications. retinopathy, or a neuropathic foot wound that
People with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes are at may require amputation. Given this predicament,
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 13THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
there is a race against time to identify those with
undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, and to provide TYPE 2 DIABETES RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Circle the right alternative and add up your points.
WHAT CAN YOU DO
TO LOWER YOUR RISK OF DEVELOPING TYPE 2 DIABETES?
You can’t do anything about your age or your genetic Early stages of type 2 diabetes seldom cause any
a diabetes treatment plan that incorporates 1. Age
0 p.
2 p.
Under 45 years
45–54 years
6. Have you ever taken medication for high
blood pressure on regular basis?
predisposition. On the other hand, the rest of the fac-
tors predisposing to diabetes, such as overweightness,
abdominal obesity, sedentary lifestyle, eating habits
and smoking, are up to you. Your lifestyle choices can
symptoms. If you scored 12–14 points in the Risk Test,
you would be well advised to seriously consider your
physical activity and eating habits and pay attention
to your weight, to prevent yourself from developing
3 p. 55–64 years 0 p. No
nutrition and exercise guidelines, often with 4 p. Over 64 years completely prevent type 2 diabetes or at least delay its diabetes. Please contact a public-health nurse or your
2 p. Yes
onset until a much greater age. own doctor for further guidance and tests.
2. Body-mass index 7. Have you ever been found to have high blood
(See reverse of form) If there is diabetes in your family, you should be care- If you scored 15 points or more in the Risk Test, you
glucose (eg in a health examination, during an
ful not to put on weight over the years. Growth of the should have your blood glucose measured (both fast-
medication, before such complications arise. Not
0 p. Lower than 25 kg/m2 illness, during pregnancy)?
1 p. 25–30 kg/m2 waistline, in particular, increases the risk of diabetes, ing value and value after a dose of glucose or a meal)
3 p. Higher than 30 kg/m2 whereas regular moderate physical activity will lower the to determine if you have diabetes without symptoms.
0 p. No
risk. You should also pay attention to your diet: take care
5 p. Yes
3. Waist circumference measured below the ribs to eat plenty of fibre-rich cereal products and vegetables
only is this essential for the future wellbeing of (usually at the level of the navel) every day. Omit excess hard fats from your diet and fa-
8. Have any of the members of your immediate
MEN WOMEN vour soft vegetable fats.
family or other relatives been diagnosed with
0 p. Less than 94 cm Less than 80 cm diabetes (type 1 or type 2)?
3 p. 94–102 cm 80–88 cm BODY-MASS INDEX
the individuals concerned, it also makes economic
4 p. More than 102 cm More than 88 cm 0 p. No
The body-mass index is used to assess whether a If your body-mass index is 25–30, you will benefit
3 p. Yes: grandparent, aunt, uncle or first
person is normal weight or not. The index is calculated from losing weight; at least you should take care
cousin (but no own parent, brother, sister
by dividing body weight (kg) by the square of body that your weight doesn’t increase beyond this. If
or child)
height (m). For example, if your height is 165 cm and your body-mass index is higher than 30, the adverse
sense, as treating the complications of diabetes
5 p. Yes: parent, brother, sister or own child
your weight 70 kg, your body-mass index will be health effects of obesity will start to show, and it
70/(1.65 x 1.65), or 25.7. will be essential to lose weight.
BODY-MASS INDEX CHART
Total Risk Score
accounts for a substantial proportion of hospital The risk of developing
type 2 diabetes within 10 years is
Lower than 7 Low: estimated 1 in 100
Height (cm)
admissions and overall diabetes healthcare costs.
will develop disease
4. Do you usually have daily at least 30 minutes
7–11 Slightly elevated:
of physical activity at work and/or during leisure
estimated 1 in 25
time (including normal daily activity)?
will develop disease
0 p. Yes
12–14 Moderate: estimated 1 in 6
2 p. No
will develop disease
15–20 High: estimated 1 in 3
How can we best identify people with
5. How often do you eat vegetables, fruit or
will develop disease
berries?
Higher Very high:
0 p. Every day
than 20 estimated 1 in 2 normal weight mild obesity marked obesity severe obesity morbid obesity
1 p. Not every day
will develop disease Weight (kg)
undiagnosed diabetes? The answer of course
Please turn over
Test designed by Professor Jaakko Tuomilehto, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, and Jaana Lindström, MFS, National Public Health Institute.
The FINDRISC Diabetes Risk Score
lies with screening. The WHO-IDF report on
Screening for Type 2 diabetes (2003) defines
screening as “the process of identifying those
individuals who are at sufficiently high risk of a WHO IN 2011 RECOMMENDED
specific disorder to warrant further investigation THAT HBA1C COULD BE USED
or direct action.”2 Before exploring how screening AS A SCREENING TEST FOR
should be undertaken, it is important to define
who falls into the category of sufficiently high
DIABETES WITH A CUT-POINT
risk. Although type 2 diabetes is increasing OF 6.5%
progressively across the world, there are large
differences in prevalence between countries risk and whether they need further assessment.
and so wider population-based screening might Those identified as high risk should have a
be more appropriate in a country with high diagnostic blood test taken. These are shown in the
prevalence such as Nauru (with estimated age- table. The ‘gold standard’ for diagnosis of diabetes
adjusted prevalence of 24.1%) than in a country is an oral glucose tolerance test. This involves
such as Tanzania (4.1%).1 Known risk factors for having a blood sample taken for measurement
type 2 diabetes are well accepted, and a number of glucose after an overnight fast, then taking a
of risk assessment scores have been developed in drink containing 75 grams of glucose, followed
order to help identify those at high risk. One of two hours later by another blood sample to
the most well-known is FINDRISC, developed in measure glucose level. The advantage of this test
Finland.3 This has been validated in a number of is that it assesses both fasting and postprandial
countries, and is available in an interactive form glucose in a standardised way. It is however quite
on the IDF website.4 A number of other countries inconvenient and time consuming for the person
(including France, Canada, Germany, UK and taking the test, as well as for the staff conducting
Australia) also have similar scores designed it. Alternatives are to measure just the fasting
for their own populations, as listed on the IDF value (of necessity this still requires an overnight
website.4 The scores generally ask about age, fast and may miss postprandial hyperglycaemia)
ethnicity, body mass index, waist circumference, or a random glucose value (but this may miss
diet, physical activity, history of high blood fasting hyperglycaemia).
pressure and family history of diabetes. A score is
generated from the responses and this guides the In order to address these issues, an expert group
person completing the form as to their level of convened by WHO in 2011 recommended that
14 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
Table
Intermediate hyperglycaemia
Diagnostic Test Diabetes
(‘pre-diabetes’)
110-125 mg/dL ≥126 mg/dL
Fasting Glucose
(6.1-7mmol/L) (7.0 mmol/L)
OR
6.0-6.4% ≥6.5%
HbA1c
(42-47 mmol/mol) (48 mmol/mol).
OR
2-hour glucose following
ingestion of 75g glucose load
140-199 mg/dL ≥200 mg/dL
Or random plasma glucose
(7.8-11.0 mmol/L) (11.1 mmol/L).
WHO, 2006.
HbA1c could be used as a screening test for these studies also showed is that a proportion
diabetes with a cut-point of 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) of people with pre-diabetes reversed to normal
being diagnostic.5 The advantage is that this is a glucose tolerance.9 This is in stark contrast to the
single test that can be taken at any time of day commonly-held belief up until the 1990s, which
and does not require fasting. However, it is more was that if you had impaired glucose tolerance
expensive than measuring glucose and therefore (as it was then called), there was a high chance
less affordable in low-resource settings. It is you would develop type 2 diabetes and there
important to be aware that a value below 6.5% was little that could be done to influence that
does not conclusively exclude diabetes. While risk. One can imagine the psychological impact
the finding of a high concentration of glucose in of such a diagnosis on an individual. Indeed, one
the urine is likely to indicate diabetes, it is not of the potential risks of undertaking a screening
recommended as a reliable screening test as a test is the impact on the person, quite apart from
clear urine test does not exclude diabetes. the impact of the condition being screened for.
These diagnostic tests will determine whether
a person does indeed have diabetes, thus
enabling them to receive appropriate lifestyle
advice and medication, if necessary, to manage IT IS POSSIBLE TO PREVENT
their type 2 diabetes and help reduce the risk PROGRESSION TO THE
of complications. Importantly, these tests
DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 2
will also identify if they are in the category
of intermediate hyperglycaemia, commonly DIABETES.
known as pre-diabetes. The significance here is
that, if people with pre-diabetes make lifestyle There is evidence from the ADDITION study10
changes, it is possible to prevent progression amongst others that screening for type 2 diabetes
to the development of type 2 diabetes. This does not make people feel anxious or depressed,
was demonstrated in a number of studies in the or falsely reassured if their screening test was
early years of this century.6,7,8 What some of negative. However, in this study, people who
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 15THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
The IDF online type 2 diabetes risk assessment, adapted from FINDRISC
screened positive for diabetes were offered advised that individuals can reduce their risk of
lifestyle advice and treatment. It is therefore type 2 diabetes by:
essential, that regardless of the outcome of the
Choosing water or unsweetened coffee or
screening, the person being screened is offered
tea instead of fruit juice, soda, and other
appropriate advice on what to do with the result.
sugar sweetened beverages.
Many existing screening questionnaires, such as
the FINDRISC, provide some basic information Eating at least three servings of vegetables
appropriate to each individual’s score. It is every day, including green leafy vegetables
even more important that those who undergo such as spinach, lettuce or kale.
a diagnostic blood test receive information
Eating up to three servings of fresh fruit every
appropriate to the result. For those whose levels
day.
are normal, this could be as simple as some
basic written information about maintaining a Choosing nuts, a piece of fresh fruit or sugar-
healthy lifestyle and avoiding weight gain. For free yoghurt for a snack.
those with pre-diabetes, this should include
Limiting alcohol intake to a maximum of 2
more specific information about measures that
standard drinks per day.
individuals could take to help reduce their risk of
developing type 2 diabetes. These will need to be Choosing lean cuts of white meat, poultry
culturally appropriate, but should at least focus and seafood instead of processed meat or red
on encouraging increased physical activity and on meat.
reducing intake of sugar and processed foods that
Choosing peanut butter instead of chocolate
are high in fat, sugar and salt. Such information
spread or jam.
could be based on the IDF healthy eating advice
published for World Diabetes Day 2014, which Choosing whole-grain bread instead of white
16 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
bread, brown rice instead of white rice, whole References
grain pasta instead of refined pasta. 1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes
These same messages will also be appropriate for Atlas, 7th edn. Brussels, Belgium: International
those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes; however, Diabetes Federation, 2015. www.diabetesatlas.
these individuals should also be encouraged to org.
visit their doctor for a full assessment to determine 2. World Health Organization. Screening for type
whether additional treatment is needed and 2 diabetes. Geneva: World Health Organization;
whether their diabetes has already led to any 2003. www.who.int/diabetes/publications/en/
complications that need to be addressed. screening_mnc03.pdf
3. Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score:
In conclusion, there are accessible tools for a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk.
identifying people at high risk of developing Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 725–731.
diabetes and of diagnosing them with either pre- 4. IDF online type 2 diabetes risk assessment, www.
diabetes or type 2 diabetes. IDF encourages the idf.org/type-2-diabetes-risk-assessment
global community to screen for diabetes because 5. World Health Organization. Use of Glycated
early lifestyle intervention and treatment in both Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes
groups can protect future health and reduce Mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization;
healthcare costs required to treat complications. 2011. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/
report-hba1c_2011.pdf
David Cavan, MD, is Director of
6. Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. The long-term effect of
Policy and Programmes at IDF.
lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the
China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-
year follow-up study. Lancet 2008; 371: 1783–9.
7. Lindstrom J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, et al. The
Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): Lifestyle
intervention and 3-year results on diet and
physical activity. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 3230–6.
8. PP Research Group. Reduction in the Incidence
of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention or
Metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
9. Perreault L, Pan Q, Mather KJ et al. Effect of
regression from prediabetes to normal glucose
regulation on long-term reduction in diabetes risk:
results from the Diabetes Prevention Program
Outcomes Study. Lancet 2012; 379: 2243-51.
10. Lauritzen T, Borch-Johnson K, Davies M et al.
Screening for diabetes: what do the results of
the ADDITION trial mean for clinical practice?
Diabetes Manage 2013; 3: 367-378.
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 17THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY:
FROM EVIDENCE AND PROMISE
TO REAL LIFE OBSERVATIONS
Dr. Sehnaz Karadeniz
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most feared complications of diabetes and one of the
leading causes of preventable blindness in the working age population in developed
countries. As the number of people with diabetes increases worldwide, the number of
people who are at risk for developing retinopathy increases, too.
Additionally, there are approximately 193 million diabetic retinopathy; the first article in PubMed,
people worldwide with undiagnosed diabetes an index of reputable medical journals, dates
according to the IDF estimates which is close back to 1946 and more than 28,700 articles have
to half of all people with diabetes.1 People appeared since then in PubMed only.
with undiagnosed diabetes are more prone to
What is the current evidence-base in the field
diabetes complications like retinopathy leading
of diabetic retinopathy, and the research that
to blindness because living with uncontrolled and
further raises our hopes for the future?
untreated diabetes for many years, if not decades,
is a well known consequence. For nearly the last three decades, studies have
clearly shown the long-term benefits of good
Today, it is long overdue for all multi-stakeholders
glycaemic control, delay and slow down the
involved in the prevention and care of people at
progression of diabetic retinopathy. A clear
risk for or living with diabetes to have their eyes
and an accepted evidence base comes from
on diabetic retinopathy and other long-term
the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (a
diabetes complications.
controlled clinical trial in T1DM that ran from
Seeing is believing: current evidence-base 1983-1989), and the Epidemiology of Diabetes
Interventions and Complications (a long-term
Every person with diabetes is at risk for
observational follow-up study). After a diabetes
developing diabetic retinopathy, and the risk
duration of 30 years, the cumulative incidence
increases with the duration of diabetes. In the
of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was 50%
1930’s many scientists thought that middle-aged
in the conventional treatment group with less
overweight people with type 2 diabetes were
tight glucose control, and 21% in the intensive
the only phenotype to have diabetic retinopathy.
treatment group—a differential that reflects
After the discovery of insulin in 1921, doctors
the powerful effect of intensive blood glucose
and researchers witnessed that younger people
control over time.3
with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) started living longer
and that they also were developing retinopathy.2 In addition, many treatment advances that began
Since the early decades of 1900, a growing as compelling, are today the practice standard.
number of studies have been published on For nearly four decades, laser photocoagulation
18 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
has been the effective approach for the treatment in 2014, and another anti-VEGF, aflibercept, was
of sight-threatening retinopathy. The strongest approved in 2015 with similar indications. Other
evidence came from two landmark trials in the molecules are also on the way.
1970s and 1980s; the Diabetic Retinopathy-
The question is whether these favourable
and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy
research outcomes in closely-followed up and
Studies. These studies showed how pan-retinal
highly motivated individuals with diabetes are
laser photocoagulation can reduce the risk of
translated into the real lives of people with
moderate to severe visual loss at least by 50%, if
diabetes?
timely intervened.
The relationship between the period of diagnosis
In 2012, the FDA approved ranibizumab (an anti-
of T1DM and the changes in visual impairment
VEGF) for the treatment of diabetic macular
was examined in a population-based longitudinal
edema. Ranibizumab was the first approved
study. The prevalence of visual impairment was
treatment in nearly 30 years for intraocular use to
lower in those persons who were diagnosed
treat diabetic retinopathy in people with severe
more recently than in those diagnosed earlier.
diabetic macular edema. A dexamethasone
For example, the prevalence of visual impairment
intravitreal implant (corticosteroid) was approved
in people with duration of T1DM between 15-19
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 19THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
years was 13% among those diagnosed in 1960- they develop visual loss, which, by then is often
69, and 4% among those diagnosed in 1975-79.4 too late. Quality of life, and often income, can be
Although there is a huge improvement, it is still severely impacted.
beyond what we desire, and diabetic retinopathy
Therefore, the case for retinopathy screening is
is still among the leading causes of preventable
widely recognized, and it also satisfies the classic
blindness.
screening criteria for a disease, as defined by
Wilson and Jungner, back in 1968. These criteria
are still valid today:
IF PEOPLE WITH DIABETES It is an important health problem; there
is an accepted treatment for patients
DO NOT HAVE THE
with recognized disease, facilities for
RECOMMENDED SCREENING diagnosis and treatment are available.
AND FOLLOW-UP, THEY There is an early asymptomatic stage.
MAY NOT BE AWARE OF There is a suitable examination;
the test for retinal examination is
THEIR PROBLEM UNTIL THEY
acceptable. The natural history of the
DEVELOP VISUAL LOSS disease is more or less understood;
we know whom to treat. It is cost-
Keeping our eyes on diabetes effective. The patients need to be
regularly screened.6
Education of people with diabetes is very
important. This is the only way that they become The International Diabetes Federation together
part of the care team, get involved in decision- with the Fred Hollows Foundation have
making as informed people and take responsibility published “Diabetes eye health. A guide for
of their own care. Unfortunately, availability and health professionals” with a special emphasis
access to diabetes education is a major problem on screening and integration of health services,
in many countries. Just recently, the Diabetes in order to improve the eye care of people with
Attitudes, Wishes and Needs 2 study (DAWN2™) diabetes, and to prevent the burden of diabetes
which ran across 17 countries showed that related visual loss.
only 48.8% of respondents had participated in
Sadly, in our world today the number of people
diabetes educational programs and/or activities
with diabetes who have recommended eye
to help manage their diabetes.5
examinations and follow-up are much less than
A very striking feature of diabetic retinopathy the numbers desired. This disparity constitutes
is that it may not cause any complaints until many lost opportunities for saving sight and
late stages. This is a significant opportunity for preventing moderate or severe visual loss in the
people who have their recommended fundus majority of cases.
examination regularly. If sight-threatening
Improving our vision for healthcare today,
retinopathy is diagnosed early it gives the
ensures a healthier tomorrow
opportunity for timely treatment, and to preserve
vision. In contrast, if people with diabetes do not There is a clear gap between the available evidence
have the recommended screening and follow- and its translation into the lives of people with
up, they may not be aware of their problem until diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy remains one of the
20 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
leading causes of preventable blindness despite References
the tremendous advances in medical technology, 1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes
medicine, and medical devices. Atlas, 7th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International
Diabetes Federation, 2015.
These gaps may exist due to several factors;
2. No authors listed. Discussion on diabetic
ranging from inadequate healthcare systems,
retinopathy. Proc R Soc Med 1951; 44(8): 742-54.
uneducated or under-resourced healthcare
3. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/
providers and finally, to people with diabetes
Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and
themselves who cannot access information
Complications (DCCT/ EDIC) Research Group,
or treatment. We can bridge these gaps by
Nathan DM, Zinman B, Cleary PA, et al. Modern-
transforming our healthcare systems from
day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus
reactive to proactive and from being disease-
after 30 years’ duration: the diabetes control and
centered to patient-centered. We can provide
complications trial/ epidemiology of diabetes
better integration of health services, by
interventions and complications and Pittsburgh
improving the coordination and collaboration
epidemiology of diabetes complications
between the health disciplines, and by making
experience (1983–2005). Arch Intern Med
healthcare services, medicines and medical
2009;169:1307–1316.
devices accessible, available and affordable.
4. Klein R, Lee KE, Knudtson MD et al. Changes in visual
To achieve all of these, we need comprehensive impairment prevalence by period of diagnosis of
nationwide diabetes planning. Retinopathy diabetes: The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of
screening and management should be part of Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2009; 116:
this strong, coordinated and comprehensive 1937-42.
response. To have a positive change in ‘real 5. Nicolucci A, Kovacs Burns K, Holt RI, et al.
life’ for successful implementation, a strong, Diabetes, Attitude, Wishes and Needs second
coordinated and comprehensive plan can only be study (DAWN2): Cross-national benchmarking
realized with measurable goals, monitoring and of diabetes-related psychosocial outcomes for
allocation of adequate financing. people with diabetes. Diabet Med 2013; 30: 767-
77.
Today, we cannot definitively prevent the
6. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice
development of diabetic retinopathy, but
of screening for disease. Geneva: WHO; 1968.
prevention of related moderate to severe visual
http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/4/07-
impairment is in our hands. We all have to work
050112BP.pdf.
together in order to save the sight and maintain
the quality of life in people with diabetes.
Dr. Sehnaz Karadeniz is IDF Europe Regional
Chair, Professor in Ophthalmology at Istanbul
Science University and Founding Member of
the Turkish Diabetes Foundation. She lives in
Istanbul, Turkey.
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 2122 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016
THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
REGIONAL REPORT: RACING
TO BEAT DIABETES IN BRAZIL
Maria Tereza B. Lima
The Race to Beat Diabetes, an annual promotion by the Institute for Children with Diabetes
(ICD), reached its 18th milestone in 2016. Thousands of people gathered at the Moinhos de
Ventos Park in Porto Alegre, Brazil on June 5, 2016. Approximately 20 thousand people partic-
ipated in the event; many ran the course while others cheered on and donated to the event by
buying a t-shirt for a noble cause - to help children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes live
better lives. In addition to promoting healthy physical exercise and volunteer work within the
community, the Race to Beat Diabetes brings much needed public awareness about diabetes.
Moreover, the race raises funds for the benefit of the 3,188 children and adolescents assisted
by ICD with the help of the Conceição Hospital Group and the Brazilian Ministry of Health.
The Race to Beat Diabetes was originally inspired participants that finish the race as a token of
by the successful and hugely popular races in appreciation for their achievement and solidarity,
Europe and the US focused on raising funds for all and prizes are also distributed. At the final
types of diabetes. The first Race to Beat Diabetes ceremony, trophies are given to ICD sponsors
was held in 1999 with a special fundraising and to those participants who raised the most
purpose: to build the actual center for ICD. The money, often from the activity of selling t-shirts
ICD building project started as a dream but was to friends, companies and schools.
financially achieved with the help of community
Generating excitement for the race
donors. From 1999–2004, all Race to Beat
Diabetes fundraising activities and donations This year the theme chosen for the 18th race
were dedicated to the ICD building. was to show the great rivalry between the most
beloved soccer teams of the region. As many
Since 2005, all financial resources raised from people from other parts of the world may know,
the Race to Beat Diabetes have been used to soccer is a very significant part of Brazilian culture.
maintain ICD’s infrastructure and to fund and Race organizers created the #vesteacamisa
maintain services and projects for the benefit of
ICD patients. The race relies on the sponsorship
of companies and the support of municipal public
agencies. For awareness and promotion, the race
receives communications support from the state
government. The Race to Beat Diabetes has raised
1,597,378 US dollars over the past 18 years.
The total distance of the Race to Beat Diabetes
is four kilometers and throughout the event,
organizers hand out free water and fruit to the
race participants. The ICD awards medals to all
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 23THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
(#wearthejersey) #hashtag event on social media including many photo opportunities, generated
to get participants and the public excited about nationwide and social media enthusiasm which
the race. #Vesteacamisa is based on Brazil’s love put the race and diabetes at the center of public
of soccer, mimicing how soccer players exchange attention.
team jerseys at the end of each game. The player’s
The Institute for Children with Diabetes
exchanges are typically photographed or filmed
and due to fan excitement, become viral on the ICD has been working for nearly 13 years to
Internet. To participate in ICD’s event this year, give children living with diabetes the care
individuals simply had to wear a jersey from an and treatment necessary to prevent diabetes
opponent’s team, take a picture or shoot a video, complications, such as neuropathy, kidney
and publish it on social media, challenging friends disease and retinopathy. Currently, ICD’s work
to participate also. has shown a 91% reduction in patient hospital
stays. This superior achievement is a result of ICD’s
In 2013, ICD created a very successful Race to Beat
commitment to continuous education programs
Diabetes with the help of Usain Bolt, the Jamaican
in diabetes, proper treatment with access to new
sprinter and Olympic champion. In 2013, Usain,
technologies and also social assistance offered
who participated in an exhibition event in Brazil
to children and adolescents living with diabetes.
that year, appreared and was given a Race to Beat
ICD’s technical team includes endocrinologists,
Diabetes t-shirt. The Olympian’s participation,
24 Diabetes Voice Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016THE GLOBAL CAMPAIGN
programs, carbohydrate counting workshops,
insulin administration workshops, oral health
treatment and guidelines assistance, and a
ICD’S WORK HAS SHOWN toy library.
A 91% REDUCTION IN The institutional model adopted by ICD and the
PATIENT HOSPITAL STAYS. ICD management team has also made it possible to
develop a superb team of professionals in charge
nurses, nutrionists, dentists, social workers and of fundraising, marketing and administrative
experts in nephrology, ophthalmology, psychiatry, work. These professionals and volunteers have
and physical education. Our professionals made it possible to secure financial resources for
provide comprehensive care to the children and the projects that promote the health and quality
adolescents we serve. ICD operates from 8 am to of life for children and adolescents with diabetes.
5 pm with ambulatory care, a day hospital and a
Maria Tereza B. Lima is Manager of the
hot-line.
Institute for Children with Diabetes (ICD) in
Examples of ICD’s programs and activities include: Porto Alegre, Brazil.
• A type 1 diabetes education program
providing 15 video classes, recorded by ICD’s For more information:
medical and technical teams, and aimed at ICD: www.icdrs.org.br
expanding knowledge on type 1 diabetes ICD Facebook: facebook.com/icdrs
where there is a need. Through the site
www.educacaodiabetestipo1.com.br health
professionals can register, have access to
ICD classes, and deliver the information to
patients and their families.
• A quality of life program – called PAQ Life
targets adolescents that have very high
glucose levels (HbA1c > 11%). The idea is to
listen and identify issues from patients and
family members and to help improve diabetes
treatment, which often includes specific
solutions to deal with daily difficulties. ICD
professionals help to establish realistic goals
to decrease HbA1c averages and usually are
able to decrease HbA1c by at least 1% over
the period of three to four months.
• Other ICD programs include a medical
necessities program which supplies insulin,
syringes, test strips, and other necessary
medication. ICD also provides sports incentive
Volume 62 - Issue 4 November 2016 Diabetes Voice 25EYES ON
DIABETES
Over 400 million people currently live with diabetes.
One in two is undiagnosed.
Screening for type 2 diabetes is important to ensure
early diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of
serious complications.
ACT TODAY TO CHANGE TOMORROW
www.worlddiabetesday.orgYou can also read
