Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE

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Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt

 Mit Ergebnissen des Projektes
Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre
 MeSmarT
 A joint project of the
 Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen
 and the
 German Federal Maritime and Hydrograhic Agency
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
www.mesmart.de
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
• Ein großes Containerschiff so schmutzig wie 5Millionen Autos
• Die 15 größten Schiffe emittieren so viel Schwefel, wie alle PKWs weltweit
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Übersicht
• Warum sind Schiffsemissionen relevant?
• Was sind die gesetzlichen
 Rahmenbedingungen?
• Wie erfolgt die Überwachung?
• Welchen Einfluss hat das auf die
 Luftqualität?
• Wie sieht die Zukunft aus?
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

 What is emitted?
 Effects

NO, NO2 (nitrogen toxic, ozone formation,
oxides) eutrophication
 climate (regional, +Ozone, +RF) (global,
 -CH4, -RF)
SO2 (sulphur dioxide) acidification
 climate (regional, cloud formation, -RF)

PM (ultrafine toxic, carcinogen
particles) climate (regional, clouds, -RF)
soot, for soot –albedo (regional, +RF)
(PAH etc), heavy
metals

CO2 (carbon dioxide) climate global, +RF
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Health effects

www.mesmart.de
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Sind Schiffsemissionen ein vernachlässigbares oder
 nur ein regionales Problem?
 Einige Fakten:
 • 10 bis 15% des Treibstoffverbrauchs im Transportsektor
 • 2,5% der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen
 • 15% der globalen NOx-Emissionen
 • 8% der globalen SO2-Emissionen
 • 20% der Schiffsemissionen in der Nähe von Küsten
 • In 2030 in der Europäischen Union NOx von Schiffen = NOx
 von allen anderen Quellen

www.mesmart.de
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Amount of gaseous shipping emissions
 in Northern Europe

www.mesmart.de
Schadstoffemissionen durch die Schifffahrt Messungen von Schiffsemissionen in der marinen Troposphäre - HNEE
Szenario for 2030 – NO2

 Volker.Matthias@hzg.de
 10
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

Disclaimer: The presented work has been performed within the framework of the Sentinel-5 Precursor Validation Team or Level 1/Level 2 Product Working Group activities. Results are based on preliminary (not
fully calibrated/validated) Sentinel-5 Precursor data that are still subject to change.
Acknowledgement: Sentinel-5 Precursor is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission implemented on behalf of the European Commission (EC). The TROPOMI payload is a joint development by ESA and the
Netherlands Space Office (NSO). The Sentinel-5 Precursor ground-segment development has been funded by ESA and with national contributions from The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium.

 © Andreas.Richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

Disclaimer: The presented work has been performed within the framework of the Sentinel-5 Precursor Validation Team or Level 1/Level 2 Product Working Group activities. Results are based on preliminary (not
fully calibrated/validated) Sentinel-5 Precursor data that are still subject to change.
Acknowledgement: Sentinel-5 Precursor is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission implemented on behalf of the European Commission (EC). The TROPOMI payload is a joint development by ESA and the
Netherlands Space Office (NSO). The Sentinel-5 Precursor ground-segment development has been funded by ESA and with national contributions from The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium.

 © Andreas.Richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

Disclaimer: The presented work has been performed within the framework of the Sentinel-5 Precursor Validation Team or Level 1/Level 2 Product Working Group activities. Results are based on preliminary (not
fully calibrated/validated) Sentinel-5 Precursor data that are still subject to change.
Acknowledgement: Sentinel-5 Precursor is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission implemented on behalf of the European Commission (EC). The TROPOMI payload is a joint development by ESA and the
Netherlands Space Office (NSO). The Sentinel-5 Precursor ground-segment development has been funded by ESA and with national contributions from The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium.

 © Andreas.Richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
Satellite observations of changes in shipping

 • Pattern of
 shipping NO2
 close to
 Somalia has
 changed in
 2007
 • Probably in an
 attempt to
 evade pirates

www.mesmart.de
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

 Ship emissions
 Preliminary –total column with
 stratospheric AMF

Disclaimer: The presented work has been performed within the framework of the Sentinel-5 Precursor Validation Team or Level 1/Level 2 Product Working Group activities. Results are based on preliminary (not
fully calibrated/validated) Sentinel-5 Precursor data that are still subject to change.
Acknowledgement: Sentinel-5 Precursor is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission implemented on behalf of the European Commission (EC). The TROPOMI payload is a joint development by ESA and the
Netherlands Space Office (NSO). The Sentinel-5 Precursor ground-segment development has been funded by ESA and with national contributions from The Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium.

 © Andreas.Richter@iup.physik.uni-bremen.de
Observations of changes in shipping NO2
 • Trade and
 cargo volume
 is increasing
 • NO2 over
 shipping
 regions shows
 similar trend
 • Economic
 crisis in 2008
 created clear
 signature in
 both, trade
de Ruyter de Wildt, M., H. Eskes, and K. F. Boersma (2012), The global volume and
economic cycle and satellite-derived NO2 trends over shipping lanes,
Geophys. Res.Lett., 39, L01802, doi:10.1029/2011GL049541.
 shipping NOx

 www.mesmart.de
 16
Why should we care about shipping emissions?

• Increase in shipping volume
 leads to increase in the
 amount of shipping emissions
• Shipping emission can be
 transported hundreds of
 kilometers into the inland

 http://unctadstat.unctad.org

 Yearly ship traffic in the German Bight
 (www.wsd-nord.wsv.de)
Are there any regulations?
 Emission Control Areas (ECA)

 Weltweiter Schwefel-
 Grenzwert
 • 4,50 % bis 2012
 • 3,50 % seit 2012
 • 0,50 % ab 2020

 ECA Schwefel-
 Grenzwert
 • 1,50 % bis Juli 2010
 • 1,00 % ab Juli 2010
 • 0,10% seit 2015

 Vergleich:
 Schwefel im
 Dieselkraftstoff Für
 Quelle: EMSA

Quelle: www.deutsche-flagge.de Pkw: 0,001%
Are there any regulations?
 Regulation of NOx emissions MARPOL (VI)
 Marine Environment Protection Committee
 (MEPC 58, October 2008) adopted the
 revised MARPOL Annex VI and the
 associated NOx Technical Code 2008, which
 entered into force on 1 July 2010.

 • “Tier I” emission limit for engines
 installed after 1/1/ 1990 but prior to
 1/1/2000 (if an approved method for that engine has
 been certified by an Administration)

 • “Tier II” emission limit for engines
 installed after 1 January 2011

 • "Tier III" emission limit for engines
 installed after 1 January 2016 operating
 in NECAs.
 • North/Baltic Sea NECA starting in 2021
 • Euro 6 for cars: 60 to 80 mg/kWh
 trucks: 400 mg/kWh

 www.mesmart.de 19
Are there any regulations?
What about compliance monitoring?

 21
 AWI-IUP-Seminar SS 2018, September 10, 2018
What about compliance monitoring?
 Targeted monitoring
 • The challenge is to know the fuel (bunker oil) quality from as much ships as
 possible, only to find these ones which don’t comply to the current rules.
 • What, if each ship would just carry a flag, indicating the currently burned
 bunker oil quality? In this case we could just pick out the black sheep!

 The stack emission plume of
 each ship in operation carry
 this information.
 The only question is whether it
 is possible to read it and
 what is the best method to
 do.

 22
MeSmarT Messsysteme
A. Fernerkundung: Differentielle Optische AbsorptionsSpektroskopie
 von NO2 und SO2
B. In situ Messungen: NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, CO2 in der
 Umgebungsluft
 NO2

 Automatic
 Identification
 System
In situ imaging-DOAS
measurements (Multi-Axis-)MAX-DOAS
onshore, onboard

 www.mesmart.de
What about compliance monitoring?
 Wedel (Hamburg) as a pilot station

 AWI-IUP-Seminar SS 2018, September 10, 2018
What about compliance monitoring?

 Set-up of the measurement station Wedel:

Instrumentation:
 Measurement
• SO2, CO2, NOx, O3 station
 (in-situ)
• SO2, NO2 (MAX-
 Distance to
 DOAS and LP-
 passing ships:
 DOAS) 200-500 m
• Meteorological
 instruments:
 (p, T, wind,
 precipitation)
• AIS receiver for
 ship information
What about compliance monitoring?
 Method – estimation of FSCC

 2016-06-30 • Identification with NO
 • Peak integration of CO2 and
 SO2
 • Calculation of FSC:
 
 [%] = ∙ 0,232
 
 Time [UTC]

 1.09% ± 0,27% S m/m

 26
What about compliance monitoring?
Compliance monitoring - Results from 2015

 0,1 %
 1%
Monitoring compliance with sulfur content regulations of
shipping fuel by in situ measurements of ship emissions
L. Kattner, B. Mathieu-Üffing, J. P. Burrows, A. Richter, S. Schmolke, A. Seyler,
and F. Wittrock

http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/10087/2015/acp-15-10087-2015.html

 846 analyzed plumes of 589 analyzed plumes of 374
 474 individual ships individual ships
Compliance monitoring - Results from 2015

 1600
 2015
 1400 • 3497 analyzed
 1200
 Length of
 plumes of 1693

 0,15 %
 0,1 % ships in m individual ships
Number of ships

 1000
 >300
 250-300 • 69 plumes of 57
 800
 200-250 individual ships not
 600 150-200
 100-150
 compliant
 400
 50-100 • 98 % plumes
 200
 0-50
 compliant
 0

 Sulphur content in fuel [% m/m]
Compliance monitoring now
• In close cooperation with BSH, a compliance monitoring
 system has been developed and will be extended to further
 stations along the German coast

 offshore platform
 or ship
 Kadettrinne
 Kiel/NOK

 Density map by marinetraffic.com
 Neuwerkl Glücksstadt Rostock/
 Warnemünde
 Wedel
 existing
 existing station
 station
 Bremerhaven
 potential
 potential new
 new locations
 locations
 Neuwerk as former station
Compliance monitoring now

• Installation of fast and sensitive trace gas monitors, AIS receiver and
 meteorological station at frequented shipping lanes (Sniffer method)
• Automated analysis of plume measurement and ship allocation in near real-time (~1
• Reporting of suspicious ships to authorities for further inspection (E-Mail)
• Remote measurement give inspectors “clear ground” to take fuel samples

 (((( ))))
 ()
 AIS
 Operator
 SO2 NO particles CO2

 NO2 @
 E-Mail
Compliance monitoring now

 • Significant decrease of
 observed FSC since 2015
 • Non-compliance rate < 1%
 for Wedel and Bremerhaven
 (except 2015)
 • Higher non-compliance rate
 in Kiel might be caused by
 difference in route section
 (ships often pass Kiel Canal
 but do not call a German port)
Compliance monitoring now

 NOx Emission factors from NOx/CO2 ratio
 (all sites all data: 2014 – 2019, n=29890)
 Conversion of TIER I-III

 TIER I
 TIER II
 TIER III

 • > 80% are
 limits from g/kWh to g/kg fuel
 compliant with
 with specific fuel oil
 consumption factor of TIER I
 160-180 g/kWh and engine • Only 9% are
 rated speed 500-1500rpm compliant with
 TIER III
 • Shift to smaller
 EF is expected
 from 2021
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 Paper published in ACP

 34
Do regulations really change the air quality?
 Optical Remote Sensing with DOAS http://www.iup.uni-bremen.de/doas/doas_tutorial.htm

• DOAS: Differential Optical Absorption
 Spectroscopy
• Based on Beer–Lambert law
• Idea: Measure (straylight) spectra with different
 absorption characteristics Light Trace gas(es) Detector
• Fit absorption cross sections of multiple source
 absorbers (e.g. NO2, SO2, O3, H2O, O4)
 simultaneously to measured optical thickness
• Retrieved quantity:
 Slant column density (SCD) = Concentration of
 the absorber integrated the along light path

 35
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 MAX-DOAS Neuwerk
 • Additional data:
 – Weather station
 – Wind (HPA)
 – AIS (Automatic
 Identific. System)

• Two-channel MAX-DOAS (UV, Vis)
• Viewing towards the main shipping lane
• Several azimuthal viewing directions

 http://www.freie-tonne.de (16.07.2013)

 36
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 • Combining MAX-DOAS,
 AIS (Automatic
 Identification System)
 and wind data
 • Emission peaks clearly
 visible
 • Most peaks can be
 allocated to single ships
 • High sensitivity to
 background air

 37
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 Vorteil der MAX-DOAS-Methode
• Vertikalprofile: Höhenverteilung der Plume
• Azimuthales scannen ermöglicht Untersuchungen der
 Horizontalbewegung
• Unabhängig von der Windrichtung:
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 Klassifizierung:
 Blauer Sektor: Wind von
 der offenen See, nur
 Schiffsemissionen
 Grüner Sektor:
 hauptächlich landbasierte
 Emissionen (Industrie,
 Straßenverkehr, …)
 Gelber Sektor: Mix aller
 Quellen

 39
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 Since 2015, the relative contribution of
 shipping to SO2 decreased to 14%

 40
Do regulations really change the air quality?

 Vergleich Beiträge Schiffe vs. Land
 Beiträge zum Gesamt-NO2 bzw. SO2
 Volumenmischungsverhältnis:
NO2
gesamter
Zeitraum

 auffallend
 ähnlich!
SO2
2013-2014
1% Schwefel Mittleres SO2 VMR sinkt
 von 0.35 auf 0.13 ppb
 Anteil daran, der sicher
 Schiffen zugeordnet
SO2 werden kann: sinkt von
seit 2015
0.1% Schwefel
 0.072 ppb auf 0.009 ppb
  Faktor 8 weniger SO2
 41
Zusammenfassung
• Schifffahrt ist ein weiterhin stark wachsender Industriezweig, der
 aufgrund seiner Emissionen einer stärkeren Regulierung bedarf
• Der Beitrag der Schifffahrt zum Schadstoffausstoß ist signifikant, aber
 nur in Extremfällen dominierend gegenüber anderen Quellen

• Erste gesetzliche Rahmenbedingungen zur Reduzierung des
 Schwefelgehalts sind in Nord- und Ostsee erfolgreich umgesetzt
 worden
• In situ aber auch Fernerkundungssysteme können und werden zur
 Überwachung gesetzlicher Regelungen genutzt – und führen
 offensichtlich auch zu deren Einhaltung
• Optische Fernerkundungs-Messungen in der Deutschen Bucht
 zeigen eine signifikante Reduzierung der Schwefelbelastung in der
 Deutschen Bucht seit Januar 2015
 -> ähnliche Ergebnisse zukünftig für Stickoxide?

 MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
Ausblick
• Was macht die Schifffahrtsindustrie in Bezug auf Schadstoff- und
 Treibhausgasemissionen respektive muss sie machen?

 • Schwefelemissionen: Verwendung von schwefelarmen
 Treibstoff und oder Filtertechniken
 • Stickoxid- und Partikelemissionen: Bessere Motorentechnik,
 Katalysatoren/Filter, Verwendung von LNG

 • Selbstverpflichtung im Rahmen internationaler
 Klimaabkommen:
 Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen bis 2050 um 50% im Vergleich
 zu 2008

 MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
Ausblick
Wie kann dieses Ziel erreicht werden?
• Reduktion der Geschwindigkeit – 17-34%
• Technische Verbesserungen an Schiffsrumpf und Antrieb: bis ~10%
• Verbesserte Routenführung: bis ~5%

• Problem: Techniken zur Schadstoffreduktion kosten zum Teil
 Energie

• Umstellung auf LNG: signifikante Verbesserung hinsichtlich
 Schadstoffemissionen, aber nur 8-9% Verbesserung hinsichtlich
 der CO2-Emissionen!!

 MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
Ausblick
Zwingend Notwendig:
• Alternative Antriebsformen, z.B. Wind, Nuklear (bitte nicht)

• Alternative Treibstoffe

 MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
Antrieb der Zukunft in der Schifffahrt:

Mein Tipp:

Brennstoffzellen mit
Biomethanol/Ammoniak …

 MeSmarT – Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the marine Troposphere
Danke für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!

 50
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