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OFFICERS' PULSE - AT A GLANCE & IN DEPTH - Officers Pulse
OFFICERS' PULSE
Issue no. 29 | 13th December to 19th December, 2020

COVERAGE.
The Hindu

The Indian Express

PIB
                                          AT A GLANCE
Rajya Sabha TV
                                          & IN DEPTH.
All India Radio

                                        Polity and Social Issues

                                        Economy

                                        International Relations

                                        Environment

                                        Science and Tech

                                        Culture

                  CURRENT AFFAIRS WEEKLY
                  THE PULSE OF UPSC AT YOUR FINGER TIPS
OFFICERS' PULSE - AT A GLANCE & IN DEPTH - Officers Pulse
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    News @ a glance
POLITY ............................................................................. 3   2) CAATSA ....................................................................15
1) Hunger Watch ......................................................... 3              3) US adds India in monitoring list ....................16
2) Pandemic, poverty spur child marriages ..... 3                                        DEFENCE ......................................................................18
3) Ayushman Bharat .................................................. 5                  1) Artillery Gun trials ..............................................18
4) OCI students eligible for govt quota seats ... 6                                      2) Stealth Frigates .....................................................18
5) Human Development Report ............................ 6                               3) Early Warning Aircraft ......................................18
ENVIRONMENT............................................................ 9                SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ...............................20
1) Bringing life back to Western Ghats                                                   1) Tuberculosis Diagnosis .....................................20
  grasslands.................................................................. 9         2) Sewage analysis....................................................20
2) Myristica swamp tree frog ................................. 9                         3) Cybersecurity ........................................................21
3) Code red: UN calls for urgent shift to                                                4) PSLV C-50................................................................21
  planet-friendly development ...........................10                              ART & CULTURE ........................................................23
4) Amur falcon sighted near Point Calimere..11                                           1) Dawoodi Bohra .....................................................23
5) Kolleru beckons nature lovers .......................12                               PIB ANALYSIS .............................................................24
ECONOMY .....................................................................13          1) Aatma Nirbhar Bharat Package .....................24
1) National Payments Corporation of India ...13                                          2) Vision 2035: Public Health Surveillance in
2) Non-Banking Financial Company .................13                                       India with the vision ...........................................25
3) Financial Stability and Development                                                   3) eSanjeevani ............................................................26
  Council ......................................................................13       4) National Family Health Survey-5 ..................27
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.............................15                                   5) Quality Council of India .....................................28
1) Uighurs .....................................................................15

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        News in Depth
AIR NEWS .....................................................................29      INDIAN EXPRESS EXPLAINED .............................38
1) Lok Adalat ...............................................................29       1) Serow sighting in the Spiti valley ..................38
2) New Development Bank ...................................30                         2) The significance of US recognising
3) Defence Acquisition Council ...........................30                            Morocco’s sovereignty over Western
THE HINDU EDITORIALS .......................................32                          Sahara........................................................................38
1) A sector that needs to be nursed back to                                           3) How does India choose its Republic Day
  health.........................................................................32     Chief Guest? ............................................................39
2) Hazardous ideas for the Himalayas..............33                                  4) How Parliament meets ......................................40
3) India needs to rethink its nutrition agenda34                                      RSTV BIG PICTURE ...................................................41
4) Tax policy in trying times .................................35                     1) Joint use of Chabahar Port ...............................41
5) The many challenges for WTO .......................36                              2) Strengthening India-Bangladesh Ties .........41

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  News @ a glance
                                          POLITY
1) Hunger Watch                                   ▪ Nearly 66% of people said they were
What’s in the news?                                  having less than the quantity of food they
▪ The Right to Food Campaign, an informal            used to eat.
  network of organisations and individuals        Discrimination on the lines of caste and
  committed to the realisation of the right to       religion
  food in India, has released a survey of 4,000   ▪ There was also discrimination on the lines
  people living on the margins across 11             of caste and religion while accessing food
  States in September and October.                   during the lockdown. One in four Dalits and
▪ The survey, called Hunger Watch,                   one in four Muslims reported they faced
  recorded responses from marginalised and           discrimination and about 12% of Scheduled
  excluded communities, such as the                  Tribes felt discriminated against.
  Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and      ▪ Similarly, sex workers, domestic workers,
  minority religious communities including           as well as single women faced additional
  Muslims, 80% of whom earned less than              difficulties as many of them had no PDS or
  ₹7,000 a month before the lockdown in              any documents without which they were
  March.                                             dependent entirely on charity from civil
Highlights of the survey                             society organisations for their food
▪ The survey reveals that six or seven months        requirements.
  after the lockdown, people continued to go      ▪ This food insecurity is a direct result of
  to bed hungry, skip meals frequently, and          economic precariousness — 43% of those
  are unable to afford nutritious diets              surveyed had no income immediately after
  because of loss of income.                         the lockdown in April and May, and only
▪ It calls into question the government’s            3% of them have returned to the pre-
  decision to withdraw free foodgrains under         lockdown income levels. As many as 56%
  the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana             without any income in the beginning of the
  (PMGKY) after November.                            lockdown still had no income.
o Under PMGKY notified in March 2020, the
  Union government announced that 80 crore        2) Pandemic, poverty spur child
  poor people would get 5 kg wheat or rice          marriages
  and 1 kg of preferred pulses for free every     What’s in the news?
  month.                                          ▪ The COVID-19 pandemic and the
Drastic drop in intake                              subsequent lockdown have proved to be
▪ Over half the people surveyed said their          new drivers of child marriages in India.
  consumption of rice and wheat had               ▪ Across India, 5,214 child marriages were
  decreased and 25% said this had                   reported in the first four months of the
  “decreased a lot.” Similarly, 64% reported a      lockdown between March and June.
  decrease in consumption of pulses, while        ▪ The United Nations Population Fund
  nearly 30% said this had “decreased a lot”.       (UNFPA) also warned that coronavirus
▪ On consumption of vegetables, 73%                 restrictions may delay interventions
  reported a drop in consumption of                 against child marriage and cause a long-
  vegetables, while nearly 40% said there           lasting economic downturn that will push
  was a drastic decrease in their use. About        more families into poverty, which is a key
  71% of those who were nonvegetarians              driver of child marriage.
  could not afford eggs or meat.                  Child marriages in India

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▪ Since 1978, the legal age for marriage in        ▪ According to studies done by CSR, girls who
  India has been 18 years for women and 21           are married off early are far more
  years for men. The Prohibition of Child            vulnerable to physical abuse, even rape.
  Marriage Act 2006 imposes two years in           Necessary steps
  prison for parents marrying off their            ▪ According to the UNFPA’s State of World
  underage children.                                 Population Report 2020, but two
▪ While legal enactment is a necessary               countries – China (50%) and India (40%) –
  condition, it has proven far from sufficient       together account for about 90% of the
  to decrease the number of child marriages.         estimated 1.2 million missing female
▪ According to a UNICEF report in 2017,              births annually worldwide due to gender-
  around 27% of the girls under the age of           biased (prenatal) sex selection. Out of
  18—over 15 lakh—became child brides in             the 142 million women missing globally, 46
  India, which is the highest in the world.          million are missing in India.
Major drivers of Child marriages                   ▪ Solutions to ending early and forced
▪ According to a survey conducted by the             marriages have to do with ending anti-
  Centre for Social Research (CSR), the              female biases and discrimination
  main driver for early marriage is economic         against girls and women.
  hardship.                                        ▪ The report reiterates that child marriage
▪ Parents push their girls into early marriage       happens because girls are usually less
  mainly to absolve themselves of the                valued than boys, and because poverty,
  responsibility of rearing the girl child. They     insecurity and limited access to quality
  feel this saves them both money and bother         education and work opportunities mean
  as the girl then becomes the responsibility        that child marriage is often seen as the best
  of the boy’s family.                               option for girls or as a way for parents to
▪ In India, there exists a demand for child          mitigate the household’s difficult economic
  brides. Between female foeticide,                  circumstances.
  skewing the sex ratio at birth and son-          ▪ Within India, child marriage is closely
  preferring couples investing fewer                 tied to low levels of income and
  resources in the care of daughters than            education, poverty and rural residence.
  sons, more males survive to traditional            This is why southern states such as Kerala
  marriage age than females in India. To find        and Tamil Nadu have lower proportions of
  brides in the face of this sex ratio imbalance     early marriages as compared to Rajasthan,
  is a struggle.                                     Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
▪ There are reports in states like Haryana         ▪ Evidence suggests that allowing girls to
  “import" and “buy" brides from poorer              complete their education delays marriage
  states.                                            and provides them with the opportunity of
Consequences                                         being financially independent. Education
▪ The ramifications of the continuing practice       acts as the agency to uphold their sexual
  of child marriage are well-documented. It          and reproductive rights in their choice to
  strips girls of educational opportunities          plan, number and space the births of their
  and subjugates them to lives of                    children.
  oppression, domestic violence, and               ▪ Investments in behavioural social
  childbirth.                                        change communication should be stepped
▪ According      to    the     World     Health      up manifold to change marriage norms that
  Organization, the primary causes of death          exclude girls and boys from marriage-
  for girls ages 15 to 19 are pregnancy or           related decision-making. Equally important
  childbirth-induced complications.                  would be to improve the quality and
▪ Early marriage, early pregnancies, and             enhance access to family planning
  early motherhood have a direct bearing on          services.
  maternal and infant health. Adolescent           ▪ State governments can consider providing
  mothers who remain undernourished grow             small loans and incentives like bicycles,
  up to be undernourished women, who in              laptops or access to technical skills for
  turn give birth to undernourished children.        young women to promote secondary
                                                     education and skill development. It would

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  unleash a virtuous cycle that would go a         and rehabilitative care, Oral, Eye and ENT
  long way in rapidly shifting attitudes.          care, mental health and first level care for
▪ Much greater attention should be paid to         emergencies and trauma, including free
  creating opportunities for paid work             essential drugs and diagnostic services.
  among women and girls; work that ensures       Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana
  safety while commuting, as well at the         ▪ It is one significant step towards
  place of work.                                   achievement       of   Universal     Health
▪ Educating the girls and parents, promoting       Coverage       (UHC)     and    Sustainable
  gender sensitization and social awareness        Development Goal - 3 (SDG3: “Ensure
  are key to eradicating minors’ marriages.        healthy lives and promote well-being for all
Recent measures                                    at all ages”).
▪ India is committed to eliminating child,       ▪ AB-PMJAY will provide financial protection
  early, and forced marriage by 2030 in line       to 10.74 crore poor, deprived rural families
  with target 5.3 of the Sustainable               and identified occupational categories of
  Development Goals.                               urban workers’ families as per the latest
▪ A National Action Plan to prevent                Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)
  underage marriages, drafted by the               data (approx. 50 crore beneficiaries). It will
  Ministry of Women and Child Development          offer a benefit cover of Rs. 500,000 per
  in 2013, focuses on “law enforcement,            family per year.
  changing mind-sets and social norms,           ▪ This cover will take care of almost all
  empowering adolescents, quality education        secondary care and most of tertiary care
  and sharing knowledge.”                          procedures.
▪ A report by the Law Commission in 2017         ▪ To ensure that nobody is left out (especially
  recommended          making         marriage     women, children and elderly) there will be
  registration compulsory to prevent forced        no cap on family size and age in the
  and early marriages.                             scheme.
▪ The Union government is also considering       ▪ The benefit cover will also include pre and
  raising the minimum legal age of                 post-hospitalisation expenses.
  marriage for women from 18 to 21, to           ▪ A defined transport allowance per
  reduce the prevalence of child brides in         hospitalization will also be paid to the
  India.                                           beneficiary.
                                                 ▪ Benefits of the scheme are portable across
                                                   the country and a beneficiary covered
3) Ayushman Bharat                                 under the scheme will be allowed to take
About the scheme
                                                   cashless benefits from any public/private
▪ It is an umbrella of two major health
                                                   empanelled hospitals across the country.
  initiatives, namely Health and Wellness
                                                 Implementation Strategy
  Centres and Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya
                                                 ▪ At the national level to manage, a National
  Yojana (PM-JAY).
                                                   Health Authority has been set up. It will be
Health and Wellness Centres
                                                   chaired by the Minister of Health & Family
▪ Under this 1.5 lakh existing Sub Health
                                                   Welfare which will enable the decision
  Centres (SHC), Primary Health Centres
                                                   making at a faster pace, required for
  (PHC) and Urban Primary Health Centres
                                                   smooth implementation of the scheme.
  (UPHC) to be transformed as Health
                                                 ▪ States/ UTs are advised to implement the
  Wellness Centres (HWC) by 2022.
                                                   scheme by a dedicated entity called State
▪ These centres will deliver Comprehensive
                                                   Health Agency (SHA).
  Primary Health Care that is universal
                                                 Why in News?
  and free to users, with a focus on wellness
                                                 ▪ Data from a survey released by the National
  and the delivery of an expanded range of
                                                   Health Agency shows that private hospitals
  services closer to the community.
                                                   account for 63% for all PMJAY claims and
▪ HWC are envisaged to deliver expanded
                                                   75% of the total claim value.
  range services that go beyond Maternal and
                                                 ▪ The agency's survey also found that over
  child health care services to include care
                                                   72% of private empanelled hospitals are
  for non-communicable diseases, palliative
                                                   located in just seven states: Uttar

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  Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat,          ▪ To be a member of a Legislative Assembly
  Maharashtra, Punjab and Karnataka.                  or of a Legislative Council or of the
▪ Medical audits have also revealed that              Parliament of India,
  private hospitals are more likely to              ▪ To hold Indian constitutional posts such as
  indulge in fraud and abuse than public              that of the President, Vice President, Judge
  hospitals and more likely to discharge              of the Supreme Court or High Court etc.
  patients early post-surgery to cut costs.         ▪ He/she cannot normally hold employment
                                                      in the Government.
4) OCI students eligible for govt                   Why in News?
                                                    ▪ The Karnataka high court has ordered that
  quota seats                                         students holding Overseas Citizens of India
Overseas Citizen of India
                                                      (OCI) cards should be treated as Indian
▪ An Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) is a
                                                      citizens for the purpose of admission to
   person registered as OCI Cardholder under
                                                      professional courses and they are entitled
   section 7A of the Citizenship Act, 1955.
                                                      to admission under the state quota.
▪ Following categories of foreign nationals
                                                    ▪ The court observation came while
   are eligible for registration as OCI
                                                      disposing of a batch of petitions by students
   Cardholder:-
                                                      and a writ appeal by the Karnataka state
1. who was a citizen of India at the time of, or
                                                      government.
   at any time after the commencement of the
   Constitution i.e. 26.01.1950; or                 5) Human Development Report
2. who was eligible to become a citizen of          About the report
   India on 26.01.1950; or                          ▪ The Human Development Report (HDR) is
3. who belonged to a territory that became             an annual report published by the United
   part of India after 15.08.1947; or                  Nations                      Development
4. who is a child or a grandchild or great             Programme (UNDP).
   grandchild of such a citizen; or                 ▪ The first HDR was launched in 1990 by the
5. spouse of foreign origin of a citizen of India      Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and
   or spouse of foreign origin of an OCI               Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Since
   Cardholder                                          then reports have been released most
▪ Note: No person who or either of whose               years, and have explored different themes
   parents or grandparents or great                    through the human development approach,
   grandparents is or had been a citizen of            which places people at the center of the
   Pakistan, Bangladesh or such other                  development process.
   country as the Central Government may,           ▪ As part of the report, the UNDP releases the
   by notification in the Official Gazette,            Human Development Index.
   specify, shall be eligible for registration as   About Human Development Index (HDI)
   an OCI Cardholder.                               ▪ HDI is a statistical tool used to measure a
What benefits an OCI cardholder is entitled            country's overall achievement in its social
   to?                                                 and economic dimensions.
▪ Multiple entry life-long visa for visiting        ▪ Calculation of the index combines four
   India for any purpose.                              major indicators:
▪ Parity with Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in        1) life expectancy for health,
   respect of all facilities available to them in   2) expected years of schooling,
   economic, financial, and educational fields      3) mean of years of schooling for education
   except in matters relating to the                   and
   acquisition of agricultural or plantation        4) Gross National Income per capita for
   properties.                                         standard of living.
▪ Registered OCI Cardholder shall be treated        ▪ The HDI is the geometric mean of
   at par with NRIs in the matter of inter-            normalized indices for each of these
   country adoption of Indian children.                indicators.
The OCI Card holder is not entitled:                ▪ Why in News?
▪ To vote,                                          ▪ UNDP has released its Human Development
                                                       Report (HDR) 2020.

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▪ Although this year’s report covers 2019             by each country’s per capita carbon
   only, and does not account for the impact of       emissions and its material footprint.
   COVID, it projected that in 2020, global HDI    ▪ The material footprint measures the
   would fall below for the first time in the         amount of fossil fuels, metals and other
   three decades since the Index was                  resources used by a country to make the
   introduced.                                        goods and services it consumes. This is
Human Development Index                               known as the Planetary Pressures-
▪ India ranked 131 among 189 countries                adjusted HDI, or PHDI.
   on the Human Development Index for              ▪ If the index were adjusted to assess the
   2019, slipping two places from the                 planetary pressures caused by each
   previous year. India’s HDI value for 2019 is       nation’s development, India would move
   0.645.                                             up eight places in the ranking. Norway,
▪ India’s gross national income (GNI) per             which tops the HDI, falls 15 places if this
   capita on the basis of purchasing power            metric is used, leaving Ireland at the top.
   parity (PPP), fell from $6,829 in 2018 to       Displacements due to climate change
   $6,681 in 2019.                                 ▪ After two decades of progress, the number
o The PPP is a measurement for prices in              of people affected by hunger has been
   different countries in terms of the                increasing since the low of 628 million in
   purchasing power of the currency for specific      2014. In 2019, the number was 688 million,
   goods.                                             up 60 million in only five years.
▪ Life expectancy for Indian’s at birth was        ▪ The report also underlined the effects of
   69.7 years in 2019.                                climate change. In 2019, some 25 million
▪ In terms of GNI per capita, India at $6,681         people     worldwide       were     internally
   fared better than some others in 2019,             displaced because of natural hazards.
   despite a fall over the previous year. In       ▪ Disasters continued to trigger most new
   South Asia, the average was $6,532 and             displacements in 2020. Cyclone Amphan hit
   among medium HDI countries it was                  India and Bangladesh, driving the largest
   $6,153.                                            single displacement event in the first half of
Performance of other countries                        the year and triggering 3.3 million pre-
▪ Norway topped the HDI index, followed by            emptive evacuations.
   Ireland and Switzerland. Hong Kong and          ▪ The number of people vulnerable to
   Iceland complete the top five.                     permanent sea-level rise is estimated to
▪ India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar,                 increase from 110 million now to more
   Nepal, Cambodia, Kenya and Pakistan were           than 200 million by 2100.
   ranked among countries with “medium             India’s green initiatives
   human development" with ranks between           ▪ UNDP hailed India’s commitment towards
   120 and 156.                                       cutting down carbon emissions.
▪ In the BRICS grouping, Russia was 52 in the      ▪ It stated that under the Paris Agreement,
   human development index, Brazil 84, and            India pledged to reduce the emission
   China 85.                                          intensity of its GDP from the 2005 level by
Comparison with previous rankings                     33-35 per cent by 2030 and to obtain 40
▪ Between 1990 and 2019, India’s HDI value            per cent of electric power capacity from
   increased from 0.429 to 0.645, an                  non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
   increase of 50.3%.                              ▪ As part of the plan, the National Solar
▪ Between 1990 and 2019, India’s life                 Mission aims to promote solar energy for
   expectancy at birth increased by 11.8              power generation and other uses to make
   years, mean years of schooling                     solar energy competitive with fossil fuel-
   increased by 3.5 years, and expected               based options. Solar capacity in India
   years of schooling increased by 4.5                increased from 2.6 gigawatts in March
   years. India’s GNI per capita increased by         2014 to 30 gigawatts in July 2019,
   about 273.9% between 1990 and 2019.                achieving its target of 20 gigawatts four
Planetary Pressures-adjusted HDI                      years ahead of schedule. In 2019, India
▪ For the first time, the UNDP introduced a           ranked fifth for installed solar capacity.
   new metric to reflect the impact caused

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                                  ENVIRONMENT
1) Bringing life back to Western                      eggs—that is not native to an ecosystem
                                                      and causes harm.
  Ghats grasslands                                  ▪ They can harm the environment, the
Tropical Montane Grasslands (TMG)
                                                      economy, or even human health. Species
▪ TMG are high elevation grasslands that
                                                      that grow and reproduce quickly, and
  form only 2% of all grasslands in the
                                                      spread aggressively, with potential to cause
  world.
                                                      harm, are given the label “invasive.”
▪ They function in regulating the global
                                                    Why in the news?
  carbon cycle and serving as a source of
                                                    ▪ A recent study has pointed that the
  water to downstream communities.
                                                      Tropical montane grasslands in the Shola
▪ In India these are found in Western Ghats.
                                                      Sky Islands of the Western Ghats are being
Shola Forests
                                                      reduced by invasive species such as
                                                      acacias, pines and eucalyptus.
                                                    ▪ This has also affected the biodiversity of
                                                      these grasslands.
                                                    ▪ 23% of montane grasslands were
                                                      reportedly converted into invasive exotic
                                                      tree cover over a period of 44 years.
                                                    Major cause of reduction
                                                    ▪ In India, Tropical Montane Grasslands have
                                                      even been classified as wastelands in
                                                      forest management plans since they are
                                                      unlikely to generate revenue, contrary to
                                                      the timber (even if exotic) found in forests.
▪ Shola forests are montane evergreen               ▪ Hence, they have been neglected which has
   forests found in the highest reaches of the        led to their destruction.
   Western Ghats.                                   What steps have been suggested by the
▪ These forests have different scales of              study?
   patchiness; first, at a large scale Sholas are   ▪ The study has identified grassland
   found on geographically isolated high              restoration sites using satellite images in
   elevation regions forming one of the “Sky-         Nilgiris, Palani Hills and Anamalai and
   island” systems of the world. (Sky islands         has recommended careful removal of
   are isolated mountains surrounded by               young and isolated exotic trees at the
   radically different lowland environments)          invasion front and restoring grasslands,
▪ Second, on each ‘island’ there is a matrix of       instead of removing dense stands of mature
   natural grassland and forests. Finally, at a       invasive exotic trees.
   third scale, human habitations have
   fragmented forest patches on each island.        2) Myristica swamp tree frog
▪ This leaves us with a habitat that is isolated
   at different scales in distance (100s of
   kilometres to a few meters) and time
   (millions of years to a few decades). At
   present we know close to nothing about
   how species cope with this isolation.
Invasive species
▪ An invasive species can be any kind of
   living organism—an amphibian (like the
   cane toad), plant, insect, fish, fungus,
   bacteria, or even an organism’s seeds or
                                                    Why in the news?

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▪ Myristica Swamp tree frog has been found       ▪ These frogs are active only for a few weeks
  in Thrissur, Kerala.                             during the breeding season.
About                                            ▪ Unlike other frogs, the breeding season
                                                   begins in the pre-monsoon season (May)
                                                   and ends before the monsoon is fully active
                                                   in June. Before the end of the breeding
                                                   season, the female and male frogs descend
                                                   to the forest floor together.
                                                 ▪ The female digs mud and lays eggs in
                                                   shallow caves. After reproduction and
                                                   spawning, they retreat to the high canopy
                                                   of the tree and remain elusive until the next
                                                   breeding season.

                                                 3) Code red: UN calls for urgent
                                                   shift   to     planet-friendly
                                                   development
▪ The Myristica swamp( in the pic) is a          Human Development Report (HDR)
  tropical freshwater swamp forest with a        ▪ It has been prepared and published by the
  large number of nutmeg trees. The                United Nations Development Programme
  Myristica tree is the most primitive             (UNDP) since 1990.
  flowering plant on earth.                      ▪ It measures human development by
▪ Myristica Swamp Tree frog is a rare              indicators of health, education and
  arboreal species (which lives on trees most      standards of living.
  of its life).                                  Why in the news?

                                                 ▪ HDR celebrated its 30th anniversary and
                                                   revised  its   indicators  to    include

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11

    environmental factors to measure actual           and now is the time to choose a safer, fairer
    growth without straining the natural              path for human development.
    resources.
▪   The new version of HDR tries to measure         4) Amur falcon sighted near Point
    two additional elements: a country's per
    capita carbon dioxide emissions and
                                                      Calimere
                                                    About Amur Falcon
    material footprint, which measures the
    amount of things like fossil fuels and
    metal used to make the goods and services
    it consumes.
▪   It recognised that humans on earth have
    started a new epoch- Anthropocene epoch
    and we must try to bring harmony with the
    earth through sustainalbe utilisation of
    resources.
▪   With change in the indicator many big
    countries fell in the ranking like, Australia
    was dropped by 72 ranks, USA was down
    by 45 ranks and Canada by 40 ranks.
▪   The report noted new estimates that by
    2100 the poorest nations could experience
    up to 100 more days of extreme weather          ▪ The Amur falcon is a small raptor (Raptor is
    each year as the planet warms – but that          a bird which preys on other small
    could be cut in half if the Paris Agreement       animals) of the falcon family.
    on climate change is fully implemented.         ▪ It breeds in south-eastern Siberia and
▪   The United Nations said under huge                Northern China before migrating in large
    pressure from COVID-19, climate change            flocks across India and over the Arabian
    and natural destruction, warning lights for       Sea to winter in Southern Africa. (Migration
    the planet and societies are “flashing red” –     route given in the map). (Estimated 22,000
                                                      km journey).

▪ According to IUCN it has Least Concern            Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary
  conservation status. But the flocking             ▪ Kodiakkarai also called Point Calimere or
  behaviour during migration and the                  Cape Calimere is a low headland on the
  density, at which they occur, however,              Coromandel Coast, in the Nagapattinam
  expose them to hunting and other threats.           district of the state of Tamil Nadu.

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12

▪ It is the apex of the Cauvery River delta,       drains and channels, which functions as a
  and marks a nearly right-angle turn in the       natural flood balancing reservoir between
  coastline.                                       the deltas of the two rivers.
▪ Point Calimere is home to the endangered       ▪ It provides habitat for a number of resident
  endemic Indian blackbuck (a species of           and migratory birds, including declining
  deer) and is one of the few known                numbers of the vulnerable Grey Pelican
  wintering locations of the spoon-billed          (Pelecanus philippensis), and sustains both
  sandpiper (a type of bird).                      culture and capture fisheries, agriculture
▪ It also holds large wintering populations of     and related occupations of the people in the
  greater flamingos in India and other             area.
  migratory birds.
Why in the news?
▪ An Amur falcon was sighted for the first
  time in the Point Calimere Sanctuary.
▪ This is surprising as south India does not
  fall in the line of Amur falcons' migratory
  path which mainly passes through north-
  east India and central India.
▪ Scientists predict that a change in the wind
  pattern, caused by Cyclones Nivar and
  Burevi, could have been the reason for the
  lone falcon to find its way to Point
  Calimere.
5) Kolleru beckons nature lovers
About Kolleru lake                               Why in the news?
                                                 ▪ Kolleru lake has become a tourist attraction
▪ It is a natural eutrophic lake (a lake with      after the recovery due to heavy rains
  high productivity, high nutrients and with       recently.
  dark water. The water is usually not good      ▪ It has revived fish populations and helped
  for drinking purpose) in Andhra Pradesh,         the localities revive their occupations.
  situated between the two major river           For doubts and queries email us at
  basins of the Godavari and the Krishna,          doubts@officerspulse.com
  fed by two seasonal rivers and a number of

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13

                                       ECONOMY
1)         National       Payments               ▪ NBFCs lend and make investments and
                                                    hence their activities are similar to that of
     Corporation of India                           banks; however there are a few differences:
About NPCI
                                                 1. NBFC cannot accept demand deposits;
▪ National Payments Corporation of India
                                                 2. NBFCs cannot issue cheques drawn on
  (NPCI) was incorporated in 2008 as an
                                                    itself;
  umbrella organization for operating retail
                                                 3. Deposit insurance facility of Deposit
  payments and settlement systems in India.
                                                    Insurance      and     Credit     Guarantee
▪ It is an initiative of the RBI and Indian
                                                    Corporation is not available to depositors
  Banks’ Association (IBA) under the
                                                    of NBFCs, unlike in the case of banks.
  provisions of the Payment and Settlement
                                                 Examples of NBFCs
  Systems Act, 2007, for creating a robust
                                                 ▪ Housing Finance Companies, Merchant
  Payment & Settlement Infrastructure in
                                                    Banking Companies, Stock Exchanges,
  India.
                                                    Companies engaged in the business of
▪ It has been incorporated as a “Not for
                                                    stock-broking/sub-broking, Venture
  Profit” Company under the Companies Act
                                                    Capital Fund Companies, Nidhi Companies,
  2013.
                                                    Insurance companies and Chit Fund
▪ It has changed the way payments are made
                                                    Companies are examples of NBFCs.
  in India through a bouquet of retail
                                                 Does the Reserve Bank regulate all
  payment products such as RuPay card,
                                                    financial companies?
  Immediate Payment Service (IMPS),
                                                 No.
  Unified Payments Interface (UPI),
                                                 ▪ Housing Finance Companies are regulated
  Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM),
                                                    by National Housing Bank, Merchant
  BHIM Aadhaar, National Electronic Toll
                                                    Banker/Venture           Capital        Fund
  Collection (NETC Fastag) and Bharat
                                                    Company/stock-exchanges/stock
  BillPay.
                                                    brokers/sub-brokers are regulated by
Why in News?
                                                    Securities and Exchange Board of India,
▪ The National Payments Corporation of
                                                    and Insurance companies are regulated by
  India recently said that the COVID
                                                    Insurance Regulatory and Development
  pandemic had increased the momentum of
                                                    Authority.
  digitisation in the country.
                                                 ▪ Similarly, Chit Fund Companies are
                                                    regulated by the respective State
2)      Non-Banking               Financial         Governments and Nidhi Companies are
     Company                                        regulated by the Ministry of Corporate
What is a Non-Banking Financial Company             Affairs.
  (NBFC)?                                        Why in News?
▪ An NBFC is a company registered under the      ▪ A recent study by EY, a British
  Companies Act, 1956 which provides                multinational      professional      services
  banking services without meeting the legal        network, projects that Non-Banking
  definition of a bank.                             Financial Companies are expecting higher
▪ They engage in the business of loans and          credit loss, mainly due to the impact of the
  advances, acquisition of shares, bonds, etc.      COVID-19 pandemic.
  issued by Government or local authority.       ▪ The study is based on an analysis of the
  They also deal in other marketable                financial statements of 42 NBFCs for the
  securities of a like nature, leasing, hire-       year ended March 31, 2020.
  purchase, insurance business, chit business.
What is the difference between banks &           3)      Financial  Stability              and
  NBFCs?                                              Development Council
                                                 About FSDC

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14

▪ Financial Stability and Development              functioning of large financial
  Council (FSDC) is an apex-level body             conglomerates, and addresses inter-
  constituted in 2010 to strengthen and            regulatory coordination and financial
  institutionalize    the   mechanism     for      sector development issues.
  maintaining financial stability.               ▪ It also focuses on financial literacy and
▪ It is not a statutory body.                      financial inclusion.
▪ It is chaired by the Union Finance             ▪ No funds are separately allocated to the
  Minister of India.                               Council for undertaking its activities.
▪ Its members include the heads of financial     Why in News?
  sector regulators (RBI, SEBI, PFRDA, IRDA),    ▪ The 23rd meeting of the Financial Stability
  Finance Secretary and/or Secretary,              and Development Council was held
  Department of Economic Affairs, Secretary,       recently.
  Department of Financial Services, and Chief    For doubts and queries email us at:
  Economic Adviser.                                doubts@officerspulse.com
▪ The Council monitors macro prudential
  supervision of the economy, including

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15

                  INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1) Uighurs                                       ▪ Human rights organizations, UN officials,
About Uighur issue                                 and many foreign governments are urging
▪ The Xinjiang province in China's far west        China to stop the crackdown.
  has had a long history of discord between      ▪ But Chinese officials maintain that what
  the authorities and the indigenous ethnic        they call vocational training centers do not
  Uighur population.                               infringe on Uighurs’ human rights. They
▪ Most Uighurs are Muslim, their language is       have refused to share information about
  related to Turkish, and they regard              the detention centers, and prevented
  themselves as culturally and ethnically          journalists and foreign investigators from
  close to Central Asian nations.                  examining them.
                                                 Why in News?
                                                 ▪ A report by Washington-based think tank
                                                   the Center for Global Policy noted that
                                                   hundreds of thousands of ethnic minority
                                                   labourers in China’s northwestern Xinjiang
                                                   region are being forced into picking cotton
                                                   by hand through a coercive state labour
                                                   scheme.
                                                 ▪ According to the report, three majority-
                                                   Uighur regions within Xinjiang sent at least
                                                   5,70,000 people to pick cotton as part of a
                                                   state-run coercive labour transfer scheme.
                                                 ▪ Xinjiang is a global hub for the crop,
                                                   producing over 20% of the world’s cotton.

                                                 2) CAATSA
▪ Some Uighurs living there refers to the        About CAATSA
  region as East Turkestan and argue that it     ▪ The Countering America’s Adversaries
  ought to be independent from China. There        Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) is an act
  have been open calls for separation of           made by the US legislature which
  Xinjiang from China since the 1990s. Since       mandates the U.S. administration to impose
  then, China suppressed any dissent from          sanctions on any country carrying out
  Uyghur and began placing restrictions on         significant defence and energy trade with
  them.                                            sanctioned entities in North Korea, Iran
▪ Ethnic tensions caused by economic and           and Russia.
  cultural factors are considered the root       Why in News?
  cause of the recent violence. There are        ▪ The U.S. has imposed sanctions on NATO-
  complaints of severe restrictions on Islam,      ally Turkey for its purchase of Russia’s S-
  with fewer mosques and strict control over       400 missile defence system under the
  religious schools.                               Countering America’s Adversaries Through
Recent developments                                Sanctions Act (CAATSA).
▪ Rights activists have said the Xinjiang        ▪ Last year the U.S. had removed Turkey
  region is home to a vast network of              from its F-35 jet program over concerns
  extrajudicial internment camps that have         that sensitive information could be
  imprisoned at least one million people,          accessed by Russia if Turkey used Russian
  which China has defended as vocational           systems along with U.S. jets.
  training centres to counter extremism.         ▪ Turkey has responded saying that it will
▪ Most of the people who have been                 not step back from its decision to deploy
  arbitrarily detained are Uighur.                 Russian air defence systems despite U.S.
                                                   sanctions.

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16

CAATSA and India                                     of the US-developed Terminal High
▪ India and Russia signed a $5 billion               Altitude Area Defense system (THAAD).
   contract for the procurement of S-400 air       ▪ The system can engage all types of aerial
   defense systems during the 2018 annual            targets including aircraft, unmanned aerial
   bilateral summit. India is set to get the         vehicles (UAV) and ballistic and cruise
   consignment of the S-400 air defence              missiles within the range of 400km, at an
   system early next year.                           altitude of up to 30km.
▪ While India has got a waiver from the
   outgoing Trump administration, New
   Delhi hopes that the incoming Biden
   administration would not work towards
   reversing the decision.
India-U.S. Relationship
▪ The US sees India as a major market for
   the US defence industry. In the last one
   decade, it has grown from near zero to USD
   15 billion worth of arms deals.
▪ Since 2008, the US has bagged more than
   $15 billion in arms deals including for the
   C-17 Globemaster and C-130J transport
   planes, P-8 (I) maritime reconnaissance
   aircraft, M777 light-weight howitzer,
   Harpoon missiles, and Apache and Chinook
   helicopters.                                    ▪ The system can track 100 airborne targets
▪ In percentage terms, the US share of Indian        and engage six of them simultaneously.
   arms imports total 23 per cent in terms of      ▪ The S-400’s mission set and capabilities are
   the number of contracts and 54 per cent by        roughly comparable to the famed US
   value.                                            Patriot system.
▪ India was designated a “Major Defence            ▪ The S-400 can also be integrated into the
   Partner” of the U.S. in 2016 and it was           existing and future air defence units of the
   granted Strategic Trade Authorization             Air Force, Army, and the Navy.
   tier 1 status in 2018. These designations       Why does India need it?
   allowed India easier access to sensitive U.S.   ▪ From India’s point of view, China is also
   defence technology.                               buying the system. In 2015, Beijing signed
▪ Both countries are also coming together on         an agreement with Russia to purchase six
   Indo-Pacific strategy and the newly               battalions of the system. Its delivery began
   renewed Quad platform.                            in January 2018.
▪ With this context in mind, several U.S.          ▪ China’s acquisition of the S-400 system has
   lawmakers who favoured a close U.S.-India         been viewed as a “game changer” in the
   relationship, made a strong case for a            region. However, its effectiveness against
   CAATSA waiver for countries like India            India is limited. According to experts, even
   (and also Vietnam and Indonesia), which           if stationed right on the India-China border
   had historically bought Russian arms but          and moved into the Himalaya mountains,
   were now buying more U.S. arms.                   Delhi would be at the limit of its range.
What is the S-400 air defence missile              ▪ India’s acquisition is crucial to counter
   system?                                           attacks in a two-front war, including even
▪ The S-400 Triumf, (NATO calls it SA-21             high-end F-35 US fighter aircraft.
   Growler), is a mobile, surface-to-air
   missile system (SAM) designed by                3) US adds India in monitoring list
   Russia.                                         What’s in the news?
▪ It is the most dangerous operationally           ▪ The United States has once again included
   deployed modern long-range SAM (MLR               India in its monitoring list of countries
   SAM) in the world, considered much ahead          with potentially “questionable foreign

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17

  exchange policies” and “currency                 1. A bilateral trade surplus with the U.S. of
  manipulation”.                                      more than $20 billion.
▪ India was last included in the currency          2. A current account surplus of at least 3% of
  watchlist in October 2018, but removed              GDP.
  from the list that came out in May 2019.         3. Net purchases of foreign currency of 2% of
What does the term ‘currency manipulator’             GDP over a 12-month period.
  mean?                                            ▪ India breached the first and the third
▪ This is a label given by the US government          benchmarks.
  to countries it feels are engaging in “unfair    ▪ India, which has for several years
  currency practices” by deliberately                 maintained a significant bilateral goods
  devaluing their currency against the                trade surplus with the US, crossed the $20
  dollar.                                             billion mark, according to the latest report.
o Devaluation is the deliberate downward              Bilateral goods trade surplus totalled $22
  adjustment of the value of a country's money        billion in the first four quarters through
  relative to another currency, group of              June 2020.
  currencies.                                      ▪ The U.S. has included India in the list after
▪ The practice would mean that the country            the Indian central bank stepped up
  in question is artificially lowering the value      purchases of foreign currency as portfolio
  of its currency to gain an unfair advantage         flows surged in the second half of the year.
  over others. This is because the devaluation     Effect on Indian Economy
  would reduce the cost of exports from            ▪ The designation of a country as a currency
  that country and artificially show a                manipulator does not immediately attract
  reduction in trade deficits as a result.            any penalties, but tends to dent the
Why is India back in the Monitoring List              confidence about a country in the global
  again?                                              financial markets.
▪ The U.S. Treasury uses three benchmarks          For doubts and queries email us at:
  to judge currency manipulators:                     doubts@officerspulse.com

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18

                                        DEFENCE
1) Artillery Gun trials                           ▪ They will represent the most advanced
About ATAGS                                          class of major surface warships for the
▪ The indigenous Advanced Towed Artillery            Indian Navy in a decade, also featuring
  Gun System (ATAGS) is a 155mm, 52                  BrahMos supersonic surface-to-surface
  calibre artillery gun jointly developed by         missiles.
  the Defence Research and Development            ▪ These will also have torpedoes and rockets
  Organisation in partnership with Bharat            to hit submarines and rapid-fire guns to
  Forge of the Kalyani Group and the Tata            destroy anti-ship missiles as well as a
  Power SED.                                         heavy main gun to engage ships and coastal
                                                     targets.
                                                  ▪ These ships would also be loaded with an
                                                     indigenous state of art electronic systems
                                                     and sensor suites.
                                                  ▪ Weapons are in integration with BrahMos
                                                     and Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM)
                                                     with MF STAR radar and indigenous Sonar
                                                     system.
                                                  ▪ The P17A-class will be armed and ready
                                                     with the state-of-the-art Barak 8 and
                                                     BrahMos surface-to-air and supersonic
▪ The project was started in 2013 by DRDO            cruise missiles.
  to replace older guns in service in the         ▪ The ships are named after Indian Hills like
  Indian Army with a modern 155mm                    Shivalik, Himgiri, Nilgiri, Taragiri, Udyagiri.
  artillery gun.                                  ▪ This project is unique in that it is being
▪ It will have a firing range of 40 km with          built simultaneously at two locations, at
  advanced features in terms of high                 GRSE in Kolkata and Mazgaon Docks
  mobility, quick deployability, auxiliary           Limited in Mumbai.
  power mode, advanced communication              ▪ Fincantieri of Italy is the knowhow
  system, automatic command and control              provider for technology upgrade and
  system with night firing capability in direct      capability enhancement in this project.
  fire mode.                                      Stealth Frigates
Why in News?                                      ▪ Frigates are naval vessels intermediate
▪ User trials of the ATAGS developed by the          between corvettes and destroyers, and
  DRDO are likely to be resumed.                     have had a significant role in the naval
                                                     history of India.
                                                  ▪ Frigates which employ stealth technology
2) Stealth Frigates                                  construction techniques in an effort to
Why in News?                                         ensure that it is harder to detect by one or
▪ The first of three stealth frigates, Himgiri,      more of radar, visual, sonar, and infrared
  being built by the Garden Reach                    methods.
  Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE)
  under Project 17A for the Navy was
  launched into water.
                                                  3) Early Warning Aircraft
About Project 17A                                 Why in News:
▪ The coveted ‘Project 17A’ was cleared by        ▪ India is going to make six new Airborne
  the govt back in 2015.                            Early Warning and Control planes to be
▪ P17A ships with a displacement of around          developed by Defence Research and
  6,670 tonnes will be the most advanced            Development Organisation (DRDO)
  state-of-the-art guided missile frigates        About
  once inducted.                                  ▪ An airborne early warning and control
                                                    (AEW&C) system is an airborne radar

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19

  picket system designed to detect aircraft,         take actions to guide interceptors to those
  ships and vehicles at long ranges and              for neutralizing the threats.
  perform command and control of the               ▪ The system is fully net centric, with
  battlespace in an air engagement by                complete command and control functions
  directing fighter and attack aircraft strikes.     not    only providing the          available
▪ The DRDO Airborne Early Warning and                information to ground through its multiple
  Control System (AEW&CS) is a project of            data links but also can receive information
  India's Defence Research and Development           from ground, integrate and fuse them
  Organisation to develop an airborne early          onboard to provide the operators onboard
  warning and control system for the Indian          a composite picture of the environment.
  Air Force. It is also referred to as NETRA       ▪ As a command centre, it enables onboard
  Airborne Early Warning and Control                 operators to select, command and guide
  System (AEW&CS).                                   specific interceptor aircrafts towards
▪ Airborne Early Warning & Control System            enemy threat efficiently and neutralize
  (AEW&C), is a force multiplier system of           them.
  systems for detecting & tracking of              For doubts and queries email us at:
  enemy/hostile aircrafts/ UAVs etc.                 doubts@officerspulse.com
▪ It also enables operators onboard and on
  ground to identify, assess the threat and

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                   SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1) Tuberculosis Diagnosis                            people fall ill with this preventable and
Why in News?                                         curable disease.
▪ IIT Madras researchers are developing a        ▪   TB remains the world’s deadliest
   point-of-care platform for early-stage TB         infectious killer. Each day, over 4000
   screening and detection using urine               people lose their lives to TB and close to
   samples.                                          30,000 people fall ill with this preventable
Need for a new technique                             and curable disease. TB is one of the
▪ Diagnosing TB usually involves using a             leading causes of mortality in India. It kills
   sputum sample or a biopsy in the detection        more than 4,00,000 people in India every
   tests. This is not just time-consuming or         year.
   expensive, there are also cases where         ▪   Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR
   getting a sputum sample is not easy or            TB) is caused by strains of the tuberculosis
   even possible, such as with small children        bacteria resistant to the two most effective
   or in the case of extrapulmonary TB. Extra-       anti-tuberculosis drugs available - isoniazid
   pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) refers to           and rifampicin. MDR TB can only be
   disease outside the lungs.                        diagnosed in a specialized laboratory.
▪ The glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM),        ▪   Worldwide 4,84, 000 people were
   an integral component of the cell wall and        estimated to have fallen ill with multidrug-
   cell     membrane      of    Mycobacterium        resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 2018. In India
   tuberculosis (Mtb), the disease-causing           about 1,3,000 people fell ill with drug-
   bacterium, has been explored as a                 resistant TB.
   biomarker for TB diagnosis.                   ▪   Directly Observed Treatment Short-course
▪ Since it is known that LAM is released into        (DOTS) is the strategy followed for
   the bloodstream during active infection and       treatment of TB. Tuberculosis treatment
   passed out in urine, it can be viewed as a        requires at least 6 months of treatment.
   potential biomarker for even cases other      ▪   India has committed to eliminate the
   than pulmonary TB.                                prevalence of TB by 2025. The Ministry of
▪ Biomarkers (short for biological markers)          Health and Family Welfare is implementing
   are biological measures of a biological           the National Strategic Plan (NSP) for
   state. By definition, a biomarker is "a           Tuberculosis Elimination (2017-2025).
   characteristic that is objectively measured
   and evaluated as an indicator of normal       2) Sewage analysis
   biological processes, pathogenic processes    Why in News:
   or pharmacological responses to a             ▪ Studies published recently in the Indian
   therapeutic intervention."                      Journal of Medical Research by ICMR-
▪ In the test conducted by the group, the          National Institute of Virology explains
   sample containing Mtb-LAM is mixed with         the detection of the presence of SARS-CoV-
   gold nanoparticles and incubated for five       2 RNA in sewage samples and has raised
   minutes.                                        the possibility of using environmental
▪ Then a U-shaped fibre-optic sensor device        water surveillance to monitor virus
   with an LED and a photodetector attached        activity in infected areas.
   to its two ends is dipped into the mixture.   About the study
▪ The results are generated in the next ten      ▪ Researchers undertook the study to
   minutes, and the amount of Mtb-LAM              standardise the methodology for detection
   present in the mixture can be read out.         of SARS-CoV-2 from sewage and explore
India’s fight against TB                           the      feasibility     of    establishing
▪ Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease       supplementary surveillance for COVID-19.
   caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium          ▪ They have suggested that SARS-CoV-2
   tuberculosis. Each day, over 4000 people        detection in waste waters could be used to
   lose their lives to TB and close to 30,000

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21

  understand the epidemiology of COVID-            ▪ Establishment of National Critical
  19.                                                Information Infrastructure Protection
▪ Epidemiology is the study of how often             Centre (NCIIPC) for protection of critical
  diseases occur in different groups of              information infrastructure in the country.
  people      and   why.    Epidemiological        ▪ All organizations providing digital services
  information is used to plan and evaluate           have been mandated to report cyber
  strategies to prevent illness and as a             security      incidents      to     CERT-In
  guide to the management of patients in             expeditiously.
  whom disease has already developed. It is a      ▪ Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning
  cornerstone of public health, and shapes           and Malware Analysis Centre) has been
  policy decisions and evidence-based                launched for providing detection of
  practice by identifying risk factors for           malicious programmes and free tools to
  disease and targets for preventive                 remove such programmes.
  healthcare.                                      ▪ Formulation of Crisis Management Plan
▪ Decreasing concentration or absence of             for countering cyber attacks and cyber
  virus at previously SARS-CoV-2-positive            terrorism.
  sewage sampling sites may indicate               ▪ Conducting regular training programmes
  successful implementation of COVID-19              for network / system administrators and
  control strategies and it may provide              Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs)
  evidence of the presence or absence of             of Government and critical sector
  SARS-CoV-2-infected    populations    and          organisations regarding securing the IT
  confirmation of COVID-19-free zones                infrastructure and mitigating cyber attacks.
                                                   ▪ According to data compiled by the National
3) Cybersecurity                                     Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the
Why in News:                                         number      of    registered    cybercrimes
▪ The FBI and the Department of Homeland             increased by 63.5% in the year 2019
   Security’s     cybersecurity      arm     are     compared to the previous year.
   investigating what experts and former           ▪ A total of 44,546 cases were registered
   officials said appeared to be a large-scale       under cybercrimes compared to 27,248
   penetration of U.S. government agencies.          cases in 2018. In 2019, 60.4% of
What is cybersecurity                                cybercrime cases registered were for the
▪ Cybersecurity is the protection of                 motive of fraud (26,891 out of 44,546
   internet-connected systems such as                cases) followed by sexual exploitation with
   hardware, software and data from                  5.1% (2,266 cases) and causing disrepute
   cyber-threats. The practice is used by            with 4.2% (1,874 cases).
   individuals and enterprises to protect
   against unauthorized access to data centers     4) PSLV C-50
   and other computerized systems.                 Why in News:
India’s Preparedness                               ▪ The Indian Space Research Organisation
▪ The Government has launched the online             (ISRO) successfully placed into a transfer
   cybercrime           reporting        portal,     orbit India’s 42nd         communications
   www.cybercrime.gov.in           to    enable      satellite, CMS-01, carried on board the
   complainants      to    report     complaints     PSLV-C50, from the second launch pad of
   pertaining to Child Pornography/Child             the Satish Dhawan Space Centre
   Sexual Abuse Material, rape/gang rape           About CMS-01
   imageries or sexually explicit content.         ▪ CMS-01 is a communications satellite
▪ The Central Government has rolled out a            envisaged for providing services in
   scheme for establishment of Indian Cyber          extended C Band of the frequency spectrum
   Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to                and its coverage will include the Indian
   handle issues related to cybercrime in the        mainland, and the Andaman & Nicobar and
   country in a comprehensive and                    Lakshadweep islands.
   coordinated manner.                             ▪ The satellite is expected to have a life of
                                                     more than seven years.

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22

▪ The CMS-01 satellite will be the first in a      developed to allow India to launch its
  new series of communication satellites that      Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites
  India will be launching after the GSAT and       into sun-synchronous orbits.
  INSAT series.                                  ▪ It is the first Indian launch vehicle to be
About PSLV C-50                                    equipped with liquid stages.
▪ PSLV-C50 is the 52nd flight of PSLV and        ▪ The vehicle successfully launched two
  22nd flight of PSLV in 'XL' configuration        spacecraft – Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and
  (with 6 strap-on motors)                         Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013 – that later
▪ The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is     travelled to Moon and Mars respectively.
  an expendable medium-lift launch vehicle       For doubts and queries email us at:
  designed and operated by the Indian Space        doubts@officerspulse.com
  Research Organisation (ISRO). It was

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23

                                 ART & CULTURE
1) Dawoodi Bohra                                     marriage or family honour. Some associate
Why in News?                                         it with religious beliefs, although no
▪ An Indian mother moved the Supreme                 religious scriptures require it.
  Court against a custom in the Dawoodi            ▪ The practice has no health benefits for
  Bohra community which allows a man to              girls and women.
  take over from his estranged wife the            ▪ FGM can cause severe bleeding and
  custody of their child who is above seven          problems urinating, and later cysts,
  without any due process of law.                    infections, as well as complications in
About Dawoodi Bohra community                        childbirth and increased risk of newborn
▪ The Dawoodi Bohras are a religious                 deaths.
  denomination within the Ismaili branch of        ▪ It is estimated that more than 200 million
  Shia Islam.                                        girls and women alive today have
▪ In 2018, a bench of then CJI Dipak Misra           undergone female genital mutilation in 30
  referred a petition seeking a ban on Female        countries in Africa, the Middle East and
  genital mutilation among Dawoodi Bohra             Asia where the practice is concentrated.
  girls to a five-judge Constitution Bench.        ▪ FGM is mostly carried out on young girls
Female Genital Mutilation                            between infancy and age 15.
▪ Female genital mutilation (FGM) involves         ▪ FGM is recognized internationally as a
  the partial or total removal of external           violation of the human rights of girls and
  female genitalia or other injury to the            women. It reflects deep-rooted inequality
  female genital organs for non-medical              between the sexes, and constitutes an
  reasons.                                           extreme form of discrimination against
▪ The reasons behind the practice vary. In           women. It is nearly always carried out on
  some cases, it is seen as a rite of passage        minors and is a violation of the rights of
  into womanhood, while others see it as a           children.
  way to suppress a woman’s sexuality. Many        For doubts and queries email us at:
  communities practice genital mutilation in         doubts@officerspulse.com
  the belief that it will ensure a girl's future

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