Panorámica sobre la energía geotérmica en Italia - Adele Manzella
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Taller Internacional sobre Energía Geotérmica
Intercambio de experiencias y visiones entre Italia y México
Panorámica sobre la energía geotérmica en
Italia
Adele Manzella
manzella@igg.cnr.it
Italy is a small country
but italian geothermal power
produc;on is large
from Bertani, WGC 2015
Geothermal power produc;on in Italy
Italy is the 6th
country in the
world for installed
power capacity,
with two main
geothermal areas,
Larderello-Travale
and Mt. Amiata.
916 MW of the
2.13 GW of
European installed In the 1960s the power industry was na;onalised
capacity comes and all of these plants are s;ll owned by the
from Italy former government u;lity, now privi;zed: Enel
(see next presenta;on)
Larderello, the first place in the history to produce geothermal power,
is today the 4° geothermal field in the world for power produc;on
The Geysers, 1° Salton Sea, 8°
California, USA California, USA
1585 MW 388 MW
Mak -Ban 6°
Philippines
458 MW
Coso, 11°
California, USA Hellisheidi, 10°
292 MW
Iceland
303 MW Tongonan 3°
Philippines
726 MW
Cerro Prieto, 2°
Wairakei 7°
México
727 MW Larderello, 4°
New Zealand
Salak 9° Darajat 12°
Italy 399 MW
595 MW Indonesia Indonesia
377 MW 260 MW
from Bertani, WGC 2015
A favourable geological condi;on
The complex geodynamical
framework, related to the
convergence of Africa and
Eurasia plates, is evidenced by
young volcanisms, riV
structures, shallow Moho
discon;nuity and reduced
lithosphere thickness due to
uprising asthenosphere and
the delamina;on of crustal
lithosphere in the western,
Tyrrenian areas of Italy, and
the thick orogenic belts of
Appenines and Alps.
produce a high heat flow
Es;mated Italian geothermal
resources poten;ally harnessable
within 5 km depth a are in the
range of 21 exajoule
(about 500 MTOE) (UGI 2011).
Factor inducing strong lateral T changes at
(Della Vedova et al., 2001)
shallow depths
Ø high sedimentaMon rate (green)
Ø meteoric water infiltraMon (blue)
Ø geothermal low T convecMve
systems (yellow and violet)
Ø volcanic areas and high T systems
(orange)
DATASET:
• 2700 T grad. meas. (700 HF offshore),
• 255 new ENI boreholes (1980-96)
Est. Error: 5-20 mW m-2
HF Provinces: basement HF
da Della Vedova § Predicted HF is significantly higher in South
Apennines, Po basin, foreland areas
§ Undisturbed HF in foreland is 45-55 mW m-2,
compared to obs. 30-40 mW m–2
§ This implies higher deep contribu;ons and
transient components in these areas,
sugges;ng younger tectonic ages
§ The difference between N and S Apennines
is less pronounced
§ The deep thermal regime of Tuscany,
Tyrrhenian Sea, Apennines and foredeep
areas has not yet reached equilibrium
In 2010 geothermal resources were made available to private investors for electricity produc;on, by introducing a compe;;ve permit system. About 110 ‘research’ explora;on permits were requested, and some tens were granted to mainly small renewable energy or geological consul;ng companies.
Main offshore volcanic areas Vavilov SMt. Marsili SMt.
While some of the granted permits have progressed through ini;al geological studies and geophysical surveys none have yet progressed to exploratory drilling and detailed resource assessment, despite encouraging ini;al results. Main reasons: - lack of sufficient finance to face drilling costs and risk - lack of appropriate regulatory schemes and energy policies
From EurObserver 2007
Power GSHP
Direct uses
produc;onGeothermal Heat producMon in Italy
Sector of applica;on Capacity (MWt) Energy /TJ/y)
Total GSHP DH Total GSHP DH
Space hea;ng 725 550 92 4607 3211 683
Thermal balneology 421 3698
Agricultural use 69 14 725 82
Fish farming 122 1927
Industrial process heat
18 4 108 25
and minor uses
TOTAL 1355 568 92 11065 3318 683
Industrial
process heat
Direct Uses total 11,065 TJ/y
and minor uses
1%
Fish farming
Agricultural use 17%
7% Space hea;ng
42%
Thermal
balneology
33%
WGC2015Geothermal Heat producMon in Italy Space hea;ng is in rapid expansion, in par;cular GSHP systems (increase of 120% in four year for GSHP and 16% by DH) Most DHs are in geothermal power produc;on areas. Geothermal DH using deep wells are in: • Ferrara in expansion GSHP DH are expanding in Lombardia • Grado in development (Milano, Brescia) • Vicenza proposed-in development
On 2011 UGI (Unione Geotermica Italiana) made a study to es;mate the possible contribu;on of the Earth’s heat to the coverage of na;onal energy requirements by 2030, with steps by 2012, 2015, 2020, 2025 to be periodically updated. The end goal of the study was to provide the Italian Government with factual elements on the possible medium-term deployment of this energy source in Italy. Scenario I: current economic trend, use of mature produc;on technologies, and prices of crude oil at source roughly three ;mes higher than the average ones in 2010 Scenario II: economic trend driven by vigorous environmental policies, use of both mature and advanced produc;on technologies, and prices of crude oil at source source roughly four ;mes higher than the average ones in 2010
Benefits
expected
from
geothermal
development
Technical
and
environmental
benefits:
• Savings
in
terms
of
oil-‐equivalent
(3.35-‐4.44
MTOE
by
2030)
• Avoided
CO2
emissions
(9.76-‐12.82
MT
by
2030)
• Contribu;on
to
coverage
of
total
energy
consump;on
(1.5-‐2%
by
2030,
the
actual
value
is
0.7%)
Economic-‐social
and
scienMfic
benefits:
• New
permanent
jobs
(100,000-‐200,000
new
jobs
by
2030)
• New
investments
(1,200-‐2,000
M€
by
2030)
• New
R&D,
in
par;cular
to
develop
unconven;nal
geothermal
systems
Measures
at
na;onal
and
ins;tu;onal
level
• strong
commitment
by
Government,
poli;cal
par;es
and
ins;tu;ons
to
enac;ng
legisla;on
in
support
of
renewables
(RES)
and,
in
par;cular,
of
geothermal
energy;
• Na;onal
Energy
Plan
(NEP)
including
goals
of
development
of
all
RES
un;l
2030;
• secure
and
prolonged
incen;ves
for
RES
with
no
or
minimum
environmental
impact;
• na;onal
legisla;on
and
specific
guidelines
aimed
at
harmonizing
regional
regula;ons
on
geothermal
development;
• R&D
programs
with
project
objec;ves
targeted
at
each
RES;
• a
special
R&D
project
focused
on
“non-‐conven;onal
geothermal
systems”,
to
be
implemented
within
2020;
• systema;c
campaigns
to
build
awareness
among
the
public
at
large
of
the
economic
and
environmental
advantages
of
the
Earth’s
heat.
Measures
at
local
and
regional
level
• Regional
energy
plans
for
all
Italian
Regions,
quan;ta;ve
targets
for
each
RES,
including
geothermal,
and
relying
on
regula;ons
specifically
tailored
to
the
development
of
direct
uses;
• regional
surveys
of
energy-‐intensive
areas
in
order
to
assess
heat
demand
and
quan;fy
the
expected
share
from
geothermal
development;
•
compara;ve
market
studies
on
demand
for
low
temperature
heat;
• quan;fica;on
of
CO2
emissions
from
the
different
sources
of
energy
used
for
space
hea;ng;
• replacement
of
old
hea;ng
systems
in
at
least
half
of
public
buildings
with
systems
using
RES
and
in
par;cular
natural
heat;
• financial
incen;ves
for
installa;on
of
geothermal
hea;ng
&
cooling
systems
in
new
large
buildings;
• training
of
geothermal
heat
pump
designers,
installers
and
maintenance
operators;
• campaigns
in
schools
to
raise
awareness
of
the
Earth’s
heat
and
its
advantages.
Main
requirements
A comprehensive identification of
resources and opportunities, as well as
an accessible collection of data and
information
A clear and easy to follow regulation for
authorizations in the exploration, drilling
and exploitation phases of the project
The promotion and dissemination of
technology, values, economics
Research and technological developmentProjects
and
efforts:
VIGOR
Evaluation
of
Geothermal
Potential
for
the
Regioni
Convergenza
An
Agreement
between
the
Ministry
for
Economic
Development
and
CNR,
funded
in
the
frame
of
POI
for
RES,
targe;ng
at
development
of
geothermal
demonstra;on
projects
(power
produc;on
and
direct
uses)
THE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
in
Sicilia
Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
regionale
Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
tecniche
Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
Shallow
geothermal
potenMal
(GSHP,
closed
loop)
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTASHALLOW
GEOTHERMAL
POTENTIAL
λ
Fourier’s
Law
L
=
100
m
Φ
Tg
Tm
Thermal
energy
that
can
be
exchanged
by
a
unit
volume
of
ground
for
a
reference
GSHP
plant
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTASHALLOW
GEOTHERMAL
POTENTIAL
Thermal
conducMvity
Thermal
energy
that
can
be
exchanged
by
a
unit
volume
of
ground
Heat
flow
Graound
(50
m
depth)
temperature
Total
borehole
length
needed
to
saMsfy
H&C
demand
of
a
reference
house
(100
m2)
Surface
temperature
Thermal
conducMvity
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTAVIGOR
THERMOGIS
Economic
Technical
PotenMal
[MW/km2]
Technical
Poten;al
for
LCOE
<
threshold
(200
€/MWh
power,
9
€/GJ
heat
)
and
using
expected
flowrate
from
a
doublet
system
Geothermal
Poten;als
for
a
lifecycle
of
30
years
and
different
Recovery
Factors
(GP=TC
x
R
/
30
years)
Thermal
Energy
produced
by
a
technology
(TC=H
x
technology
efficiency)
per
unit
volume
H
is
the
maximum
theore;cally
extractable
heat
in
the
reservoir
per
unit
volume
(thickness
=
100
m)
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTALevelized
Cost
Of
Energy
[LCOE,
€/MWe,
€/JG]
Power
District
Direct
product.
heaMng
uses
Calculated
for
power,
district
hea;ng
and
direct
Tmin
120
80
45
heat
uses
T-‐reinject
80
40
35
Depends
on:
Economic
power
heat
heat
•
Drilling
cost
(depth,
s;mula;on,
pump,
...)
Model
•
Economic
life;me
LCOE
<
200
€/ 9
€/GJ
9
€/GJ
•
Flowrate
&
temperature
MWe
•
Power
surface
facili;es
(O&M,
plant
inves;ment,
…)
• Complementary
electricity/heat
sales
• Economic
factors
(infla;on,
interest
rate
on
debit,
tax)
Flowrate
depends
on
transmissivity,
delta
pressure
applied
at
reservoir
level
and
viscosity
Specific
rou;nes
redistributes
the
permeability
according
to
Montecarlo
simula;on
From
transmissivity
average
on
drilled
interval,
cumula;ve
probability
of
expected
flowrate
is
www.vigor-geotermia.it
considered
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTATHE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
Heat
in
place
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
in
Sicilia
Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
regionale
DH
Technical
poten;al
Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
tecniche
DH&C
Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
Power
produc;on
• Economic-‐technical
potenMal
for
power
producMon
• Saved
oil
• Saved
CO2
emissions
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTATHE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
(TDM
elitrasportato)
in
Sicilia
Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
regionale
Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
tecniche
Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTATHE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Climatizzazione uffici
Piscina termale pubblici (CNR-IRSA) e
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
in
Teleriscaldamento scuole valutazione impatto
Sicilia
pubbliche
Efficientamento processi
produttivi Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
Impianto Pilota per la produzione pasta regionale
produzione di energia Trattamento fanghi
elettrica e reflui
teleriscaldamento Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Dissalatore
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
Climatizzazione uffici tecniche
pubblici
Teleclimatizzazione Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTATHE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
in
Sicilia
Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
regionale
Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
tecniche
Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTATHE
PRODUCTS
OF
VIGOR
Valutazione
del
potenziale
geotermico,
redazione
di
mappe
di
potenziale
e
distribuzione
di
temperatura
a
varie
profondità
Valutazione
di
detaglio
mediante
geofisica
in
Sicilia
Analisi
regime
autorizza;vo
nazionale
e
regionale
Studio
di
accetabilità
sociale
sulla
geotermia
Prodou
editoriali
con
descrizioni
generali
e
tecniche
Sito
web
per
la
pubblicazione
del
materiale
8
studi
di
faubilità
comple;
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTAMAIN
RESULTS
PotenMal
recovered
in
the
four
Regions,
to
balance
the
four
Coverage
of
applica;on
(direct
uses
may
cover
wide
sectors
of
the
territory,
crea;ng
the
required
wide
involvement
in
terms
of
occupa;on,
market,
business)
Ø Complete
system
approach
(from
data
to
regulaMon
to
feasibility);
Ø Coopera;on
(Ministry-‐CNR
and
then
CNR-‐research
insMtutes
and
universiMes);
Ø Project
management
quality
(integrated
approach
environment/
territories/technologies);
Ø Promo;on
of
local
uses,
by
comprehensive
presentaMon
of
opportuniMes;
Ø Iden;fica;on
of
proper
financial
opportuni;es,
from
incenMves
to
financial
support.
www.vigor-geotermia.it
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
DTAAtlante
Geotermico
and
its
Favourability
maps
The
Geothermal
Atlas
Project
provided
for
the
favourability
assessment
of
conven;onal
and
unconven;onal
geothermal
resources
in
Central
and
Southern
Italy.
q Geothermal
favourability
maps
relies
on
available
data
and
refer
to
a
territory
favourable
and
suitable
to
have
the
geothermal
resource
in
the
underground.
Ø In
this
study,
areas
are
classified
as
more
or
less
favourable
for
the
poten;al
use
of
geothermal
technologies
for
power
producMon
q ≠ geothermal
poten;al
(energy)
q Many
studies
have
been
carried
out
in
the
last
10
years
with
different
approaches
(e.g.Pro
Ledesma),
we
developed
the
one
we
considered
more
suitable
to
our
geological
condi;ons
Atlante
Geotermico
and
its
Favourability
maps
Effec;ve
reservoir
Reservoir
top
temperature
Permebility
distribu;on
Geochemical
informa;on
Da:
Trumpy
et
al.
(2015)
Geothermal Italy Many opportuni;es and many barriers to a complete development New research project (DESCRAMBLE for superhot systems) Regula;on in discussion, possibly in development and op;miza;on Energy policy in development, following EU trends Global assessment of the territory Social engagement R&D Dissemina;on and promo;on
Gracias por su atención
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