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INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
O F S U S TA I N A B L E
AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
IN LATIN AMERICA & THE CARIBBEAN
6th - 7th June 2017. Panama City, Panama
1
Acknowledgements The workshop was organized by an inter-agency committee whose members include Adriana Zacarías and Mateo Ledezma from UN Environment; Roberto Azofeifa, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock of Costa Rica; and Xiomara Cubas, National Council for Sustainable Development (CONADES), Honduras; under the coordination of Ana Luisa Posas and Pilar Santacoloma, FAO. The report was prepared by Pilar Santacoloma and Ana Luisa Posas, with contributions from Eduardo Espinoza, Marco Rodríguez, Maria Fernanda Jiménez, Mateo Ledezma, Raixa Llauger, Ross M. Borja, Allison Loconto, Jean Risopoulus and Yerania Sánchez. Special thanks to Tito Diaz - Coordinator of the Sub-regional Office for Mesoamerica - FAO, Enrique Carles - Minister of Agriculture and Agricultural Development of Panama, and Felipe Arauz Vallini - Minister of Agriculture and Livestock in Costa Rica, as well as to all the participants for their enthusias- tic involvement in the working groups. The workshop is part of a Sustainable Food Systems Program core initiative carried out within the context of the 10-year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production funded by Swiss Development. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific com- panies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not neces- sarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2017 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@fao.org.
INDEX Acronyms 4 Opening 6 Workshop Background, Objectives and Methodology 7 Session 1 Sustainable Development Objectives and Sustainable Food Systems. 9 Session 2 Policy, Institutions and Strategy for Reducing Food Loss and Waste. 11 Technical and Policy Recommendations. 12 Session 3 Climate-Smart Sustainable Agriculture (CSSA). 14 Technical and Policy Recommendations. 15 Session 4 Inclusive Markets and Sustainable Consumption. 18 Technical and Policy Recommendations. 19 Session 5 Funding Mechanisms and Good Practices. 22 Technical and Policy Recommendations. 23 Fact sheets for Session 2. 26 Fact sheets for Session 3. 30 Fact sheets for Session 4. 38 Fact sheets for Session 5. 45 Biographical Summaries of Moderators and Panelists. 48 Biographical Summary of Participants. 52 List of participants. 53
ACRONYMS
BCIE Central American Bank for Economic Integration.
CATIE Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center.
CATR Central American Technical Regulation.
CCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
CDMX Mexico City.
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research.
CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture.
CIHEAM International Center for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies.
CIP International Potato Center.
CIRAD Center for Agriculture Research for Development.
COMIECO Council of Ministers for Economic Integration.
CsA Climate-Smart Agriculture.
CSST Climate-Smart Sustainable Territory.
CST Climate-Smart Territories.
CTPT Tri-national Trifinio Plan Commission.
DNP National Planning Department.
EARTH Agricultural School for the Humid Tropic Region.
EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation.
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
FECAGRO Federation of Agriculture and Commerce Chambers of Central America.
FF Family Farming.
FLW Food Loss and Waste.
FLWR Food Loss and Waste Reduction.
FNS Food and Nutrition Security.
FPMA Participatory Plant Breeding in Mesoamerica.
GFPs Good farming practices.
GG Greenhouse gases.
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development.
IFOAM International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.
IICA Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture.
IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development.
4
IKI International Climate Initiative.
INTA National Institute for Agricultural Technology.
ITAM Mexico Autonomous Institute of Technology.
JRC Joint Research Center.
MAP Mesoamerican Agro-environmental Program.
MERCADOM Dominican Farmers Wholesale Markets.
MSMEs Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises.
NGO Non-Government Organization.
NICADAPTA Adapting to Markets and Climate Change Project, Nicaragua.
ODA Official Development Assistance.
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OF Organic Farming.
PDRR Regional Rural Dialogue Program.
RIMISP Latin American Center for Rural Development.
SAS Sustainable Agri-Food System.
SCSA Sustainable and Climate-SmartAgriculture.
SCST R+D Sustainable Climate-Smart Territory Research and Development.
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals.
SIECA Secretariat of Economic Integration of Central America.
TA Technical Assistance
TEC Costa Rica Institute of Technology.
UN United Nations.
UNALM Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina.
UNEP United Nations Environment Program.
UNESCO United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture.
UNSSC United Nations System Staff College.
USA United States of America.
5
International Workshop: “Opportunities
and Challenges of Sustainable Agri-Food
Systems in Latin America”
Date: June 6 and 7, 2017| Venue: Panama City
Apertura
Mr. Enrique Carles - Minister of Agriculture farming, on the other hand, and actors in agri-
and Agricultural Development. Panama food chains linked to its transformation and dis-
tribution, need to internalize sustainable produc-
In view of the increasing losses and degradation of tion models.
natural resources as a consequence of inadequate
practices in conventional farming, we recognize Panama consumes a great amount of food and
the urgent need to move toward more sustainable other services. Responsible consumption must be
food systems. This is vitally important, especially promoted to sustain demand and ensure sustaina-
given the onset of climate change, considered this bility.
century’s greatest challenge.
Debate and action need to be promoted among
Panama has vowed to achieve the SDGs and it agri-food sector stakeholders, particularly in the
is within this framework for action that it has private sector. Public-private partnerships are an
become clear to us that there is a need to refo- effective means of achieving goals. Without part-
cus all programs, plans and projects concerning nerships, agriculture policy cannot be built. Part-
agri-food chains. The Ministry of Agricultural nerships are needed to build bridges and syner-
Development and associated sector institutions gies with key actors.
are finding it difficult to align political, economic,
social, environmental and institutional factors in Knowledge and effective management systems
the direction of a common objective guided by for planning, implementing and monitoring the
the 2030 Agenda, in accordance with the targets regulatory and policy framework are key to mo-
set in the Sustainable Development Objectives. ving toward sustainable agri-food systems. Re-
A recent World Bank study on the evolution of ducing food loss and waste, together with sustai-
poverty in Panama indicates that tremendous pro- nable agricultural systems, are among the most
gress has been madein the country during the past effective ways of implementing them.
two decades. However, the challenge now for this
upper middle income country is to reduce inequa-
lity and achieve greater welfare for all regions.
Family and commercial farming can sustainably
meet the country’s food demand. Family farming
needs to be supported to strengthen its links with
the market fairly and permanently. Commercial
6
civil society and the productive sector, which we
Mr. Tito Díaz, FAO Sub-regional Coordinator support and endorse, must team up. The recom-
for Mesoamerica and Representative in Pana- mendations and conclusions that emerge from
ma this workshop will lead us in that direction.
It is with great pleasure that I greet his Excellen- I would like to take the opportunity to thank Swiss
cy Eduardo Carles, Minister of Agricultural and Development Cooperation, which supports the
Livestock Development of Panama, and Mrs. Pie- Sustainable Food Systems Program in the context
dad Martin, Regional Coordination Officer at UN of the 10-year Framework of Programs on Sus-
Environment. And to all specialists here today tainable Consumption and Production (10YFP),
from institutions throughout the region, welcome the representatives of the Agriculture ministries
to the Sustainable Food Systems Workshop. of Costa Rica and Honduras, and UN Environ-
ment, which have supported us in organizing this
Responsible and sustainable production and workshop. I would also like to thank all of you
consumption is an issue relevant to all of socie- for attending, and encourage you to participate
ty. Our organizations play a key role in sharing enthusiastically.
these experiences, and all of us are facilitators.
We highlight the role countries, governments, the
productive sector and civil society play in deci-
sion-making regarding sustainable production
and consumption, which is what we are all called
Workshop background,
in to ensure here today. objectives and
I would also like to call attention to how policy methodology
decisions within the framework of the SDGs are
Pilar Santacoloma- Agri-Food Systems Offi-
a real challenge, to how the possible changes in
cer, FAO
the paradigm that the Minister has referred to de-
pend on making continued progress within a po- The workshop is held in the context of the Sus-
licy framework that can be considered a guiding tainable Food Systems Program as part of the
principle for public-private corporations, and to 10-year Framework of Programs on Sustaina-
how the work of experts, who have analyzed the- ble Consumption and Production, launched in
se issues in depth, can guide evidence-based po- October, 2015 in Milan, Italy, by FAO and UN
licy formulation in the direction of the necessary Environment. It advocates the promotion of sus-
changes society need to make. tainable production and consumption patterns in
agri-food systems as set out in the Sustainable
The key issue hereis that, given the nature of food Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 1,
systems, all sectors must be involved in aspects of SDG 2 and SDG 12.
health, commerce, environment, etc. This is fun-
damental if any changes are to be made. The members of the Program’s Multi-Stakehol-
der Advisory Committee (MAC) are representa-
Finally, I would like to highlight the partnership tives of governments, the private sector, non-go-
with UN Environment. The greatest challenges vernment organizations and multilateral agencies,
for humanity are now interconnected. Hunger among them representatives of the governments
cannot be eradicated if we do not adequately of Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Honduras.
manage our ecosystems, and no changes can be
made if our natural resources continue to be ra- At the second Committee meeting, held in Rome,
vaged. Organizations, institutions, governments,
7
Italy, in June 2016, representatives of the gover-
nments of Costa Rica and Honduras discussed a Workshop Objectives
proposal to organize a regional workshop with the
support of FAO and UN Environment. This propo- 1. Foster the sharing of experiences in policy,
sal was included in the 10YFP Sustainable Food programs or projects that create the conditions
Systems Program core initiative, led by FAO, of necessary to ensure the sustainability of agri-
food systems in Latin America.
“Sustainability along all value chains: identifying
and promoting local initiatives linking small-sca- 2. Identify synergies between policy and pro-
le producers and consumers”. The initiative was grams and their links with private sector and ci-
endorsed by the Program’s Multi-Stakeholder vil society initiatives that promote consumption
Advisory Committee in February 2017, with fun- and sustainable production models and approa-
ding provided by Swiss Cooperation. ches related to agri-food systems.
3. Support the implementation of the Regional
The workshop focuses on promoting dialogue
Sustainable Consumption and Production Stra-
and sharing policy initiatives, programs and expe- tegy for the implementation of the 10YFP in
riences in sustainable agri-food systems in Latin Latin America and the Caribbean, particularly
America introduced by public, private and civil the sustainable food systems priority, and define
society stakeholders. An analysis will be conduc- areas of cooperation with the 10YFP Sustaina-
ted on the key factors of success, the challenges ble Food Systems Program.
and the main recommendations for strengthening
sustainable agri-food systems.
Expected Outcomes
The methodology consists of panels of interna-
tional experts, followed by group discussion with 1. Greater knowledge and understanding among
stakeholders –public, private, civil society– of
the rest of the participants. Emphasis will be pla-
successful cases, initiatives and on how they can
ced on technical and policy recommendations benefit from sustainable agri-food systems in
that emerge in the five proposed sessions, which Latin America.
will be used as input and/or to back program im-
plementation in the region, in response to the na- 2. Identification of regional needs, priorities
tional and regional priorities and contexts. and areas of cooperation related to the SCP-
approach and those with greater potential in La-
tin America.
3. Networks of contacts related to the different
subject areasand follow-up to the outcomes de-
fined at the workshop.
4. Identification ofrelevant technical and poli-
cy recommendations for submission to regional
and sub-regional fora, as well as to the 10YFP
Program Advisory Committee on Sustainable
Food Systems.
8
Session 1 Moderator: Tito E. Díaz. Coordinator, Sub-regional
Office for Mesoamerica-FAO
Sustainable Development Panelists:
• Piedad Martin - Regional Coordination Officer
Objectives and Sustainable for Development for Latin America and the Carib-
bean. UN Environment.
Food Systems • Ricardo Rapallo - Regional Food and Nutrition
Security Officer. FAO.
Tito Diaz Piedad Martin
FAO and UN Environment have endeavoured to Rio+20 defined the Transformation Program for
facilitate dialogue among stakeholders and su- production systems. It began by incorporating
pport the identification, delimitation and imple- the following determinants: purchases, tourism,
mentation of a policy framework that focuses on construction, education and nutrition. Among the
the application and consolidation of the Sustai- guiding principles of the Rio+20 Agenda, being
nable Agri-Food Systems approach. Given the able to establish a relationship between growth,
complexity and scope of the approach, consulta- inequality and environmental degradation, highli-
tion processes and multi-stakeholder action at all ghting environmental sustainability of develo-
levels are needed. pment, building on commitments made and lin-
king international agendas, and defining simple
The 2030 Agenda defines targets of a transforma- and easy targets to communicate are considered.
tional nature and establishes the mechanisms for Some of the issues that have emerged with greater
their implementation and accountability procedu- urgency in the international scenario since 2000
res applying methodologies for monitoring and have been inequality, migration, climate change
evaluating outcomes. This is why the 2030 Agen- and excessive consumption.
da goes a step further than the SDGs, since it pro-
poses structural changes in society and nations. The nutrition determinant was defined in the 10-
Sustainable production and consumption patter- year Program of Sustainable Agri-Food Systems
ns, including nutrition, are considered transfor- (10YFP) to include all the links in the system, i.e.,
mational determinants in this endeavor and this is production, transformation, distribution and con-
why sustainable food systems are considered an sumption. The purpose of this is to link and pro-
opportunity for sustainable development. pose solutions to different but related problems,
namely, malnutrition and unbalanced diets, un-
sustainable agricultural production, pressure on
natural resources, and food loss and waste.
9
Ricardo Rapallo
Agri-food systems in Latin America and the Ca- In view of this situation, it is argued that in order
ribbean are partially responsible for two food-re- to reach the 2030 Agenda targets, current food
lated and apparently contradictory realities: hun- systems must necessarily go through a process
ger rates dropped from 14.7% to 5% during the of transformation to become more sustainable,
past two decades, whereas, obesity and overwei- inclusive and fair production and consumption
ght is increasing rapidly. Approximately 58% of models. These transformations require state inter-
the population (around 360 million people) are vention to guarantee the right to adequate health
overweight; obesity affects almost a quarter of and nutrition, and consequently require policy
the population, i.e., 140 million. In 2015, 7.2% action to protect consumers and contribute to the
of children under the age of 5 in Latin America development of more diverse and healthy produc-
and the Caribbean were overweight, placing the tive models. In essence, state intervention that in-
region above the world average for developing volves all government actors, that brings together
regions. consumers, producers and the food industry, and
ensures that the transformation of food systems
The simple truth is that hunger and malnutrition, are part of the solution to the problem of hunger
and overweight and obesity are two sides of the and other forms of malnutrition our societies are
same coin. In short, they are the upshot of the facing.
same problem: a large portion of the population
in Latin American and the Caribbean does not
regularly have access to or eats safe, nutritious
and healthy food. This is largely a consequence
of the conditions of today’s food systems, which
not only make access to healthy food difficult
but also exclude from the development of these
systems some of the actors involved in them, the
same actors who are also producing an impact on
the environment, placing food and nutrition secu-
rity at risk for future generations.
10Session 2 Moderator: Raixa Llauger. Plant Production and
Policy, Institutions and Protection Division Officer. FAO-SLM
Panelists:
Strategy for Reducing • Nadia Puerta. National Planning Department.
Colombia.
Food Loss and Waste
• María Fernanda Jiménez. School of Agri-Bu-
siness, Tecnológico of Costa Rica.
• Claudio Jiménez. Executive Director. Domi-
nican Farmers Wholesale Markets (MERCA-
DOM).
• Carlos Jairo Ramirez. of the Environment and
Sustainable Development. Colombia.
Introduction
One of the main challenges posed in the loss and critical sectors and points of the productive chain.
waste reduction target is the lack of accurate and Undoubtedly, capacity development in management
timely information. In most cases, surveys and re- at various levels is very important for making im-
ports are not done frequently given the large amount provements, from planning production to post-har-
of information they require. It is estimated that, vest management, as well as to be able to transform
worldwide, approximately 1.3 billion tonnes of food and add value in different productive sectors, thus
is lost or wasted each year, which represents a third preventing and reducing losses caused by environ-
of the food produced for human consumption. In mental or market hazards.
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), food loss
and waste (FLW) has reached a volume of close to Three initiatives were presented that suggest coor-
127 million tonnes, or 223 kg per person per year, dination mechanisms within wholesale markets,
which means 34% of food produced for human con- between stakeholders and different strategies for
sumption is lost or wasted. FLW in LAC occurs pri- reducing loss and waste: MERCADOM in the Do-
marily at the first tier of the food value chain, which minican Republic, the Costa Rican Network for Re-
constitutes a risk and threat to small-scale farmers. ducing Food Loss and Waste, and the National Plan
However, there are several initiatives underway in for Reducing Loss and Waste of the Government of
the region aimed not only at improving the accuracy Colombia.
of these surveys but also to take remedial actions in
11Technical and Policy • Implement inter-sector and inter-institutional
Recommendations strategies.
• Promote greater use of technology in farming
Recommendation 1. processes to improve efficiency, the quality of
Generate and review existing information and products and identify inefficiencies in produc-
methodologies for measuring and quantifying tive processes.
food loss and waste, seeking to incorporate a • Strengthen resource mobilization for imple-
targeted approach relevant to the stakeholders menting initiatives aimed at reducing and
and sectors being surveyed. preventing food loss and waste and increasing
the use of technology in production, including
Specific Actions: post-harvest and post-consumption invest-
• Continue making progress toward creating ments, investments in cold chain infrastructu-
opportunities for dialogue and platforms for re, post-harvest and storage, diversifying fun-
sharing and harmonizing information and ding sources in line with national emissions
methodologies in Latin America and the Ca- reduction commitments.
ribbean for preventing and reducing loss and • Promote waste and scraps salvaging practices
waste, to be able to share successful experien- throughout the entire value chain applying a
ces and lessons learned, such as the creation circular economy approach, to take maximum
of national networks or committees, and share advantage of them.
methodologies and the results of their strate- • Generate added value (for example, the use
gies, thus improving the quality of this infor- of organic waste to produce energy and the
mation in the region. creation of food banks, and the preparation of
• Conduct surveys (information-gathering) pe- sub-products such as jams).
riodically to assess the progress in loss and • Generate loss reduction strategies in wholesa-
waste reduction. le markets or supermarkets, which are the pla-
• Generate specific indicators throughout the ces with the greatest losses (large enterprises).
productive chains to contrast country informa-
tion (benchmarking).
• Make a distinction betweenthe concepts of loss Recommendation 3.
and waste. Raise awareness among stakeholders in the
• Better evaluate the impact of international tra- chain, focusing on the consumer rather than
de on losses. on sustainable consumption.
• Generate information on the cost of preventing
these losses and waste. Specific actions:
• Develop and implement food and nutrition
Improve the efficiency of food systems, reutili- education campaigns to ensure sustainable
zation and recycling. consumption and increase consumer aware-
ness.
Specific actions: • Develop and implement educational, training
• Create trade information, price monitoring and information systems for students in diffe-
and market evaluation systems to enhance rent grades, food preparers and consumers.
agricultural planning systems in response to • Strengthen and facilitate sustainable gastro-
market needs. nomy processes in response to the changes
• Create information systems for identifying in gastronomic production systems and con-
producers and design and reinforce logistics sumers’ lifestyles and the influence they have
and infrastructure conditions. on the supply chain, resource efficiency, waste
management and gastronomic choices.
12• Raise awareness among the population and Stakeholders:
every stakeholder in the value chain. • Private sector (chambers of commerce, NGOs,
• Develop effective communications strategies hotels, producers).
to informend consumers about the sustainabi- • Public sector with the design and formulation
lity processes producers and gastronomic esta- of regulatory frameworks (government, muni-
blishments are implementing. cipalities, regulatory agencies/bodies).
• Promote certification processes, seals and in- • Public sector with the implementation of regu-
centives (not just tax exemptions) to distingui- latory frameworks and actions (Ministries of
sh products and ensure greater acceptance by Education, Agriculture, Trade, and Health).
consumers. This includes adapting the myriad • Educational and information systems.
of certification processes to regional contexts • Universities, schools and colleges.
and capacities. • Certifiers.
• Promote environmentally-friendly packaging. • Consumers.
• Develop consumer culture-driven capaci- • Different stakeholders in the chain.
ty-building and training programs. • International Cooperation.
Resources:
Recommendation 4. • Generation of financial resources by promo-
Generate differentiated marketing mechanism ting public-private partnerships for reducing
aimed at reducing loss and waste. loss and waste.
• Development of funding mechanisms.
Specific actions: • Joint private investments.
• Foster green business. • Public investments.
• Develop market intelligence systems for pro-
ducers.
• Support short marketing chains.
• Transform market operations into wholesale
markets.
• Social construct of markets (greater awareness
about FLW).
• Foster economies of scale that incorporate
producers.
• Generate marketing standards.
• Shorten the supply chain and promote the pur-
chase of local products by the gastronomic
sector.
13Session 3 Session 3A:
Moderator: Yerania Sánchez. Economist. FAO-SLM
Climate-Smart Panelists:
• Deissy Martínez. Science Officer CCAFS Latin
Sustainable America. CIAT.
• Leida Mercado. Economic and Environmental
Agriculture Research Program, CATIE.
• José Manuel Iraheta. Economic Affairs Officer.
(CSSA) ECLAC, México.
Session 3B:
Moderator: Claudia Bouroncle. Consultant.
UN Environment.
Panelists:
• Ruth Martínez. Conservation International.
• Roberto Ugas.IFOAM
• Rodolfo Araya. FAO Consultant.
Introduction
• Continuous capacity development.
The CSSA approachgenerates massive amounts • Generation/systematization of evidence in di-
ofknowledge and information and, as such, re- fferent contexts and levels (there is no one-si-
quires knowledge and information management ze-fits-allfor the various levels of action).
instruments for decision-making processes. The- • Strengthening of information systems and
se decision-making processes should be inclusi- analysis tools.
ve and participatory, guided by mechanisms that • Mitigation of possible policyantagonisms by
allow stakeholders to analyze their context, iden- promoting synergies.
tify and prioritize the measures to be taken, and- • Programming public investment and incenti-
create an enabling environment to implement and ves for private investment.
monitor them. • Using adequate monitoring mechanisms to re-
view progress and agree on the adjustments in
Some of the main challenges in applying the a process of iterative management.
CSSA approach are:
Taking these challenges into consideration, a
• Integration of the approach in regulatory, poli- series of recommendations and actions are sug-
cy and planning instruments gested, arranged in order of scope and relevance.
.• Review and follow-up of structural issues Each recommendation includes its corresponding
such as land tenure, gender, cultural diversity key stakeholders and particular needs for moving
and inclusion of vulnerable groups. forward in its implementation.
14food systems and what they deliver.
Technical and Policy • Strengthen research applying a more holistic
Recommendations approach that involves impacts on variables
such as prices, food and nutrition security,
Recommendation 1. diets and consumption patterns, including ear-
Promote policy and operational programming ly warning mechanisms, and risk transfer in
policy instruments that recognize the inter- response to events related to excessand shor-
connection between Sustainable Development tage of rainfall, and others related to market
Goals and agri-food systems. This involves the volatility in crops or specific systems.
interaction between productivity, food and nu- • Provide micro and small-scale producers
trition security, risk management integrated comprehensive service packages that include
into climate change adaptation and the mitiga- technologies, improved seeds adapted to soil
tion of greenhouse gas emissions. conditions, agro-meteorological data, natural
fertilizers, financial services including farm
Specific actions: insurance, all aimed at increasing their pro-
• Establish mechanisms for dialogue that use duction, productivity and income, and ensu-
and fine-tune existing consultation platfor- ring quality of life and livelihoods.
ms in countries and sub-regions that involve • Provide practical and useful information at di-
multiple stakeholders. Platforms such as SCP- fferent levels on adaptation measures and their
Clearinghouse could prove useful. connection to food security, to beincluded in
• Define collectively the vision, goals, strategy plans of a political nature (such as location of
and future scenarios in each contextofaction more vulnerable producers and the their agri-
linking strategic chains, territory, region and food system requirements) and for technical
country. experts to include in their recommendations,
• Review and update existing implementation and for producers to adopt practices (e.g., te-
plans, with the purpose of integrating the stra- chnical information on adaptation practices
tegy into different instruments at all relevant that offer multiple benefits).
levels. • Advocate among producer organizations and
• Generate and strengthen territorial develop- development organizations for the incorpora-
ment centers. tion of actions that promote sustainable con-
• Establish programs for continuous capacity sumption and production.
building and knowledge management to iden- • Activate innovative funding mechanisms that
tify, validate and optimize good practices and foster private sector involvement.
technologies in different contexts. • Assign timely and adequate financial resour-
• Review and align sector policy, plans and pro- ces to collect, record, systematize and disse-
grams applying an SCSA approach and regio- minate information.
nal SCSA strategy.
• Include in the plans subjects such as security,
land tenure, continuous and long-term access Recommendation 2.
to land, the use of weather, socio-economic Renew the conceptual basis for extension ser-
and biophysical data, sustainable consumption vices and include risk transfer instruments in
and production, equity and gender. comprehensive services that provide support
• Establish a monitoring and evaluation sys- to small-scale producers, with the objective of
tem in line with the Sustainable Development increasing productivity, resilience and sustai-
Goals considering local conditions. nability.
• Generate field evidence on sustainable agri-
15Specific actions: forcement of producer groups.
• Integrate research and innovation requirements • Simplify the paperwork (government, legal).
and strategies into extension and technical as- • Design mechanisms to facilitate environmen-
sistance systems. tally and socially responsible product sales at
• Develop risk transfer products and include affordable prices.
them in technical services programs. • Form and strengthen producer groups.
• Develop multi-disciplinary research. • Use technologies and platforms for promoting
• Strengthen the capacities of research and ex- products and short chains.
tension staff. • Link public-sector actions in the field such
• Train, advise and supervise small-scale far- as biodiversity conservation, bio-trade, pro-
mers, professional staff of universities, farm tection of intellectual property rights, among
extension agencies, national institutes for agri- others, with the development of local markets
cultural technology and institutions responsi- for organic farm and agro-ecology products.
ble for seed production legislation. • Facilitate and foster “Local Quality Seed Pro-
• Improve and promote backyard farming with duction” among organized groups of sma-
the objective of (1) diversifying food pro- ll-scale farmers, based on internal quality con-
duction inhomegardens, which results in a trol and post-harvest protocols.
greater amount and variety of food for family • Make an exception in the Register of Com-
consumption and sale while saving money by mercial Varieties for registering local, tradi-
purchasing less food and selling their surplus; tional and native varieties of seeds and crea-
(2) improving drinking water and sewage ma- te new seed categories for alternative quality
nagement; and (3) improving solid waste ma- control systems.
nagement. • Register officially seed producers and retailers
• Provide practical and useful information on that comply with the law and quality controls.
adaptation measures and their connection to • Provide families information on the nutritio-
food security, both for the purpose of adopting nal value of food products (vegetables, fruit,
plans of a political nature (such as the location etc.) and the many ways they can be prepared
of more vulnerable producers and their agri- to encourage the consumption, sale and pro-
food system requirements) and inclusion by duction of new species in yards and farms.
technical experts in their recommendations, • Develop more capacity-building and aware-
and for adopting practices by producers (e.g., ness-raising government programs on healthy
technical information on adaptation practices and sustainable consumption, such as cam-
that offer multiple benefits). paigns in markets and the media (headed by
the Health Ministries).
Recommendation 3.
Enhance the development of short marketing Stakeholders:
chains and assurance systems that promote • Public sector with the design and drafting of
the pillars of sustainable agriculture adapted regulatory frameworks (municipalities, con-
to the climate. sortium of municipalities [associations]).
• Public sector with the implementation of the
Specific actions: regulatory framework and actions (Environ-
• Multiply and improve marketing venues appl- ment and Agriculture ministries).
ying a short chain approach with the support • Private sector (NGOs, civil society organiza-
of the authorities at different levels and civil tions, producer organizations).
society. • Academic community
• Promote capacity development and the rein- • International cooperation (United Nations sys-
16tem agencies)
• Research and extension institutions.
Resources:
• Budget planning by countries drawing on the
planning and consultation processes with rele-
vant sectors.
• Delivery/adjustment of incentives for produ-
cers and consumers.
• Private sector and civil society investments in
general.
• International funding sources to support spe-
cific measure that enhanceconcerted budget
planning processes for strategic SCSA pro-
grams in those countries.
• Design of funding mechanisms.
17Session 4 Session 4A:
Inclusive Markets and Moderator: Pilar Santacoloma. Agri-Food Systems
Officer for Latin America and the Caribbean. FAO
Sustainable Consumption
Sub-regional Office for Mesoamerica.
Panelists:
• Eduardo Benitez Paulín. FAO. México.
• Ross M. Borja. Executive Director EKORURAL.
• Pedro Oyarzún. Senior Consultant EKORURAL.
• Carlos Paniagua. HIVOS
Session 4B:
Moderator: Roberto Azofeifa. JHead of the Sustainable
Production Unit, National Department of Agricultural
Extension of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.
Costa Rica.
Panelists:
• Eduardo José Espinoza. SIECA. Guatemala.
• Marcos Rodríguez Fazzone.FAO. Colombia.
• Karen Janssens. VECOMA. Nicaragua.
Introduction
The objective of fostering and promoting inclu- lly, bad dietary habits and lifestyles and growing
sive markets is facing considerable difficulties urbanization in the region –almost 80% of the po-
throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. At pulation lives in large and mid-sized cities- has
the production level, the clustering of large land- led to an outbreak of health problems associated with
holdings in very few hands coexists with the pro- malnutrition.
liferation of small landholdings and small-scale
producers located on deteriorated soil and/or hi- This is why it is imperative to strengthen local
ghly vulnerable to environmental impacts (FAO, food systems by supporting innovative social en-
2015). At the other end of the spectrum, there is terprises fostering co-construction and co-respon-
evidence of marketing channel clusteringin large sibility among producers and consumers based on
companies, which concentrate 80% to 95% of fairer and more equal exchange relationships. The
total food sales (OECD, 2015). These clustering panel is divided into two sessions: in Session 4A
trends are the reason the more vulnerable popula- three initiatives that promote this model are exa-
tion is being left out, namely, rural women, youth mined, such as the food basket system that brings
and indigenous and afro-descendant groups. Fina- urban citizens closer to rural citizens in Ecua-
18dor, the experience of farmers markets in short latory frameworks that can deter or promote
chains in Mexico and the Healthy Nutrition for agri-food systems. A data base with this infor-
All program in Bolivia. Panel 4B examines in- mation can be created.
clusive market initiatives, from the point of view
of intra-regional trade in Central America, from
the analysis of food supply systems (public and Recommendation 2.
private) applying a territorial approach in Colom- Extend an invitation to develop urban-rural
bia and the sustainable development of the sec- multi-stakeholder processes and give the role
tor applying inclusive business models in Central consumers and civil society organizations play
America. in participatory processes greater visibility, to
strengthen inclusive markets and sustainable
consumption.
Technical and Policy Specific actions:
Recommendations • Establish strategic guidelines for inclusive mar-
kets from the government, with the participa-
Recommendation 1. tion of the private sector, civil society and fa-
Support local agri-food systems fostering an mily farmers, and implement actions based on
institutional-legal and political environment, multi-stakeholder platforms.
validating institutional small-scale rural, pe- • Prioritize the sectors where action needs to be
ri-urban and urban production innovations. carried out drawing on diagnoses of their po-
tential products and the development of busi-
Specific actions: ness plans and strategies, including the neces-
• Promote the exchange of information on ur- sary financial support.
ban-rural interaction, primarily in secondary • Structure the scheme that will be used, where
cities, in an attempt to shorten the gap between the interactions and stakeholders are identified
production and consumption. This implies ad- so that the local government can leverage, prio-
ditional information on what is being produ- ritize and establish lines of action.
ced and consumed locally, and what actors can • Develop models of intervention with govern-
promote the systems, and stronger merchant ment policy implications that include informa-
and consumer networks. tion gathering and impact analysis, to determi-
• Establish a capacity-building plan for territo- ne how government resources are being used.
rial public-sector stakeholders to ensure their • Strengthen collaboration and coordination
involvement in the configuration and promo- amongstakeholders within the food system.
tion of agri-food systems since many initiati- • Design innovative mechanisms for interaction
ves emerge from the private sector and civil linking food, diets and their influence on health,
society (Ministries of Agriculture, Culture, nutrition, welfare, and the economy.
culinary heritage). • Create a value base to promote empowerment,
• Share experiences on successful cases on how accountability and citizenship for social change
the public sector should participate and pro- and to have a bearing on local government po-
mote territorial agri-food systems. licy aimed at strengthening local food systems.
• Exchange information on the opportunities te- • Promote commercial agreements as a way to
rritories have (evidence of local suppliers, of make the most of the benefits and ensure eco-
short chain efficiency, and of the importance nomic resource efficiency.
of farmers markets) to encourage local autho- • Consolidate multi-stakeholder platforms (with
rities to promote neighborhood market strate- representatives of the chain) for the purpose of
gies. aligning the sector and reporting back to stake-
• Generate information on the legal and regu- holders.
19Specific actions:
Recommendation 3. • Strengthen communication with consumers by
Systematize the data on local production and means of awareness-raising campaigns aimed
consumption (urban-rural connection) princi- at producers. Extension services could be an
pally in secondary cities to identify key stake- effective mechanism for reaching producers.
holders who can help promote sustainable food • Raise awareness among stakeholders on the
systems and strengthen retailer and consumer importance of moving toward sustainable
networks. food systems.
• Create the conditions necessary for adopting
Specific actions: sustainable practices in food systems.
• Document experiences and lessons learned • Promote the consumption of local produce in
from successful and unsuccessful initiatives different commercial establishments and sec-
in local sustainable agri-food systems (short tors of the economy, including government
marketing chains, short chain efficiency, far- institutions (for example, sustainable govern-
mers markets). ment purchases for school meals programs).
• Promote agro-ecology and agro-forestry prac- • Improve access and encourage the use of prac-
tices in yards and farms applying multi-item tical knowledge, information and tools.
and multi-thematic Field School methodology • Strengthen consumer organizations to act as
to sustainably intensify and diversify small consumer ombudsmen or tribunals.
farmer production. • Coordinate commerce and agriculture-related
• Itemize and evaluate agro-ecology and government policy.
agro-forestry practices from its contribution to
the pillars of Climate-SmartAgriculture (CSA)
(production, adaptation and mitigation) to en- Recommendation 5.
sure their contribution to the climate-smart Offer incentives to ensure family farming is in-
management of the landscape. cluded in local markets.
• Provide technicians, cooperatives, project ma-
nagers and decision-makers a compendium of Specific actions:
practices that have been reviewed and typi- • Consult communities and the population in ge-
fied to facilitate dissemination and increase neral to identify potential farm products that
demand in the use of these practices for the can be produced and marketed locally.
different partners. • Foster local consumption (of tourist establish-
• Promote technical for a to share formulation ments), local government purchases for school
experience and knowledge. meals programs and other uses.
• Generate quality and up-to-date information • Foster inclusive innovative and sustainable
on market and stakeholders in the territories projects with support from national and local
and at the various levels that can be used to governments with favorable financial condi-
move forward toward sustainable food sys- tions (soft loans).
tems in the territories. • Quantify the value and role of rural markets,
market squares and other local market alter-
natives, their impact on small-scale producers
Recommendation 4. Develop public tra- and in the vindication of the productive and
ining and awareness-raising programs for socio-cultural identity of locally-grown food.
healthy and sustainable consumption, such as • Reconsider the food supply system from a
campaigns in markets and the media (headed territorial perspective envisaging family far-
by the Ministries of Health). ming in its different expressions (farmer orga-
nizations, cooperatives, district associations,
20cooperatives, clusters, independent groups).
• Promote greater connectivity and associa-
tivity among family farmers and the rest of
the stakeholders within the territory building
on incentives that promote opportunities for
coordination and cooperation.
• Strengthen the role of private enterprise in the
promotion of more sustainable demand.
Stakeholders:
• National government (program led by the Exe-
cutive)
• Local governments (municipalities)
• Producers and family farm producer associa-
tions
• Private sector (chambers of commerce, private
enterprise)
• Academic community
• Micro-financing institutions
• Development banks.
• International cooperation.
Resources:
• Budget allocations for productive agricultural
projects for microproducers.
• Development banks providing credits at prefe-
rential interest rates.
• Micro-financing institutions.
21Session 5 Moderator:
Funding Mechanisms and • Jean Risopoulus. FAO SLM
• Jacinto Coello. UN Environment.
Good Practices Panelists:
• Juan Diego Ruiz Cumplido. FIDA
• Manuel Torres. BCIE. Honduras.
• Ronny Cascante. IICA. Costa Rica.
• Lucrecia Rodríguez. FECAGRO. Guatemala
Introduction
Funding Mechanisms and Good Practices ments and strengthen their resilience capacity. A
According to FAO data for 2012, on average, in portfolio totaling USD1.44 billion has been pro-
countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (a vided for this purpose for the 2016/18 period. In
sampling of 13 countries) 89% of investments are Central America, IFAD has implemented 20 pro-
private (by the farmers themselves, with a mini- grams and projects, 12 are in the form of loans
mum amount of direct foreign investment) and and 8 in donations (national and regional) with
11% are public (primarily from national gover- USD 326 million in funding to support 307,000
nments in infrastructure and services, and, to a beneficiaries. Priority has been given to Guatema-
lesser degree, official development assistance). In la (25%), Nicaragua (26%), Honduras (24%) and
fact, both external sources have been decreasing El Salvador (19%). IFAD also promotes regional
in the past years, namely from IDFs or ODA. Ini- dialogue providing support to the Rural Regional
tiatives for financing responsible and sustainable Dialogue Program (PDRR) in conjunction with
consumption and production that were presented PRYSMA, OXFAM and RIMISP and public-pri-
include IFAD, the UN, BCIE, Inter-American vate partnerships to involve the private sector in
Development Bank, the EUROCLIMA project responsible investments and inclusive rural en-
and the experience of the Federation of Agricul- terprises. Given the evident reduction in official
ture and Commerce Chambers of Central Ameri- development assistance (ODA) throughout the
ca (FECAGRO). The challenge is to deliver lar- region as a consequence of most countries being
ger-scale investments supporting the formulation classified as middle-income, IFAD maintains that
and implementation of policies and investments the countries themselves must mobilize resources
by replicating and systematizing favourable go- if they are to fulfill the 2030 Agenda commit-
vernment policy and basic innovation through ments by increasing taxes, changing their structu-
pilot programs. re and reducing evasion.
IFADs primary objective is to provide the poor The Inter-American Economic Development
rural population the opportunity to improve their Bank (BCIE) is a regional bank founded in 1960
food and nutrition security, increase their invest- by five countries: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicara-
22gua, El Salvador and Costa Rica. Non-founding by differences and difficulties in gaining access to
members are currently Panama, Belize and the credit. Most of these resources are placed outside
Dominican Republic, with five extra-regional of the central region and primarily benefit micro
members -Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Taiwan enterprises.
and Spain. Its priority objectives are sustainable
competitiveness and environmental sustainabili-
ty, which are to be achieved based on three tenets, Technical and Policy
i.e., boosting social development, competitive- Recommendations
ness and regional integration. One of its programs
offers 14 financial intermediation lines, among
them, support to agri-business MSMEs, which in
Recommendation 1. Promote financial,
the past have had little or no access to funding policy and strategy instruments that integra-
sources given that there were no products availa- te family farming into production and value
ble to meet their needs. The BCIE approved a dis- chains applying a resilience and sustainable
bursement of almost USD 330 million to support approach.
MSMEs, of which almost 50% are in El Salvador,
25% in Honduras, 14% in Costa Rica and 11% in Specific actions:
Nicaragua. • Generate policy and institutional frameworks
to strengthen and finance resilient production.
The objective of the EUROCLIMA Program • Align actions with international and national
(2014-2017), which receives support from the commitments signed by each country.
European Union, is to contribute to food security • Develop mechanisms for dialogue on policy
by building the capacity of key stakeholders to and financing with a public-private and inclu-
adapt the agriculture sector to climate change and sive focus.
mitigate its effects. The program has three ma- • Develop knowledge management strategies to
jor components; dialogue, capacity-building and capitalize on the knowledge and experiences
visibility (implemented by the EC and UN Envi- of families as key players in family farming at
ronment); measures that deliver additional bene- different levels, and translate them into policy.
fits (TA and ECLAC); and agriculture and climate • Develop strategies for different levels of fa-
change (IICA and JRC). In the last component, mily farmers with clear financial and non-fi-
8,330 people from 1,360 institutions have recei- nancial support mechanisms (vulnerable, tran-
ved training in 9 courses. sitional, commercial).
• Leverage productive chains and family far-
The Central American Federation of Agricultural ming systems, reducing the gender gap.
and Agri-Business Chambers (FECAGRO) seeks • Promote agro-biodiversity and the recovery of
to contribute to the region’s productive develo- ancestral practices.
pment and economic growth by leveraging the • Fosterquality-based production.
competitiveness of agricultural and agri-business
activities with a view to achieving greater welfare Stakeholders:
and integral human development. Its 2017-2021 • Public sector (ministries, programs, projects,
vision builds on four pillars: foreign trade; pro- regulatory bodies).
ductivity and competitiveness; the environment; • Local governments (municipalities)
and legal certainty. Support for productivity and • Producers and family farm producer associa-
competitiveness takes on a comprehensive view tions
of the productive sector and value chains, and the • Private sector (chambers of commerce, private
organized producers within them. An example enterprise)
is the development bank system in Costa Rica, • Academic community
which is aimed at endorsing viable micro, small • Micro-funding institutions and development
and medium-sized enterprise projects. Among the banks.
achievements noted are the 277.2 million colones • International cooperation.
issued. These resources are intended for financial,
economic and social inclusion in regions marked
23Resources:
• Budget allocations for agricultural productive
projects for micro producers.
• Development Banks providing credit at prefe-
rential interest rates.
• Micro-financing institutions
• Private investments
• Public investments
• Public-private partnerships
• International cooperation investments.
24FACT
SHEETS
25Fact sheets for Session 2
Policy, Institutions and Strategies for Reducing Food Loss and Waste
Policy and strategy developments, challenges and opportunities
2 for reducing food loss and waste
“Measuring Food Loss and Waste in Value Chains in Colombia”
Nadia Puerta. National Planning Department.
The objective of the Study on Food Loss and Waste initiative in Colombia, implemented by the
National Planning Department (DNP) was to arrive at an aggregate estimate or quantification of
food loss and waste in Colombia, and define a timetable for addressing the problem. This study led
to periodic reviews of government-set targets, and initiatives to raise awareness on the problem in
the country and how to address it. The study has become a benchmark for the formulation of several
policy initiatives aimed at moving forward in resolving the issue and to reach the target established
in the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals related to food loss and waste.
The main benefits arising from the study are: 1) The proposal by the DNP of a series of guidelines
for reducing food loss and waste in each link of the food chain; 2) The identification of the relevant
actors to implement them; 3) The citizens and several key stakeholders, namely restaurants, beca-
me aware of the problem of food loss and waste; 4) Campaigns were developed to change people’s
eating habits. For example, Wok, an Asian restaurant, developed a campaign to raise awareness,
encouraging consumers to reduce food waste; 5) In 2016, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Natio-
nal Planning Department launched the Zero-Waste Program. The objective of the initiative was to
reduce food loss in the country by 50%. To achieve this, the strategy provides access to credit for the
adoption of good practices on the farm and by retailers. Special credit lines were established for this
with the Banco Agrario. The program provides funding for seeds, machinery and equipment, infras-
tructure, conservation networks and specialized transportation; 6) Three bills have been presented
before Congress aimed at reducing food loss and waste in the country. All three were approved by
the Senate’s Seventh Committee at the first stage of consideration and are pending final approval.
The key factors of success include: 1) In October 2015, a team was formed to design a methodology
to arrive at a first estimate and an instrument to gather the data needed to make the calculations. This
was in response to the lack of information needed to calculate food loss and waste. Field work was
carried out to survey representatives of the main trade associations and relevant stakeholders of each
country’s food groups. The purpose of the interviews was to standardize, validate and adjust the rate
of loss for each link in the productive chain presented by FAO. In conjunction with these interviews,
the team reviewed several methodologies to supplement the estimates (percentage) of food loss, and
properly quantify waste. The initiative was carried out in conjunction with the National Income and
Expenses Survey.
The main challenge was that the methodology draws on the percentage of loss and waste for each
link in the food chain and group based on a review of available literature. Field work was carried out
for the study among the country’s main trade associations to validate the figures, therefore no pro-
bability sampling was conducted to be able to have a representative population or sector appraisal.
The interviews sought to somehow contrast FAO 2011 percentages with the reality of the country.
The three recommendations for strengthening sustainable agri-food system are: 1) It is fundamen-
tal to gather data and it is crucial to conduct regular assessments to evaluate progress in this matter;
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