Phenotyping of local chili pepper (Capsicum spp) accessions cultivated in Burkina Faso - Journal ...
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
International Journal of Agricultural Policy and Research Vol.9 (1), pp. 16-23, January 2021
Available online at https://www.journalissues.org/IJAPR/
https://doi.org/10.15739/IJAPR.21.003
Copyright © 2021 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article ISSN 2350-1561
Original Research Article
Phenotyping of local chili pepper (Capsicum spp)
accessions cultivated in Burkina Faso
Received 23 September, 2020 Revised 12 December, 2020 Accepted 20 December, 2020 Published 4 January, 2021
Lucienne WAONGO1*, The cultivation of chili peppers (Capsicum spp.) in Burkina Faso has
Mariam KIEBRE1, become an important occupation and a great source of incomes, helping
Boureima SAWADOGO 2, farmers to fight against poverty. However, local cultivars have low yields,
Mahamadi H OUEDRAOGO1, essentially because of the pest pressure and the limited access to improved
seeds. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of its diversity
Zakaria KIEBRE 1
to lay the basis of its improvement. Thus, fifty-nine (59) accessions were
and characterized according to RCBD design with three (03) repetitions using
Pauline BATIONO/KANDO1 12 qualitative variables and 12 quantitative variables. The study showed
1Equipe Génétique et Amélioration des great diversity within the accessions studied. The qualitative variables
Plantes, Laboratoire Biosciences, Unité were all discriminate the accessions, except colour of the seed. Interesting
de Formation et de Recherche en and significant correlations between several characteristics, especially
Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, between leaf and fruit parameters were also revealed. A structuring of the
Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo ; 03 BP
accessions in 3 composite clusters reflecting the higher intra-accession
7021,Ouagadougou 03; Burkina Faso
2 Université de Fada N’Gourma diversity was observed. These results provide a basis for future selection
and valorization works of chili pepper in Burkina Faso.
*Corresponding Authors E-mail:
waongolucienne@yahoo.fr Keywords: Agro-morphological characters, accessions, correlation, Capsicum
Tel. :(+226) 70 61 9171
spp.
(+226) 70 28 90 74
INTRODUCTION
Chilli pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the most widely per hectare) (Faostat, 2018) because of many diseases and
grown vegetables and spices around the world (Hill et al., pests, but also due to the rudimentary cultivation practices
2013) particularly in tropical and subtropical regions). It is (extensive cultivation, varietal mixing and low
one of the the most harvested vegetable species, after peas mechanization) (USAID/Guinée, 2006). However, some
and tomatoes (Ochoa-Alejo and Ramirez-Malagon, 2001; African varieties are highly prized on local and sub-regional
Ali, 2006). In 2018, 36.77 million tons of chilli pepper have markets and are even exported on the international market
been produced in the world with an average yield of 18.47 (Grubben and El Tahir, 2004). In Burkina Faso, formerly
tons per hectare (Faostat, 2018). considered as a marginal crop, chilli pepper is nowadays a
This high production of chili pepper is linked to its very remunerative product for many communities. Chilli
nutritional, medicinal or industrial values. Indeed, chilli pepper is cultivated in all the 13 regions of the country with
pepper is rich in vitamins C and E and antioxidants, very few in Sahel region (M.A.A.H, 2020).
elements that help to prevent cardiovascular disorders, In 2018, 1688 hectares are exploited and 8569 tons have
cancers and cataracts (Oboh and Rocha, 2007). In Africa, been harvested (Faostat, 2018). However, a collection of
statistics on chilli pepper are unreliable, because its cultivated chilli peppers has been established by INERA, but
practices in association with other crops or allotments are very few studies exist on its genetic diversity in the country.
not taken into account in the estimates (Grubben and El While, phenotype diversity has been studied by many
Tahir, 2004). The average yield is still very low (2.6 tons authors elsewhere in the world as Carvalho et al. (2017);
Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 17
Figure 1: Localization of the chili accessions collected
Vijaya (2014), Lahbib et al. (2012), Bozokalfa and Esiyok Experimental location
(2011) Moreno et al. (2011), Nkansah et al. (2011), Sood et
al. (2011). In 2015, phenotype diversity has been studied The experiment has been conducted during the rainy
by Waongo (2015) with a collection of three provinces only season of 2018 at the research station of Gampela, located
of the country. However, knowledge of this diversity is at 12°15'N and 1°12'W. The climate of this site is Sudano-
therefore necessary to provide to breeders the genetic Sahelian one, with a long dry season from November to May
material they need for chilli breeding and so to supply and a short wet season from June to October (Dipama,
producers with a wide range of varieties to improve the 2005). The soil is of sandy-clayey type. Annual maximum
crop. Because, the use of quality seed contributes to about temperatures range from 35 to 40 °C and minimum
40% in crop yield (Bougma et al., 2018). temperatures range from 18 to 19 °C. In 2018, the station
The objective of this study is to know the genetic recorded rainfall of 860.2 mm with an average temperature
diversity of the local chili pepper cultivated in Burkina of 28.88 °C. The wettest months are July and August.
Faso, in order to provide a basis for future selection and
valorization works of chili pepper in Burkina Faso. Experimental design and cultivation
Specifically, the study aims (i) to identify the agro-
morphological variables that discriminate accessions, (ii) to The experimental design was RCBD with three repetitions.
study the relationships between these variables and (iii) to Each block was separated by one-meter distance. A spacing
establish the level and structure of variability of chili of 0.6 m was used between rows and 0.4 m between plants.
pepper accessions collected. Seeds from each accession collected were placed in
nurseries in pots and then transplanted to the experimental
plot 35 days after sowing. Before transplanting, the soil was
MATERIALS AND METHODS deeply stirred and fertilized with organic manure at a rate
of 20 tons/hectare. Two weeks after transplanting, NPK
Plant material and collection area fertilizer (14-23-14) was applied (100 kg per hectare). The
plot was weeded on need and a phytosanitary treatment
The study has been carried out with 59 accessions of local with deltamethrin at the rate of 1liter per hectare applied
chili pepper collected through 18 provinces across the during flowering to 45 days after transplanting.
three climatic domains of Burkina Faso (Figure 1). Up to
6.8% of accessions were collected in the Sahelian domain Data collection
(500 < P (mm) ≤ 700), 64.4% in the Sudano-Sahelian
domain (700 < P (mm) ≤ 900) and 28.8% in the Sudanian Biometric measurements and observations were made on
domain (900 < P (mm) ≤ 1100). 24 variables, 12 of which were quantitative and 12 were
Waongo et al. 18
Table 1. Description of pepper accessions for qualitative characters
Characters Modality Frequencies (%)
Stem pubescence (PuT) Dense 12.15
Absent 65.42
Average 22.43
Leaf pubescence (PuF) Dense 7.47
Absent 81.30
Low 18.70
Anther color (CoA) Purple 70.50
Light purple 4.25
Green 20.63
Dark green 4.62
Fruit shape (FFr) Elongate 64.43
Triangular 24.21
Round 3.45
Tapered 7.91
Fruit shape at blossom end (FFB) Sunken 22.01
Blunt 12.57
Pointed 65.42
qualitative, most of which were selected from the Capsicum identify discriminants characters. Principal Component
descriptors of IPIGRI et al. (1995) sustained by Ortiz et al. Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Matrix (PCM) were
(2010), Junior et al. (2013). used to establish relationships between characters. The
clustering of accessions was obtained from a Hierarchical
Quantitative variables Ascending Classification (CAH). XLSTAT-Pro7.1 software
was used to these analyses.
The number of days at 50% flowering (NJF) was estimated,
considering the entire line. The other quantitative variables
were measured on 3 plants for each line at the ripening RESULTS
stage. These are: plant height (HPL) measured from the
ground to the last leaf of the main stem; stem diameter Variation in qualitative characters
(DiT) measured at the crown; leaf length (LoL) and leaf
width (LaL) measured at the midpoint on a basal leaf; Except seed colour (100% light yellow), high variability
petiole length (LoP), fruit length (LFr) and fruit diameter was observed on the other qualitative variables (Table 1).
(DFr) measured on 3 mature fruits per plant; the average The stems of green colour (58.56%) or green with purple
number of fruits per plant (NFP); fresh fruit weight (PFF) stripes (30.02%) or dark green (11.42%) were mostly no
and dry fruit weight (PFS) measured on 10 fruits at harvest. pubescent (65.42%). The majority of accessions have no
pubescent leaves (81.30%), dark green (60.12%) and
Qualitative variables lanceolate in shape (55.14%) (Figures 2).
The position of flower and fruit (figure 4) is either erect
The 12 qualitative variables were observed during the cycle (60.21% and 60.31% respectively), pendant (37.40% and
of plant development. These one are stem colour (CoT), 38.56% respectively) or intermediate (2.39% and 1.13%
stem pubescence (PUT), leaf colour (CoF), leaf shape (FoF), respectively). Their corolla is white (54.82%) or greenish-
leaf pubescence (PuF); flower position (PoFl), corolla yellow (45.18%) and their anther mostly purple (70.50%).
colour (CoC) and anther colour (CoA) observed at anthesis; The colour of fruit showed also a great variability according
Fruit position (PFr), fruit colour at an immature stage (CFI), to the stage: greenish-yellow, light green or dark green at
fruit colour at ripening stage (CFM), fruit shape (FFr) and the immature stage, turning orange (16.12 %), or yellow
fruit shape at blossom end (FFB) observed at fruiting and (3.13%), or red (67.35 %), or dark red (12.25%) at
ripening stages; seed colour (CoG) noted at harvest. maturity (Figure 3). Most accessions showed elongated
fruits (65.42%) with pointed tips.
Statistical analysis
Variation in quantitative characters
Data processing, calculation of standard deviation (SD),
coefficient of variation (CV), and descriptive analysis are The Table 2 presents the performances of the 59 accessions
performed using EXCEL software. An analysis of variance and the results of the analysis of variance. Highly significant
(ANOVA) using quantitative variables was performed to differences are observed between accessions (p=1%) for all
assess the level of variability of the vegetal material and to the variables studied. The accessions flower between 29
Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 19
Figure 2: leaves shape and color (A1: ovate light
green leaf; A2: deltoid or cordate green leaf;
A3: lanceolate dark green leaf) of the chili peppers
Figure 3: color of the chili peppers studied
Table 2. Average performance of the chili pepper accessions studied
Characters Min. Max. Mean SD CV(%) Meaning of Fobs.
HPL (cm) 17.00 97.00 44.78 14.40 32.16 **
DiT (cm) 0.20 3.70 1.04 0.44 42.74 **
LoP (cm) 0.70 6.0 2.48 0.93 37.46 **
LoL (cm) 3.00 12.60 7.04 2.17 42.39 **
LaL (cm) 1.00 6.70 3.33 1.35 42.42 **
NJF 29.00 74.00 49.49 9.58 19.36 **
DFr (cm) 0.06 3.20 0.872 0.52 60.32 **
LFr (cm) 0.70 12.50 4.24 1.80 42.52 **
NFP 7.00 1150.00 187.31 159.96 85.40 **
PFF (g) 1.90 88.80 13.16 13.29 101.01 **
PFS (g) 0.90 21.70 3.39 2.66 78.37 **
NGF 10.00 118.00 44.450 19.53 43.95 **
NJF: days to 50 % flowering; HPL: Plant height; DiT: Stem diameter; LoP: Petiole length; LoL: Leaf length; LaL: Leaf width; DFr: Fruit
diameter; LFr: Fruit length; NFP: Average number of fruits per plant; PFF: Fresh fruit weight; PSF: Dry weight of fruit; NGF: Average
number of seeds per fruit. **: Significant difference at 1 % threshold; Min: Minimum, Max: Maximum; Mean: Mean, CV: Coefficient of
variation; SD: Standard deviation; Fobs.: F observed
and 74 days after transplanting when they have a mean size Correlations between quantitative characters studied
of 44.78 cm. They produce an average of 187 fruits per
plant with a length ranging from 0.7 to 12.5 cm and a fresh The Pearson correlation matrix shows many significant
weight of 10 fruits ranging from 1.90 g to 88.80 g. correlations between the different quantitative traits of
Coefficients of variation are high (over 30%) except for the Capsicum spp (at p= 5%) and very significant (at p=1%)
number of days at 50% flowering (CV =19.36%). (Table 3). Plant height (HPL) is positively correlated with
Waongo et al. 20
(A) Pendant fruits
(B) Fruits at intermediate position
(C) Erect fruits
Figure 4: Position of fruit of studied chili peppers (A; B; C)
Table 3: Correlation matrix for quantitative characters
Characters HPL DiT LoP LoL LaL NJF DiF LFr NFP PFF PFS NGF
HPL 1
DiT 0.80** 1
LoP 0.45** 0.54** 1
LoL 0.61** 0.76** 0.70** 1
LaL 0.52** 0.65** 0.59** 0.94** 1
NJF 0.19 0.22 0.21 0.56** 0.70** 1
DiF -0.14 0.11 0.56** 0.48** 0.41** 0.33* 1
LFr 0.15 0.04 0.32* 0.03 -0.19 -0.37** 0.09 1
NFP 0.41** 0.52** 0.09 0.29* 0.30* -0.01 -0.34** -0.15 1
PFF -0.10 0.10 0.62** 0.39** 0.24 0.09 0.87** 0.45** -0.34** 1
PFS -0.06 0.12 0.61** 0.38** 0.19 0.02 0.79** 0.59** -0.34** 0.95** 1
NGF 0.03 0.21 0.33* 0.40** 0.25 0.09 0.62** 0.36** -0.25 0.66** 0.71** 1
NJF: days to 50 % flowering; HPL: Plant height; DiT: Stem diameter; LoP: Petiole length; LoL: Leaf length;
LaL: Leaf width; DFr: Fruit diameter; LFr: Fruit length; NFP: Average number of fruits per plant; PFF:
Fresh fruit weight; PSF: Dry weight of fruit; NGF: Average number of seeds per fruit. **: Significant
difference at 1 %threshold, *: Significant difference at 5 % threshold
Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 21
Figure 5: Dendrogram from the ascending hierarchical classification (CAH) of the 59 peppers accessions
stem diameter (DiT), petiole length (LoP), leaf length (LoL), origin of the accessions:
leaf width (LaL) and number of days at 50% flowering - cluster 1 consists of 19 accessions with well-
(NJF). Fruit length is positively correlated with fresh fruit developed vegetative parameters with long fruits (4.38 cm),
weight (PFF), dry fruit weight (PFS) and a number of seeds the average number per plant (192 fruits/plant), average
per fruit (NGF). The number of days at 50% flowering (NJF) fresh (12.7 g) and dry fruit (3.5 g) weights and a high
is negatively correlated with fruit length (LFr). The number number of seeds per fruit (47.5).
of fruits per plant (NFP) is negatively correlated with fresh - cluster 2 is formed by 24 accessions with
fruit weight (PFF), dry fruit weight (PFS) and fruit diameter average vegetative parameters; with long fruits of 4.17cm
(DiF). in low quantity per plant (89 fruits/plant), with very high
fresh (14.7g) and dry (3.7g) weights and with high number
Association of characters of seeds per fruit (44.5).
- cluster 3 gathers 16 individuals characterized by
The three axes of the PCA explain 77.37% of the total very well developed vegetative parameters, with mostly
variability estimated from the quantitative variables with small fruits (3.8 cm) in very high number per plant (323
values of 5.82, 3.91 and 2.65 respectively. Axis 1 accounts fruits/plants) with low fresh (9.5g) and dry fruit (2.6g)
for 36.36% of the observed variability and is positively weights.
correlated to plant height, stem diameter, petiole length,
leaf blade length and leaf blade width: it is the axis of plant
vegetative development. Axis 2, with 24.46% of the total DISCUSSION
variability observed, is positively correlated to fruit
diameter, a number of fruits per plant, fresh and dry weight Agro-morphological characterization of chili peppers
and the fruit and number of seeds per fruit: This one is the accessions revealed intra- and inter-accession variability
axis of productivity. The axis 3 with 16.54% of total inertia, for the qualitative and quantitative traits studied. The
is positively correlated to the number of days at 50% variation of the number of modalities from 2 to 4 and the
flowering and fruit length and can be qualified as the axis of high coefficients of variation (>30%) for the qualitative and
the cycle. quantitative characters respectively indicate the
heterogeneity of the accessions studied relative to the large
Clustering of the 59 accessions size of the collection area. the collection analyzed in this
study came from different climatic zones of Burkina Faso,
The dendrogram (Figure 5) shows structuring of accessions and according to Marchenay and Lagarde (1986), the extent
into three composite clusters regardless of the geographical of collection area offers a certain heterogeneity of
Waongo et al. 22 environmental factors that favor diversity. This variability ones that require a lot of labor. Also, the erect fruit could be could be also explained by the mode of peppers selected for an ornamental crop or mechanized harvest. reproduction, which is preferentially allogamous found in Thus, the choice depends of consumers or producer’s most species of Capsicum and favors genetic mixing leading objectives. to species diversification (Segnou et al., 2012; Bozokalfa and Esiyok, 2011; Demarly and Sibi, 1996). Moreover, the chili pepper production destined increasingly for the sale, CONCLUSION the various uses and the organoleptic qualities expressed and maintained by producers, consumers and other users This study has highlighted the existence of great variability would lead to the introduction of highly diversified genetic in the accessions of chili peppers in Burkina Faso. The resources. In addition, the structuring of variability into 3 significant differences, observed by all the qualitative traits composite groups independently of geographical origin studied show that they allow discrimination of the (showing a higher intra-accession diversity than inter- collection. The choice of these traits based on the descriptor accession diversity) testifies the adaptation of chili pepper of the Capsicum genus, shows that they would be universal cultivation to almost all agro-ecological zones. and allow to study genetic diversity within the species of The elongated shapes with pointed tips and erect fruits this genus. observed by most of the accessions studied would indicate The interesting and significant correlations, especially a preference of these accessions over than the others. This between leaf and fruit parameters, are particularly useful, could be justified by socio-cultural considerations on the as the improvement of one character leads to the chili pepper or their organoleptic quality or economic improvement of the others. The best performing accessions value. These factors would have guided the selection of were observed in almost all provinces, but it is important to accessions by producers using traditional methods such as notice that the choice depends on the objective of farmers mass selection. Thus, the erect or hanging position of fruit and commercial needs. The biotic and abiotic features are can be observed on long or medium fruits as well as in the limit of this study and constitute our perspective for short or small fruits. According to Lee et al. (2008) the continuation. orientation of fruit and the fruit shape are linked to gene. The wide variation in fruit length must be due to variation Conflict of interests in genetic constitution of the varieties. Zighila et al. (2014) sustained that the fruit features are important tool at the The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests. levels of family, genus, species, and variety in taxonomy. The positive correlations observed between the vegetative variables, the number of fruit per plant, and the REFERENCES days at 50% flowering on the one hand, and the negative correlations between the number of fruits per plant, fruit Ali M, 2006. Chili (Capsicum spp.) Food Chain Analysis: diameter and fruit length, on the other hand, indicate that Setting Research Priorities in Asia. Shanhua, Taiwan: pepper plants with a high vegetative development have a AVRDC, Technical Bul. No. 38, AVRDC Publication 06-678. long cycle and produce many small size fruits. These results 253p. corroborate Vijaya et al. (2014). Bationo-Kando et al. Bationo-Kando P, Sawadogo B, Nanéma KR, Kiébré Z, (2015) shown also the negative correlations between the Sawadogo N, Kiébré M, Traoré RE, Sawadogo M, Zongo JD number of fruits per plant and the fruit diameter on (2015). Characterization of Solanum aethiopicum (kumba Solanum aethiopicum. This could be justified by the fact that group) in Burkina Faso. Int. J. Science and Nature 6 (2): plants with significant vegetative development are able to 169-176. have significant photosynthetic activity resulting in high Bougma LA, Sawadogo N, Ouedraogo MH, Ouedraogo M, flowering and fruiting. However, the assimilates or Balma D, Sawadogo M (2018). Overview of the Burkina products of synthesis are oriented towards this high Faso seed system: Case of the formal seed system. Int. J. number of fruits, which negatively affects the size of the Agric. Pol. Res. 6 (10):169-175. fruits produced. Bozokalfa M, Esiyok D, 2011. Evaluation of morphological Moreover, the association of characters justified that the and agronomic characterization of Turkish pepper vegetative parameters are associate one part and explain accessions. Intern. Journ. Veg. Sci.17 : 115 - 135. the greater part of variability, whereas fruit parameters Carvalho SIC, Bianchetti LB, Ragassi CF, Ribeiro CSC, were also associate on other hand in the same direction. Reifschneider FJB, Buso GSC, Faleiro FG (2017). Genetic For a choice of varieties with high fruit yield, group 3 which variability of a Brazilian Capsicum frutescens germplasm gathers individuals producing the highest number of fruits collection using morphological characteristics and SSR per plant is the most indicated. But, according to the markers. Genetics and Molecular Research 16 (3). 18p. diversity of uses of chili pepper (pungent taste due to its Demarly Y, Sibi M (1996). Amélioration des plantes et capsaicin content), the other two are also interesting. The Biotechnologies, Ed. John Libbey Eurotext, ISBN 2-7420- selection objectives can be related to the ease of harvesting 0102-6, 170p. or the long fruits are easy to harvest compared to the small Dipama JM (2005). Le mécanisme général de la genèse des
Int. J. Agric. Pol. Res. 23 pluies et leur répartition au Burkina Faso. In : Espace du rendement chez le piment (Capsicum annuum L.). Scientifique, 005 : 7-1. Agronomie Africaine 24 (3) : 183 – 195. Faostat (2018). Food and Agricultural Organization of the Sood S, Sood R, Vidyasagar V (2011). Morphological United Nations Statistical Database, Rome, Italy. characterization of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. www.fao.org/statistics/fr grossum) genotypes and their application for distinctness, Grubben GJH, El Tahir IM (2004). Capsicum annuum L. uniformity and stability testing. The Indian J. of Agric. [Internet] Fiche de PROTA4U. Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, Sciences, North America, 81. Available at: O.A. (Editeurs). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical . Wageningen, Pays Bas. USAID/Guinée, 2006. Plan de développement de produit : le . Visité le 3 juillet petit piment (Capsicum frutescens) en Guinée : Activités 2018. liaisons de la Guinée avec les marchés agricoles. Rapport Hill TA, Ashrafi H, Reyes-Chin-Wo S, Yao J, Stoffel K (2013). préliminaires. p.55. Characterization of Capsicum annuum Genetic Diversity Vijaya HM, Mallikarjuna Gowda AP, Nehru SD (2014). and Population Structure Based on Parallel Genetic variability, correlation coefficient and path Polymorphism Discovery with a 30K Unigene Pepper analysis in chilli (Capsicum annuum l.) genotypes. Res. Gene Chip. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56200. Envir on. Life Sci. 7(3):175- 178. IPGRI, AVRDC and CATIE, (1995). Descriptors for Capsicum Waongo L (2015). Phénotypage de treize (13) accessions de (Capsicum spp.). International Plant Genetic Resources piment local (Capsicum spp.) du Burkina. Master, Institute (IPGRI), Rome, Italy; the Asian Vegetable Université de. Ouagadougou, 54p. Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Taipei, Taiwan, and the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica. ISBN 92-9043-216-0, 110p. Junior SWC, Carvalho SIC, Duarte JB (2013). Identification of minimum descriptors for characterization of Capsicum spp. germplasm. Horticultura Brasileira 31: 190-202. Lahbib K, Bnejdi F, El Gazzah M, (2012) Genetic diversity evaluation of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Tunisia based on morphologic characters. Afri. J. Agric. Res. 7(23):3413-3417. Lee H-R, Cho M-C, Kim H-J, Park S-W, Kim B-D (2008). Marker Development for Erect versus Pendant- Orientated Fruit in Capsicum annuum L. Mol. Cells OS, 548-553 Marchenay P, Lagarde MF (1986). Guide de prospection à la recherche des variétés locales de plantes cultivées. Groupe de recherche et de développement sur le patrimoine génétique animal et végétal de la région Provence-Alpes-Cöte d'Azur, 211 p. Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Aménagements Hydro- agricoles (M.A.A.H), (2020). Annuaire des statistiques agricoles 2019. Version définitive. 434p. Nkansah GO, Ayarna A, Gbokie TJ (2011). Morphological and Yield Evaluation of Some Capsicum Pepper Lines in Two Agro-Ecological Zones of Ghana. J. Agron., 10: 84-91. Oboh G, Rocha JBT (2007). Distribution and antioxidant activity of polyphenols in ripe and unripe tree pepper (Capsicumm pubescens). J. Food Biochem 31: 456- 473. Ochoa-Alejo N, Ramirez-Malagon R (2001). Invited Review: In vitro chilli pepper biotechnology. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant 37:701-729. Ortiz R, Delgado de la Flor F, Alvarado G, Crossa J (2010). Classifying vegetable genetic resources- A case study with domesticated Capsicum spp. Scientia Horticulturae, 126 :186–191 Segnou J, Akoa A, Youmbi E, Njoya J (2012). Variabilité des caractères morphologiques et analyse des composantes
You can also read
