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Key figures on Europe - 2021 edition - European Commission
Key figures on Europe                  2021 edition

                     FL AGSHIP
              P U B L I C AT I O N S
Key figures on Europe - 2021 edition - European Commission
List of countries

Belgium             BE
Bulgaria            BG
Czechia             CZ
Denmark             DK
Germany             DE
Estonia             EE
Ireland             IE
Greece              EL
Spain               ES
France              FR
Croatia             HR
Italy               IT
Cyprus              CY
Latvia              LV
Lithuania           LT
Luxembourg          LU
Hungary             HU
Malta               MT
Netherlands         NL
Austria             AT
Poland              PL
Portugal            PT
Romania             RO
Slovenia            SI
Slovakia            SK
Finland             FI
Sweden              SE
Iceland             IS
Liechtenstein       LI
Norway              NO
Switzerland         CH
Key figures on Europe - 2021 edition - European Commission
Reykjavík
                   ICELAND

                                                                                                                   FINLAND
                                                                  NORWAY                                                                                        Key figures on Europe   2021 edition
                                                                                                           Helsinki
                                                                           Oslo     SWEDEN
                                                                                     Stockholm                        Tallinn
                                                                                                                ESTONIA

                                                                                                             Riga      LATVIA
                                                               DENMARK
                          Dublin                               Copenhagen                                   LITHUANIA
              IRELAND                                                                                           Vilnius

                                            NETHERLANDS
                                               Amsterdam                Berlin                            Warsaw
                                                Brussels   GERMANY                               POLAND
                                             BELGIUM
                                                   LUXEMBOURG                       Prague
                                       Paris        Luxembourg
                                                                                  CZECHIA
                                                                                                 SLOVAKIA
                                                                                  Vienna     Bratislava
                                   FRANCE                  LIECHTENSTEIN                            Budapest
                                                       Bern    Vaduz       AUSTRIA
                                                 SWITZERLAND                                 HUNGARY
                                                                            SLOVENIA
                                                                           Ljubljana Zagreb                            ROMANIA
                                                                                       CROATIA
                                                                                                                                 Bucharest

PORTUGAL
                                                                                                                          BULGARIA
               Madrid                                                  ITALY                                            Sofia
Lisbon
                                                                        Rome
           SPAIN

                                                                                                                      GREECE
                                                                                                                            Athens

     0               500 km                                                                                                                  CYPRUS   Nicosia
                                                                                 Valletta
                                                                       MALTA
Key figures on Europe - 2021 edition - European Commission
Key figures on Europe   2021 edition
Printed by Imprimerie Bietlot in Belgium
Manuscript completed in May 2021

This document should not be considered as representative of the European Commission’s official
position.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021
© European Union, 2021

The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based
on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of
Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39).
Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under
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provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.
For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European
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rightholders. The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the
following elements:
Maps, administrative boundaries © EuroGeographics © UN-FAO © Turkstat
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on the maps do
not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the European Union.
Theme: General and regional statistics
Collection: Flagship publications

Print: ISBN 978-92-76-32161-3 ISSN 1830-7892 doi: 10.2785/308058 KS-EI-21-001-EN-C
PDF: ISBN 978-92-76-32158-3 ISSN 2315-201X doi: 10.2785/290762 KS-EI-21-001-EN-N
Foreword

This fourth edition of Key figures on Europe follows on
from the success of the three previous editions. It aims to
provide intuitive visualisations, innovative data presentations
and concise text, so that users can rapidly obtain an
understanding of differences between EU Member States.
Key figures on Europe contains a selection of key indicators
for the European Union (EU) and its individual Member
States, drawing from the rich collection of data that are
available at Eurostat. It provides an insight into the current
situation and recent developments across the EU with regard
to people and society, the economy and business, and the
environment and natural resources. It is the first edition
showing data on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis during
2020. The latest data relating to the impact of the pandemic
are available from Eurostat’s European statistical recovery
dashboard (1).
You can find more information in Statistics Explained,
a portal that forms part of Eurostat’s official website,
presenting statistical topics in an easily understandable way.
The latest and most complete data can also be downloaded
from the Eurostat website.
I hope that you find this publication interesting and useful
both in your work and your daily life.

Mariana Kotzeva
Director-General, Eurostat

(1) See: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cache/recovery-dashboard/.

               Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                3
Abstract
    Key figures on Europe presents a selection of statistical data on the European Union (EU).
    Most data cover the EU and its Member States as well as the countries of the European
    Free Trade Association (EFTA). This publication may be viewed as an introduction to EU
    statistics and provides a starting point for those who wish to explore the wide range
    of data that are freely available on Eurostat’s website at https:/ec.europa.eu/eurostat;
    they are complemented by a comprehensive selection of online articles in Statistics
    Explained.

    Editors
    Louise Corselli-Nordblad and Helene Strandell
    Eurostat, Unit B4 — Dissemination and user support

    Contact details
    Eurostat
    Bâtiment Joseph Bech
    5, rue Alphonse Weicker
    2721 Luxembourg
    E-mail: estat-user-support@ec.europa.eu

    Design
    Publications Office of the European Union, Graphic Design Department

    Production
    This publication was produced by Giovanni Albertone, Simon Allen and Andrew Redpath
    — INFORMA s.à r.l.

    For more information please consult
    Eurostat’s website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
    Statistics Explained: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained

    Acknowledgements
    The editors of this publication would like to thank colleagues in Eurostat who were
    involved in its preparation.

4                                                                       Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Table of contents

 Foreword                                      3

 Introduction                                  6

1. People and society  9
   Population10
   Health15
   Education18
   Labour market      20
   Living conditions  24
   Digital society    27

2. Economy and business     31
   Economy and finance      32
   Prices34
   Government finance       36
   International trade      38
   Business42
   Research and development 49
   Tourism50

3. Environment and natural resources 53
   Transport54
   Energy59
   Environment64
   Agriculture68
   Fisheries69
   Forestry70

       Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition        5
Introduction

    Eurostat is the statistical office of the European Union       economy and business (economy and finance,
    (EU) situated in Luxembourg. Its mission is to provide         prices, government finance, international trade,
    high quality statistics for Europe, which allow us             business, research and development, and tourism);
    to have the key information on Europe’s economy,               environment and natural resources (transport, energy,
    society and environment that we need both as
                                                                   environment, agriculture, fisheries and forestry).
    citizens and as decision makers.
    Key figures on Europe is published every year with             Each chapter presents a set of key indicators: a great
    annual data. This 2021 edition describes the situation         deal more information can be found when consulting
    in the EU and the EFTA countries, with the most                Eurostat’s website, which contains subject specific
    recent data generally for 2019 or 2020 depending               publications and online databases covering a broad
    on the source. As a consequence, the impact of the             and comprehensive range of data.
    COVID-19 pandemic and its associated measures in
    2020 may be seen for a variety of indicators; datasets
    reflecting the full scale and full length of the crisis will   Data extraction and coverage
    only be available in future editions.
                                                                   Data extraction
    Structure of the publication                                   The statistical data presented in this publication were
                                                                   extracted in late April and early May 2021.
    Key figures on Europe provides users of official
    statistics with an overview of the wealth of                   Spatial data coverage
    information that is available on Eurostat’s website and
    within its online databases. It has been conceived to          This publication presents information for the EU (a
    offer a balanced set of indicators for a broad cross-          sum/average covering the 27 Member States of the
    section of information covering socioeconomic and
                                                                   EU) as well as the individual EU Member States and
    environmental developments in the EU.
                                                                   the four EFTA countries. The order of the Member
    Key figures on Europe is divided into an introduction          States in the figures usually reflects their ranking
    and three main chapters. The introduction includes             according to the values for (one of) the indicator(s)
    information concerning data coverage and more
                                                                   illustrated.
    generally how to access European statistics and
    supporting sources of information. The main                    The map identifies the EU Member States and EFTA
    chapters treat the following areas: people and                 countries as well as pinpointing their capital cities.
    society (population, health, education, the labour
    market, living conditions and the digital society);

6                                                                          Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Codes for EU Member States and                               in order to allow more space for the illustrations. The
                                                             publication includes only the main notes required for
EFTA countries
                                                             interpretation of the data and to highlight when a year
BE Belgium        IT Italy              RO Romania           has been replaced with another. A full set of notes and
BG Bulgaria       CY Cyprus             SI Slovenia          flags are available on Eurostat’s website via online data
CZ Czechia        LV Latvia             SK Slovakia          code(s) presented for each illustration.
DK Denmark        LT Lithuania          FI Finland
DE Germany        LU Luxembourg         SE Sweden
                                                             Accessing European statistics
EE Estonia        HU Hungary
IE Ireland        MT Malta              IS Iceland           The simplest way to obtain Eurostat’s wide range
                                        LI Liechtenstein     of statistical information is through its website
EL Greece         NL Netherlands
                                        NO Norway            (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat). Eurostat provides users
ES Spain          AT Austria
                                        CH Switzerland       with free access to its databases and its publications
FR France         PL Poland
HR Croatia        PT Portugal                                in portable document format (PDF). The website
                                                             is updated daily and presents the latest and most
                                                             comprehensive statistical information available on the
                                                             EU, its Member States, EFTA and enlargement countries
Temporal data coverage                                       (for some datasets information may be provided for a
                                                             wider range of non-member countries).
If data for a reference year (or reference period) are
not available for a particular country, then efforts have    Eurostat online data codes, such as nama_10_gdp,
been made to complete the coverage using data for            allow easy access to the most recent data on Eurostat’s
recent previous reference years (these exceptions are        website (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database).
footnoted). Particular attention should be paid to these     In this publication these online data codes are given as
deviations when the standard reference year is 2020, as      part of the source below each illustration.
for some indicators — particularly those impacted by         Some of the indicators presented in this publication
the COVID-19 pandemic — large changes in 2020 mean           are relatively complex. Statistics Explained provides
that earlier data may not be a good proxy for missing        a comprehensive online glossary with definitions
2020 data.                                                   for a broad range of statistical indicators, concepts
                                                             and terms; it is organised under thematic headings
Notes and flags                                              (https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/
Notes and flags are means of explaining and defining         index.php?title=Thematic_glossaries).
specific characteristics of particular data. In this
publication, these have been restricted as far as possible

              Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                      7
1   People
    and society
1    People and society

     Population
     Population
                                                                                EU
     (million inhabitants, 1 January 2020)
                                                                 447 million
                                                                                                                              FI
                                                                                                                 SE          5.5
                                                                                                             10.3
                                                                                                DK                          1.3         EE
                                                                      NL                        5.8                                           1.9
                                                                     17.4                                                           LV
                                                                                                                                   LT
                                                           BE                                                                      2.8
                                                      11.5           0.6
               IE                                                                         DE
              5.0
                                                                                     83.2
                                                                LU                                                                PL
                                                                                                                             38.0
                                                      FR
                                                  67.3                                                       10.7
                                                                                                                 CZ
                                                                                                                             SK
                                                                                                  AT                         5.5
                                                                                                 8.9
                                                                                                           2.1        HU
                            ES                                                                        SI
                                                                                                                      9.8
                                                                               IT                          HR
                        47.3                                                59.6                           4.1                          RO
     PT                                                                                                                            19.3
    10.3

                                                                                                                                         BG
                                                                                                                                         7.0
                                                                                          0.5
     Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_gind)                                                                                EL
                                                                                     MT
                                                                                                                              10.7
                                                                                                                                               0.9

                                                                                                                                                     CY
     In recent years, the total number of inhabitants in the                There are considerable differences in population
     EU has grown at a relatively slow pace (compared                       levels between EU Member States: on 1 January
     with historical developments). By 1 January 2020, the                  2020, the total number of inhabitants ranged from
     population of the EU had reached 447.3 million, which                  0.5 million in Malta up to 83.2 million in Germany.
     was 873 thousand more than a year before.                              Together, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Poland
                                                                            comprised 66.0 % of the EU’s population.

10                                                                                   Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society                 1
Population developments
(millions and % share of world total, EU, mid-year 1960-2080)
  1960                                                       2020                                                        2080            Million inhabitants
550                                                                                                                        13            (left scale)
                                                                                                                                         Share of world
500                                                                                                                           11         population
450                                                                                                                           9          (right scale)
                                                                                                                                    Source: Eurostat (online data
400                                                                                                                           7     codes: demo_gind and
                                                                                                                                    proj_19np) and United Nations
350                                                                                                                           5     (World Population Prospects:
                                                                                                                                    the 2019 Revision)
300                                                                                                                           3
In 1974, the EU’s share of the global population fell
250                                                                               (449.3 million inhabitants), after
                                                                                                                 1 which it is projected to
below 10.0 % and this downward pattern continued                                  fall back to 419.1 million by 2080. These developments,
through to 2019, by when the EU accounted for                                     coupled with faster population growth in the rest of
5.9 % of the total number of inhabitants in the world.                            the world, mean that it is projected that less than 1 in
According to mid-year estimates based on Eurostat’s                               25 people in the world — 3.9 % — will be living in the
baseline projections, the population of the EU will                               EU by 2080.
continue growing, albeit slowly, up until the year 2026

Population change
(% of total population, 2010-2020)
                                                                                                 EU overall change

                                                                                                      1.5 %
25

20

15

10

 5

 0

 -5

-10

-15
      LU
           MT
                IS
                     SE
                          CH
                               NO
                                    IE
                                         CY
                                              LI
                                                   AT
                                                        BE

                                                                  NL
                                                                       FR
                                                                            FI
                                                                                 SI
                                                                                      CZ
                                                                                           ES
                                                                                                DE

                                                                                                               IT
                                                                                                                    PL
                                                                                                                         EE
                                                                                                                              HU
                                                                                                                                    PT
                                                                                                                                         EL
                                                                                                                                              RO
                                                                                                                                                   HR
                                                                                                                                                        BG

                                                                                                                                                                  LT
                                                                                                                                                             LV
                                                             DK

                                                                                                          SK
                                                                                                     EU

      Natural change                               Net migration and statistical adjustments                                      Total change

Between 1 January 2010 and 2020, the EU’s                                         the number of inhabitants (more deaths than births)
population rose by 6.7 million (or 1.5 %). The rate of                            in Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Croatia, Romania, Greece,
population increase was highest in Luxembourg, with                               Portugal and Poland was reinforced by net outward
the population increasing overall by almost one fifth                             migration (more people emigrating than immigrants
(19.8 %); at the other end of the range, the biggest                              arriving) leading to a decline in population numbers.
reductions in percentage terms took place in Latvia                               There was also an overall decline in the populations of
(-11.2 %) and Lithuania (-12.5 %). A natural decrease in                          Hungary and Estonia, despite net inward migration.

                                                                                  Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_gind)

                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                                             11
1      People and society

1.86 FR
                  Fertility rate                                   Ageing population
                  (live births per woman, 2019)                    (ratio: number of people aged 20-64
                                                                   years per older person aged 65+ years,
                  In developed world countries, a total            EU, 2001, 2020 and 2080)
                  fertility rate of 2.1 is considered to be the
1.77 RO           replacement level: in other words, this
                  is the average number of live births per
1.74 IS           woman that is required to keep the total
                  number of inhabitants at a constant level
1.71 CZ, IE, SE   (in the absence of migration).
1.70 DK                                                                  2001
                  In 2019, the total fertility rate in the EU
                  averaged 1.53 live births per woman. This             3.9
1.66 EE           rate ranged from a high of 1.86 live births
                  per woman in France down to 1.14 in
                                                                        2020
                  Malta; the fertility rate was also relatively
1.61 LV, LT, SI   low in many of the other southern EU                  2.9
                  Member States — Spain, Italy, Cyprus
1.58 BE, BG
                  and Greece — as each had a rate of
1.57 NL, SK
                  1.35 or less, which was also the case in
1.55 HU           Luxembourg and Finland.
1.54 DE
1.53 EU, NO       Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_find)

1.48 LI, CH
1.47 HR                                                                 2080
1.46 AT
1.44 PL
                                                                        1.6
1.43 PT

                                                                   Population ageing has been observed across much
                                                                   of Europe in recent decades. Changes in population
1.35 FI                                                            structure can have serious implications for issues
1.34 EL, LU                                                        such as pension funds, government revenues and the
1.33 CY
                                                                   provision of services such as health and social care.
                                                                   The ratio of the size of the working-age population
                                                                   (defined here as those aged between 20 and 64
1.27 IT                                                            years) in the EU expressed relative to the number of
                                                                   older persons (aged 65 years or over) fell from 3.9 in
                               EU average                          2001 to 2.9 by 2020; according to Eurostat’s baseline
1.23 ES
                         1.5 births
                                                                   projections, this ratio is expected to fall to 1.6 by
                                                                   2080.
                               per woman                           Source: Eurostat (online data codes: demo_pjanind and proj_19np)

 1.14 MT

  12                                                                         Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society              1
Population by citizenship
(% share of total population, 1 January 2020)
                                                                              EU
                                                                           3.0
       LU                 LI                   CH     MT                   4.9
     38.7
     8.5
                         17.9
                         16.3
                                              16.1
                                               9.1
                                                      10.3
                                                      9.8                  92.1
     52.6                65.8                 74.7    79.9

      CY                  AT                   EE      LV    On 1 January 2020, there were
      13.4               8.5                   1.5     0.3   36.5 million foreign citizens living
      4.8                8.0                  13.5    13.3   in the EU; this figure was composed
      81.9               83.3                 84.9    86.3
                                                             of 13.5 million citizens from EU
                                                             Member States other than the one
                                                             where they were resident, and
       IS                 IE                   BE     DE
      11.1                7.0                 8.0     5.3    23.0 million citizens from non-
      2.4                6.0                  4.5      7.2   member countries; note, the latter
     86.4                87.0                 87.4    87.5   value includes a small number of
                                                             stateless persons.
                                                             In relative terms, foreign citizens
      NO                  ES                   DK      SE
     6.6                  3.6                  3.6     3.0   accounted for 7.9 % of the total
     4.6                  7.4                  5.4     5.9   population in the EU, with this share
     88.7                89.0                 90.8    90.9   ranging from almost half (47.3 %) of
                                                             the population in Luxembourg to
                                                             less than 1.0 % Romania and Poland.
       EL                 IT                   FR      SI    A majority (20) of the EU Member
      1.6                2.5                   2.2     1.0   States reported a higher number of
      6.8                6.0                   5.5    6.5
      91.5               91.6                 92.4    92.5   non-EU citizens than foreign citizens
                                                             from other EU Member States within
                                                             their populations.
      NL                  PT                   CZ      FI
      3.3                 1.5                  2.2     1.7
      3.3                 4.3                  3.3    3.0         Citizens of other
     93.2                94.3                 94.5    95.2        EU Member States
                                                                  Non-EU citizens
                                                                  National citizens
       LT                 HR                   HU     BG
      0.3                0.5                  0.8      0.1
      2.0                 1.7                  1.2     1.4   Note: due to rounding, some totals may not
      97.6               97.8                 98.0    98.3   sum to 100.0 %. Citizens of other EU Member
                                                             States for CY and MT include the UK. Citizens
                                                             of non-EU Member States for CY and MT
                                                             exclude the UK. EU includes data for CY and
                                                             MT (as noted).
       SK                 PL                   RO
                                                             Source: Eurostat (online data code:
      1.1                0.1                  0.3            migr_pop1ctz)
      0.4                0.9                  0.4
     98.6                99.1                 99.3

             Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                           13
1         People and society

                                                                                                                (number per
              First time asylum applications                                                                    100 000 inhabitants,
              (number of applications in EU Member States, 2020)                                                2020)

              Having peaked during the migrant crisis of 2015/2016, the number of first time asylum             845              CY
              applications to the EU fell rapidly. There were 417 185 applications in 2020, equivalent
              to just 0.1 % of the EU population. The highest number of asylum applications in 2020             468             MT
              came from Syrian citizens (63 505), followed by Afghani (44 220) and Venezuelan                   353              EL
              (30 325) citizens. The largest numbers of applications were lodged in Germany (102 580),
                                                                                                                207              LU
              Spain (86 385) and France (81 790); however, in relative terms Cyprus and Malta (845 and
              468 applications per 100 000 inhabitants) received the most applications.                         183              ES
     Syria                                                                                      Germany         172              IS
    63 505                                                                                      102 580
                                                                                                                165              SI
                                                                                                                145              AT
                                                                                                                132              SE
Afghanistan
     44 220                                                                                                     123             DE

                                                                                                Spain
                                                                                                                121              FR
                                                                                                86 385          113             CH
 Venezuela
    30 325                                                                                                      112              BE
                                                                                                                  93            EU
  Colombia
    29 055                                                                                                        79            NL
                                                                                                France            77             LI
       Iraq                                                                                     81 790
                                                                                                                  50            BG
    16 240
                                                                                                                  38            HR
    Turkey
    15 955                                                                                                        36             IT
   Pakistan                                                                                                       31            RO
    13 905                                                                                      Greece
                                                                                                37 860            31             IE
   Georgia
    10 485                                                                                                        26             FI
    Nigeria
                                                                                                Italy             25            NO
    10 095
                                                                                                21 220
       Iran                                                                                                       25            DK
     9 570                                                                                      Netherlands         9            LT
Other world                                                                                     13 720
   173 830                                                                                                          9            PT
                                                                                                Sweden
                                                                                                13 630              8            LV
                                                                                                Belgium             7            CZ
                       Total applicants                                                         12 930
                          to the EU                                                                                 5            SK
                                                                                                Austria

                       417 200                                                                  12 925
                                                                                                Other EU
                                                                                                                    4
                                                                                                                    3
                                                                                                                                 PL
                                                                                                                                 EE
                                                                                                34 145
                                                                                                                    1           HU

              Note: rounded data. Includes only applications made by non-EU citizens.                            Source: Eurostat (online data codes:
                                                                                                                 migr_asyappctza, and demo_gind)

       14                                                                              Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society                 1
Health
Developments for life expectancy at birth
(years, by sex, EU, 2002-2019)

86                                                                                              In 2019, life expectancy at birth in the EU
84                                                                                              was 84.0 years for women and 78.5 years
                                                                                                for men. Between 2002 and 2019 this
82
                                                                                                gender gap narrowed, as life expectancy
80                                                                                              in the EU increased by 3.1 years for
78                                                                                              women and 4.2 years for men.
76                                                                                                   Women
74                                                                                                   Both sexes
72                                                                                                   Men
  2002    2004      2006      2008       2010      2012      2014      2016      2018
                                                                                                Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mlexpec)

Life expectancy at birth
(years, by sex, 2019)

               Women                                                                                      EU
               Both sexes
               Men
                                                                                               81 years
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
                                                                                                         EU
     LI
          ES
               CH
                    IT
                         SE
                              IS
                                   FR
                                        NO
                                             MT
                                                  IE
                                                       LU
                                                            CY
                                                                 NL
                                                                      BE
                                                                           FI
                                                                                AT
                                                                                     PT
                                                                                          EL
                                                                                               SI

                                                                                                              DE
                                                                                                                   CZ
                                                                                                                        EE
                                                                                                                             HR
                                                                                                                                  PL

                                                                                                                                            LT
                                                                                                                                                 HU

                                                                                                                                                           RO
                                                                                                                                                                BG
                                                                                                                                                      LV
                                                                                                    DK

                                                                                                                                       SK

Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mlexpec)

Across the EU, the highest average (for both sexes) life expectancy
at birth was recorded in Spain (at 84.0 years), while the lowest
was in Bulgaria (75.1 years). A gender gap — with higher life
expectancy for women — existed in every EU Member State,
with particularly large differences between the sexes in Lithuania
(9.6 years), Latvia (9.2 years) and Estonia (8.5 years); the smallest
gaps were recorded in the Netherlands (3.1 years), Sweden
(3.3 years) and Malta (3.4 years).

                Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                                           15
1     People and society

      Weekly deaths
      (deaths, by age, EU, week 1 of 2020 to week 8 of 2021)

                                                             2020                                                            2021
     140 000
                                        Week ,                                           Week , 
                                        (starting ..)                            (starting ..)
     120 000

     100 000
                                              Week , 
                                                   (starting
                                                 ..)
      80 000

      60 000

      40 000

      20 000

           0
                                                                                                     5

                                                                                                               0

                                                                                                                        k2

                                                                                                                                   k7
            k1

                   k5

                            0

                                       5

                                                 0

                                                           5

                                                                     0

                                                                                5

                                                                                          0

                                                                                                             k5
                          k1

                                   k1

                                               k2

                                                         k2

                                                                    k3

                                                                             k3

                                                                                        k4

                                                                                                  k4

                                                                                                                        e

                                                                                                                                   e
             e

                    e

                                                                                                                     We

                                                                                                                                We
          We

                 We

                                                                                                             e
                           e

                                   e

                                               e

                                                         e

                                                                   e

                                                                             e

                                                                                        e

                                                                                                  e
                        We

                                We

                                            We

                                                      We

                                                                We

                                                                          We

                                                                                     We

                                                                                               We

                                                                                                          We

                  8040
          Less than years or over From In
                       years           402020,
                                          to 59 there
                                                years were 5.2 million
                                                            From   60 todeaths in the EU (excluding
                                                                         79 years        80 years orIreland).
                                                                                                     over     Compared
                                                                                                                Unknown
                  From 60 to 79 years       with 2019, this represented an increase of 619 000 deaths in absolute terms
                  From 40 to 59 years
                                            and 13.4 % in relative terms.
                  Less than 40 years        The number of deaths in any particular week of 2020 varied greatly, in large
                  Unknown                   part reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. Two periods stand out with
                                            a notably higher number of deaths: the first was a quite sharp peak centred
                                            around the week 14 of 2020 (beginning 30.03.2020); the second was a longer
                                            period starting around the end of September and reaching a plateau in the
                                            middle of November (with a peak at the end of November / beginning of
                                            December) that was sustained into the beginning of 2021. Between these
                                            two periods, the lowest weekly number of deaths in 2020 was observed in
                                            week 25 of 2020 (beginning 15.06.2020).

                                            Note: excluding IE and some deaths for SE for which the precise week of death is not available —
                                            in 2020 this concerned 2.7 % of all deaths in SE.
                                            Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_r_mwk_20)

16                                                                                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society         1
Excess mortality, developments in the EU
(%, compared with average monthly deaths (during the period 2016-2019), EU, 2019-2021)
 50

 40

 30
                                                                                                                                          2020
 20

 10                                    2021

  0
                                                                                                                                          2019
-10
            Jan        Feb        Mar         Apr       May        Jun      Jul         Aug           Sep        Oct       Nov       Dec
Note: excluding IE.                                                          Source: Eurostat (online data codes: demo_mexrt and demo_mmonth)

Excess mortality, developments in the Member States
(%, compared with average monthly deaths (during the period 2016-2019), 2020)
100
                                                                                                                                 Jan-20
 80                                                                                                                              Mar-20
                                                                                                                                 May-20
 60                                                                                                                              Jul-20
                                                                                                                                 Sep-20
 40                                                                                                                              Nov-20

 20

   0

-20

-40
       LI
            SI
                  ES
                       PL
                            BE
                                 CZ
                                  IT
                                        CH
                                             BG
                                                  RO
                                                   LT
                                                        MT

                                                                  CY
                                                                       NL
                                                                       PT
                                                                            AT

                                                                                       FR
                                                                                            LU
                                                                                                 HR
                                                                                                      HU
                                                                                                      SE
                                                                                                            EL
                                                                                                                 DE
                                                                                                                 EE
                                                                                                                  FI

                                                                                                                              IS

                                                                                                                                           NO
                                                                                                                                     LV
                                                                                  SK

                                                                                                                             DK
                                                             EU

Note: ranked on the average monthly excess mortality for the whole of        Source: Eurostat (online data code: demo_mexrt)
2020. IE: not available. EU: excluding IE.

Due principally to the COVID-19 crisis, excess mortality in 2020 was much more volatile than in 2019
(which can be considered to be a more regular year). While there were fewer deaths in the EU in
January and February 2020 than was typical (during the period 2016-2019), for all other months of
2020 the number of deaths was above average. Particularly high numbers of deaths compared with
the average were recorded in March, April, October, November and December 2020; this was also
the case in January 2021. Excess mortality was relatively high in spring 2020 in Spain and Italy and
was particularly high towards the end of 2020 in Poland, Bulgaria, Slovenia and Czechia.

                  Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                          17
1     People and society

100 FR, LU, NO
 99 CZ, RO, FI
 98 EE, SK
                 Education
 95   HR         Early leavers from education and training
 92 SI           (% share of people aged 18-24 years, by sex, 2020)
 91 LI
                 25

 86   BE                                                              EU

 83 LV           20
                                                           10.1 %
 80   SE
                 15
 75 PL
 73 BG
                 10
 69 NL
 67 HU
 65 MT, AT        5

60 EU
 59   DE          0
                       MT
                       ES
                               RO
                                IS
                                IT
                               BG
                               HU
                               CY
                               DE

                                                                NO

                                                                PT
                                                                LU
                                                                 FI
                                                                              BE
                                                                              AT
                                                                              FR
                                                                              SE
                                                                              CZ

                                                                              EE

                                                                              NL
                                                                              LT
                                                                              PL
                                                                               IE
                                                                               SI
                                                                                                                     CH
                                                                                                                     EL
                                                                                                                     HR
                                                                              LV
                                                                DK

                                                                              SK
                                                           EU

 56   IS
                      Men        Both sexes            Women                                 Note: early leavers are defined
                                                                                             as people who have attained
                                                                                             at most a lower secondary
                 The risk of poverty, unemployment or social exclusion is higher among       education and who are not
 49 DK
                 people leaving school at a relatively young age. In 2020, the share of      involved in further education or
                                                                                             training.
                 early leavers in the EU was 10.1 %, ranging from 16.7 % in Malta to 2.2 %
                                                                                             Source: Eurostat (online data
                 in Croatia. Young men in the EU (12.0 %) were more likely than young        code: edat_lfse_14)
                 women (8.1 %) to be early leavers.
 38   LT, CY

                                                                                                                60 %
                                                                                                           of general upper
                 Learning two or more foreign languages                                                    secondary pupils
 27 ES                                                                                                     in the EU studied
                 (% share of students in general upper secondary                         Hallo!
 25 IT                                                                                                    two or more foreign
                 education, 2019)                                                        Hello!                languages
                                                                                        Bonjour !                in 2018
                 Some 60 % of general upper secondary students in the EU
                 (2018 data) were studying two or more foreign languages.
                 In 2019, at least 99 % of all general upper secondary
 13   IE         students in Luxembourg (2018 data), France, Romania,
                 Czechia and Finland were studying two or more foreign
                 languages, compared with less than 15 % in Ireland (2018
                 data), Portugal and Greece.
  6   PT
                 Note: 2018 data for EU, DK, EE, IE, IT, LU and NO.
  1   EL         Source: Eurostat (online data code: educ_uoe_lang02)

 18                                             Key figures on Europe – 2020 edition
People and society     1
                                               Young people neither in employment nor in                                                      IT   19.0
                                               education and training
                                               (% share of people aged 15-24 years, 2020)

                                               The share of young people (aged 15-24 years) neither in employment
                                               nor in education and training (NEET) concerns people who were not
                                               employed and had not received any form of education or training
                                               during a specified period of time. In 2020, the NEET rate for young
                                               people in the EU stood at 11.1 %. The rate in Italy (19.0 %) was more
                                               than four times as high as in the Netherlands (4.5 %).
                                               Source: Eurostat (online data code: edat_lfse_20)
                                                                                                                                            RO     14.8
                                                                                                                                         BG, CY 14.4
 Fields of study for university graduates                                                    4.0 million
                                                                                         university graduates in the EU
                                                                                                                                             ES 13.9
 (number and % share of graduates, by sex, EU, 2018)
                                                                                                                                             EL    13.2
 In 2018, there were 4.0 million tertiary education graduates
 across the EU: female university graduates (2.3 million)
 outnumbered their male counterparts (1.7 million).
                                                                                                                                            HR 12.2
 This pattern of more female than male graduates                                                                                             IE 12.0
 was repeated for a majority of university disciplines                                                                                      HU 11.7

                                                                                              .
 and was particularly apparent among those                                                                                                  FR 11.4
 who had studied education (almost four times as
 many female as male graduates). By contrast, there were                                     million
                                                                                                                    .
                                                                                                                    million
                                                                                                                                            EU 11.1
                                                                                                                                             LT 10.8
 almost four times as many male as female graduates among                                    women                   men
                                                                                                                                             SK 10.7
 those having studied information and communication
 technologies.
Business,                  Engineering,
administration             manufacturing and             Health                                                     Arts and                  FI   9.3
and law                    construction                  and welfare              Education                         humanities           BE, MT    9.2
                                                                                                                                             PT    9.1
                                                                                                                                             EE    8.9
                                                                                                                                             PL    8.6
.             .      .          .             .          .        .         .                  .       .
 1.4                       1.0                           2.9                       3.9                              2.1                      AT 8.0
         1.0                      2.5                            1.0                          1.0                          1.0                SI 7.7
                                                                                                                                         DK, DE 7.4
                                                                                                                                             LV 7.1
 Social sciences,         Natural sciences,                                            Information and             Agriculture,
 journalism and           mathematics                                                  communication               forestry, fisheries
 information              and statistics                Services                       technologies                and veterinary        CZ, LU 6.6
                                                                                                                                             SE 6.5
                                                                                                                                            CH 6.4
                                                                                                                                              IS 6.1
 .      .             .    .                     .    .                .       .                   . .
 2.1                      1.1                            1.0                           1.0                          1.0
         1.0                     1.0                             1.0                          3.8                           1.0
                                                                                                                                            NO     4.9

                                               Note: ranked on total for both sexes.                Source: Eurostat (online data            NL    4.5
       Women               Men
                                                                                                    codes: educ_uoe_grad01

                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                             19
1    People and society

     Labour market
     Change in the labour force composition
     (%, EU, 2020 compared with 2019)
                                                              PEOPLE AGED 15-74 YEARS            0.1 %

         A.
                                              A1.2
                                              Own-
                                                                A1.3
                                                                Contributing
                                                                                                                              4.4 %
         LABOUR        A1.          A1.1      account           family       A1.4
                                                                                                 A1.4a
                                                                                                 Part-time
                                                                                                               A1.4b
                                                                                                               Temporary                    2.0 %
         FORCE         Employed     Employers workers           workers      Employees           employees     employees

         0.9 % 1.3 %                                0.1 %                                                                A2.           B.
                                                                 1.7 % 1.5 % 2.7 %                                       Unem-
                                                                                                                            ployed
                                                                                                                                          PEOPLE
                                                                                                                                          OUTSIDE
                                    4.7 %                                                                                                THE LABOUR
                                                                                                                                          FORCE
     Note: employers are self-employed persons with employees;
     own-account workers are self-employed persons without employees.
     Source: Eurostat (online data codes: lfsa_pganws, lfsa_egaps, lfsa_eftpt and lfsa_etgaed)                 11.2 %
     Change in the labour force composition by age group
     (%, EU, 2020 compared with 2019)

                                                                7.0 %
                                                                        4.8 %
                                                                                                    3.3 %                      Aged 15-24 years
                                                                                           2.6 %
                            0.8 %                     0.8 %                     1.2 %                        1.4 %             Aged 25-49 years
                                                                                                                               Aged 50-74 years

                   -1.5 %                    -1.9 %
          -3.8 %
                                    -5.7 %                                                                                 Source: Eurostat
                                                                                              People outside               (online data
            Labour force                Employed                  Unemployed                 the labour force              code: lfsa_pganws)

     The COVID-19 crisis impacted heavily on labour                             employees, large falls were observed for the number
     markets in the EU Member States, softened to some                          of part-time workers (down 2.7 %) and temporary
     extent by efforts of national governments to support                       employees (down 11.2 %).
     businesses and employment.
                                                                                The fall in the number of persons in employment
     While the population aged 15-74 years in the EU                            was relatively high for younger workers (aged
     hardly changed between 2019 and 2020, the size of                          15-24 years; down 5.7 %), while there was a small
     the labour force contracted by 0.9 % and the number                        increase in the number of older workers (aged
     of people outside the labour force expanded by                             50-74 years) in employment (up 0.8 %). The increases in
     2.0 %. Within the labour force, the number of persons                      unemployment and the number of people outside the
     in employment fell by 1.3 %, while the number of                           labour force were larger for younger workers (up 7.0 %
     unemployed persons increased by 4.3 %. Among                               and 2.6 %) than for older workers (up 1.2 % and 1.4 %).

20                                                                                      Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society                 1
Employment rate
(% share of population aged 20-64 years, 2019 and 2020)

The EU employment rate — which measures the                                       Between 2019 and 2020, the employment rate in the
share of the population aged 20-64 years who were                                 EU fell by 0.8 percentage points, largely due to the
in work — stood at 72.3 % in 2020. There were three                               COVID-19 crisis. This was the first fall observed since
EU Member State where at least 80.0 % of adults aged                              the low reached in 2013 following on from the global
20-64 years were in employment in 2020 — Sweden                                   financial and economic crisis and the subsequent
(80.8 %), the Netherlands and Germany (both 80.0 %).                              sovereign debt crisis. Malta, Poland and Croatia were
At the other end of the range, less than 70.0 % of this                           the only EU Member States that did not record a fall
age group were in employment in Croatia (66.9 %),                                 in their employment rate in 2020. The largest decline,
Spain (65.7 %), Italy (62.6 %) and Greece (61.1 %).                               down 2.3 percentage points, was observed in Spain.

       MT and PL                                                                                                                                    ES
        +0.6                                                                                                                                    -2.3
       points                                                                           EU
                                                                                                                                               points
88                                                                                  -0.8
                                                                                   points
86

84

82

80

78

76

74

72

70

68

66

64

62

60
      MT
            PL
                 HR
                      NL
                           EL
                                RO
                                     FR
                                          HU

                                                    CH
                                                         BE

                                                                   CZ
                                                                        DE
                                                                             LU
                                                                                  FI
                                                                                       NO

                                                                                                 CY
                                                                                                      SI
                                                                                                           IT

                                                                                                                     AT
                                                                                                                          SE
                                                                                                                               PT
                                                                                                                                    EE
                                                                                                                                         LT
                                                                                                                                              BG
                                                                                                                                                   IE
                                                                                                                                                        ES
                                                                                                                                                             IS
                                               LV

                                                              DK

                                                                                                                SK
                                                                                            EU

     2019                  2020            Note: ranked on the change (in percentage                   Source: Eurostat (online data code: lfsa_ergan)
                                           points) between 2019 and 2020.

                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                                            21
1    People and society

     Unemployment rate developments
     (% share of labour force, EU, 2002-2020)
     25
                                                                                                                                               People aged
                                                                                                                                               15-24 years
     20
                                                                                                                                               Total
                                                                                                                                               (people aged
     15                                                                                                                                        15-74 years)
                                                                                                                                               People aged
     10                                                                                                                                        50-74 years

                                                                                                                                           Source: Eurostat
         5                                                                                                                                 (online data code:
                                                                                                                                           lfsa_urgan)

         0
             2002       2004          2006       2008          2010       2012          2014           2016      2018           2020

     In 2008, the EU unemployment rate for people aged                                   by 2019. In 2020, as labour markets were hit by the
     15-74 years hit a low of 7.2 %. In the wake of the global                           COVID-19 crisis, this rate increased again, reaching 7.1 %.
     financial and economic crisis, the unemployment rate                                The EU youth (people aged 15-24 years) unemployment
     rose sharply, peaking at 11.4 % in 2013. During the                                 rate was 16.9 % in 2020, which was 3.4 times as high
     following six years, there was a considerable reduction                             as the unemployment rate for persons aged 50-74
     in this rate, as the EU unemployment rate fell to 6.7 %                             years (4.9 %).
                                                                                                                                                               EL
     Unemployment rate                                                                                                                                    -1.0
     (% share of labour force aged 15-74 years, 2019 and 2020)
                                                                                                                                                         points
     20
                       EE                                                                                                         EU
     16          +2.4                                                                                                        +0.4
                points                                                                                                      points
     12

         8

         4

         0
             EE
                  LT
                       IS

                                 SE
                                      ES
                                           LU
                                                RO
                                                     FI
                                                          HR
                                                               AT

                                                                         HU
                                                                              BG
                                                                                   IE
                                                                                        NO
                                                                                             DE
                                                                                                  MT
                                                                                                       CZ

                                                                                                                 CY
                                                                                                                      SI
                                                                                                                           PT
                                                                                                                                NL

                                                                                                                                          CH
                                                                                                                                               BE
                                                                                                                                                    PL
                                                                                                                                                         FR
                                                                                                                                                              IT
                                                                                                                                                                   EL
                            LV

                                                                    SK

                                                                                                            DK

                                                                                                                                     EU

             2019                2020                     Note: ranked on change (in percentage                  Source: Eurostat (online data code: une_rt_a)
                                                          points) between 2019 and 2020.

     In 2020, among the EU Member States the highest                                     Poland, with the rate in Czechia (2.6 %) even lower.
     unemployment rate for people aged 15-74 years                                       Between 2019 and 2020, the unemployment rate
     was recorded in Greece (16.3 %), while Spain also                                   fell in Greece, Italy, France and Poland, while it grew
     recorded a double-digit rate (15.5 %). Relatively low                               elsewhere. The largest increases were in the Baltic
     unemployment rates — within the range of 3.2-3.8 %                                  Member States, up 1.8 percentage points in Latvia,
     — were recorded in Germany, the Netherlands and                                     2.2 points in Lithuania and 2.4 points in Estonia.

22                                                                                                    Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society   1
Gender pay gap
(difference between average gross hourly earnings of male and female
employees, as a percentage of earnings for male employees, 2019)

                                                         EE 21.7
                                                         LV 21.2
The unadjusted                                           AT 19.9
gender pay gap                                           DE 19.2
provides an overall                                      CZ 18.9
picture of the differences                               SK 18.4
in pay between men                                       CH 18.3
and women. It measures                                   HU 18.2
the gap in earnings                                       FI 16.6
between male and female                                  FR 16.5
employees in industry,                                                   Women in the EU
                                                         NL 14.6         earn on average
construction and services                                EU 14.1
among enterprises with 10
or more employees.
                                                         BG 14.1            14 %
                                                                          less than men
                                                         DK 14.0
In 2019, average hourly                                   IS 13.8
earnings for women were                                  LT 13.3
14.1 % lower than those                                  NO 13.2
for men across the EU. The                               ES 11.9
earnings of women were more                              SE 11.8
than 20.0 % lower than those                             MT 11.6
of men in Latvia (21.2 %) and                            HR 11.5
Estonia (21.7 %). By contrast, the                        IE 11.3
gender pay gap was less than                             PT 10.6
5.0 % in Italy (4.7 %), Romania                          EL 10.4
(3.3 %) and Luxembourg (1.3 %).                          CY 10.1
                                                         PL 8.5
                                                          SI 7.9
                                                         BE 5.8
Note: 2018 data for IE, EL, IS, NO and CH.                IT 4.7
Source: Eurostat (online data code:                      RO 3.3
earn_gr_gpgr2)                                           LU 1.3

                Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                       23
1      People and society

                Living conditions
32.8 BG

31.2 RO
                People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
                (million persons, EU, 2019)
30.0 EL
                                                             Severely materially     In 2019, 91.4 million people, or 20.9 % of
                  People                                      deprived people
                   at risk
                                                                                     the EU population, were at risk of poverty
                 of poverty                                             23.9         or social exclusion. This means that they
                  72.1                                                               were in at least one of the following three
                                                                                     conditions: at risk of poverty after social
27.3   LV                                                9.4                         transfers; severely materially deprived;
                                                                                     or living in a household with low work
26.3 LT                                                                              intensity. The greatest risk of poverty or
25.6 IT
                                              7.9                                    social exclusion was from income poverty,
                                                                  1.2                in other words, people who were at risk of
25.3 ES                                                 5.4                          poverty after social transfers: this condition
24.3   EE                                                                            touched 72.1 million people across the EU
                              47.6                                      8.7          in 2019, among which 24.5 million were
23.3   HR                                             11.2                           affected at the same time by one or both of
                                                                                     the other two conditions. Compared with
22.3   CY                                                                            five years earlier, there were 15.4 million
21.6 PT
                                                                                     fewer people at risk of poverty or social
                                                                                     exclusion in 2019.
20.9 EU                                                    People living in a
20.6 IE, LU                                                                          Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_pees01)
                                                         household with very
20.1 MT                                                   low work intensity
19.5   BE                                                         26.5
18.9 HU                                                                                                    Proportion of people
18.8 SE, CH                                                                                                 in the EU at risk of
                                                                                                             poverty or social
18.2   PL
                                                                                                                 exclusion
17.9   FR
17.4
16.9
       DE
       AT       People at risk of poverty
                                                                                                                   21 %
16.5   NL       or social exclusion
16.4   SK
16.3   DK       (% share of total population, 2019)
16.1   NO
                In 2019, the share of the population that was at risk
15.6   FI
                of poverty or social exclusion peaked, among the EU
                Member States, at 32.8 % in Bulgaria. At least 30.0 % of
14.4   SI       the population in Romania and Greece were also at risk of
                poverty or social exclusion. At the other end of the range,
                less than one in six people in the Netherlands, Slovakia,
                Denmark, Finland and Slovenia were at risk of poverty or
12.5 CZ
                social exclusion, with a low of 12.5 % recorded in Czechia.

                Note: 2018 data for IS.
11.0   IS       Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_peps01)

  24                                                                              Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society      1
Inability to face unexpected financial expenses
(% share of total population, 2019)

HR
LV
EL
CY
 LT
RO
 IE
BG
ES
 IT
HU
PT
 SI
                                                                               €
EE
EU
                                                          EU
                                                                                                           €
FR                                              31 %
SK
PL
                                                                    Material deprivation refers to the enforced
                                                                    inability (rather than the choice not to do
 FI
                                                                    so) to pay for/afford specific expenses;
DE                                                                  one example is unexpected financial
 IS                                                                 expenses. In 2019, a little less than one
BE                                                                  third (30.9 %) of the EU population living
                                                                    in private households were unable to face
NO
                                                                    an unexpected financial expense. More
DK
                                                                    than two fifths of the population were
NL                                                                  unable to face an unexpected financial
CZ                                                                  expense in six of the EU Member States,
SE                                                                  with this share peaking in Croatia at
                                                                    51.7 %. By contrast, a relatively small share
CH
                                                                    of the population in Malta was unable to
AT                                                                  face such expenses (15.1 %).
LU
                                                                    Note: 2018 data for IS.
MT                                                                  Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_mdes04)
      0    10       20        30        40           50        60

            Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                     25
1    People and society

     Inability to afford paying for
     one week annual holiday away from home
     (% share of total population, 2019)

     RO
         EL
         HR
         CY
         IT
     HU
         PT
         LT
                                                                         €               €
         SK
         BG
         ES
         PL
     MT
         IE                                                   Another component of the material
                                                 EU           deprivation rate is the inability to afford
     EU
         LV                                     28 %          one week of holiday away from home
                                                              each year. In 2019, some 28.0 % of the EU
         EE                                                   population were unable to afford such a
         BE                                                   holiday, with this share reaching two fifths
         FR
                                                              or more of the population in Portugal,
                                                              Hungary, Italy, Cyprus, Croatia and Greece,
         CZ
                                                              and peaking at 54.1 % in Romania. By
         SI                                                   contrast, the share of the population that
         NL                                                   was unable to afford one week’s holiday
         AT                                                   away from home was around one tenth
                                                              in Sweden (10.2 %) and Luxembourg
         DE
                                                              (10.1 %).
         FI
                                                              Note: 2018 data for IS.
     DK                                                       Source: Eurostat (online data code: ilc_mdes02)
         SE
         LU
     CH
         IS
     NO
              0   10    20      30         40    50    60

26                                                         Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society              1
Digital society                                                                                                          DK, IS 99

                                                                                                                        LU, NO 98

Internet usage                                                                                                        FI, SE, CH   97
(% share of people aged 16-74 years, 2020)
The internet has become an integral part of most people’s lives, changing the                Note: 2019 data for FR
                                                                                             and CH.
way people study, work, communicate and enjoy their free time. In 2020, 88 %
                                                                                             Source: Eurostat
of adults (aged 16-74 years) in the EU declared they had used the internet during            (online data code:         DE, NL     94
the previous three months. This share ranged from 99 % in Denmark, 98 % in                   isoc_ci_ifp_iu)

Luxembourg and 97 % in Finland and Sweden to 70 % in Bulgaria.                                                               ES 93

                                                                                                                             BE    92

                                                                                                                         IE, CY    91
Internet activities                                                                                                          SK 90
(% share of people aged 16-74 years, 2019)
                                                                                                                      EE, FR, LV 89
 96                                       90                                90
                           Sending/                  Finding information                Watching internet
         75                receiving           70           about goods
                                                                                  65        streamed TV           EU, CZ, AT 88
                             e-mails                        and services                        or videos
                                                      46                                                                 MT, SI    87
               40
                                                                                       29

 DK      EU    RO                         DK    EU       RO                  FI   EU   RO                                   HU     85

                                         94
 85                                                                         85                  Participating
                       Telephoning                                                                   in social
         63            or video calls          58
                                                                Internet
                                                                banking           57               networks              LT, PL 83
               48                                                                      42

                                                         12    €
 CY      EU    FR                        DK    EU        RO                 DK    EU   FR

                                                                                                Using online
  77                Seeking health        76                    Listening                   learning material
         56            information             53                to music
                                                                                                                      IT, EL, HR, 78
                                                                            39
                                                         34                                                               PT, RO
               28
                                                                                  20                  ABC
                                                                                        6

  FI     EU    RO                       DK,FI EU         RO                 DK    EU   RO

       Highest value                    Across the EU, some of the internet activities most commonly
       EU value                         performed in 2020 by people aged 16-74 years included: sending/
       Lowest value                     receiving e-mails (75 %), finding information about goods and services
Note: 2019 data for FR, except for      (70 %) and watching internet streamed TV or videos (65 %). A majority
watching internet streamed TV or        of adults in the EU also used the internet for making telephone or
videos (2018 data).
Source: Eurostat (online data
                                        video calls (63 %), internet banking (58 %), participating in social
code: isoc_ci_ac_i)                     networks (57 %), seeking health information (56 %) or listening to
                                        music (53 %).                                                                       BG     70

                Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                              27
1    People and society

     Internet activities
     (% share of people aged 16-74 years, EU, 2019 and 2020)

                                                         ABC

                              Watching
                              internet                Using online
                                                                              Finding
                                                                              information
                                                                                                                €
         Telephoning          streamed TV             learning                about goods                 Internet
         or videocalls        or videos               material                and services                banking
                   52                    59              15                                  66                        55
                     63                     65            20                                   70                      58

         Paticipating         Seeking                 Sending/
         in social            health                  receiving               Listening
         networks             information             e-mails                 to music
                   54                   53                           73                   51
                                                                                                       2019
                    57                   56                          75                   53           2020

                                                                                                    Note: ranked on the
     The proportion of people in the EU having participated in many of the most                     change (in percentage
     commonly performed internet activities continued to grow in 2020. As well as                   points) between 2019
                                                                                                    and 2020. Watching
     reflecting a continuation of the existing trend, this may also have reflected the              internet streamed TV
     impact of the COVID-19 crisis on people’s internet activities. However, it should be           or videos, 2018 instead
                                                                                                    of 2019.
     noted that the survey used to collect information society statistics is conducted
                                                                                                    Source: Eurostat (online
     relatively early each year, and so it may have been too early to fully reflect the impact      data code: isoc_ci_ac_i)
     of the pandemic on internet usage.
     Given the widespread use of remote learning for schools and tertiary education
     during 2020, it is unsurprising that the share of the population using online learning
     material increased, up 5 percentage points; note that a large part of the school-age
     population (pupils aged less than 16 years) is not covered by these statistics.

28                                                                        Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
People and society                1
Using the internet for telephoning or video calls
(% share of people aged 16-74 years, 2019 and 2020)

100

 90

 80

 70

 60

 50

 40

 30

 20

 10

  0
      CH
           ES
                LU
                     NL
                          IE
                               AT
                                    FR
                                         IT
                                              PT
                                                   NO

                                                             CY
                                                                  FI

                                                                            BE
                                                                                 DE
                                                                                      EE
                                                                                           SI
                                                                                                SE
                                                                                                     IS
                                                                                                          HR
                                                                                                               MT

                                                                                                                         CZ
                                                                                                                              HU
                                                                                                                                   RO
                                                                                                                                        EL
                                                                                                                                             PL

                                                                                                                                                       LT
                                                                                                                                                            BG
                                                                                                                                                  LV
                                                        DK

                                                                                                                    SK
                                                                       EU

  2019                2020

The share of people aged 16-74 years using the internet to make telephone                                           Note: ranked on change (in
                                                                                                                    percentage points) between 2019 and
or video calls increased 11 percentage points in 2020, repeating the 11 point                                       2020. FR: 2018 and 2019 data instead
increase in 2019. Particularly large increases in the                                                               of 2019 and 2020. CH: 2017 and 2019
                                                                                                                    data instead of 2019 and 2020.
use of the internet for this activity were recorded                                                                 Source: Eurostat (online data code:
in Spain, Luxembourg (both up 23 points), the                   E                                                   isoc_ci_ac_i)
Netherlands (up 22 points) and Ireland (up               +11 poU
                                                            in 202
                                                                    ints
21 points). The smallest increases, all less than                  0
5 points, were recorded in Latvia,
Lithuania and Bulgaria.

                Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                                            29
2   Economy
    and business
2    Economy and business

     Economy and finance
     GDP
     (% share of EU total, 2020)

                                  EU GDP

           EUR 13 306 billion                                                                            SE
                                                                                                                         FI
                                                                                                                        .

                                                                                   DK
                                                                                                        .
                                                                                  .
                                                         NL
                                                       .
                                                                                       DE                                      EE

                                                                               .                                                    .
                                                       BE                                                                     LV
              IE
                                                      .                                                                LT           .
            .                                                                                                                      .
                                                              LU                                                    PL
                                                               .                                                  .
                                                 FR                                                     CZ
                                                                                                       .
                                              .                                          AT
                                                                                            .
                                                                                                              SK
                                                                                                              .
                                                                                                       HU
                                                                                                       .
                                                                                             SI                RO
                                                                                                  HR
                                                                          IT                                  .
                             ES
                           .                                       .                        . .
                                                                                                                   BG
             PT                                                                                                               .
                                                                                                              EL
            .                                                                                               .

                                                                                 MT
         Gross domestic product (GDP) is an indicator used to measure
                                                                                 .                                                CY
         the size and performance of an economy; it provides information
                                                                                                                                    .
         on the total value of goods and services produced during a given
         period. Within the EU, GDP was valued at EUR 13 306 billion in           Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_10_gdp)
         2020. Germany had the largest economy among the EU Member
         States (EUR 3 332 billion, or 25.0 % of the EU total), followed by
         France (17.1 %) and Italy (12.4 %). At the other end of the range,
         Malta (0.1 %) had the smallest economy in the EU.

32                                                                            Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Economy and business                 2
 Real change in GDP                                                                                                                                          LU 260
 (%, annual average, based on chain-linked volumes, EU, 2000-2020)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
     2000

            2001

                   2002

                          2003

                                 2004

                                        2005

                                               2006

                                                      2007

                                                             2008

                                                                    2009

                                                                           2010

                                                                                    2011

                                                                                           2012

                                                                                                  2013

                                                                                                         2014

                                                                                                                2015

                                                                                                                       2016

                                                                                                                              2017

                                                                                                                                     2018

                                                                                                                                            2019

                                                                                                                                                   2020
                                                                                                                                                              IE 193
Source: Eurostat (online data code: naida_10_gdp)

The real change in GDP shows the rate of change                                   output was unchanged in 2013. Thereafter, the
in economic output having removed the effects                                     EU economy progressively recovered, with annual
of price changes (inflation). Between 2000 and                                    growth rates in the range of 1.6 % to 2.8 % per
2007, the EU economy grew each year, with                                         annum between 2014 and 2019. In 2020, the                                  CH     158
GDP rising in real terms by 0.9-3.9 % per annum.                                  economy was heavily impacted by the COVID-19
From 2008 to 2013, the economy was strongly                                       crisis (the direct health consequences and related                        NO      147
affected by the global financial and economic                                     restrictions) and GDP fell by 6.1 %.
crisis, with GDP falling by 4.3 % in 2009 and by
a much smaller amount (-0.7 %) in 2012, while                                                                                                             DK, IS 130
                                                                                                                                                            NL 128
                                                                                                                                                            AT 126
                                                                            GDP per capita                                                                   DE 120
                                                                            (EU = 100, based on PPS, 2019)                                                   SE 119
                                                                                                                                                             BE 118
                                                                            GDP per capita can be used to compare economic
                                                                                                                                                              FI 111
                                                                            output of different sized countries. GDP per capita
                                    31 170.00                                                                                                                FR 106
                                                                            in the EU fell from EUR 31 170 per capita in 2019                                MT 101
                                                                            to EUR 29 660 per capita in 2020. As the cost of                                EU 100
                                                                            living varies from place to place, the information                                IT    96
                                                                            presented here has been adjusted to reflect price                                CZ     93
                                                                            level differences using an artificial currency unit                               ES    91
                                                                            called a purchasing power standard (PPS). Using                                  CY     90
                                                                                                                                                               SI   89
                                                                            this measure, the relative living standards of
                                                                                                                                                          EE, LT    84
                                                                            individual EU Member States can be expressed in
                                                                                                                                                             PT     80
                                                                            relation to the EU average set to equal 100. In 2019,
             GDP per capita in the EU                                                                                                                     HU, PL 73
                                                                            the highest value was recorded in Luxembourg,
                                                                                                                                                          SK, RO 70
            EUR 31 170                                                      where GDP per capita in PPS was slightly more than
                                                                            two and a half times as high as the EU average. On
                                                                                                                                                              LV 69
                                                                                                                                                              EL 67
                                                                            the other hand, GDP per capita in Bulgaria was just                               HR 65
                                                                            over half (53 %) the EU average.
Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_10_pc)                                                                                                              BG     53

                   Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                                            33
2      Economy and business

                 Prices
3.7    PL

3.4 HU
3.3 CZ
                 Inflation rate
                 (% annual rate of change, 2020)
                                                                      Food and                  Housing,                  Household
                                                                      non-alcoholic             water and                 equipment and
                 The inflation rate shows the change in the           beverages                 energy                    maintenance
                 price of a basket of consumer goods and
                 services. The latest information available                   16.0                      15.8                   6.2
                 reveals that prices increased by 0.7 % in the                   18.0                    17.2                  6.8
                 EU between 2019 and 2020, with annual
                 inflation peaking at 3.7 % in Poland. Eight EU
2.3 RO           Member States recorded deflation in 2020,
                 the strongest being falls of 1.1 % in Cyprus
                 and 1.3 % in Greece.
2.0 SK
                 Source: Eurostat (online data code: prc_hicp_aind)
                                                                      Alcoholic                 Miscellaneous
                                                                      beverages, tobacco        goods and
                                                                      and narcotics             services                  Communications
                                                                           4.4                             9.4              3.0
1.4 AT
                 Household budget structure                                5.0                             9.7              3.3
1.2 BG, IS, NO   (% share of total household consumption
1.1 LT, NL       expenditure, EU, 2019 and 2020)

0.8 MT           The COVID-19 crisis impacted not only
0.7 EU, SE       on overall economic activity, but also on                                                                Clothing
                                                                      Health                    Education                 and footwear
                 household consumption patterns. The share
0.5 FR                                                                      5.0                   1.0                          5.8
                 of expenditure on several categories related
0.4 BE, DE, FI
                 to eating and living at home increased                     5.2                                               5.2
0.3 DK                                                                                            1.1
                 between 2019 and 2020. For example, there
 0.1 LV
                 were increases of 2.0 percentage points for
 0.0 HR, LU      food and non-alcoholic beverages, 1.5 points
-0.1 IT, PT      for housing, water and energy, 0.6 points for
                 household equipment and maintenance, and
                                                                      Recreation                                          Restaurants
-0.3 ES, SI      0.5 points for alcoholic beverages, tobacco          and culture              Transport                  and hotels
                 and narcotics. The counterbalance was lower
-0.5 IE                                                                          8.8                  15.2                        9.4
                 expenditure outside the home, most notably
-0.6 EE          falls of 2.4 points for restaurants and hotels,               8.0                  13.4                        7.0
                 1.7 points for transport, and 0.8 points for
-0.8 CH
                 recreation and culture.                                  2019                 2020

                                                                      Note: ranked on change (in percentage points) between 2019 and
                                                                      2020.
-1.1   CY
                                                                      Source: Eurostat (online data code: prc_hicp_inw)

-1.3 EL

 34                                                                        Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Economy and business              2
Comparative price levels
(EU = 100, 2019)

                                        Food
                                        and non-alcoholic             Housing,
       Total                            beverages                     water and energy             Transport
CH
  IS
NO
LU
DK
  IE
 SE
  FI
NL
AT
BE
FR
DE
  IT
 ES
CY
MT
  SI
PT
 EL
 EE
SK
 LV
CZ
HR
 LT
HU
 PL
RO
BG
       0        100          200    0           100         200   0           100        200   0            100           200

Price level indices measure price differences between countries (expressed in relation to            Source: Eurostat (online
                                                                                                     data code: prc_ppp_ind)
prices for the EU average set to equal 100). In 2019, the overall price level index peaked
in Luxembourg and Denmark at more than 40 % above the EU average, while price
levels were around half the EU average in Romania and Bulgaria. There was a relatively
low degree of variation in price levels for transport and for food and non-alcoholic
beverages, with the highest prices in Denmark (both 29 % above the EU average) and
the lowest in Romania (34 % below) for food and non-alcoholic beverages and Bulgaria
(32 % below) for transport. By contrast, the price of housing, water and energy displayed
a greater variation, from 82 % above the EU average in Ireland down to 63 % below in
Bulgaria.

               Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                            35
2    Economy and business

     Government finance
     General government deficit/surplus
     (% relative to GDP, 2019 and 2020)
         4

         3

         2

         1

         0

      -1

      -2

      -3

      -4

      -5

      -6

      -7

      -8

      -9

     -10

     -11

     -12
              SE

                         FI
                              RO

                                             EE
                                                  BG
                                                       IE
                                                            DE
                                                                 PT
                                                                      HU
                                                                           FR
                                                                                NL
                                                                                     PL

                                                                                               CZ
                                                                                                    LU
                                                                                                         CY
                                                                                                              BE
                                                                                                                   HR
                                                                                                                        IT
                                                                                                                             LT
                                                                                                                                  ES
                                                                                                                                       SI
                                                                                                                                            AT
                                                                                                                                                 MT
                                                                                                                                                      EL
                    LV

                                   SK
                                        DK

                                                                                          EU

             2019         2020                         In 2020, the general government deficit across the EU was equivalent to
                                                       6.9 % of its GDP, a much larger deficit than recorded in 2019 (0.5 %) in large
      Note: ranked on change (in
      percentage points) of general                    part reflecting the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. All of the EU Member States
      government deficit/surplus between               recorded a budget deficit in 2020, ranging from 1.1 % of GDP in Denmark to
      2019 and 2020.
                                                       11.0 % in Spain. The largest changes in government deficits/surpluses relative
      Source: Eurostat (online data code:
      gov_10dd_edpt1)                                  to GDP between 2019 and 2020 were in Greece, Malta, Austria and Slovenia.

36                                                                                             Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Economy and business                2
General government gross debt
(% relative to GDP, 2019 and 2020)
220

200

180

160

140

120

100

 80

 60

 40

 20

   0
                                                               EU
       EL
            ES
                  CY
                       IT
                            FR
                                 PT
                                      BE
                                           HR
                                                SI
                                                     HU
                                                          AT

                                                                         MT
                                                                              RO
                                                                                   PL
                                                                                        LT
                                                                                             DE
                                                                                                  EE
                                                                                                       FI

                                                                                                                 CZ

                                                                                                                           NL
                                                                                                                                SE
                                                                                                                                     BG
                                                                                                                                          LU
                                                                                                                                               IE
                                                                                                                      LV
                                                                    SK

                                                                                                            DK

   2019            2020                                                   Consolidated gross debt in the EU was 90.7 % of
Note: ranked on change (in percentage points) of consolidated             GDP in 2020, up 13.2 percentage points from 77.5 %
gross debt between 2019 and 2020.                                         in 2019 in large part reflecting the impact of the
Source: Eurostat (online data code: gov_10dd_edpt1)                       COVID-19 crisis. In 2020, consolidated debt was
                                                                          highest in Greece at 205.6 %. Italy, Portugal, Spain,
                                                                          Cyprus, France and Belgium recorded ratios of more
                                                                          than 100 % when compared with GDP. The largest
                                                                          increases in debt relative to GDP between 2019 and
                                                                          2020 were in Greece, Spain, Cyprus and Italy, all up
                                                                          more than 20.0 percentage points.

                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                                              37
2    Economy and business

     International trade

                                                                                             EU trade surplus

                                                                              EUR 218 billion

                                                                       International trade in goods
                                                                       with non-member countries
                                                                       (billion EUR, EU, 2002-2020)

                                                                       In 2020, the EU exported goods to non-member
                                                                       countries that were valued at EUR 1 932 billion, which was
                                                                       EUR 218 billion higher than the value of its imported goods.
                                                                       As a result, the EU recorded its ninth successive annual
                                                                       trade surplus for goods. The COVID-19 crisis impacted on
                                                                       the value of the trade in goods in 2020: exports were 9.4 %
                                                                       lower than in 2019, while imports were 11.7 % lower.

     2 200

     2 000

     1 800

     1 600

     1 400

     1 200

     1 000

         800

         600

         400

         200

           0

     -200

     -400
               2002

                      2003

                             2004

                                    2005

                                           2006

                                                  2007

                                                         2008

                                                                2009

                                                                       2010

                                                                               2011

                                                                                      2012

                                                                                              2013

                                                                                                     2014

                                                                                                            2015

                                                                                                                   2016

                                                                                                                          2017

                                                                                                                                 2018

                                                                                                                                        2019

                                                                                                                                               2020

                 Exports                     Imports                          Trade balance            Source: Eurostat (online data code:
                                                                                                       ext_lt_intratrd)

38                                                                                            Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Economy and business            2
Top 10 partners for EU international trade in goods
(% share of total, EU, 2020)

                                                              Norway                          Russia
                                                              2.5                               4.1
                                                              2.5                               5.6

                                                                                                             China
                                        United Kingdom                         Turkey                     (except
              United States                        14.4                        3.6                     Hong Kong)
              18.3                                  9.8                        3.6                           10.5                 Japan
              11.8                                            Switzerland
                                                                                                             22.4                 2.8
                                                                                                                          South   3.2
                                                              7.4                                                         Korea
                                                              6.3                                                           2.3
                                                                                                    India                   2.6
                                                                                                       1.7
                                                                                                       1.9

    Rest of
 the world
     32.4
     30.3                                              EU exports        EU imports

In 2020, the United States was the EU’s leading export         There was a different picture for imports, as more
market, accounting for 18.3 % of the total value of            than one fifth (22.4 %) of all goods imported into the
goods exported outside the EU. The second largest              EU in 2020 originated from China (excluding Hong
export market for EU goods was the United Kingdom              Kong). The United States was the second largest
with a 14.4 % share, followed by China (excluding              country of origin for EU imports (11.8 %), followed by
Hong Kong; 10.5 %) and Switzerland (7.4 %).                    the United Kingdom (9.8 %) and Switzerland (6.3 %).

                                                               Note: the figure shows the share of EU imports from non-member
                                                               countries and the share of EU exports to non-member countries.
                                                               Source: Eurostat (online data code: ext_lt_maineu)

               Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                            39
2    Economy and business

85   LU
                  International trade in goods with Member States                                                        Intra EU trade
                  (% share of total trade, 2020)                                                                            61 %
                                                                                                                          of total trade
                  In 2020, 61 % of the EU Member States’ trade in goods
                  concerned exchanges between Member States. The relative
80   SK
                  share of intra-EU trade peaked at 85 % in Luxembourg and
                  also accounted for three quarters or more of total trade in
                                                                                                                   Note: calculation based on the average
                  Slovakia, Czechia and Hungary. By contrast, the share of intra-                                  value of exports and imports.
                  EU trade was 52 % in Cyprus and 40 % in Ireland (where the                                       Source: Eurostat (online data codes:
76 CZ             share of intra-EU trade was notably lower than in previous                                       ext_lt_intratrd and ext_lt_intercc)
75   HU           years as a result of the United Kingdom having left the EU).
74   RO
73   PT, HR, AT

71   EE, PL
70   LV

65 LI
                  International trade in services with non-member countries
63 BE, BG, LT,    (billion EUR, EU, 2010-2020)
   SI, FI
                  1 100                                                                                   In recent years, there has been a rapid
61 EU                                                                                                     increase in the value of world trade in
60   DK, FR, SE   1 000                                                                                   services. This pattern was also observed
59   ES            900                                                                                    across the EU, with the value of exports
                                                                                                          increasing overall by 46.6 % between
                   800
57   DE, EL                                                                                               2010 and 2020 and the value of imports
56   IS            700                                                                                    by 53.3 %. Exports of services from
55   MT                                                                                                   the EU to non-member countries
                   600
54   NL, IT                                                                                               were valued at EUR 867 billion while
                   500                                                                                    imports into the EU were valued at
52   CY            400                                                                                    EUR 807 billion. The EU ran a trade
                                                                                                          surplus for services throughout the
                   300                                                                                    period 2010-2020, with a peak recorded
                   200                                                                                    in 2018 (EUR 131 billion). The COVID-19
                                                                                                          crisis had a greater impact on the value
                   100
                                                                                                          of the trade in services in 2020 than it
                      0                                                                                   had on trade in goods: exports were
                          2010
                                 2011
                                        2012
                                               2013
                                                      2014
                                                             2015
                                                                    2016
                                                                           2017
                                                                                   2018
                                                                                          2019
                                                                                                 2020

                                                                                                          17.8 % lower than in 2019, while imports
45 CH
                                                                                                          were 17.9 % lower. This reflected, at least
                      Exports                   Imports                           Trade balance           in part, lower levels of travel.
                  Source: Eurostat (online data code: bop_its6_det)

40   IE

40                                                                                                Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
Economy and business                 2
    Top 10 partners for EU international trade in services
    (% share of total, EU, 2019)

                                                                Norway
                                                                2.5                                 Russia
                                                                1.5                                 2.6
                                                                                                    1.3

                                       United Kingdom
        United States                            21.3     Switzerland
        19.4                                                                                             China
                                                 18.4     10.8                                (except Hong Kong)
        22.6                     Bermuda                  6.6                                              5.0
                                 0.5                                                                                          Japan
                                 9.7                                                                       3.3                    2.9
                                                                                                                                  1.7

                                                                                                                       Singapore
                                                                                                                       2.9
                                                                                                                       2.6
                                                                                            Offshore
                                                                                            financial
                                                                                            centres
                                                                                            3.7
   Rest of                                                                                  8.5
the world
   29.3
   25.2
                                                                           EU exports
                                                                           EU imports

    In 2019, the EU’s leading trade partners for services were the            Note: the figure shows the share of EU imports
                                                                              from non-member countries and the share of EU
    United States and the United Kingdom. More than one fifth                 exports to non-member countries. Offshore financial
    (21.3 %) of services exported from the EU were destined for               centres exclude Singapore and Bermuda (for which
                                                                              information is shown separately).
    the United Kingdom, with a slightly lower share for the United
                                                                              Source: Eurostat (online data code: bop_its6_tot)
    States (19.4 %). Switzerland was the third largest trade partner for
    the EU’s service exports (10.8 %). By contrast, the highest share
    (22.6 %) of services imported into the EU from non-member
    countries originated in the United States, while a lower share was
    recorded for the United Kingdom (18.4 %).

                 Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition                                                                              41
2     Economy and business

     Business
                                                                                        .              .
      Change in the structure of value added
                                                                                                                    .
      (% share of total value added by sector, EU, 2000, 2019
                                                                               .
      and 2020)                                                                                     
                                                                                                   Services
      Services                                                                                     Industry
                                       2000
                                                                                                   Construction
                                       2019                                                        Agriculture,
                                                                                                   forestry &
                                       2020                                                        fishing

                                               0   10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

                                                                               Between 2000 and 2020, the share of EU
                                                                               total value added that was generated within
      Industry                         2000                                    the services sector rose from 69.2 % to
                                                                               73.1 %, mainly due to increases in the output
                                       2019
                                                                               of professional, scientific and technical
                                       2020                                    activities. By contrast, the relative share
                                               0   10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
                                                                               of some other parts of the EU economy
                                                                               contracted during the same period:
                                                                               industry’s share went down from 22.6 %
                                                                               to 19.4 %, while the share of agriculture,
                                        2000                                   forestry and fishing fell from 2.5 % to 1.9 %.
                                                                               The share of construction was 5.7 % in 2000
      Construction
                                        2019                                   and also in 2020; this masks an increase
                                        2020                                   in the share between 2000 and 2008, a
                                                                               stronger fall between 2008 and 2015, and a
                                               0   10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
                                                                               recovery since then.
                                                                               The share of services within the EU’s total
                                                                               value added increased marginally between
      Agriculture,
                                        2000                                   2019 and 2020, rising from 73.0 % to 73.1 %.
      forestry &
      fishing                                                                  However, the COVID-19 crisis led to a
                                        2019                                   considerable contraction in activity for some
                                        2020                                   particular service activities. For example, the
                                                                               output of arts, entertainment and recreation,
                                               0   10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
                                                                               other service activities, activities of
                                                                               household and extra-territorial organizations
                                                                               and bodies fell by 14.8 % between 2019
     Note: the two time intervals between the three years
                                                                               and 2020 (in current price terms), while
     shown are not equal.                                                      the output of wholesale and retail trade,
     Source: Eurostat (online data code: nama_10_a10)                          transport, accommodation and food service
                                                                               activities fell by 11.5 %.

42                                                                          Key figures on Europe – 2021 edition
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