Finland Economy Profile - Doing Business 2020

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Finland Economy Profile - Doing Business 2020
Doing Business 2020   Finland

                                Economy Profile
                                  Finland

                                                  Page 1
Finland Economy Profile - Doing Business 2020
Doing Business 2020                 Finland

                                                        Economy Profile of Finland
                                                     Doing Business 2020 Indicators
                                                (in order of appearance in the document)

Starting a business                      Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company

Dealing with construction permits        Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and safety
                                         mechanisms in the construction permitting system

Getting electricity                      Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, and the reliability of the electricity supply and the
                                         transparency of tariffs

Registering property                     Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system

Getting credit                           Movable collateral laws and credit information systems

Protecting minority investors            Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance

Paying taxes                             Payments, time, total tax and contribution rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as postfiling
                                         processes

Trading across borders                   Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts

Enforcing contracts                      Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes

Resolving insolvency                     Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for
                                         insolvency

Employing workers                        Flexibility in employment regulation and redundancy cost

                                                                                                                                                                    Page 2
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

About Doing Business

The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected cities at the subnational and
regional level.

The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying to them through their life
cycle.

Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local firms. It provides quantitative indicators on regulation for
starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across
borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also measures features of employing workers. Although Doing Business does not present rankings
of economies on the employing workers indicators or include the topic in the aggregate ease of doing business score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does
present the data for these indicators.

By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time, Doing Business encourages
economies to compete towards more efficient regulation; offers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector
researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy.

In addition, Doing Business offers detailed subnational studies, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in different cities and regions within a nation.
These studies provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected
cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked.

The first Doing Business study, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s study covers 11 indicator sets and 190 economies. Most
indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013
(Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business also collected data
for the second largest business city. The data for these 11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has benefited from
feedback from governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving the
regulatory environment for business around the world.

To learn more about Doing Business please visit doingbusiness.org

                                                                                                                                                                                 Page 3
Doing Business 2020                                       Finland

        Ease of Doing Business in                                                                                                                          DB RANK                      DB SCORE
                                                               Region                    OECD high income

                    Finland
                                                               Income Category           High income
                                                                                                                                                               20
                                                               Population                5,518,050                                                                                         80.2

                                                               City Covered              Helsinki

Rankings on Doing Business topics - Finland

                                                                                                                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                                                            10
                                                      24
       31                                                                   34                                                                                 37
                              42                                                                                                                                                      45
                                                                                                                       61

                                                                                               80

    Starting             Dealing                  Getting            Registering            Getting               Protecting               Paying           Trading               Enforcing              Resolving
       a                  with                   Electricity          Property              Credit                 Minority                Taxes            across                Contracts             Insolvency
    Business           Construction                                                                               Investors                                 Borders
                         Permits

Topic Scores

        93.5                   75.9                     89.0                79.0               60.0                     62.0                 90.9              92.4                   66.4                 92.7

      Starting a Business (rank)                                                   31     Getting Credit (rank)                                      80    Trading across Borders (rank)                          37
      Score of starting a business (0-100)                                       93.5     Score of getting credit (0-100)                           60.0   Score of trading across borders (0-100)             92.4
      Procedures (number)                                                           3     Strength of legal rights index (0-12)                       6    Time to export
      Time (days)                                                                  13     Depth of credit information index (0-8)                     6    Documentary compliance (hours)                         2
      Cost (number)                                                                0.7    Credit registry coverage (% of adults)                     0.0   Border compliance (hours)                              36
      Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita)                                5.9    Credit bureau coverage (% of adults)                      22.0   Cost to export
                                                                                                                                                           Documentary compliance (USD)                           70
      Dealing with Construction Permits (rank)                                     42     Protecting Minority Investors (rank)                       61    Border compliance (USD)                             213
      Score of dealing with construction permits (0-100)                         75.9     Score of protecting minority investors (0-100)            62.0   Time to export
      Procedures (number)                                                          17     Extent of disclosure index (0-10)                          6.0   Documentary compliance (hours)                         1
      Time (days)                                                                  65     Extent of director liability index (0-10)                  4.0   Border compliance (hours)                              2
      Cost (% of warehouse value)                                                  0.7    Ease of shareholder suits index (0-10)                     8.0   Cost to export
      Building quality control index (0-15)                                      10.0     Extent of shareholder rights index (0-6)                   5.0   Documentary compliance (USD)                           0
                                                                                          Extent of ownership and control index (0-7)                2.0   Border compliance (USD)                                0
      Getting Electricity (rank)                                                   24     Extent of corporate transparency index (0-7)               6.0
      Score of getting electricity (0-100)                                       89.0                                                                      Enforcing Contracts (rank)                             45
      Procedures (number)                                                           5     Paying Taxes (rank)                                        10    Score of enforcing contracts (0-100)                66.4
      Time (days)                                                                  42     Score of paying taxes (0-100)                             90.9   Time (days)                                         485
      Cost (% of income per capita)                                              27.5     Payments (number per year)                                  8    Cost (% of claim value)                             16.2
      Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8)                  8     Time (hours per year)                                      90    Quality of judicial processes index (0-18)           8.5
                                                                                          Total tax and contribution rate (% of profit)             36.6
      Registering Property (rank)                                                  34     Postfiling index (0-100)                                  93.1   Resolving Insolvency (rank)                            1
      Score of registering property (0-100)                                      79.0                                                                      Score of resolving insolvency (0-100)               92.7
      Procedures (number)                                                           3                                                                      Recovery rate (cents on the dollar)                 88.0
      Time (days)                                                                61.5                                                                      Time (years)                                         0.9
      Cost (% of property value)                                                   4.0                                                                     Cost (% of estate)                                   3.5
      Quality of the land administration index (0-30)                            26.5                                                                      Outcome (0 as piecemeal sale and 1 as going            1
                                                                                                                                                           concern)
                                                                                                                                                           Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)       14.5

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Page 4
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

     Starting a Business

This topic measures the number of procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital requirement for a small- to medium-sized limited liability company to start up and
formally operate in each economy’s largest business city.

To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has start-up capital equivalent to
10 times the income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and 50 people one month after the commencement of
operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one
company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5 married men. The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their
scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators.

The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2019. See the methodology for more information.

 What the indicators measure                                              Case study assumptions

Procedures to legally start and formally operate a company               To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the
(number)                                                                 procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the
                                                                         entrepreneur will pay no bribes.
• Preregistration (for example, name verification or reservation,
  notarization)
                                                                         The business:
• Registration in the economy’s largest business city                    -Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than one type of limited
• Postregistration (for example, social security registration,           liability company in the economy, the limited liability form most common among domestic firms is
  company seal)                                                          chosen. Information on the most common form is obtained from incorporation lawyers or the
                                                                         statistical office.
• Obtaining approval from spouse to start a business or to leave
                                                                         -Operates in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for
  the home to register the company
                                                                         the second largest business city.
• Obtaining any gender specific document for company                     -Performs general industrial or commercial activities such as the production or sale to the public of
  registration and operation or national identification card             goods or services. The business does not perform foreign trade activities and does not handle
                                                                         products subject to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It is not using heavily
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)
                                                                         polluting production processes.
• Does not include time spent gathering information                      -Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special benefits.
                                                                         -Is 100% domestically owned.
• Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 procedures cannot           -Has five business owners, none of whom is a legal entity. One business owner holds 30% of the
  start on the same day)
                                                                         company shares, two owners have 20% of shares each, and two owners have 15% of shares
• Procedures fully completed online are recorded as ½ day                each.
• Procedure is considered completed once final document is               -Is managed by one local director.
  received                                                               -Has between 10 and 50 employees one month after the commencement of operations, all of them
                                                                         domestic nationals.
• No prior contact with officials                                        -Has start-up capital of 10 times income per capita.
                                                                         -Has an estimated turnover of at least 100 times income per capita.
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per
                                                                         -Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not a proprietor of real estate.
capita)
                                                                         -Has an annual lease for the office space equivalent to one income per capita.
• Official costs only, no bribes                                         -Is in an office space of approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet).
                                                                         -Has a company deed that is 10 pages long.
• No professional fees unless services required by law or
  commonly used in practice
                                                                         The owners:
Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita)
                                                                         -Have reached the legal age of majority and are capable of making decisions as an adult. If there
• Funds deposited in a bank or with third party before registration      is no legal age of majority, they are assumed to be 30 years old.
  or up to 3 months after incorporation                                  -Are in good health and have no criminal record.
                                                                         -Are married, the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities.
                                                                         -Where the answer differs according to the legal system applicable to the woman or man in
                                                                         question (as may be the case in economies where there is legal plurality), the answer used will be
                                                                         the one that applies to the majority of the population.

                                                                                                                                                                                  Page 5
Doing Business 2020                        Finland

Starting a Business - Finland

  Standardized Company

 Legal form                                                                            Private Limited Company (Oy)

 Paid-in minimum capital requirement                                                   EUR 2,500

 City Covered                                                                          Helsinki

  Indicator                                                                  Finland                     OECD high income                Best Regulatory Performance

 Procedure – Men (number)                                                    3                          4.9                              1 (2 Economies)

 Time – Men (days)                                                           13                         9.2                              0.5 (New Zealand)

 Cost – Men (% of income per capita)                                         0.7                        3.0                              0.0 (2 Economies)

 Procedure – Women (number)                                                  3                          4.9                              1 (2 Economies)

 Time – Women (days)                                                         13                         9.2                              0.5 (New Zealand)

 Cost – Women (% of income per capita)                                       0.7                        3.0                              0.0 (2 Economies)

 Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita)                               5.9                        7.6                              0.0 (120 Economies)

 Figure – Starting a Business in Finland – Score

                  88.2                                       87.4                                       99.7                                          98.5

                Procedures                                   Time                                       Cost                                   Paid-in min. capital

 Figure – Starting a Business in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and Score

                                                                    DB 2020 Starting a Business Score

                             0                                                                                           100

                                                                                                               93.5: Finland (Rank: 31)

                                                                                                               93.1: France (Rank: 37)

                                                                                                              92.7: Denmark (Rank: 45)

                                                                                                          91.3: Regional Average (OECD high income)

                                                                                                          90.6: Iceland (Rank: 64)

                                                                                                    83.7: Germany (Rank: 125)

Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of
the scores for each of the component indicators.

                                                                                                                                                                          Page 6
Doing Business 2020                Finland

  Figure – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

                                                                Time (days)        Cost (% of income per capita)
                                                                                                                                                                 0.7
               12
                                                                                                                                                                 0.6

                                                                                                                                                                        Cost (% of income per capita)
               10
                                                                                                                                                                 0.5
 Time (days)

               8
                                                                                                                                                                 0.4

               6
                                                                                                                                                                 0.3

               4
                                                                                                                                                                 0.2

               2                                                                                                                                                 0.1

               0                                                                                                                                                 0
                                1                                                  2                                                  *3
                                                                           Procedures (number)

* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the
time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures
reflected here, see the summary below.

                                                                                                                                                                                                        Page 7
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

Details – Starting a Business in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

No.     Procedures                                                                                                 Time to Complete            Associated Costs

1       Deposit the paid-in share capital in a bank; pay the registration fee and get a receipt                    1 day                       no charge
        Agency : Bank
        According to the Companies Act, the paid-in share capital must be paid in full into the company's
        bank account. To open a bank account, the company must provide at least a copy of
        memorandum of association. Normally also following materials need to be provided to the bank
        when opening an account:

        - The minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors including a resolution of opening an
        account and identifying persons authorized to use the bank account to be opened,
        - A brief description of the nature of company's future banking transactions,
        - A description of the company's field of business,
        - Sufficient information regarding the shareholders and the directors of the company,
        - Copies of the passports regarding the persons authorized to use the bank account

        The subscription price may be paid to a bank account outside of Finland. However, the bank
        account should correspond to a bank account of a Finnish depository bank or a branch of a
        foreign credit institute in Finland.

        The receipt of the bank regarding the payment of the share capital is sufficient in order to register
        the company. However, if an auditor is elected in accordance with applicable law, the auditor shall
        provide a statement confirming the payment of the share capital.

2       Submit a single start-up notification form to the National Board of Patents and Registration               8 business days for         EUR 275 (online start-up
        (PRH) and the Tax Administration as well as VAT registration.                                              online registration or 24   notification of a limited
        Agency : NBPR and the Tax Administration                                                                   business days for paper     liability company) and
        A basic declaration to the Trade Register must be filed as the National Board of Patents and               registration                EUR 380 (start-up
        Registration specifies. For each type of business association, a separate basic declaration form
                                                                                                                                               notification in paper form)
        must be used. The forms are available on the National Board of Patents and Registration, regional
        tax offices, local tax offices, Centers for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment
        ("ELY" Centers), local register offices, and Chamber of Commerce and Enterprise Agencies. All
        registrations to the Trade Register and to the Tax Administration are performed with the same
        basic declaration.

        It is possible to file a start-up notification online for EUR 275. In order to be able to use the online
        system, it is necessary to obtain an ID with the National Board of Patents and Registration of
        Finland.

        If the company has employees, the company must be entered into the Employer Register,
        according to Section 31 of the Preliminary Taxation Act, which happens at the same time as the
        registration to the administration. Registration to the Tax administration includes registration for
        the Value Added Tax.

        When the basic declaration is submitted, a certificate of the company's business identification
        number may be obtained at a fee of EUR 7. This certificate allows companies to use their bank
        accounts before registration has been completed.

        The online registration is possible only when the following conditions are met:
        - The standard Article of Association is sufficient.
        - The shares are paid in euros to the bank account of the company to be established.
        - The subscription price is entered in share capital entirely.
        - All subscribers of shares and the Members of the Board of Directors shall have a Finnish social
        security number and a personal code for online banking system or an identity card with chip (HST-
        card). This applies also to possible CEO and a possible auditor who is a natural person.
        - The possible procuration holders and those who are entitled to represent the company have a
        Finnish social security number.

        According to the Finnish Limited Liability Companies Act (624/2006) chapter 2, section 8(1), the
        company shall be notified for registration within three months of the signing of the Memorandum of
        Association. If failing this, the incorporation of
        the company shall lapse. If the company shall carry on business, farming or any other income
        deriving activity, it shall be registered in the prepayment register.

                                                                                                                                                                             Page 8
Doing Business 2020                       Finland

  3    File at a private insurer for pension insurance, accident insurance, and medical insurance           1 day (simultaneous with   no charge
       of employees                                                                                         previous procedure)
       Agency : Private Insurer
       Under the statutory pension insurance scheme, an employer must subscribe its employees for
       pension insurance with a pension provider handling earnings-related pensions. Supplemental
       pension insurance is optional.

       The employer also pays the pension institution statutory employee earnings-related contributions,
       such as: accident insurance, unemployment insurance, and group life assurance premium. A
       social security contribution is also payable to the Regional Tax Office.

       The employer must insure its employees against accidents and occupational diseases, according
       to Section 3 of the Occupational Accidents, Injuries and Diseases Act, which has been in force as
       of 1 January 2017. In addition, certain collective labor agreements require that employers provide
       their employees with group life insurance. No proof of insurance is needed to start operations.

       The accident insurance is paid to the insurance company and must be obtained before the work
       for the company starts. The group life insurance is also paid to the insurance company. The group
       life insurance is compulsory only if the applicable collective labor agreement requires the
       employer to take the group life insurance. Unemployment insurance is paid to The Unemployment
       Insurance Fund.

Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

                                                                                                                                                   Page 9
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

     Dealing with Construction Permits

This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all required notifications,
requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with Construction Permits indicator measures the building
quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional
certification requirements. The most recent round of data collection was completed in May 2019. See the methodology for more information

 What the indicators measure                                              Case study assumptions

Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number)                         To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the construction
                                                                         company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used.
• Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining all necessary
  clearances, licenses, permits and certificates
                                                                         The construction company (BuildCo):
• Submitting all required notifications and receiving all necessary      - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s largest
  inspections
                                                                         business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city.
• Obtaining utility connections for water and sewerage                   - Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity. Has a
                                                                         licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with the local association of architects
• Registering and selling the warehouse after its completion
                                                                         or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any other employees who are technical or licensed
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)                 experts, such as geological or topographical experts.
                                                                         - Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse upon its
• Does not include time spent gathering information                      completion.
• Each procedure starts on a separate day—though procedures
  that can be fully completed online are an exception to this rule       The warehouse:

• Procedure is considered completed once final document is               - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.
  received                                                               - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of approximately 1,300.6
                                                                         square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be
• No prior contact with officials                                        located on a land plot of approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100%
                                                                         owned by BuildCo, and the warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita.
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per
                                                                         - Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed architect. If
capita)
                                                                         preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further documentation or getting prior
• Official costs only, no bribes                                         approvals from external agencies, these are counted as procedures.
                                                                         - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and regulatory
Building quality control index (0-15)                                    requirements).
• Quality of building regulations (0-2)
                                                                         The water and sewerage connections:
• Quality control before construction (0-1)
                                                                         - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there is no water
• Quality control during construction (0-3)                              delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is no sewerage
• Quality control after construction (0-3)                               infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be installed or built.
                                                                         - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average wastewater flow
• Liability and insurance regimes (0-2)                                  of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and
• Professional certifications (0-4)                                      a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a day.
                                                                         - Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the year; will be 1
                                                                         inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection.

                                                                                                                                                                                  Page 10
Doing Business 2020                        Finland

Dealing with Construction Permits - Finland

  Standardized Warehouse

 Estimated value of warehouse                                                          EUR 2,110,108.20

 City Covered                                                                          Helsinki

  Indicator                                                                  Finland                      OECD high income          Best Regulatory Performance

 Procedures (number)                                                        17                            12.7                     None in 2018/19

 Time (days)                                                                65                            152.3                    None in 2018/19

 Cost (% of warehouse value)                                                0.7                           1.5                      None in 2018/19

 Building quality control index (0-15)                                      10.0                          11.6                     15.0 (6 Economies)

 Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Score

                   52.0                                      88.8                                        96.3                                     66.7

                Procedures                                   Time                                        Cost                         Building quality control index

 Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and Score

                                                           DB 2020 Dealing with Construction Permits Score

                             0                                                                                         100

                                                                                                         87.9: Denmark (Rank: 4)

                                                                                                  78.2: Germany (Rank: 30)

                                                                                              75.9: Finland (Rank: 42)

                                                                                              75.6: Regional Average (OECD high income)

                                                                                             74.3: France (Rank: 52)

                                                                                           71.6: Iceland (Rank: 72)

Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their scores for dealing with construction permits. These scores
are the simple average of the scores for each of the component indicators.

                                                                                                                                                                            Page 11
Doing Business 2020                Finland

  Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

                                                                 Time (days)       Cost (% of warehouse value)
                                                                                                                                                                 0.45
               60
                                                                                                                                                                 0.4

                                                                                                                                                                        Cost (% of warehouse value)
               50                                                                                                                                                0.35

                                                                                                                                                                 0.3
 Time (days)

               40
                                                                                                                                                                 0.25

               30                                                                                                                                                0.2

                                                                                                                                                                 0.15
               20

                                                                                                                                                                 0.1
               10
                                                                                                                                                                 0.05

               0                                                                                                                                                 0
                    1   *2     *3    *4       *5       *6        7        8        9       10       11       12       13       14       15       16       17
                                                                           Procedures (number)

* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the
time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures
reflected here, see the summary below.

                                                                                                                                                                                                      Page 12
Doing Business 2020                                Finland

Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality

              14                                                                     13.0
                                                                                                                                                           11.6
              12                                         11.0
                             10.0                                                                                 9.5
Index score

              10
                                                                                                                                     8.0
              8
              6
              4
              2
              0

                           Finland                     Denmark                      France                     Germany              Iceland                OECD
                                                                                                                                                            high
                                                                                                                                                          income

Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

  No.              Procedures                                                                                            Time to Complete     Associated Costs

1                  Obtain building permit maps and extract from the Real Estate Office                                   12 days              EUR 235
                   Agency : Real Estate Office
                   The Real Estate Office issues the building permits maps, which must be attached as originals to
                   the application. The applicant cannot use a map that is older than 3 months. The fee also includes
                   the extract from the Real Estate Register and the report of the build-site height.

              2    Obtain official opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and water pipeline                  7 days               no charge
                   Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY Water
                   The official opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and the water pipeline must be
                   attached to the building permit application if the building will be connected to the public water
                   distribution system and to the public sewerage system. The opinion is issued by the municipal
                   organization in charge of the water supply (in the greater Helsinki area, Helsinki Water). The cost
                   is included in the connection charge.

              3    Schedule start-up meeting                                                                             7 days               no charge
                   Agency : Building Supervision Authority
                   BuildCo must set a date for a startup meeting with the building supervision authority and convene
                   all necessary persons to the meeting. The meeting must be held before the beginning of
                   construction (some excavation work can be done, but the foundation may not be laid before the
                   meeting). At a minimum, the following persons should attend the meeting: the person starting the
                   building project, the head designer, and the site manager. The meeting attendees must be agreed
                   with the building supervision authority.

              4    Obtain extract from the Trade Register                                                                0.5 days             EUR 3
                   Agency : Trade Register
                   This procedure is usually required when the building permit applicant is a company (which is the
                   case in the Doing Business case study). The procedure is done online through an e-form.

              5    Notify the neighbors of the building permit application                                               1 day                no charge
                   Agency : Owners and titleholders of surrounding properties
                   According to Section 133 of the Land Use and Building Act, neighbours shall be notified when an
                   application for a building permit is submitted, unless notification is clearly not necessary with
                   regard to the neighbours' interest, due to the smallness or location of the project, or to the
                   contents of the plan. 'Neighbour' refers to owners and other titleholders of adjacent or opposite
                   properties. The fact that the application has been submitted shall at the same time be publicized
                   on the building site by suitable means.
                   When needed, a review shall be conducted on the building site in order to assess how the building
                   fits in with the surroundings and the impact of construction, and in order to hear the neighbours.
                   The applicant and the titleholders of the neighbouring properties shall be notified of the time and
                   date of the review.

              6    Obtain report on the height of the intended construction                                              0.5 days             no charge
                   Agency : Real Estate Office
                   This report can be obtained any time online from http://kartta.hel.fi/ . The report is required to
                   ensure that the height of the new building is in proportion with other buildings in the same
                   neighborhood. The statutory zoning map/local detailed plan is the only document stating the
                   allowed building height.

                                                                                                                                                                   Page 13
Doing Business 2020                       Finland

7     Obtain building permit                                                                                   38 days   EUR 8,867
      Agency : Municipal Building Inspection
      The building permit is issued by the Municipal Building Inspection. BuildCo must provide the
      necessary information to the local building supervision authority to decide on the building permit
      application. The quality and the extent of the required information depend on the project features.

      The following documentation is usually required for warehouse projects:
      • The completed application form issued by the building supervision authority. The owner or the
      holder of the building site must sign the form. If there are several owners or holders, all must sign
      the application form.
      • A power of attorney is required only if a representative files the building permit application (This
      is not applicable to the warehouse project considered here.)
      • The establishment of the ownership title is required because the building permit can be granted
      only based on the application made by the owner or the holder of the building site. Usually one of
      the following documents is presented to the building supervision authority:
      1. The deed of sale of the real estate
      2. The lease contract
      3. The deed of title
      4. The extract from the trade register
      5. The building permit map and the extract from the real estate registry
      6. The decision to deviate from the provisions, regulations, prohibitions, and other restrictions on
      building and other action must be attached to the application, in original, if the project requires
      such a decision
      7. The certificate of the decision’s legal validity must be presented before the actual launching of
      the building project (This is not applicable to the warehouse project.)
      8. The environmental permit is required if the use of the building poses a threat of environmental
      pollution. The decision on the building permit can be postponed until the environmental permit is
      attached to the application (This is not applicable to the warehouse project.)
      9. Three master drawings must be attached to the application. One document will be archived with
      the building supervision authority, and the other will be returned to the applicant with the final
      decision. The master drawings to be followed in construction master drawings are approved in
      connection with the grant of the building permit.
      10. Report of the height of the building site
      11. The ground investigation report of the building site. If needed, also enclosed with the building
      permit application will be an account of the site’s health effects and ground levels, and the type of
      foundation and any other measures required as a result. This report may be produced by BuildCo.
      12. The official opinion on the connection of the wastewater drain and the water pipeline
      13. Notification to the neighbors. When the building permit application is filed with the building
      supervision authority, the neighbors must also be notified. The applicant may do this personally by
      using the official form, obtained from the building supervision authority. Otherwise, subject to a
      fee, the applicant may request the building supervision authority to conduct the notification.
      14. Forms for official statistics. The building supervision authority must deliver information on
      building projects to the Population Register Center. Thus, the forms in question must be attached
      to the application. These forms are available at the building supervision authority or at the public
      printing center.
      15. The official form on the building designer. Every building project must have a qualified head
      designer in charge of the construction design and the quality of the design as a whole.

      Other documents are required, as follows:
      1. Working designs
      2. Calculation of permitted building volume
      3. Report on fire load, parking spaces, handling construction waste; on environmental issues, with
      photographs (can be produced by BuildCo)
      4. Constructional drawings and strength calculations and drawings on ventilation and heating
      devices, on water and sewage devices, and on bomb shelters and the notification of the bomb
      shelter

8     Receive foundation work inspection                                                                       1 day     no charge
      Agency : Municipality

9     Receive location inspection from the Real Estate Office                                                  1 day     EUR 1,520
      Agency : Real Estate Office
      The location inspection must be requested from the Real Estate Office after the foundation work is
      completed. This inspection is held to determine that the building height and location are in
      accordance with the master drawings.

10    Receive structure inspection                                                                             1 day     no charge
      Agency : Municipality
      The inspection of the building structure is conducted after the load-bearing structure and
      connected insulation works are completed.

11    Receive ventilation inspection                                                                           1 day     no charge
      Agency : Municipality
      The ventilation inspection is conducted after the completion of the exit flue and the ventilation
      installation.

                                                                                                                                     Page 14
Doing Business 2020                       Finland

12     Receive sewer and water pipeline inspection                                                           1 day    no charge
       Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority, HSY Water
       The inspection of the sewer and water pipeline fittings is conducted after the completion of these
       fittings.

13     Report information to the Finnish Tax Agency                                                          1 day    no charge
       Agency : Finnish Tax Agency
       The building supervisor (contractor) must provide information on employees at the construction
       site on a monthly basis since July 2014 to the Finnish Tax agency. In addition, tax rules require
       that the contractor informs the tax authority (agency) on monthly basis of construction services
       contracts (including contracting parties, total amount, and duration etc.).

14     Request and obtain water connection                                                                   3 days   EUR 4,826
       Agency : HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority
       HSY Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority is responsible for all matters of
       connections to the water distribution and sewerage systems.

       The procedure for ordering a connection is as follows:
       • Helsinki Water customer service staff provides the new customer with a statement on the
       connection. The street address of the plot or property is required, as is the owner’s name,
       address, and phone number.
       • Helsinki Water provides the customer with a preliminary estimate of the recently introduced
       connection charge.
       • The customer should acquire a building permit for the plot.
       • After the customer has obtained the building permit, Helsinki Water will send the customer the
       connection charge notice. The property owner can file a complaint within 14 days of receiving the
       notice. Unless a complaint is made, the proposed charge will be considered as having been
       accepted by the customer.
       • Water service connection and meter installation will be conducted after the connection charge is
       paid. The customer is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the connection pipes
       and conduits and their financing. Before the start of on-site construction work, a supervisor
       responsible for the construction of the water facility and sewerage system -- approved by the
       municipal building control officials -- should be assigned. Helsinki Water always takes care of
       installation of water meters with seals, water main connection with water-sealed joints, and
       connections to the sewerage system on the customer’s properties. Service charges will be
       invoiced at rates valid at the time of the order.
       • A connection agreement is concluded.
       • The invoicing procedure is settled.

15     Receive fire inspection from the Public Rescue Service                                                1 day    EUR 200
       Agency : Public Rescue Service

16     Receive final inspection                                                                              1 day    no charge
       Agency : BuildCo
       A building, or a part thereof, shall not be commissioned before it has been finally inspected and
       approved for use. The minutes of the commissioning inspection of the electrical installation
       (drafted by the electricity contractor) are necessary for obtaining a use or occupancy permit. This
       inspection can be performed by BuildCo, provided that the company has qualified employees.

17     Obtain occupancy permit                                                                               4 days   no charge
       Agency : Municipality

Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

                                                                                                                                  Page 15
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Finland – Measure of Quality

                                                                                                                        Answer                    Score

Building quality control index (0-15)                                                                                                             10.0

Quality of building regulations index (0-2)                                                                                                       2.0

  How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1)                                               Available online; Free    1.0
                                                                                                                        of charge.

  Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified in the building regulations or on any        List of required          1.0
  accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1)                                                                       documents; Fees to
                                                                                                                        be paid; Required
                                                                                                                        preapprovals.

Quality control before construction index (0-1)                                                                                                   1.0

  Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in compliance with existing      Licensed architect;       1.0
  building regulations? (0-1)                                                                                           Licensed engineer.

Quality control during construction index (0-3)                                                                                                   2.0

  What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during construction? (0-2)                   Inspections at various    1.0
                                                                                                                        phases.

  Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1)                                          Mandatory                 1.0
                                                                                                                        inspections are
                                                                                                                        always done in
                                                                                                                        practice.

Quality control after construction index (0-3)                                                                                                    3.0

  Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in accordance with the approved     Yes, final inspection     2.0
  plans and regulations? (0-2)                                                                                          is done by
                                                                                                                        government agency.

  Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0-1)                                                        Final inspection          1.0
                                                                                                                        always occurs in
                                                                                                                        practice.

Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2)                                                                                                       0.0

  Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use      No party is held liable   0.0
  (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1)                                                               under the law.

  Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover possible structural flaws or        No party is required      0.0
  problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1)          by law to obtain
                                                                                                                        insurance .

Professional certifications index (0-4)                                                                                                           2.0

  What are the qualification requirements for the professional responsible for verifying that the architectural plans   Minimum number of         1.0
  or drawings are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0-2)                                               years of experience;
                                                                                                                        University degree in
                                                                                                                        architecture or
                                                                                                                        engineering.

  What are the qualification requirements for the professional who supervises the construction on the ground? (0-       Minimum number of         1.0
  2)                                                                                                                    years of experience;
                                                                                                                        University degree in
                                                                                                                        engineering,
                                                                                                                        construction or
                                                                                                                        construction
                                                                                                                        management.

                                                                                                                                                          Page 16
Doing Business 2020                          Finland

     Getting Electricity

This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly constructed warehouse. Additionally,
the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index measures reliability of supply, transparency of tariffs and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data
collection for the project was completed in May 2019. See the methodology for more information.

 What the indicators measure                                               Case study assumptions

Procedures to obtain an electricity connection (number)                  To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the warehouse, the
                                                                         electricity connection and the monthly consumption are used.
• Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining all necessary
  clearances and permits
                                                                         The warehouse:
• Completing all required notifications and receiving all necessary      - Is owned by a local entrepreneur and is used for storage of goods.
  inspections
                                                                         - Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for
• Obtaining external installation works and possibly purchasing          the second largest business city.
  material for these works                                               - Is located in an area where similar warehouses are typically located and is in an area with no
                                                                         physical constraints. For example, the property is not near a railway.
• Concluding any necessary supply contract and obtaining final
                                                                         - Is a new construction and is being connected to electricity for the first time.
  supply
                                                                         - Has two stories with a total surface area of approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)                 feet). The plot of land on which it is built is 929 square meters (10,000 square feet).

• Is at least 1 calendar day                                             The electricity connection:
• Each procedure starts on a separate day                                - Is a permanent one with a three-phase, four-wire Y connection with a subscribed capacity of 140-
• Does not include time spent gathering information                      kilo-volt-ampere (kVA) with a power factor of 1, when 1 kVA = 1 kilowatt (kW).
                                                                         - Has a length of 150 meters. The connection is to either the low- or medium-voltage distribution
• Reflects the time spent in practice, with little follow-up and no      network and is either overhead or underground, whichever is more common in the area where the
  prior contact with officials
                                                                         warehouse is located and requires works that involve the crossing of a 10-meter road (such as by
                                                                         excavation or overhead lines) but are all carried out on public land. There is no crossing of other
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of income per
                                                                         owners’ private property because the warehouse has access to a road.
capita)
                                                                         - Does not require work to install the internal wiring of the warehouse. This has already been
• Official costs only, no bribes                                         completed up to and including the customer’s service panel or switchboard and the meter base.
• Value added tax excluded
                                                                         The monthly consumption:
The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0-8)
                                                                         - It is assumed that the warehouse operates 30 days a month from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (8 hours
• Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3)                          a day), with equipment utilized at 80% of capacity on average and that there are no electricity cuts
• Tools to monitor power outages (0–1)                                   (assumed for simplicity reasons) and the monthly energy consumption is 26,880 kilowatt-hours
                                                                         (kWh); hourly consumption is 112 kWh.
• Tools to restore power supply (0–1)                                    - If multiple electricity suppliers exist, the warehouse is served by the cheapest supplier.
• Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance (0–1)                  - Tariffs effective in January of the current year are used for calculation of the price of electricity for
                                                                         the warehouse. Although January has 31 days, for calculation purposes only 30 days are used.
• Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1)
• Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1)
Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)*

• Price based on monthly bill for commercial warehouse in case
  study

*Note: Doing Business measures the price of electricity, but it is
not included in the ease of doing business score nor in the ranking
on the ease of getting electricity.

                                                                                                                                                                                       Page 17
Doing Business 2020                      Finland

Getting Electricity - Finland

       Standardized Connection

    Name of utility                                                                           Helen Electricity Network (Helen Sähköverkko Oy)

    Price of electricity (US cents per kWh)                                                   13.3

    City Covered                                                                              Helsinki

       Indicator                                                                    Finland                     OECD high income                Best Regulatory Performance

    Procedures (number)                                                           5                            4.4                              3 (28 Economies)

    Time (days)                                                                   42                           74.8                             18 (3 Economies)

    Cost (% of income per capita)                                                 27.5                         61.0                             0.0 (3 Economies)

    Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8)                  8                            7.4                              8 (26 Economies)

  Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland – Score

                      66.7                                         89.6                                        99.7                                         100.0

                                                                                                                                           Reliability of supply and transparency of
                    Procedures                                     Time                                        Cost
                                                                                                                                                           tariff index

  Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and Score

                                                                          DB 2020 Getting Electricity Score

                                 0                                                                                               100

                                                                                                                          98.8: Germany (Rank: 5)

                                                                                                                     92.2: Iceland (Rank: 16)

                                                                                                                  92.0: France (Rank: 17)

                                                                                                                 90.2: Denmark (Rank: 21)

                                                                                                                89.0: Finland (Rank: 24)

                                                                                                              85.9: Regional Average (OECD high income)

Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their scores for getting electricity. These scores are the simple average of the
scores for all the component indicators except the price of electricity.

  Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

                                                                      Time (days)        Cost (% of income per capita)
                                                                                                                                                                              25
               40
                                                                                                                                                                                   Cost (% of income per capita)

               35
                                                                                                                                                                              20

               30
 Time (days)

               25                                                                                                                                                             15

               20
                                                                                                                                                                              10
               15

               10
                                                                                                                                                                              5

               5

               0                                                                                                                                                              0
                          1                                 2                             3                                  4                               5
                                                                                  Procedures (number)

* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the
time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Page 18
Doing Business 2020                 Finland

reflected here, see the summary below.

 Figure – Getting Electricity in Finland and comparator economies – Measure of Quality

               8.2
                       8                                           8                       8
                 8
               7.8
 Index score

               7.6
                                                                                                              7.4
               7.4
               7.2
                                           7                                                         7
                 7
               6.8
               6.6
               6.4

                     Finland             Denmark                 France                  Germany   Iceland    OECD
                                                                                                               high
                                                                                                             income

                                                                                                                      Page 19
Doing Business 2020                        Finland

Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

No.     Procedures                                                                                                 Time to Complete   Associated Costs

1       Submit application and certification from electrician to Helen Electricity Network                         1 calendar day     EUR 0
        Agency : Helen Electricity Network
        The application for a new connection can be submitted through an online form (i.e. to obtain the
        contract for getting connected to the distribution grid) or in person at Helen’s customer service
        point. If submitted online, the customer can choose to provide the required documents either
        directly online, or send them via email/regular mail. The required documents include the blueprints
        of the buildings internal wiring, which have to be approved by the utility before the building is
        connected to the grid.

2       Purchase material and carry out external works                                                             3 calendar days    EUR 3,000
        Agency : Helen Electricity Network
        The customer needs to purchase and install the connection cable from the building to the
        perimeter wall, since the utility does only the external connection works, and everything inside the
        boundary wall of the building is the customer’s responsibility. The meter is installed only after the
        connection cable is installed.

3       Submit electrician's statement on internal wiring and receive external works from Helen                    30 calendar days   EUR 8,411.29
        Electricity Network
        Agency : Helen Electricity Network
        The customer's electrician submits a document where he states that all the wiring has been done
        according to the rules and regulations. The person in charge of the wiring has to be a certified
        electrician and have the licenses that are required to do inspections. The electrician does not have
        to be registered with the utility company and there is no verification whether they are certified or
        not.

4       Sign supply contract with retailer                                                                         1 calendar day     EUR 0
        Agency : Helen Electricity Network
        The customer has a choice of retailers for electricity supply. In the case of most retailers, the
        application is done online, and no paperwork needs to submit.

5       Request and receive meter installation and electricity flow                                                7 calendar days    EUR 200
        Agency : Helen Electricity Network
        The meter is installed when the customer’s electrician informs the utility that it can be installed (not
        at the same time as the connection). The installation is done by Empower Oy. The customer does
        not need to contact this company separately, it is taken care of by the utility. Electricity starts
        flowing once the meter is installed, and once Empower Oy has informed the utility that the meter
        has been installed.

Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.

                                                                                                                                                         Page 20
Doing Business 2020                          Finland

 Details – Getting Electricity in Finland – Measure of Quality

                                                                                                                                                    Answer

 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8)                                                                                      8

 Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3)                                                                                 3

    System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)                                                                                             0.2

    System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI)                                                                                            0.2

    What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI                                     0.0

 Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1)                                                                                                           1

    Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages?                                                                          Yes

 Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1)                                                                                                            1

    Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service?                                                                          Yes

 Regulatory monitoring (0-1)                                                                                                                       1

    Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability of supply?                      Yes

 Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1)                                                                                              1

    Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages exceed a certain cap?                Yes

 Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1)                                                                                                 1

    Are effective tariffs available online?                                                                                                        Yes

    Link to the website, if available online                                                                                                       https://www.helensahkove
                                                                                                                                                   rkko.fi/globalassets/hinna
                                                                                                                                                   stot-ja-sopimusehdot/hsv-
                                                                                                                                                   --enkku/Distribution-
                                                                                                                                                   tariffs.pdf

    Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle?                                                                       Yes

Note:

If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index.

If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.

If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.

                                                                                                                                                                                Page 21
Doing Business 2020                         Finland

     Registering Property

This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to purchase land and a
building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land administration system in each economy. The quality
of land administration index has five dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access
to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in May 2019. See the methodology for more information.

 What the indicators measure                                              Case study assumptions

Procedures to legally transfer title on immovable property               To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the parties to the
(number)                                                                 transaction, the property and the procedures are used.

• Preregistration procedures (for example, checking for liens,           The parties (buyer and seller):
  notarizing sales agreement, paying property transfer taxes)
                                                                         - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent).
• Registration procedures in the economy's largest business city.        - Are located in the periurban (that is, on the outskirts of the city but still within its official limits)
• Postregistration procedures (for example, filling title with           area of the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the
  municipality)                                                          second largest business city.
                                                                         - Are 100% domestically and privately owned.
Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days)                 - Perform general commercial activities.
• Does not include time spent gathering information
                                                                         The property (fully owned by the seller):
• Each procedure starts on a separate day - though procedures
                                                                         - Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price.
  that can be fully completed online are an exception to this rule
                                                                         - Is fully owned by the seller.
• Procedure is considered completed once final document is               - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past 10 years.
  received                                                               - Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes.
• No prior contact with officials                                        - Is located in a periurban commercial zone (that is, on the outskirts of the city but still within its
                                                                         official limits), and no rezoning is required.
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of property                  - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters (6,000 square feet). A two-
value)                                                                   story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is located on the land. The warehouse
                                                                         is 10 years old, is in good condition, has no heating system and complies with all safety standards,
• Official costs only (such as administrative fees, duties and           building codes and legal requirements. The property, consisting of land and building, will be
  taxes).
                                                                         transferred in its entirety.
• Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit payments are            - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase.
  excluded                                                               - Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of any kind.
                                                                         - Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for residential use,
Quality of land administration index (0-30)                              industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural activities, are required.
• Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8)                              - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it.

• Transparency of information index (0–6)
• Geographic coverage index (0–8)
• Land dispute resolution index (0–8)
• Equal access to property rights index (-2–0)

                                                                                                                                                                                       Page 22
Doing Business 2020                        Finland

Registering Property - Finland

  Indicator                                                                   Finland                     OECD high income            Best Regulatory Performance

 Procedures (number)                                                         3                           4.7                          1 (5 Economies)

 Time (days)                                                                 61.5                        23.6                         1 (2 Economies)

 Cost (% of property value)                                                  4.0                         4.2                          0.0 (Saudi Arabia)

 Quality of the land administration index (0-30)                             26.5                        23.2                         None in 2018/19

 Figure – Registering Property in Finland – Score

                   83.3                                      71.1                                        73.3                                       88.3

               Procedures                                    Time                                        Cost
                                                                                                                                   Quality of the land administration index

 Figure – Registering Property in Finland and comparator economies – Ranking and Score

                                                                    DB 2020 Registering Property Score

                              0                                                                                         100

                                                                                                          89.9: Denmark (Rank: 11)

                                                                                                        86.6: Iceland (Rank: 16)

                                                                                                  79.0: Finland (Rank: 34)

                                                                                                77.0: Regional Average (OECD high income)

                                                                                        66.6: Germany (Rank: 76)

                                                                                    63.3: France (Rank: 99)

Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their scores for registering property. These scores are the simple average of
the scores for each of the component indicators.

                                                                                                                                                                              Page 23
Doing Business 2020                Finland

  Figure – Registering Property in Finland – Procedure, Time and Cost

                                                                  Time (days)       Cost (% of property value)
                                                                                                                                                                 4.5
               60

                                                                                                                                                                 4
               50

                                                                                                                                                                        Cost (% of property value)
                                                                                                                                                                 3.5

               40                                                                                                                                                3
 Time (days)

                                                                                                                                                                 2.5
               30
                                                                                                                                                                 2

               20                                                                                                                                                1.5

                                                                                                                                                                 1
               10
                                                                                                                                                                 0.5

               0                                                                                                                                                 0
                                1                                                  2                                                  3
                                                                           Procedures (number)

* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.

Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and women, the graph shows the
time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website (http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology). For details on the procedures
reflected here, see the summary below.

                                                                                                                                                                                                     Page 24
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