IJSER - SOCIAL MEDIA AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: A SURVEY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN KASHMIR
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 1, January-2019 2007
ISSN 2229-5518
Title:
SOCIAL MEDIA AND FREEDOM OF
EXPRESSION:
A SURVEY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN
KASHMIR
BY: IMTIYAZ PANDOW
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving me strength to complete
this paper.
My deep and sincere gratitude to my Mentor and guide Ms. Isra Amin
Bhat, Assistant Professor Department of Journalism and Mass
Communication, Islamic University of Science and Technology,
Awantipora. Her wide knowledge and logical way of thinking have been
of great value for me.
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I wish to extend my warmest thanks to all the respondents who took my
survey to complete this paper which would have been impossible
without their support.
Special thanks to all my colleagues and other friends for their support
and kind cooperation.
Above all I owe my loving thanks to my parents who mean everything to
me.
Imtiyaz Ahmad Pandow
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CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
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S
ocial Media holds the apex position when it comes to access as well as participation of
all the means of media in contemporary times. The social media has the distinction of
utmost participation of common masses. Unlike websites where the content is the
main focus, the social media users hold the centre place. If one compares traditional media with
contemporary social media, it clearly reflects that the social media holds an emotional part in
comparison to the traditional media. Traditional media has established the fact that the content is
monologue whereas social media holds the distinction of establishing the fact that any form of
content is a dialogue and hence justifies the notion of social media being a participative medium.
Being a participative medium, social media serves as a space where the participants can interact
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in such a way that they can release their positive as well as negative emotions.
Web 2.0
Web 2.0 is the interactive web that offers many interactive software choices (Gil, 2017) i. Social
media and User Generated Content are characteristics of what we call Web 2.0 or the
“participative web” (Wunsch-Vincent and Vickery, 2007) ii. This is the improved version of
World Wide Web with the change in user generated content and growth of social media
(Rathore, 2016) iii. So web 2.0 is a space where users can provide their own generated data and
have access cum control over it, states O’Reilly (2005) iv. The World Wide Web inventor
Berners- Lee (2005) v describes Web 2.0 as the new and universal medium where people exist in
an information space and are free to do what they want to do more efficiently.
Stefano (2007) vi defines web 2.0 as the latest evolution of the web that enables
the users to take an interactive part in the website and empowered the users to
the highest degree ever as they can upload any kind of content to it.
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This innovative era of web 2.0 has familiarized its users with full power not only to interact with
each other but has made them the creators of their own content and can now comment
accordingly on the content to present their opinion which was merely impossible in the passive
web 1.0 stage when users were limited only to the scanning of information (O’ Reilly, 2009) vii.
In 1996, The European Commission noted, internet functions as a publishing and communication
medium simultaneously with its distinctive features. Supporting the variety of communication
modes like one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many internet user may speak or listen
interchangeably at any time. It empowers a receiver to become a content provider of his own
consensus or through any third party by re-posting content features. The European Commission
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Legal Advisory Board, which advises the European Commission on legal matters concerning the
European information market also recoginised the internet with its uniqueness by calling it a
positive instrument that empowers the people, with barrier free content creation cum distribution
and offers the universal access to the richer sources of digital information (Chandra, 2003) viii.
Progressively, with the dawn of interactive web based services like social networking, blogs and
other video sharing websites, users began to interact and collaborate with each other by
generating their own content and simultaneously consuming the content that is already generated
by other users (Flew, 2008) ix.
Social Media
Social media is the online platform where users from all over the world present their opinion
with its participatory and interactivity feature. It is the medium that enables users to
communicate within online platform. Widely used social media platforms are Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, Whatsapp and other chatting applications. With its features like openness,
participation and interactivity users worldwide took these sites as a medium to express freely by
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commenting, uploading and sharing their views in the form of text messages, photographs, and
video or audio clips (Mayfield) x.
Social media is emerging as the most vital tool of communication equipped with the ability to
share information, opinions, connecting people globally and tool of active participation. It refers
to the means of interaction among people in which they create, share, and exchange information
and ideas in virtual communities and networks (Ahlqvist, Back, Halonen and Heinonen, 2008) xi.
With the availability of social networking sites and applications, users can create highly
interactive platforms where they can share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content
or the online content already available there (Kietzmann and Hermkens, 2011) xii.
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Defining the ‘Social Media’, Nations (2017) xiii divided it into two parts ‘Social and Media’. The
‘Social’ refers to interacting with other people by sharing information with them and receiving
information from them. ‘Media’ refers to an instrument of communication, like the internet
(while Television, radio, and newspapers are examples of more traditional forms of media) and
defined social media in general as the web-based communication tool allowing its users to
interact with one another by both receiving and sharing information.
Social media serves the people to convey their implicit thoughts all over the world with the
availability of interactivity and immediacy features. It gives the power to its users to express
gently their implicit opinions, but in its real time the connectivity on social networking sites
makes the implicit extremely explicit (Desai, 2012) xiv.
Moreau (2017) xv believes social media has the ability to reach people instantly
from anywhere and communicate with them in real time with its features of
interactivity.
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Due to the creation of worldwide forums for expression, social media has changed the idea of
interacting with each other and made it easy and possible now to reach the masses that never
existed before social media (Gomez, 2014) xvi.
User Generated Content (UGC)
UGC is one of the hallmarks of social media networks (Hawkins, 2012) xvii. All the content in the
form of videos, images or text created by the volunteer content providers in the cyber space is
commonly known what is called UGC. With the availability of smart phones, high speed internet
and latest technology the users can easily create and share content to reflect their opinion (Taluja,
2016) xviii.
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Beal Vangie xix defines UGC, also called as Consumer Generated Media (CGM) as the term used
to describe any content form such as video, blogs, discussion from posts, digital images, audio
files, and other forms of media created by consumers or users of an online system and is
publically available to other consumers and users. UGC is the core element of these participatory
web 2.0 internet applications i.e. social media (Obar and Wildman, 2015) xx.
Freedom of Expression
Universal Declaration of Human Rights under article 19 states that “Everyone has
the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers”.
Right to freedom of expression is enjoyed by everyone in order to express free thoughts, ideas or
opinions through any form of communication. Crossing borders, (2014) xxi referring Klaudia
Zebrowska’s quote that freedom of expression means, being able to express all the thoughts
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without being scared with respect to other people. Declaration of Windhoek (1991) xxii, Recalling
General Assembly resolution 59(I) of 14 December 1946 by stating that, “freedom of
information is a fundamental human right”. Recalling resolution 25C/104 of the General
Conference of UNESCO of 1989 in which the main focus is the “promotion of the free flow of
ideas by word and image at international as well as national levels”.
Social Media and Kashmir
Kashmir holds the distinction of a place which has been at the centre stage of the world’s longest
running conflict of 69 years over which India and Pakistan have been fighting since the
independence of both the countries in 1947 (Hunt, 2017) xxiii. Even before both the countries
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gained independence, Kashmir had been an apple of discord. Both India and Pakistan have
fought three wars over Kashmir and any conflict between these two countries is likely to be
extremely bloody (Rodger, 2017) xxiv.
Social Media has become a vital communication tool through which people can exercise their
Right of Freedom to Expression by exchanging information, ideas and opinions. People of
Kashmir took to social media to express their thoughts freely to the masses in order to let the
world know about the Kashmir conflict. In this backdrop Pakistan based newspaper Dawn
(2017) xxv reported “Kashmir's tech-savvy young — 70 per cent of the population is under 35 —
have increasingly turned to social media to express their anger as well as to mobilise
demonstrations” and quoted “Social media is our media, everyone's media. We're in it to show
the world what is done to us generation after generation”.
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Social media is ‘cathartic’ for the common people, who release their emotions and
aggression by using it. So, there should not be any curbs pertaining to social
media as it is stimulating for the people of Kashmir (Liyakat, 2017) xxvi.
To shun the voice of masses government resorted to curb the use of internet and social media by
banning social media sites to bar people from free expression that is a threat to their basic
fundamental right, ‘Right to Freedom of Expression’. Kuloo (2017) xxvii reported “According to
Software Freedom Law Centre, a private organisation based in New Delhi, internet has been
banned 32 times in Jammu & Kashmir since 2012”. The United Nations Human Rights
Commission demands India must immediately end its ban on social media networks and on
mobile internet services in Jammu and Kashmir. Quoting two UN human rights experts, the
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report says the restrictions take away citizens Freedom of Expression. The scope of these
restrictions has a significantly disproportionate impact on the fundamental rights of everyone in
Kashmir” (Scroll.in, 2017) xxviii.
The data provided by internet shutdowns.in, a project by the Software Freedom
Law Centre (SFLC) reveals among all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir
witnessed the highest record of 35 complete or partial cases of internet
shutdowns (Saha, 201z) xxix.
The Government of Kashmir claims that social media is used to spread disaffection with the
authorities by exchanging objectionable content through it. However people from all the walks
alleged that the ban is aimed at tech-savvy Kashmiris who use social media networks to share
human rights abuses through it (Abbasi, 2017) xxx.
This study would be beneficial for the all the stake holders of the state after exploring the various
aspects of social media in view of Freedom of Expression. The current study may accomplish
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positive impressions on the state in many ways. It can prove insightful for the authorities to how
social media was regulated in past and how it must be in future.
i
Gil, Paul. (2017). ‘What is Web 2.0’.Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-web-2-0-
2483694 . On 2017-12-19
ii
Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha and Vickery, Graham. (2007). Participative Web: User-created
Content. Retrieved from. http://www.oecd.org/sti/38393115.pdf . On 2017-09-28
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iii
Rathore, Deepika. (2016). what is web 2.0. Retrieved from.
https://www.znetlive.com/blog/web-2-0/ . On 2017-12-20
iv
O’Reilly, Tim. (2005). what is web 2.0. Retrieved from
http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html . On 2017-09-28
v
Berners-Lee, Tim. (2005). Berners-Lee on the read/write web. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4132752.stm . on 2017-09-28
vi
Stefano, Theodore F. di. (2007). Social Networking: A Web 2.0 Revolution. Retrieved from
http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/56576.html . On 2017-09-28
vii
O’Reilly, Tim (2009). What is Web 2.0. California: O’Reilly Media Inc
viii
Chandra, Ramesh (2003). Information Technology in 21st Century, Information Technology
Threat to Freedom of Expression. 6. New Delhi: Kalpaz Publications
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ix
Flew, Terry. (2008). New Media and Introduction. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
x
Mayfield, Antony. What is Social Media. Retrieved from
http://www.icrossing.com/uk/sites/default/files_uk/insight_pdf_files/What%20is%20Social%20
Media_iCrossing_ebook.pdf . On 2017-09-30
xi
Ahlqvist, Toni, Back, Asta, Halonen, Minna, Heinonen, Sirkka. (2008). Social media road
maps exploring the futures triggered by social media. Retrieved from
http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2008/t2454.pdf . 2017-04-10
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xii
Kietzmann, Jan H and Hermkens, Kristopher. (2011). Social Media? Get Serious!
Understanding the functional building blocks of social media. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681311000061?via%3Dihub . On 2017-
09-30
xiii
Nations, Daniel. (2017). What is Social Media? Explaining the Big Trend. Retrieved from
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-social-media-explaining-the-big-trend-3486616 . On 2017-01-
10
xiv
Desai, Santosh. (2012). Social media and the freedom of expression. Retrieved from
https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Citycitybangbang/social-media-the-freedom-of-
expression/ .On 2017-01-10
xv
Moreau, Elise. (2017). the Pros and Cons of Social Networking. Retrieved from
https://www.lifewire.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-social-networking-3486020 . On
2017-01-10
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Gomez, Rafael O. (2014). Social Media Can Monitor Itself, and Protect Free Speech.
Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/12/03/should-facebook-do-more-
to-monitor-violent-expressions/social-media-can-monitor-itself-and-protect-free-
speech?mcubz=0&module=ArrowsNav&contentCollection=undefined&action=keypress®ion
=FixedLeft&pgtype=undefined . On 2017-01-10
xvii
Hawkins, Sara. (2012). How Free Speech and Social Media Fit Together. Retrieved from
https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-free-speech-and-social-media-fit-together/ . On
2017- 01-10
xviii
Taluja, Riddhima. (2016). Significance of User Generated Content (UGC) in Social Media
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Marketing. Retrieved from http://socialchamps.com/significance-user-generated-content-ugc-
social-media-marketing/ . On 2017-01-10
xix
Beal, Vangie. UGC- user-generated content. Retrieved From
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/UGC.html . On 2017-01-10
xx
Obar, Jonathan and Steve Wildman. (2015). Social media definition and governance challenge:
An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunication policy. 39(9).
Doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014
xxi
Crossing Borders. (2014). What does freedom of expression mean to you?. Retrieved from
http://crossingborders.dk/global-events/what-does-freedom-of-expression-mean-to-you .
Retrieved on 2017-04-10
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Declaration of Windhoek. (1991). Retrieved from
http://www.sanef.org.za/images/uploads/SABC_Legal_and_policy_framework_for_broadcast_n
ews.pdf . On 2107-04-10
xxiii
Hunt, Katie. (2017). India and Pakistan’s Kashmir dispute: What you need to know. Retrieved
from http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/30/asia/kashmir-explainer/index.html . On 2017-12-20
xxiv
Rodger, James. (2017). what is Kashmir conflict? Why India and Pakistan fight over it.
Retrieved from http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/uk-news/what-kashmir-conflict-india-
pakistan-13283550 . On 2017-12-20
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xxv
Dawn. (2017). In India-held Kashmir, social media becomes a battleground. Retrieved From
https://www.dawn.com/news/1329793 . On 2017-04-10
xxvi
Liyakat, Mujeeb. (2017). Understanding Web 2.0: The Extensions of Emotional Release and
Status: Uses and Gratification Theory in the Context of Kashmir. Retrieved from
http://www.tjprc.org/publishpapers/2-55-1505563239-4.IJCMSOCT20174.pdf . On 2017-08-10
xxvii
Kuloo, Mudasir. (2017. Internet, social media ban hits bottomlines of ecommerce businesses
in Jammu and Kashmir. Retrieved from https://factordaily.com/jammu-kashmir-internet-social-
media-ban-entrepreneurs-ecommerce/ . On 2017-04-10
xxviii
Scroll.in. (2017). Social media ban in Kashmir affects citizens’ fundamental rights, says UN
report. Retrieved from https://scroll.in/latest/837345/social-media-ban-in-kashmir-affects-
citizens-fundamental-rights-says-un-report . On 2017-04-10
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Saha, Abhishek. (2017). let’s talk about Kashmir: Social media has been a game changer, and
militants have a head start. Retrieved from http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/let-s-
talk-about-kashmir-social-media-has-been-a-game-changer-and-militants-have-a-head-
start/story-YYem7Pqmq9xayvvf6eaF3L.html . On 2018-01-11
xxx
Abbasi, Waseem. (2017). Frustrations grow over social media ban in Kashmir. Retrieved
from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/05/11/social-media-ban-kashmir-
india/101518484/ . On 2018-01-11
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CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
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With the advent of technology world has become smaller but social media has made the globe
even smaller as it has provided a platform where people share their opinions to express their
thoughts. It is regarded as a tool for ‘Social participatory governance’ in a democratic structure
(Islam, 2017)xxx. People can actually play a great role in smooth governance by their active
participation via social media.
Social media users can receive and impart any information on the Internet, and can create, re-use
and distribute the content by using Internet services. In this regard, the Explanatory
Memorandum section of European Council of Human Rights (ECHR) concerning the Right to
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Freedom of Expression states that “the Court has affirmed in its jurisprudence that Article 10 is
fully applicable to the Internet. The Right to Freedom of Expression includes the right to freely
express opinions, views, and ideas and to seek, receive and impart information regardless of
frontiers. Internet users should be free to express their political convictions as well as their
religious and non-religious views”, (COUNCIL OF EUROPE)xxx.
Social media has democratized the media communication which once was one-way and was
controlled by few. Now, social media allows mass communication to be interactive. Thus social
media has brought in another communication revolution by the fundamental shift in the way
people communicate. People can use social media as a tool to express their thoughts and present
their opinions (Menon, 2014)xxx. To galvanize the worldwide support people use social media as
a means to express and communicate their messages to the masses of the world (Gustin,
2011)xxx.
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TCN News (2105)xxx quoting, SM Khan, “Social media has become a powerful means not only
to arm the people with one of the most potent tools of mass communication but it has also proved
its importance to influence newspaper and TV channels”.
There are more opportunities of expression with the day by day innovations in
technology. In a conservative country people can express themselves more easily
as technological changes offer ample opportunities to express online than in-
person (Howard, 2015)xxx.
It is the time to establish a liberal environment in cyberspace by letting the people to enjoy their
Right to Freedom of Expression. The International Courts are laying the principles that could last
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for generations, Freedom of Expression and Copyright will be applied in cyberspace (The New
York Times, 2012)xxx.
The press is termed as the Fourth Estate with the inclusion of Radio, Television and Mass
Media, so with the presence of Social media and other digital technologies,
Dutton (2007)xxx refers the current use of Internet and other digital information
and communication technologies (ICTs) as Fifth Estate.
He said the growing use of related digital technologies and Internet is generating a platform for
networking individuals in ways that enable a new source of accountability in government,
politics and other sectors. That is establishing another independent source of accountability, what
has been called as ‘Fifth Estate’.
Tyagi (2015)xxx opines that to co-create the meaning of cyber reality in a best possible manner
there is a need to give free expression in the cyber space as it has become an integral part of
reality people live in.
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Users should be free to express themselves by using social media and there should not be any
interference in their freedom of expression and presenting their opinions. Supporting the fact
Sharma and Alam (2016)xxx agreed on while using web 2.0 internet applications there should be
freedom of opinion and expression without any political, commercial and other influences.
According to Barlowxxx the new revolutionary media i.e. internet promotes
democratic values and gives its users an opportunity to express and share views
and opinions with other people of the world. That has made it the best place for
self-expression.
People can use social media as a means to express themselves freely as they express in the
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physical world. This is all possible by the internet which provides these new means for free
expression. In this support Jorgensen (2001)xxx states with Internet people have gained new
means for humans to express themselves. It is time for states to grant these expressions the same
protection, which we apply to expressions in the physical world. The time has passed when
Internet was merely an alternative communicative channel. And in the modern world now it is an
important part of living as a private and public individual it is a way of speaking and listening; an
essential part of being human.
Social media offers the great potential to exercise the basic and fundamental Right to Freedom of
Expression, in this context, the background paper of the
International Seminar on Promoting Freedom of Expression with the Three
Specialized International Mandates London, United Kingdom (2001)xxx , concludes
that the Internet should not be used by governments as an excuse for introducing
new technologies of control or curbing the existing liberties i.e. Freedom of
Expression as it has the potential where people can exercise their Right of Free
Expression.
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Theoretical Framework
Social media can be used as a medium for free expression by users in order to satisfy their needs
with the sustenance of
• Uses and Gratification theory, conferring how users consciously choose media that will
gratify their needs and allow them to develop knowledge, relaxation, social interactions,
diversion or escape. This makes it clear that audiences are powerful over their media
consumption.
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• Social Integrative need is one among the five ‘needs and gratifications’ of people that
includes the need to socialize with family, friends and relations in the society. In this era
of technology people use different media tools like social media rather social gatherings
for social interaction in order to satisfy their needs (Communication Theory)xxx.
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CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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Research Objectives
To ascertain how often the students use Social Media in Kashmir.
To analyze what kind of Social Media tools they use to express themselves.
To study the impact of State censorship of various Social Media platforms on the students
of the valley.
To analyse what other ways they explore to vent their pent up emotions.
Hypothesis
• Social media serves as a platform where people can express their thoughts, opinions and
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ideas.
• Numerous curbs by the authorities to confine people from using social media have
affected the very essence of the Kashmiri youth.
Rationale of the study
In India, nine states have witnessed network shutdowns between January 2013 and June 2016.
Jammu and Kashmir ranks first with nine shutdowns (Manzar, 2017)xxx. Manzar states that
restricting internet access impacts more than a physical curfew in a geographical area.
The increasing number of shutdowns seems to prove that the government is
evading its actual responsibility of maintaining law and order, and taking post-
incident measures which are undemocratic.
Mitra, (2017)xxx reported the United Nations (UN) says that there has been an estimated 31
reported cases of social media and internet bans since 2012 in Kashmir due to which the daily
routine of people has been affected and they are not able to communicate freely with each other.
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Experts have called on India to “immediately” lift its ban on social media to guarantee Freedom
of Expression in Kashmir. Quoting David Kaye (special rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and
Expression) and Michel Forst (special rapporteur on the situation of Human Rights Defenders)
“The scope of these restrictions has a significantly disproportionate impact on the fundamental
rights of everyone in Kashmir, undermining the government’s stated aim of preventing
dissemination of information that could lead to violence,”. The statement also says, in Kashmir
government has blocked access to 22 websites and other social media applications.
Shibli (2017)xxx quoted David Kaye acknowledging that India treat Kashmiris differently from
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the rest of India. However India prides itself on being the largest democracy in the world but
restricting Kashmiris from their fundamental right is not in line with the democratic norms.
People in Kashmir are being denied access to basic tools of communication for reasons that
really don’t hold up, is a basic violation of Freedom of Expression.
On one side, Digitization is the vision of incumbent government of Democratic India and on the
other side; Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights is being curbed by the
authorities. This contradiction inspired the researcher to undertake the current study.
Research Design
Survey
The study is based on survey analysis. The data was collected through the web survey among the
college students to understand their perception about the Freedom of Expression on social media.
The sampling method used in the present study is multistage sampling. It divides large
populations into stages to make the sampling process more practical. It is effective in primary
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data collection from geographical dispersed population. Researcher used an online questionnaire
to achieve the objectives of this study. It is one of the widely used data collection method as the
results are quite accurate and precise.
A survey provides researcher the means of gathering information on a small group of
respondents to build quantitative data, which may shed light on characteristics applicable to a
wider population (Groves, Fowler, Couper, Lepkowski, Singer, & Tourangeau, 2009)xxx. The
survey method proved to be the best quantitative tool for this study, as the intent of the research
was to determine the perception of a wider audience using the perceptions of a few.
Researcher used the Likert Scale to measure the attitudes and opinions of the respondents by
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asking them a series of statements about the topic. Likert Scale is one of the widely used rating
scales that have been developed to measure the attitudes of respondents directly. Likert Scale is
used to allow the respondents to express how much they agree or disagree with a particular
statement (McLeod, 2008)xxx.
Researcher choose college students as sample for this study as most of the college students
embrace the idea of an open learning environment on campus that exposes them to all types of
speech and viewpoints. The survey sponsored by Knight Foundation and Newseum Institute in
partnership with Gallup found that college students are confident in the security of the five First
Amendment rights that includes Freedom of the Press, Freedom to Petition the Government,
Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion and Freedom of Assembly (Anderson, 2016)xxx.
College students were proved the best respondents for this study as social media has definitely
become the integral part of their lives. When it comes to social media usage among young adults,
the landscape is regularly fluctuating. Several articles and studies from the past few years have
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attempted to measure which social media platforms are most popular among this segment of the
population and the results can be slightly perplexing. There are headlines claiming Facebook is
no longer the go-to choice among college users and even younger teens. However, various
studies show that actual usage patterns differ from such proclamations. This made it clear, social
media in all of its forms has definitely become an integral part of life for college students, and
even younger generations for that matter. Mobile technology is universal among teens, as is
social media usage. When this generation moves on to college, they will bring their technology
and mobile usage habits and expectations with them in a way that colleges will need to be ready
for it (MODO, 2016)xxx.
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Sampling
This study includes a sample of 100 students from 6 different colleges of Kashmir, currently
enrolled as full-time students. The colleges were chosen from the three main districts (Srinagar,
Anantnag and Baramulla) categorized as central, south and north Kashmir each from boys and
womens colleges. These include Amar Singh College Srinagar, Womens College Moulana Azad
Road Srinagar, Government Degree College Boys Anantnag, Womens College Anantnag,
Government Degree College Boys Baramulla and Womens College Baramulla.
From each region two colleges were selected on the basis of gender: one boys and one girls
college from each region. The number of respondents from each college are 16-17.
Limitations of the Study
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This study used an electronic surveying method, and electronic surveys have several limitations
ranging from survey style to respondent bias. Two main styles of surveys are paging and
scrolling: paging allows respondents to view one question at a time, while scrolling enables
respondents to view multiple questions at a time (Maronick, 2009)xxx. According to Maronick,
Paging allows the researcher to control the pacing of the survey, but does not allow respondents
to review previous questions. Scrolling allows respondents to see questions for an entire section
before moving on, thereby creating a perceived understanding of what the researcher is asking,
possibly creating a bias in the answers. Sample generalizability is also an issue with electronic
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surveying as not all eligible respondents may have direct or consistent access to the internet.
Potential respondents may have wanted to engage the survey, but lacked the required internet
access to complete the questionnaire. Due to time and pecuniary restraints, Researcher did not
develop a nondigital version of the survey.
Another limitation was the voluntary snowballed nature of the sample. To help offset the
coercion limitation, respondents were encouraged to share the survey with others they knew. As
respondents shared the questionnaire, the reach of the survey increased; however, the
questionnaire was also more likely to reach similar minded respondents, creating homogeneity in
the sample. Therefore, the sample was not random, and the results are not generalizeable. An
individual respondent’s relationship with the internet might also have been a limitation. Internet
surveys possess the ability to increase survey responses; however, the quality of the data can be
suspect, stated Maronick. The expectation of the respondent for a survey on the internet to be
easier or faster than traditional survey methods may bias individuals into rushing answers or
assuming the meaning of a question rather than taking their time. Though the subject of the
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survey concerns consumer use of digital media, utilizing email and two social networking sites
limits the manner in which the survey reaches consumers.
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CHAPTER FOUR:
ANALYSIS AND INTREPRETION
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Chart 1 - Respondents’ Classifications According to Age
above 25 4%
18-25 93%
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Under 18 3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
%age
The data presented in the above chart shows that only 4 respondents (4%) were within the age
group of Above 25, whereas 93 respondents (93%) were within the age group of 18-25 and 3
respondents were within the age group of Under 18.
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Chart 2 - respondents’ classification according to Gender
Gender
MALE MALE, 47.00%
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FEMALE FEMALE , 53.00%
44.00% 45.00% 46.00% 47.00% 48.00% 49.00% 50.00% 51.00% 52.00% 53.00% 54.00%
The data in the above chart represents that 53 respondents (53%) were Females and 47
respondents (47%) were Males.
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Chart 3 - Which of the following do you use?
Usage of Social Media applications
other 16%
Blog 14%
My Space 11%
Instagram 69%
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Twitter 50%
Facebook 89%
The data in the above chart clearly shows that top most social media platforms used by people
are Facebook (89%), followed by Instagram (69%), Twitter (50%), Blog (14%), My Space
(11%) and other social media applications (16%).
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Chart 4 - How often do you access the following social media networks?
Chart Title
Blog
MySpace
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Instagram
Twitter
Facebook
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%
Facebook Twitter Instagram MySpace Blog
0h 3.09% 28.95% 11.49% 63.16% 64.91%
less than 1 h 27.84% 43.42% 34.48% 24.56% 21.05%
1-2 hours 31.96% 21.05% 32.18% 7.02% 10.53%
3-4 hours 18.56% 3.95% 11.49% 3.51% 1.75%
+5 hours 18.56% 2.63% 10.34% 1.75% 1.75%
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The data in the above chart clearly shows that Facebook and Instagram are top most used social
media networks as these networks are accessed for more than 5 hours a day with 18.56% and
10.34% of respondents respectively, followed by 18.56% and 11.49% respondents who access
the above mentioned social media networks for around 3-4 hours. 31.96% and 32.18%
respondents access for about 1-2 hours.
Chart 5 - Which of the following do you use more regularly in a scale 1-5? (1 being the one
you use most and 5 the one you use the least or not at all).
1 2 3 4 5
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69%
41%
38%
34% 35% 35%
31%
25% 25%
21% 22% 22%
19%
15%
10% 9% 9%
8%
6% 6% 6% 6%
3% 3%
0%
facebook Twitter Instagram Myspace Blog
The data in the chart shows the top most regular used social media applications. The Rank as per
majority of the respondents is Facebook (69%) and Instagram (35%) followed by Twitter (34%)
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and Instagram (35%) which are ranked as 2 by majority of respondents. While as MySpace and
Blog are ranked as 5 on the basis of regular usage at 41% and 38% respondents respectively.
Chart 6 - Do you have an open or closed profile in your social media pages?
54%
36%
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7%
3%
Always open
Always closed Percentage
it depends which
one, please specify Other
the one you have
public
The data in above chart shows that majority of the respondents (54%) keep their profile always
open on social media pages while as 36% respondents are those who prefer to keep their profile
always closed.
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Chart 7 - Why do you have some or all of your social media pages public?
Percentage of why people have their some/ all social media pages public
44%
43%
36%
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37%
15%
I see no harm in
having them I use them to
meet new I like to have
public I believe social
people my points of
media is to be I never thought
view read/
about that
viewed by more used to freely
than just the hear and be
people I know heared by
different
people
The data presented in above chart depicts that majority of the respondents 44% see no harm in
having their social media pages pubic followed by 43% respondents who keep their social media
pages public to meet new people.
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Chart 8 - What do you share the most on social media?
70%
62%
60%
49%
50% 46% 46%
43%
40%
35%
30%
20%
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10%
2%
0%
Photos of me Issues Inspirational My thoughts Other people's Links and the other
and my life's pertaining to quotes and Ideas thoughts and news I find
events Kashmir ideas interesting
Percentage
The above chart clearly shows that majority of the respondents (62%) share their thoughts and
ideas on social media followed by their photos and life’s events (49%), issues pertaining to
Kashmir (46%) and interesting links and the news (46%).
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Chart 9 - What do you use the social media networks mostly for?
Other 4%
interacting with my friends 49%
Sharing information about myself 39%
Seeing what my friends are doing 38%
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Meeting new people 41%
Entertainment 56%
Getting informatin 81.00%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
what do people use social media networks mostly for
The data in above chart reflects that social networks in Kashmir are mostly used by people for
getting information (81%), followed by entertainment (56%) and interacting with friends (49%).
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Chart 10 - Why do you use the following? (Choose the ones that apply to you)
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Axis Title
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40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
I like Most I feel I find it It is It is To To To To get To To see
the of my free to easy entert part of excess share follow in have other
format friends expres and aining my inform my the touch fun people
of the use it s my pleasa routin ation photos celebri with 's
mediu feeling nt to e , ties people profile
m s, meet videos and I know s and
itself opinio new , and brands posts
ns and people other I like
beliefs interes
ts
Facebook 78% 89% 82% 81% 80% 83% 86% 73% 47% 87% 86% 88%
Twitter 37% 29% 39% 35% 21% 38% 42% 21% 44% 29% 13% 27%
Instagram 61% 55% 51% 57% 52% 59% 30% 69% 46% 49% 45% 46%
MySpace 12% 10% 17% 13% 7% 11% 15% 12% 4% 6% 6% 7%
Blog 8% 5% 11% 10% 6% 14% 12% 8% 1% 5% 1% 7%
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The above chart reflects that majority of the respondents 89% use Facebook as most of their
friends use it followed by 88% respondents who use it to see other people’s profiles and posts.
Twitter is mostly used by majority of the respondents 44% to follow the celebrities and brands
followed by 42% respondents who use it to excess information.
Majority of the respondents 69% use Instagram to share their photos, videos and other interests
followed by 61% respondents who use it with a reason that they like its format itself. MySpace
and Blog have very few responses.
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Chart 11 - Which of the following make you feel more comfortable to share your points of
view? (Choose up to 3 options scaling them from 1-3, 1 for being the one that makes you
feel more comfortable, followed by 2 and 3).
which social media network make people more
comfortable to share their points of view
3 2 1
47%
Blog 21%
32%
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45%
MySpace 27%
27%
32%
Instagram 20%
48%
25%
Twitter 42%
33%
19%
Facebook 11%
70%
The data in the above chart clearly depicts that majority of the respondents 70% ranked
Facebook as the top most platform that makes them feel more comfortable to share their points
of view followed by Instagram (48%). Twitter (42%) is ranked as second, Blog (47%) and
MySpace (45%) as third by majority of respondents.
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Chart 12 - In average how often do you post in social media?
60%
50%
40%
Axis Title
30%
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20%
Never
Weekly
10% 1 time a day
2-4 times a day
+5 times a day
0%
Facebo Twitter Instagr Myspac Blog
ok am e
+5 times a day 14% 5% 9% 5% 2%
2-4 times a day 7% 5% 15% 5% 0%
1 time a day 34% 18.00% 28% 3% 12%
Weekly 37% 39% 38% 31% 30%
Never 7% 32% 10% 56% 56%
Data in the above chart reflects that on Facebook and Instagram majority of the respondents post
more than 5 times a day with 14% and 9% of respondents respectively. 39% and 38%
respondents post weekly on Twitter and Instagram. However least number of respondents who
never post on Facebook and Instagram are 7% and 10%.
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Chart 13 - Please choose the ones that apply to you?
15%
Do you think that it is important to have a private 12%
1%
profile on social media 35%
36%
0%
Do you find it easier to participate in discussions 0%
0%
in social media than in person 0%
0%
9%
when there is a subect that moves you, do you 3%
1%
use social media to express your points of view 51%
37%
9%
Do you find it easier to express in social media 6%
0%
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than in person 42%
43%
9%
Do you use social media to comment and 4%
1%
participate in discussions that interest you 52%
34%
6%
Do you think that social media is a privileged 5%
3%
space for freedom of expression in kashmir 38%
47%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Neither agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
The above chart clearly shows that majority of the respondents 52% agree that they use social
media to comment and participate in discussions that interest them followed by 51% respondents
who use social media to express their points of view when there is a subject that moves them.
47% of the respondents strongly agree that social media is a privileged space for freedom of
expression in Kashmir followed by 43% respondents who strongly agree it is easier to express in
social media than in person.
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Chart 14 - When you post on social media is it relevant for you the amount of
comments/likes/shares/ that you get?
Series 1
45%
44%
11%
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Yes it is relevant for me
that people appreciate I don't post with that
what I post otherwise I intention but yes, it is No I post only for myself
wouldn’t post somewhat relevant for
me
The data presented in the chart reflects that majority of the respondents 45% believe it is relevant
for them that people appreciate them what they post otherwise they wouldn’t post with the
amount of comments, likes and shares they get after posting on social media. 44% respondents
believe they don’t post with that intention but the amount of comments, likes and shares they get
is somewhat relevant for them. Only 11% respondents believe they post only for themselves.
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Chart 15 - I am likely to share the information (choose the one that apply to you).
100% 3% 7% 10%
14% 11%
22% 23% 21%
4% 11% 20%
90% 17%
11% 4% 12% 13% 12%
4% 4% 12%
80% 16% 7% 10% 11%
7% 3% 2% 12%
46% 36%
70% 36%
38% 31% 29%
36%
60%
30% 26%
50% 34% 24% 21%
30% 34%
40%
30%
81% 69% 67% 60%
20% 78% 63% 68%
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10%
0%
About my About my About my About my About my About my About my
social work life problems interests and religion or sports political
activities and hobbies religious interests opinions
struggles in beliefs
Kashmir
On Facebook On Twitter
On Instagram On Myspace
On Myblog Through face to face communictions
I don’t share this type of information
The data in the above chart represents that Facebook is used by majority of the respondents
(81%) to share information about their social activities and 78% respondents share about their
problems and struggles in Kashmir followed by 46% and 38% respondents who use Instagram to
share the above mentioned information. 34% respondents use Twitter to share the information
about their problems and struggles in Kashmir and their political opinions.
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Chart 16 - Why do you share your points of view on social media? Choose up to 3 options
in a scale of 1 to 3, 1 being your first motivation to share your points of view followed by 2
and 3.
80%
74%
70% 68%
59% 59%
60%
50% 51%
50%
40%
34%
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30% 28%
26%
24% 26%
19%
20% 15%
14% 15% 15%
12% 13%
10%
0%
It has a wide reach it is easier to for my friends to I like to present it is comfortable I din't share my
express in social know what I think my opinion and easy points of view in
media than in if I can’t discuss pertaining to the social media
person the isses in person coflict in kashmir
1 2 3
The data in above chart depicts the different reasons that motivate the people to share their points
of view in social media. Majority of the respondents (74%) believe social media has a wide reach
which is the first motivation behind posting on social media followed by 68% respondents who
post because of its easy user interface.
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Chart 17 - When you use social media to express yourself, you do it as a means of.
Response percentage
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72%
42%
29%
15%
Talking to your friends and talking to faceless audience talking to the stake holders I never thought about that
family of the state
The data in above chart reflects that most of the respondents use social media as a means of
talking to their friends and family, talking to faceless audiences, talking to the stake holders of
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the state with (72%), (42%) and (29%) respondents respectively. 15 respondents (15%) have
never thought about this.
Chart 18 - What lead you to post on social media?
I prefer not to post in social media 12%
Share my struggles 37%
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Share my stand of mind 58%
Share my angish 27%
Share my opinions 79%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
The data in the above chart shows most of the respondents (79%) share the opinions by posting
on social media. followed by 58% respondents who post to share the state of their mind while as
12% respondents prefer not to post on social media.
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Chart 19 - You perceive social media as
57%
55%
51%
47%
43%
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35%
A face less
audience easy Just a medium A platform to
to speak to to A place to
communicate put forth my
share my life An easy way to
with the people views A perfect place
events with my always be in
of my state pertaining to for free
friends and contact with
kashmir issue expression
family other people
The data in the above chart clearly depicts that majority of the respondents perceive social media
as a faceless audience, easy to speak to with the highest number of 57 responses (57%) followed
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by 55% respondents who believe social media is just a medium to communicate with the people
of state, only 35% respondents perceive social media as a perfect place for free expression.
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Chart 20 - If you are not allowed to express freely over social media, what do you do to
express yourself?
Always Sometimes Never
68%
56%
59%
50% 54%
49%
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38%
44%
41%
26%
26%
28% 15%
22%
14%
10%
7%
0%
I pen down I protest on I use voilent I use I make graffiti I keep it to my
my feelings streets Means to sloganeering self
show my as a means of
resentment expression
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The data in the above chart reflects that majority of the respondents 68% never use violent means
to show their resentment. 59% of the respondents sometimes pen down their feelings in order to
express themselves.
Chart 21 is state censorship is justified?
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No No, 72%
Yes Yes, 28%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
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