Green and Decent Jobs: The case for local action - IPPR
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WWW.IPPR.ORG GreenandDecentJobs: Thecaseforlocalaction Anipprscopingpaper JennyBird,KayteLawtonandKandidaPurnell June2010 ©ippr2010 InstituteforPublicPolicyResearch Challengingideas– Changingpolicy
2 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Contents
Aboutippr..................................................................................................................................3
Abouttheproject.......................................................................................................................3
Abouttheauthors......................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................3
Executivesummary.....................................................................................................................4
1.Introduction............................................................................................................................7
2.Whydoweneedgreenjobsandwhatshouldtheydeliver?.................................................8
3.Leadingtheway:casestudiesfromtheUSA.......................................................................14
4.Greenshoots:casestudiesfromtheUK..............................................................................19
5.Fourkeyprinciplesforcreatinggreenanddecentjobs.......................................................26
6.OpportunitiesforfutureactionintheUK...........................................................................28
7.Conclusion............................................................................................................................31
References................................................................................................................................32
Annex1:Ongoingprogrammesofworkwithrelevancetothegreenjobsagenda
intheUK..................................................................................................................................34
Annex2:Findingsfromippr’s‘Greenanddecentjobs’survey,2010.....................................423 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Aboutippr
TheInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch(ippr)istheUK’sleadingprogressivethinktank,
producingcutting-edgeresearchandinnovativepolicyideasforajust,democraticand
sustainableworld.
Since1988,wehavebeenattheforefrontofprogressivedebateandpolicymakinginthe
UK.Throughourindependentresearchandanalysiswedefinenewagendasforchangeand
providepracticalsolutionstochallengesacrossthefullrangeofpublicpolicyissues.
WithofficesinbothLondonandNewcastle,weensureouroutlookisasbroad-basedas
possible,whileourGlobalChangeprogrammeextendsourpartnershipsandinfluence
beyondtheUK,givingusatrulyworld-classreputationforhighqualityresearch.
ippr,30-32SouthamptonStreet,LondonWC2E7RA.Tel:+44(0)2074706100E:info@ippr.org
www.ippr.org.RegisteredCharityNo.800065
ThispaperwasfirstpublishedinJune2010.©ippr2010
Abouttheproject
Thisscopingpaperisthefirstoutputfromippr’s‘CommunitiesforGreenandDecentJobs’
project,whichbeganinautumn2009.ThepaperwillformthebasisofourGreenJobs
SummitinJune2010.Furtherphasesoftheprojectwillinvolveaseriesofroundtable
meetings,alearningtriptotheUSAandademonstrationprojectintheUK.
Abouttheauthors
JennyBirdisaResearchFellowatippr.Sheworksonippr’sCitizens,SocietyandEconomy
programmeandspecialisesinenergyandclimatechangepolicy.Shehasauthoredtwo
previousreportson‘green’jobs:GreenJobs:Prospectsforcreatingjobsfromoffshorewind
intheUKandTheFuture’sGreen:JobsandtheUKlow-carbontransition.
KayteLawtonisaResearchFellowatippr,wheresheworksonemployment,skills,poverty
andinequalityandhasledippr’sworkonlowpayandin-workpoverty.
KandidaPurnelliscurrentlyaninternworkingonippr’sCitizens,SocietyandEconomy
programme.KandidahaspreviouslyworkedforaGreenMEPandcompletedanMAin
InternationalRelations.
Acknowledgements
ThisprojectwasmadepossiblebythegeneroussupportoftheCalousteGulbenkian
Foundation.Weareverygratefultothem;thisprojectcouldnothavehappenedwithouttheir
support.
Wewouldalsoliketothankalltheindividualswhowillinglygaveuptheirtimetotakepartin
interviewsforthisprojectandeveryonewhocompletedourscopingsurvey.Wewouldalso
liketothankLouisaHooperforprovidingcommentsonanearlierversionofthereport.
Finallywearegratefultocolleaguesatipprwhocontributedtothisprojectandcommented
ondraftsofthisreport:TonyDolphinandKateStanley,andtoGeorginaKyriacou,who
steeredthereporttowardspublication.
Noneoftheaboveshouldbeheldresponsiblefortheviewsexpressedinthisreport,which
aresolelythoseoftheauthors.4 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Executivesummary
Greenjobsareoftenheraldedasthesolutiontothetwinchallengesofloweringour
greenhousegasemissionsandbringingdownunemployment.However,verylittlehasbeen
saidaboutwhatnewgreenjobsmightlooklike–whowillbedoingthem,howmuchmight
theypayandwherewilltheybelocated?
Unequalaccesstojobs,lowpayandalackofprogressionroutesareendemicproblemsin
somepartsoftheUKlabourmarket.Inthispaperwearguethattomaximisethebenefitsof
thegreenjobsrevolution,wemustmakesurethatgreenjobsarealsogoodjobs,payinga
decentwageandofferingmoreandbetteremploymentopportunitiestoawiderangeof
people.
Tomakethisareality,wemakethecaseforgreateractionatthelocallevel,andbyagreater
rangeofindividualsandorganisations.Weexaminethepotentialfornewpartnerships
betweenlotsofdifferentorganisations–basedonexamplesofbestpracticefromtheUSA–
tohelpensurethatnewgreenjobsarerightforlocalcommunities.
Inthisreportweusetheterm‘greenjobs’initsbroadestpossiblesense–thatis,toinclude
environmentalgoodsandservicesaswellaslow-carbonsectors,toincorporatesupplychain
jobsandtocount‘greener’versionsofexistingjobstoo.
Climatechangeandemploymentchallenges
TheUKfaceschallengesonboththeclimatechangeandemploymentagendas– asdetailed
below– whichwearguecanbeaddressedbylocalactionongreenanddecentjobs.
Challengingclimatechangetargets
AfundamentalshiftintheUKeconomyisrequiredfortheUKtoachieveitsambitionsto
reducegreenhousegasemissionsby80percentby2050.Thiswillinvolvemassive
improvementsinenergyefficiency,decarbonisationofelectricity,restructuringroadtransport
andmajorchangestothewayweheatbuildings.Thesechangeswillaffectalmostalljobs,
notjustthoseindirectly-affectedsectors,andwewillallneedtoadapttoworkinginalow-
carbonworld.
Risinglevelsofunemployment
Unemploymentcontinuestoriseafterthe2008/09recession,despitetheresumptionof
economicgrowth.Lookingahead,thereisariskthattheeconomicrecoverynowunderway
couldbeajoblessrecoveryunlessnewareasofjobgrowthareidentifiedandcultivated.
Labourmarketexclusion
Manypeoplefinditdifficulttofindsuitableemploymentintheirlocalarea,andthisisa
particularproblemforpeoplewithlowskills,peoplewithadisability,loneparentsandpeople
fromsomeethnicminoritybackgrounds.Evenbeforetherecession,afifthofworking-age
adultswereeffectivelyexcludedfromthelabourmarketandclassedas‘economically
inactive’–notworkingandnotlookingforwork.
Toomanypeopleonlowpay
TheUKalsohaspersistentlyhighlevelsoflowpayandin-workpoverty.Whereentry-level
jobsfailtoprovidea‘steppingstone’tobetterpaidopportunities,peoplegettrappedin
low-paid,dead-endjobs.Thisisaseriousproblemformanypeoplewithlowskillsandin
partsofthecountrywheregoodqualityjobsarescarce.
ThegreenjobsagendaintheUKhastendedtofocusonthefirsttwooftheseissues–
reducinggreenhousegasemissionsandcreatingjobs.Muchlessthoughthasbeengivento
thethirdandfourth–howtocreategoodqualityjobsthatareaccessibletothepeoplewho
reallyneedthem.5 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Whatcanbedone?
Thisscopingstudyhasrevealedsomeinnovativeapproachestostimulatinggreenanddecent
jobsintheUS:
•ApolloAlliance: Anationalmovementbasedonstate-levelcoalitionsofbusiness,union,
environmental,localgovernmentandcommunityleaders.Thecoalitionsworkto
stimulatethetransitiontoacleanenergyeconomywhilecreatinggood-qualityjob
opportunitiesforthemostdisadvantagedAmericans.
•WE²: Acoalitionofunions,environmentalgroups,stateandlocalauthoritiesoperating
inWisconsin,theWE² programmeseekstoimproveenergyefficiencyinresidentialand
publicbuildingsinordertocreatejobsforlocalunemployedpeople.Keytothe
programmehasbeentheestablishmentofminimumlabourstandardsandrequirements
tohirelocally.
• BlueGreenAlliance:BGAisapartnershipbetweentheUnitedSteelworkerstradeunion
andtheSierraClub,thelargestenvironmentalorganisationintheUS.BGAuses
advocacy,campaigningandtrainingtodisseminateknowledgeaboutthegreenjobs
agendaandlobbyforimprovedworkers’rightsinenvironmentalprogrammes.
•GreenForAll:GreenForAllisacharitycampaigningforaninclusivelow-carbon
economythattacklespovertyaswellasprovidingcleanenergy.Itsworkfocuseson
developingpolicyandhelpingtobringtogetherdifferentpartnerstobuildeffective
coalitionsinstatesandcitiesacrosstheUS.
Theseprogrammesdemonstratehowitispossibletocombineenvironmentalandsocial
justiceconcerns.Itisstrikingthatalloftheseinitiativeshaveinvolvedlocal-level(stateand
city)action;thatobjectivesonjobaccessibilityandqualitywerecoretotheirmissions;and
thattheyallinvolvedcoalitionsbetweenorganisationsthathavenotalwaysworkedtogether
inthepast,includingunionsandenvironmentalorganisations.
Onthisfront,theUSisaheadoftheUK.However,wehavealsoidentifiedsomepioneering
projectsintheUK:
•BirminghamGreenNewDeal:AprojectledbyBirminghamCityCouncilinpartnership
witharangeoflocalorganisations,includinganengineeringfirm,asocialenterprise,a
communityenvironmentalgroupandahousingassociation.Theprogrammeisdesigned
toimproveenergyefficiencyinbuildingsacrossthecity,providingnewemployment
opportunitiesforlocalpeople.
•PeckhamPower: Acommunityorganisationworkinginpartnershipwithlocal
communitycouncilsandenvironmentalorganisationstopromoteenergyefficiencyin
thePeckhamareaofSouthLondon.Theprojectiscurrentlyrollingoutfreesmart
meterstolocalpeopleanddevelopingaseriesof‘townhallmeetings’tostimulatelocal
debateandactiononenergyefficiency.
•CapacityGlobal’sTENproject: Developedtoaddresstheunder-representationof
peoplefromlow-incomeorethnicminoritybackgrounds,andpeoplewithdisabilities,in
environmentalorganisationsandthegreenjobsmovement.TheLondon-basedproject
workswithemployersandlocalcharitiestoprovideapackageoftrainingandwork
experiencetohelpindividualsgainafootholdintheenvironmentalsector.
TheseUKcasestudiesarenotaswellestablishedastheonesintheUS,butthey
demonstratetheinventivethinkingthatisalreadystartingtoblossominthegreenjobs
arena.LiketheirAmericancounterparts,theyillustratetheadvantagesofalocally-based,
partnershipapproachtocreatinggreenjobs.6 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Keyprinciples
DrawingonourAmericanandBritishcasestudies,wehavedevelopedfourkeyprinciples
thatmayproveausefulstartingpointforanyoneinterestedincreatingdecentgreenjobsin
theirlocalarea:
1.Keepitlocal: Localknowledgeisvital–itisimpossibleforcentralpolicymakerstoknow
whichgreenjobsaremostviablewhere,whatthelocalbarrierstoimplementationare,
whattheneedsofthelocalworkforceareandwhatthelocalskillsbaselookslike.
2.Joinforces: Thebenefitsofpartnershipworkingareclear–itisunrealistictoexpectany
oneorganisationtobeabletoidentifynewopportunities,providetrainingfacilities,
accesscommunitynetworksandprovideemploymentopportunities.Partnership
workingisvitalforachievingtheholisticapproachnecessarytocreategoodquality
greenjobs.
3.Notjustjobs: Itisessentialtoensurethatobjectivesabouttacklingpovertyand
supportingdisadvantagedcommunitiesareattheheartofgreenjobsprogrammesfrom
theverystart.Addingthematalaterstageislikelytomeantheyareoverlooked.
4.Buildatraining-to-work‘pipeline’: trainingprogrammesandwelfare-to-workschemes
needtobeproperlyintegratedwiththelocallabourmarket.Thiscanhelpensurethere
isaviablejourneyfromunemploymentintogreenworkandthatlocalpeoplehavethe
skillstotakeonnewjobs.
OpportunitiesforfutureactionintheUK
Ourscopingworkalsoincludedasurveyofover450organisationsfromacrosstheUK
workingonemployment,poverty,skills,housingandtheenvironment.Wefoundthatovera
thirdwereinterestedinprincipleinjoiningsomekindofcoalitionforgreenjobs.This
includedcharities,socialenterprises,housingassociations,localauthorities,tradeunionsand
privatecompanies.Therewasalsoanappetiteforundertakingarangeofactivitiestohelp
createdecentandgreenjobs,includingdevelopingpolicyproposals,sharinginformation,
campaigningandrunningpracticalprojects.Therespondentsdemonstratedthattheycould
bringarangeofdifferentskillsandknowledgetosuchcoalitions.
DrawingontheseresultsandourcasestudiesofsuccessfulprojectsintheUKandUS,we
arguethatcoalitionsforgreenanddecentjobswouldneedtocarryoutarangeofactivities,
includinghigh-levellobbyingonpolicy,identifyingtargetgroupsinthelocalcommunity,
developingappropriatetrainingpackagesandworkingwithlocalgreenemployerstocreate
viablejobopportunities.
Inordertomaximisethebenefitsofthelow-carbontransition,localgreenjobsprojectsand
coalitionswillneedtoaddressthefourkeychallengessetoutabove:meetingtheUK’s
climatechangetargets;tacklinghighlevelsofunemployment;providingjobsforpeoplewho
arecurrentlyeconomicallyinactiveorwhofaceahighriskofunemployment;andhelpingto
reducetheUK’sdependenceonlow-wagework.
Thetransitiontoalow-carboneconomyisnotoptionalandnational-levelpolicywillbe
requiredtomakethishappen,butthismustbepairedwithlocal-levelactivityifthe
economicopportunitiesthetransitionoffersaretobefullyrealised.Ourintentionisthatthis
scopingpaperwillmarkthestartofanewwaveofactionintheUKwithgrassrootsand
local-levelorganisationsbeginningtotakeactiononmakinggreenanddecentjobsareality
intheirareas.7 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
1.Introduction
Greenjobsareoftenheraldedasthesolutiontothetwinchallengesofloweringour
greenhousegasemissionsandbringingdownunemployment.However,verylittlehasbeen
saidaboutwhatnewgreenjobsmightlooklike–whowillbedoingthem,howmuchwill
theypayandwherewilltheybe?
Unequalaccesstojobs,lowpayandalackofprogressionroutesareendemicproblemsin
somepartsoftheUKlabourmarket.Inthispaperwearguethattomaximisethebenefitsof
thegreenjobsrevolution,wemustmakesurethatgreenjobsarealsogoodjobs,payinga
decentwageandofferingmoreandbetteremploymentopportunitiestoawiderangeof
people.
Tomakethisareality,wemakethecaseforgreateractionatthelocallevel,andbyagreater
rangeofindividualsandorganisations.Weexaminethepotentialfornewpartnerships
betweenorganisationsthatmaynotbeworkingwitheachotheratthemoment,drawingon
theevidencefrompioneeringprojectsintheUSAandUK.Wealsoanalysetheresultsofa
newsurveyof450organisationsworkingacrosstheUKtounderstandtheappetiteformore
partnershipworkingatthelocallevelonthisagenda.
TheintentionistoprovidebothausefulsummaryofinitiativescurrentlyunderwayintheUK
tohelpcreategreenjobsandtooffersomenewideasandperhapseveninspirationfor
anyonewhoisinterestedintakingforwardthegreenjobsagendaintheirlocalarea.
Whataregreenjobs?
Thereisalotofdebateaboutwhatshouldcountasa‘green’job–whetherthisincludes
onlylow-carbonjobs,orwhethertheenvironmentalgoodsandservicessectorisincluded
too;whethersupplychainjobsarealsoincluded(forexampleshouldajobinabearings
factorythatsupplieswindturbinemanufacturersamongothercustomersbethoughtofas
green?);andif‘greener’versionsofexistingjobsshouldcount(forexample,acement
manufacturerthatusesamoreenergyefficientfactory).
Inourpreviousworkonthissubject,wehavefocusedonlyonjobsrelatingtothelow-
carbonsector(seeBirdandLawton2009).However,forthepurposesofthisscopingpaper
weareusingtheterm‘green’initsbroadestsense–thatis,toincludeenvironmentalgoods
andservicesaswellaslow-carbonsectors,toincludesupplychainjobsandtocount
‘greener’versionsofexistingjobstoo.
Structureofthereport
Chapter2setsoutthecontextinwhichthegreenjobsagendaisbeingdevelopedinthe
UK.Thisincludesourenvironmentalcommitmentsaswellasproblemsofunemployment,
workforceinequalityandpoorqualityemployment.Chapters3and4setoutsome
interestingcasestudiesfromtheUSAandUKofinitiativestoprovidedecentgreenjobs.
WethenidentifysomekeylessonsthatcanbedrawnfromtheseexamplesinChapter5.
InChapter6wepresentsomeofthefindingsofourscopingsurvey,showingthe
potentialfordevelopingnew‘bottomup’approachestogreenjobscreation,before
concludinginChapter7.8 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
2.Whydoweneedgreenjobsandwhatshouldtheydeliver?
Thegreenjobsagendahasthepotentialtodelivermorethanjustnewjobsandreductionsin
greenhousegasemissions.Itcouldalsohaveavitalroleintacklinginequalitybyimproving
theemploymentprospectsofpeoplewhooftenloseoutinthelabourmarket.Inthis
chapter,wesetoutthechallengesthattheUKfaces,onbothclimatechangeand
employment,andexplainwhyitisessentialthatnewgreenjobsarealsogoodjobs.
Climatechangeandemploymentchallenges
WestartbylookingatchallengesfacedbytheUKintwokeyareas:climatechangeand
employment.
Transitiontoalow-carboneconomy
Politicalleaders,prominentscientistsandmajorenvironmentalgroupshaveallacknowledged
thatclimatechangeisthebiggestthreatfacingtheworldtoday.Asaresult,theUKhas
pledgedtodoitsfairshareoftheworkneededtoreduceglobalemissionsofgreenhouse
gases.TheClimateChangeAct2008,whichreceivedcross-partysupportinParliament,sets
outtoughemissionreductiontargetsfortheUKof34percentcutsby2020andan80per
centreductionby2050(ona1990baseline).
Figure2.1showstheprogressthatweneedtomakeinreducingcarbonemissionsinorderto
achievethe2050target.Althoughthechartshowsthatwehavemadegoodprogressto
date,thishaslargelybeenachievedthrough‘quickwins’andtoreachthe2050target,much
moreradicalactionwillberequired.Thiswillinvolve:
•Arapiddecarbonisationoftheelectricitysectorthroughtheexpansionofrenewable
energyandthedevelopmentofcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technology
•Amajorrestructuringinroadtransportaspetrolanddieseluseisphasedoutand
replacedwithalternativeslikebiofuelsorelectricvehiclesandanincreaseinthe
provisionofpublictransport.
•Significantchangesinthewayweheatbuildings,movingtowardsmoreefficient
heatingtechnologies(suchasdistributedheatnetworks)andalternativestonaturalgas
asafuel(suchasbiogas).
Figure2.1.UKGreenhousegasemissionssince1990andemissionsreductiontargetsfor2020and2050
Source:DECC2010
Actual Emissions Target
900
800
700
Million tonnes of CO2 equivalent
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020 2023 2026 2029 2032 2035 2038 2041 2044 2047 2050
Year9 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Ineacharea,massiveincreasesinenergyefficiencywillalsobenecessarytohelpbringdown
emissions.Thesechangeswillaffectalmostalljobs,notjustthoseinthedirectly-affected
sectors,andwewillallneedtoadapttoworkinginalow-carbonworld.
TheUKisalsocommittedtocontributingtotheEuropeanUnion’s20-20-20targetson
greenhousegasreductions,renewableenergyandenergyefficiency.TheUK’sallocated
contributiontowardstherenewableenergytargetistotake15percentofourenergy
requirementsfromrenewablesourcesby2020.Thisisanextremelychallengingtargetforthe
UKsincein2008renewableenergyonlymadeup2.25percentofourenergymix(HM
Government2009c).However,ifwearesuccessfulinmeetingthetarget,wecanexpectto
seealargeincreaseinrenewableenergyfacilitiesacrosstheUKoverthenextdecade.
ItisclearthatmeetingtheUK’sclimatechangecommitmentswillbeverychallenging.Itwill
requirecontinuedsupportfrompoliticiansacrossthepoliticalspectrumtoensurethatpolicy
decisionsmadeoverthenextdecadestimulatethetechnologicalandbehaviouralchanges
necessarytoachieveourlow-carbonambitions.Atthesametime,itisalsoclearthatthe
transitiontoalow-carboneconomyhasthepotentialtobringnewopportunitieswithit,in
developingnew,low-carbontechnologiesandservices.Ifsupportedcorrectly,these
emergingsectorscouldeventuallyplayasignificantroleinthefutureUKeconomy.
Thetransitionwillrequireacompletetransformationofoureconomy–notjustintermsof
expandingnewlow-carbonindustries,suchastherenewableenergysector,butalsoin
‘greening’existingsectorssothattheycancontinuetooperateinalow-carbonworld.
Risingunemployment
TheglobalfinancialcrisistriggeredarecessionintheUKthatbeganinthesecondquarterof
2008andlasteduntilthethirdquarterof2009–thelongestrecessioninmoderntimes.
Althoughtheeconomystartedtogrowagaininthefinalquarterof2009,thelevelof
growthwasveryweakatjust0.4percentinthefourthquarterof2009and0.3percentin
thefirstquarterof2010(OfficeforNationalStatistics2010).
Figure2.2showstheeffectoftherecessiononunemployment.Unemployment(ameasure
ofpeoplewithoutworkwhoareactivelyseekingemployment)increasedfrom5.2percentin
thefirstquarterof2008to8.0percentinthefirstquarterof2010,bringingthetotal
numberofunemployedadultsto2.51million.Unemploymenttendstolagbehindchanges
inGDPanditisexpectedthatitwillcontinuetorise,despitetherecessionhavingendedin
GDPtermsattheendof2009.
Thefinancialcrisisandrecessionhavebroughtwiththemanendtojobgrowthinmanyof
thesectorstheUKhaspreviouslyreliedontoprovideemployment,includingfinancial
servicesandconstruction.TheconsensusoncuttingtheUK’sfiscaldeficitalsomeansthat
Figure2.2. 9
Unemployment
Unemployment rate (%)
8
intheUK,
7
2004–2010
6
Source:Labour
5
ForceSurvey
4
Note: 3
Unemployment
2
referstopeopleover
16whoarenot 1
workingbutare 0
activelyseekingand
20 Q1
20 Q3
20 Q1
20 Q3
20 Q1
20 Q3
20 Q1
20 Q3
20 Q1
20 Q3
20 Q1
20 Q3
Q1
availableforwork.
04
04
05
05
06
06
07
07
08
08
09
09
10
2010 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
publicsectoremployment,whichhasrisensignificantlyoverthelastdecade,islikelytosee
fallsintheshorttomediumterm.Thisleavesagreatdealofuncertaintyaboutwherenew
jobswillcomefromastheeconomycontinuestorecover,withtheriskofajoblessrecovery
remainingveryreal.However,growthsectorslikelow-carbonandenvironmentalgoodsand
serviceshavethepotentialtodrivethenewjobcreationneededtohelpreturntheUK
labourmarkettopre-recessionlevelsofunemployment.
Itisverydifficulttosayexactlyhowmanynewjobswemightseeinthesesectorsand
attemptstoputafigureonthenumberofjobsatstakehavevariedwildly(seeBirdand
Lawton2009foramoredetaileddiscussionoftheseestimates).However,ifweputinplace
themeasuresthatareneededtokeepontrackwithourclimatechangecommitments,then
alargeandrapidexpansioninthelow-carbonsectorwillberequired.
Labourmarketexclusion
Unemploymentandeconomicinactivity(whereworking-agepeoplearenotworkingandnot
seekingwork)arenotevenlydistributed–somepeoplearemuchmorelikelytobeoutof
workthanothers.Figure2.3showsthatloneparents,peoplewithlow-levelskills,people
withadisabilityandolderpeoplehaveasubstantiallygreaterriskofworklessnessthanthe
overallpopulation.Forexample,lessthanhalfofworking-ageadultswithlow-levelskillsora
disabilitywereinemploymentatthebeginningof2009.
Figure2.3.
Employment
ratesof Lowest qualified
disadvantaged Disabled
groupsinGreat
Lone parents
Britain,Q12009
Source:DWP/ Ethnic minority
GEO/EHRC2009 Over 50s
Deprived areas
UKaverage
All
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Employment rate (%)
Formanypeople,inactivityisamuchbiggerproblemthanunemployment.Justoverafifth
ofworking-ageadultsareeconomicallyinactive–8millionpeople–andthisfigurehas
remainedremarkablystableoverthelasttwodecades.Thesefiguresincludepeopleinfull-
timeeducationbutalsocoverover5millionpeopleinreceiptofout-of-workbenefits,
includingIncapacityBenefitandIncomeSupport.Manyeconomicallyinactivepeoplehave
beenoutofworkformanymonthsoryearsandhavelimitedopportunitiestofindsuitable,
goodqualityemploymentintheirlocalarea.
Thereissomeevidencethattheseinequalitiesarealsoproblemswithintheenvironmental
andlow-carbonsectors,althoughtherehasnotbeenagreatdealofresearchonthis
particularquestion.IntheirrecentreportHardtoReach?DiversityandEnvironmentMaria
AdebowaleandChrisChurcharguethathistorically,manypeoplehavebeeneffectively
excludedfromworkingintheenvironmentalsector,includingpeoplewithdisabilitiesand
peoplefromminorityethnicbackgrounds(AdebowaleandChurch2009).
ippr’sownanalysissuggeststhatwomenmayalsofacelimitedopportunitiesinthegrowing
low-carbonandenvironmentalsectors.Thisisparticularlytrueinconstructionand11 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
manufacturingjobs,wherewomenhavetraditionallyrepresentedaverysmallproportionof
theworkforce(BirdandLawton2009).
Toomanypeopleonlowwages
MovingintoworkdoesnotnecessarilymeanmovingoutofpovertyandtheUKhas
persistentlyhighnumbersofpeopleonlowpayandhighlevelsofin-workpoverty.In2006,
5.3millionpeoplewerelowpaid,withthethresholdforlowpaysetat60percentofmedian
full-timeearnings.Thisrepresentsamuchhigherproportionoftheworkforcethanisseenin
otherEuropeancountries:22percentofworkersarelowpaidintheUKcomparedwith18
percentintheNetherlands,13percentinFranceandjust9percentinDenmark(Lawton
2009).IntheUK,lowpayisaparticularprobleminthehotelandrestaurantsector,retailand
personalservices,andforpeopleworkinginsalesandcustomerservices,andelementary-
leveljobs.
Althoughlow-paid,entry-leveljobscansometimesofferarouteintowork–particularlyfor
thosewithlowlevelsofskillsorpatchyworkrecords–thereisalsoariskthatifthesejobs
donotprovideasteppingstonetobetterpaidopportunities,peoplewillremaintrappedin
low-paidwork.ippr’sownanalysissuggeststhatmanypeopleintheUKarestuckinlow-
paidanddead-endjobs:overhalfoflow-paidemployeesexperiencednosignificant
improvementintheirincomebetween2002and2005(Lawton2009).Figure2.4showsthat
theprobabilityofmovingoutoflow-paidworkvariesacrosstheoccupationalsectors,with
elementaryoccupationsshowingthegreatestpropensitytoretainpeopleinlow-paidwork.
Figure2.4.
Probabilityof 15 Admin &
secretarial
movingoutof 10
lowpaybetween
Sales & Plant &
2000/01and 5 Personal customer machine
Skilled services
2005/06in trades services operatives Elementary
0
selected
industries, -5
comparedto
managerial -10
occupations -15
Source:Lawton
2009 -20
Wearenotawareofanyanalysisthathaslookedattheratesoflowpayandwork
progressionwithintheexistinglow-carbonandenvironmentalsectors,althoughwehave
comeacrosssomeanecdotalevidencethatthesefactorscouldbeproblematicforjobs
relatedtotheconservationofgreenspaces,andpotentiallyforjobsinstallingloftinsulation.
Ourownanalysisofthepotentialfuturegrowthareaswithinthelow-carbonsectorsuggests
thatgrowthislikelytooccurinoccupationsthatarenotgenerallyassociatedwithlowpay,
withtheexceptionoftheretailsector(seeBirdandLawton2009foramoredetailed
discussion).Thismeansthatlow-carbonindustriesprovidegoodprospectsforthecreationof
decentjobs,makinganevenstrongercaseforactiontomaximisetheemployment
opportunitiesassociatedwiththelow-carbontransition.
Whatisbeingdone?
Theprevioussectionoutlinedthefourchallengeswhenitcomestoclimatechangeand
employment– theneedsto:
1.Tackleclimatechange
2.Bringdownunemployment12 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
3.Reducelabourmarketexclusion
4.Reducethenumberofpeoplewhoarelowpaid.
Belowwebrieflysetouthowwellthesefourelementsarecurrentlybeingaddressedinthe
UKinthecontextofthegreenjobsagenda.Annex1providesamorecomprehensiveoutline
oftheactionbeingtakenongreenjobsbygovernment,thethirdsector,tradeunionsand
theprivatesector.
Tacklingclimatechange
ThelastLabourgovernmenttookanincreasinglyactiveapproachtostimulating‘greenjobs’
duringitslastfewyearsinoffice,spurredonbytheeffectsofthe2008/09recession.Aswell
asadoptingtheheadlinetargetsdescribedabove,thegovernmentdevelopedaLowCarbon
IndustrialStrategytohelpstimulatethenewgreenindustriesthatwillbeneededtomake
thetransitiontoalow-carboneconomy(HMGovernment2009a),andbeganaprogramme
ofdesignatingLowCarbonEconomicAreasthataimstoacceleratethegrowthofspecific
low-carbonindustriesindifferentregions.Investmentintheinfrastructurenecessaryto
attractnewgreenindustriestotheUK,suchasportfacilitiesforoffshorewind,wasalso
steppedup.
Itisnotyetclearwhetherthenewcoalitiongovernmentwillcontinuethisactiveapproachto
stimulatinggreenindustries.TheQueen’sSpeechinMay2010announcedplansforan
EnergySecurityandGreenEconomyBillwhichwilltakeforwardboththeConservatives’and
LiberalDemocrats’manifestopledgesforloanstobemadeavailabletohomeownersfor
domesticinsulationmeasures.TheBillisalsodesignedtodelivergreaterlevelsoflow-carbon
energygenerationandtheCoalitionhassaiditwillseektoincreasetheUK’stargetfor
energygenerationfromrenewablesourcesundertheEU’s20-20-20targets(HM
Government2010a).TheGovernmentwillalsosetupaGreenInvestmentBanktosupport
investmentinlow-carbonprojects.However,theofficialinformationontheBillavailableto
datemakesnomentionofthepredictedordesiredeffectsonemployment.
Manythirdsectororganisationshavebeenveryactiveincampaigningontheneedtotackle
climatechangeandtheopportunitiesthismightprovideintermsofjobcreation.Trades
unionshavealsopushedhardfortougherpoliciesonrenewableenergytostimulatethe
sector.PrivatesectororganisationsliketheCBI(ConfederationofBritishIndustry)andthe
CorporateLeadersGrouphavecalledfortoughactiononclimatechangetoo.
Bringingdownunemployment
ThemostprominentprogrammeinthisareaistheFutureJobsFund,whichwaslaunchedby
theLabourgovernmentin2009totacklerisingyouthunemploymentcreatedbythe
recession.Itwasashort-termprogrammedesignedtorespondtotherecessionbyenabling
localcouncilsandtheirpartnerstobidformoneyfromtheFundtocreatesix-monthjobs
paidattheminimumwageorabove.
Theoriginalaimwastocreate200,000newjobsfor18to25yearoldswhohadbeenoutof
workforatleastsixmonths,withanaspirationthat10,000ofthesenewjobsshouldbe
‘green’.However,theFutureJobsFundwasclosedtonewapplicationsinMay2010bythe
newcoalitiongovernment.TheFundhadcreatedaround120,000jobsbythispoint.
Thepreviousgovernmentwasalsoexplicitabouttheintendedemploymentoutcomesofits
LowCarbonIndustrialStrategy,althoughmaximisingjobcreationwasnotalwaysattheheart
oftheStrategy.
Reducinglabourmarketexclusion
Tothebestofourknowledge,thereisverylittleworkbeingdoneatthemomentintheUK
tospecificallyimproveemploymentopportunitiesinemerging‘green’sectorsforpeoplewho
tendtofacedisadvantageinthelabourmarket.Theonlyexamplesweareawareofarethe
FutureJobsFund,whichtargetedyoungpeople,andCapacityGlobal’sTENproject,which
wedescribeinmoredetailinChapter4.13 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Tacklinglowpay
Thisisanotherareathathasreceivedverylittleattentioninthegreenjobsdebatesofar.
Therearesomepocketsofgoodpractice–forexample,theTUC’sworkontheconceptofa
‘JustTransition’andBirminghamCityCouncil’sGreenNewDealproject,whichensuresthat
energyefficiencycontractorsarerecruitingfromdeprivedareasofthecity–butquestions
aboutwhether‘green’jobsarealso‘decent’jobsarenotaconsistentpartofthedebate.
Conclusion
Currentdebatesaroundgreenjobsarefailingtorecognisehowthegreenjobsagendacould
playitspartintacklinginequalityandimprovingthejobprospectsofpeoplewhooftendo
badlyinthelabourmarket.Thefocusistoooftenonthenumberofjobscreatedandthe
amountofgreenhousegasessavedalone.Thesearevitalissues,butthegreenjobs
movementcouldachievesomuchmoreifwegavemoreattentiontothekindsofjobsbeing
createdandtheopportunitiestheyprovidetodifferentkindsofpeople.
Wehavefoundthatthegreenjobsagendahasbeendriventoalargeextentby
environmentalorganisations,whileorganisationsthataimtopromotesocialjusticeand
equalityortacklepovertyhavebeenlessvocalinthedebatesofar.Thismayexplainwhy
someofthemorenuancedaspectsofgreenjobshavehadlessattention.
Therestofthisreportaimstoprovidesomeexamplesofgoodpracticeandtoputforward
somesuggestionsofhowamorebalancedapproachtogreenjobscouldbetakenintheUK:
onethatensuresthatfuturejobswillbeboth‘green’and‘decent’.14 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
3.Leadingtheway:casestudiesfromtheUSA
ThedebateintheUSAongreenanddecentjobsismuchmoreadvancedthanitisinthe
UK.Inthischapterweprovidesomecasestudiesofthekindsofinitiativesthatare
underwayacrossthecountry.Manyoftheschemesweaddresshaveamuchmoreexplicit
focusonjobqualityandonworkingatthegrassrootslevelthantheUK-basedinitiatives
describedearlierinthisreport.
TheApolloAlliance
TheApolloAllianceisacoalitionofbusiness,union,environmentalandcommunityleaders
thataimstostimulatethetransitiontoacleanenergyeconomywhileatthesametime
creatinggood-qualityjobopportunitiesforthemostdisadvantagedAmericans.
TheAllianceworksatboththenationalandlocallevel.Thenationalaspectofthe
organisationisfocusedoncampaigningforgreaterinvestmentfromthefederalgovernment
tostimulatenewgreenjobs.Therearealso14programmesoperatingatthestateorcity
level,whichworktoformgrassroots-levelcoalitionsthatcanhelptostimulatethecreation
ofappropriatejobswithinthelocalcontext.
Eachlocal-levelAllianceismadeupofacoalitionoflocally-basedgroupsthathavean
interestincreatingdecentgreenjobsinthelocalarea.Theseinclude:
•Environmentalcampaigngroups: includingconservationcampaigngroupsandclimate
changeadvocacy,educationandorganisinggroups.
• Jobandemploymentcampaigngroups: includingcharitiesworkingtocreateliving-
wagejobsindeprivedareas,organisationspromotingjobopportunitiesforyoung
people,andorganisationspromotingjobsforwomenintraditionallymale-dominated
sectorslikeconstruction.
•Community-basedanti-povertyandsocialjusticeorganisations:charitiesworkingto
tacklepovertyandracism,charitiesworkingtopromoteenvironmentaljusticewith
working-classethnicminoritycommunities,andorganisationsworkingtoempower
migrantcommunities.
•Tradeunions: inconstruction,electricalwork,steelwork,teachingandcarpentery.
•Educationalorganisations:includingcommunitycolleges,universities,secondary
schoolsandtechnicalcolleges.
•Greenbusinesses: includingcompaniesworkinginsolarenergy,housingretrofit/energy
efficiencyandalternativefuels.
•Localgovernment:includingconsortiaandtaskforcesledbylocalgovernors.
•Policy/researchorganisations: includingthinktanks,researchinstitutesanduniversity
centres.
Itisuptoeachlocal-levelAlliancetodevelopitsownsetofobjectivesandactionplanand
theactivitiesofthevariousdifferentgroupswillnecessarilybedifferentinordertotake
accountofthelocalcontext.However,thenational-levelAlliancehasidentifiedageneric
four-stepprogrammetocreategreenjobsatthelocallevel:
1.Identifyenvironmentaleconomicgoalsandassesslocalandregional
opportunitiesforachievingthosegoals.
2.Enactpoliciesandprogrammestodriveinvestmentintotargetedgreeneconomic
activityandincreasedemandforlocalgreenworkers.
3.Preparetheworkforcebybuildinggreen-collarjobtrainingpartnershipsto
identifyandmeetworkforcetrainingneeds,andbycreatinggreenpathwaysout15 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
ofpovertythatfocusonrecruitment,jobreadiness,jobtraining,andjob
placementforlow-incomeresidents.
4.Leverageyourprogramme’ssuccesstobuildpoliticalsupportfornewandbolder
policiesandinitiatives.
AlthoughthereisasharedoverarchingpurposeforallApolloAlliancegroups,theapproaches
takentoachievingthisvisionhaveallbeendevelopedandledatthelocallevel.Asaresult,a
rangeofdifferentactivitiesandapproacheshavebeentakenbythedifferentcity/state-level
groups.Theserangefromawarenessraisingandlocal-levelorganisingrightuptoproviding
fully-developedtrainingprogrammes.Someexamplesofthedifferenttypesofactivities
include:
Alliance-building
•TheNewYorkStateApolloAllianceconvenedaroundtablepanelofexpertstodiscuss
emergingcoaltechnologiesandtheirpotentialapplications.Theyhavealsoworked
withacoalitionofunions,renewableenergy,environmentandbusinessgroupsto
supportlegislationtoencouragethegrowthoftherenewableenergyindustry.
•TheBostonApolloAllianceorganisesacommitteeofatleast30communitygroups,
environmentalorganisations,unions,consumeradvocacygroups,interfaith
organisationsandworkforcedevelopmentandtraininginstitutions.
Awareness-raising
•TheWashingtonApolloAllianceheldaGreenJobsExpoandaGoodGreenJobs
conferenceincollaborationwiththeBlue-GreenAlliance.
•TheHawaiiApolloAllianceheldaforumonwhattheHawaiiCleanEnergyInitiative
meansforKaua’iCounty,whichattractedanaudienceofover120people.
Research
•TheSanDiegoApolloAlliancepreparedaneconomicimpactresearchbrieffocusingon
theelectricitysupplyinSanDiegoCounty.ItisnowworkingwithSanDiegoState
Universityonaprojecttostudytheregion’scompetitiveadvantageintermsofgreen
industries.
•TheBostonApolloAllianceisworkingonareport,GreenJobswithJustice,thatsets
outlocalopportunitiesandrecommendationsfortheemerginggreeneconomy.
Developingpolicyproposals
•TheWashingtonApolloAlliancebroughttogetherarangeofstakeholders(including
environmental,business,labourandcommunityorganisations)towritea‘climateaction
andgreenjobs’policyframework.Thissubsequentlypassedintostatelaw.
•TheSanDiegoApolloAlliancehasdraftedlabour,communityandenvironmental
standardsforrenewableenergyprojects.
Campaigning,lobbyingandadvocacy
•TheWashingtonApolloAlliancecampaignedsuccessfullyfortheintroductionofa
RenewableEnergyStandard(anincentivesimilartotheUK’sRenewablesObligation,or
RO,tostimulaterenewableenergy),theRenewableFuelStandard(similartotheUK’s
RenewableTransportFuelObligation[RTFO])andenhancedtaxcreditsforgreen
businessinWashingtonState.
•TheCaliforniaApolloAllianceco-sponsoredthreebills,whichhavenowpassedinto
statelaw.TheseincludedabilltoestablishGreenTechnologyPartnershipAcademies,a
billtoestablishaGreen-CollarJobsCouncilandabilltoextendpropertytaxexemption
tosolarequipment.16 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
Providingadvice
•MembersoftheWashingtonApolloAlliancehaveparticipatedintheSeattle/King
CountyWorkforceDevelopmentCouncilonGreenConstruction,theWashington2008
ClimateActionTeamaswellastechnicaladvisorycommitteesforthreecommunity
colleges.
Runningpracticalprogrammes
•TheLosAngelesApolloAlliancehasworkedinpartnershiptosetuptheLosAngeles
GreenCareersTrainingInitiative(GCTI),whichprovidestrainingtolow-incomeinner-
cityresidentstopreparethemforliving-wagegreenjobsinconstruction,thepublic
sector,publicandprivatepowercompaniesandemergingenergyindustries.TheGCTI
wasestablishedinconjunctionwithacitywideprogrammetoimprovetheenergy
efficiencyofpublicbuildings,especiallythoseinlow-incomeareas.
•TheOaklandApolloAlliancehaslaunchedaprogrammecalledOaklandGreenJobs
Corps,whichprovidestraininginconstruction,includingsolarpanelinstallation,energy
efficiencyandgreenconstruction,foryoungadultswhofacebarrierstoemployment.
Thetrainingisdeliveredbyapartnershipoforganisationsincludingacommunity
college,aconstructiontrainingprogrammeandaworkforceintermediary.Attheendof
theprogramme,jobswillbeprovidedbyapartnershipoflocalgreenbusinessesand
not-for-profitorganisationswhohaveagreedtoprovidepaidworkexperienceandjobs
forgraduatesoftheprogramme.
WisconsinEnergyEfficiency(WE²)
TheWisconsinEnergyEfficiencyproject,knownasWE²,isrunbytheCenteronWisconsin
Strategy(COWS),athink-and-do-tankbasedattheUniversityofWisconsin,andisdesigned
tostimulatealarge-scalebuildingretrofitprogrammeandcreategreenskillstraining
opportunitiesanddecentgreenjobsforlocalpeople.
WE²hasbeendevelopedinpartnershipwithWisconsinstateandlocalauthorities,trade
unions,environmentalandcommunityorganisationsandtheWisconsinRegionalTraining
Partnership(WRTP)–anumbrellaorganisationoperatingacrossthestatetoconnectthe
unemployedwiththeskillstheyneedinordertogaindecentwork.
WE²currentlyoperatesinthreeflagshipcities:Milwaukee,MadisonandRacine.Thereare
twoaspectstothescheme:oneistohelpstimulateamassivescalingupofbuilding
retrofittingactivityacrossthethreecities,andtheotheristoensurethatthejobscreatedin
thisprocesspayadecentwageandbenefitlocalcommunities.
Retrofittingwork
WE²aimstostimulatedemandtoretrofitcommercial,industrialandresidentialbuildings
throughasimpleschemewherebythelocalgovernmentpaystheupfrontcostofenergy
efficiencymeasuresandthebuildingoccupantsthenpaythecostsbackovertimethrough
thesavingsontheirenergybills.Theideaisthattherepaymentcostswillalwaysbelessthan
thesavingsmadethroughtheimprovementsthemselvessothattheoccupantwillbebetter
offoverall.
ChangeswereneededtoWisconsinlegislaturetoallowlocalgovernmentstobillforthis
schemeinthewaythattheybillforotherservices(suchassidewalkrepairs,whicharetiedto
propertytaxintheUS).ThelegalchangeswereapprovedinMay2009,preparingtheway
fortheintroductionofWE²in2010.
Theschemeisfinancedthroughbothcentralandlocalgovernmentfunds,includingtheUS
DepartmentofEnergy’sRetrofitRampUpfund,theCityofMilwaukee’sEnergyEfficiency
ConservationBlockGrantandtheCityofRacine’sEnergyEfficiencyConservationBlock
Grant.Eventuallyallpublicmoneywillbepaidbackthroughthebillrepaymentsoutlined17 ippr|GreenandDecentJobs:Thecaseforlocalaction– Anipprscopingpaper
above,creatinganongoingsourceoffunding.Publicfundsarealsorequiredtobematched
fivetoonebyprivateinvestment(intheformofalowinterestloan),bringingtotal
investmentintheprojectto$120million.
Greenjobs
Itisenvisagedthatsuchalargeexpansioninretrofittingworkacrossthethreecitieswill
createalargedemandforworkersatarangeoflevels–fromlow-skilledpositions(suchas
loftinsulationinstaller)tohighlyskilledjobs(suchasventilationsafetyofficer).
Theimportanceofensuringthesejobsarelocalanddecenthasbeenfundamentaltothe
developmentoftheWE²project.Asaresult,severalmeasureshavebeenputinplaceto
ensurethatthejobscreatedthroughtheretrofittingschemealsohelptotacklesomeofthe
labourmarketinequalitiesthatexistlocally.
InRacine,thecityauthorities,unionsandemployersagreedtoputinplaceaCommunity
WorkforceAgreement,whichplacesobligationsoncontractorsdeliveringretrofitting
measuresundertheWE²scheme.TheAgreementrequiresthatcontractorsarebasedwithin
20milesofthecityandthattheypaytheirworkersaminimumof$12perhour(the
minimumwageinWisconsiniscurrently$7.25perhour).Withinthefundingobtainedfrom
thefederalRetrofitRampUpFundthereisaspecificbudgetfortrainingprovisionthrough
whichtocultivategreenskillsandprovidecareerdevelopmentoptionsforworkers.
Blue-GreenAlliance
TheBlueGreenAlliance(BGA)describesitselfas‘anational,strategicpartnershipbetween
laborunionsandenvironmentalorganizationsdedicatedtoexpandingthenumberand
qualityofjobsinthegreeneconomy’(BGA2010:1).
FormedinpartnershipbytheUnitedSteelworkersandtheSierraClub(theoldestandlargest
environmentalorganisationintheUS)in1996,theaimsoftheBGAareto:
•Supportthepassageofcomprehensivecleanenergyandclimatechangelegislation
•Improveworkers’rights
•Establisha21stcenturytradepolicywithembeddedlabour,environmentalandhuman
rightsstandards.
BGAworkstoachieveitsaimsthroughcampaigningandadvocacyworkandtrainingand
educationprogrammes.
Campaigningandadvocacy
BGAiscurrentlyrunninganumberofcampaigns.Thesecallfor:
•AUS-widecapandtradesysteminthestyleoftheEUEmissionsTradingScheme
(ETS).
•ThepassageoftheEmployeesFreeChoiceAct,whichwouldimproveworkers’access
totradeunions.
•Increasedinvestmentintofreightrail,high-speedrailandotherinfrastructureprojects
asameanstocreatenewgreenjobs.
Trainingandeducation
BGAcurrentlyoffersnumeroustrainingschemesforworkingpeople,environmentalistsand
tradeunions.Thesearedesignedtoeducateindividualsandorganisationsonthe
developmentofthegreenjobsagendaandofferpracticaladviceonrelationshipbuilding,
campaignplanningandmediaoutreach.
Localactivities
BGAhasanumberofstate-levelchaptersandisactiveinWisconsin,NewJersey,Kansas,You can also read
