State of Global Aviation Safety - SAFETY - 2013 Edition
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SAFETY
State of Global Aviation Safety
2013 Edition
Evolving Toward a Risk-based
Aviation Safety Strategy
The safety of the global air transport system is the This unique approach is achieved by identifying and
International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO’s) guiding monitoring global aviation safety metrics that form the
and most fundamental Strategic Objective. basis for practical risk analysis and provide context for
the Organization’s actions and programmes aimed at
ICAO constantly strives to improve aviation safety outcomes improving global air transport safety performance.
through the following coordinated activities:
This publication is presented to both review the accom-
• Monitoring of key safety trends and indicators. plishments and initiatives that continue to drive aviation
• Safety Analysis. safety improvements, as well as to motivate and inspire
• Policy and Standardization initiatives. air transport stakeholders to participate in the innovative
• Implementation of programmes and practical suite of programmes being implemented
to address safety issues. to improve all aspects of safety performance.
This second print edition of the ICAO State of Global Aviation
Safety is intended to provide Member States, aviation
stakeholders and the travelling public with a comprehensive
overview of ICAO’s contributions through its leadership in
affecting aviation safety outcomes worldwide.
State of Global Aviation Safety 1
© 2013, International Civil Aviation Organization
Published in Montréal, Canada
International Civil Aviation Organization
999 University Street
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
H3C 5H7
www.icao.int
Disclaimer
This report makes use of information, including air transport and safety-
related data and statistics which is furnished to the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) by third parties. All third-party content was obtained from
sources believed to be reliable and was accurately reproduced in the report at
the time of printing. However, ICAO specifically does not make any warranties
or representations as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of such
information and accepts no liability or responsibility arising from reliance upon
or use of the same. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily
reflect individual or collective opinions or official positions of ICAO Member
States.
Note:
The United Nations’ taxonomy of world regions and RASG areas are used in
this report and is described in the appendices. This document focuses primarily
on scheduled commercial flights, the data for which is based on the Official
Airline Guide (OAG) combined with internal ICAO preliminary estimates.
2 State of Global Aviation Safety
Contents
Executive Summary........................................................4 Implementation.............................................................22
Support Activities..........................................................22
Runway Safety Programme – A success story.................6
Safety Collaborative Assistance Network (SCAN)...........22
2010–2012 Aviation Traffic Growth..................................8 Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE)...................22
Runway Safety Programme........................................22
Policy and Standardization..............................................9
Assistance Success Stories............................................23
Support through Strategic Leadership:
International Organizations.........................................23
ICAO’s Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP).......................10
State-to-State Assistance............................................24
Safety Management......................................................11
Stakeholders.............................................................27
Safety Monitoring..........................................................12 Investment Institutions...............................................28
ICAO’s Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme.........12 Aircraft Manufacturers...............................................29
Global Effective Implementation by Technical Area...........12 Technical Initiatives.......................................................29
Regional Results and Safety Indicators............................13 Accident Investigation and Support.............................29
USOAP State Performance.............................................14 Flight Operations.......................................................31
Training....................................................................32
Safety Analysis..............................................................15
Aerodromes..............................................................33
Global Accident Rates...................................................15
Aviation Medicine......................................................34
Regional Accident Statistics............................................16
Safety Intelligence.........................................................17
Appendix I..................................................................36
Regional Safety.............................................................18
Appendix II.................................................................41
Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs)........................18
RASG Safety Analysis....................................................19 Appendix III................................................................45
Traffic Volume by RASG................................................19
Appendix IV................................................................47
RASG Accident Rates....................................................19
Preliminary 2013 Data..................................................20 Appendix V.................................................................49
USOAP Results............................................................21
State of Global Aviation Safety 3
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Over the last triennium, traffic volumes have experienced commercial operators, representing an increase
continuous and sustained growth. In 2012, approximately of 3.5 per cent over the three-year period.
31.2 million departures were performed by scheduled
Figure 1: Worldwide Traffic Volume (millions of departures)
2008 28.9
2009 27.9
2010 29.0
2011 30.1
2012 31.2
The air transport system carried approximately 2.9 billion ICAO is committed to developing proactive and risk-
passengers in 2012, representing a 5.5 per cent increase based solutions to reduce the global accident rate and the
in scheduled commercial revenue passenger-kilometers Organization calls on the aviation community to recognize
(RPKs) over the previous year. the importance of adhering to a globally harmonized
approach to improving and monitoring safety.
In addition, today’s expanding aviation system comprises
multiple and interrelated systems that are geopolitically Compared to 2011, the number of accidents1 in 2012
diverse, technologically complex and highly multidisciplinary. decreased by 21 per cent and the number of fatalities
In light of the complexity and anticipated sustained decreased by 10 per cent making 2012 the safest year
expansion of the industry, continued efforts to improve with regard to fatalities since 2004.
safety are essential.
Due to the reduction in accidents, combined with the
increase in departures, the global accident rate involving
scheduled commercial operations for 2012 has decreased
significantly to 3.2 accidents per million departures.
1
As defined in ICAO Annex 13
4 State of Global Aviation Safety
Executive Summary
Accident Rates
Figure 2: Global Accident Rate (accidents per million departures)
2008 4.8
2009 4.1
2010 4.2
2011 4.2
2012 3.2
Proactive Monitoring
and Improving Safety
ICAO’s Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme (USOAP) and progress sector-wide, ICAO remains focused on the
provides in-depth information about a State’s level of effective implementation and development of new safety initiatives.
implementation of ICAO Standards and Recommended The Runway Safety Programme, Fatigue Risk Management
Practices (SARPs). This information is relied upon for high- Systems and Safety Collaborative Assistance Networks (SCAN)
level planning purposes within the Organization as it has are only a few examples of how ICAO is working with stake-
been shown to be a leading safety indicator. Results in 2012 holders to identify, manage and eliminate hazards.
indicate that 55 per cent of audited states are at or above the
global Effective Implementation average of 61 per cent. The Organization is committed to improving aviation safety
and enabling seamless cooperation and communication
ICAO recognizes the value of cooperation and the need between stakeholders. ICAO continues to collaborate
to coordinate the different roles of States, ANSPs, airports, with established regional organizations, such as regional
industry, international and regional aviation safety organi- aviation safety groups (RASGs) and regional safety oversight
zations that continually work together to implement safety organizations (RSOOs), and to promote the training and
policies, oversight activities, State safety programmes and support necessary to address emerging safety issues.
safety management systems. To keep pace with expansion
State of Global Aviation Safety 5
Runway Safety Programme – A success story
Runway Safety Programme –
A success story
Historical observations have shown that accidents are management, airport operations, flight operations as well as
normally the result of contributing factors across multiple the design and manufacturing sector. As part of the Runway
aspects of the aviation system. ICAO initiatives such as Safety Programme, regional seminars have been delivered
the Runway Safety Programme are therefore taking a in all ICAO regions to promote and support the establishment
multidisciplinary approach, requiring collaboration among of multidisciplinary runway safety teams (RSTs). Through
regulatory authorities as well as stakeholders in air traffic the implementation of safety management practices, RSTs
Figure 3: Runway Safety Related Accidents and Fatalities
Runway Safety Related Accidents Runway Safety Related Fatalities
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
6 State of Global Aviation Safety
share best practices and other innovative approaches fatalities, with accidents falling from nearly 60% in the 2006
to continuously reduce risks encountered in the critical to 2011 benchmark period to 48% in 2012 and fatalities,
takeoff and landing flight phases. The statistics from falling from an average of 18% in the same benchmark
2012 indicate that the aviation community’s response has period to 1% in 2012.
been effective as there has been a marked decline in the
percentage of runway safety related accidents and associated
Runway Safety Programme Partners
State of Global Aviation Safety 7
2010–2012 Aviation Traffic Growth
2010–2012 Aviation Traffic Growth
The global air transport industry has experience sustained
growth over the last triennium.2
TABLE 1: Departures by UN Region: 2010 vs. 2012
UN Region Number of 2010 departures Number of 2012 departures
North America 10,624,134 10,771,799
Asia 7,629,403 8,472,960
Europe 7,263,218 6,986,672
Latin America and the Caribbean 2,976,575 2,971,311
Oceania 1,048,396 1,030,631
Africa 1,014,787 944,168
Source:
WorldICAO Air Transport Reporting Forms A and A-S plus ICAO estimates 30,556,513 31,177,541
When comparing the volume of traffic by UN region from vary with Asia continuing to be the second-highest region
2010 to 2012, two facts become evident. Firstly, despite in terms of traffic volume after experiencing strong annual
continued economic pressures, global air traffic has growth over the three year period.
continued to grow and secondly, that regional growth rates
2
Traffic statistics are for performed scheduled commercial operations.
8 State of Global Aviation SafetyPolicy and Standardization
Policy and Standardization
With air traffic projected to double in the next 15 years, The policies, procedures and systems that allow civil aviation
current and emerging safety risks must be addressed to realize this mandate while remaining safe, secure, efficient
proactively to ensure that this significant capacity expansion and environmentally sustainable are prescribed within ICAO’s
is carefully managed and supported through strategic coordinated international Standards and Recommended
regulatory and infrastructure developments. Practices (SARPs).
It is therefore imperative that States and regions remain The Organization has many ongoing projects addressing
focused on establishing, updating and addressing their a wide range of safety issues, many of which have been
safety priorities as they continue to encourage expansion detailed under the Implementation section beginning
of their air transport sectors. on page 22.
To ensure that continuous safety improvement and All of these activities are harmonized by the principles and
harmonized global air navigation modernization advance objectives outlined in ICAO’s Global Aviation Safety Plan
hand-in-hand, global, regional and State aviation safety (GASP) as well as the new Annex 19 on Safety Management.
planning is essential.
ICAO’s Global Plans define the means and targets by which
ICAO, States and aviation stakeholders can anticipate
and efficiently manage air traffic growth while proactively
maintaining or increasing safety.
To ensure that continuous
safety improvement and
harmonized global air
navigation modernization
advance hand-in-hand,
global, regional and
State aviation safety
planning is essential.
State of Global Aviation Safety 9Policy and Standardization
Support through Strategic Leadership:
ICAO’s Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP)
Recognizing the importance of a global framework to support A key priority of the GASP is to continually reduce the global
ICAO’s Strategic Objectives for the safety and sustainability accident rate through a structured and progressive approach
of the air transportation system, the Organization developed comprising near-, mid- and long-term objectives. In addition,
and began to implement its strategic Global Aviation Safety the GASP objectives are supported through specific safety
Plan (GASP) in 1997. The 37th Session of the Assembly initiatives that are categorized according to distinct Safety
confirmed the Organization’s intent to continue to apply the Performance Enablers.
GASP as a strategic tool for safety enhancement, focusing
action where it is most needed. The Plan recognizes that States and regions face varying
safety challenges and provides a means for establishment
The changes that the GASP has undergone were driven of priorities within the global framework. In this way, the
mainly by its strengthened role as a high-level policy, plan- initiatives included in the GASP will serve to deliver tailored
ning and implementation document guiding complementary progress within the framework of each Member State’s
and sector-wide air transport progress in conjunction with safety oversight capabilities, their safety management culture
the ICAO Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP). In July of 2013, as well as with the implementation of a safety structure
the ICAO Council approved the first edition of the revised necessary to support the air navigation systems of the future.
Global Aviation Safety Plan and submitted the document for
endorsement by the 38th Session of the Assembly. The high-level GASP objectives involve the continuous
enhancement of safety and quality in aviation operations.
The GASP specifically establishes targeted safety objectives This is achieved through the promotion of collaborative
and initiatives while ensuring the efficient and effective approaches including increased sharing of safety information
coordination of complementary safety activities between as well as the prioritization of necessary investments in the
all stakeholders. In this latest iteration of the GASP, the people, technologies and assistance projects required to
objectives and related initiatives have evolved to reflect improve safety worldwide. The GASP will continue to focus
progress in the implementation of proactive safety manage- on improvements in regions experiencing significant traffic
ment practices for Member States and industry. They are growth, or continuing to encounter specific safety challenges.
furthermore aligned with ICAO’s strategic planning processes.
10 State of Global Aviation SafetyPolicy and Standardization
Safety
Management
In February of 2013 the ICAO Council adopted a new Annex recommendations subsequently underwent a rigorous review
to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Annex 19 – and approval process. Through the collaborative efforts
Safety Management, with an applicability date of November of all stakeholders, Annex 19 was adopted by the Council
2013, is the first Annex to be adopted in over 30 years. less than two years after the SMP was established.
The new Annex comprises Standards and Recommended
Practices (SARPs) related to the implementation of State To support the new Annex, ICAO has also published a revised
safety programmes (SSP) and safety management systems Safety Management Manual (Doc 9859), containing updated
(SMS), including provisions for the collection, analysis, guidance material related to the elements of the SSP and SMS
protection and exchange of safety information. These framework ICAO will continue to update Annex 19, based on
requirements are essential to the successful evolution of the feedback and experience gained by Member States and
a proactive safety strategy. industry stakeholders. More information regarding Annex 19
can be found on the ICAO safety management public website
The development of Annex 19 was based on recommenda- (www.icao.int/safety/safetymanagement).
tions of the 2010 ICAO High-level Safety Conference (HLSC)
which concluded that overarching provisions related to State ICAO is in the process of producing a Standardized Training
safety management responsibilities should be contained in Package (STP) as part of its obligation to communicate and
a single Annex. As a result, the First Edition of Annex 19 support the implementation of safety management Standards
consolidates safety management provisions initially adopted and Recommended Practices (SARPs). This STP will primarily
in Annex 1 — Personnel Licensing, Annex 6 — Operation target State regulatory and administrative personnel involved
of Aircraft, Annex 8 — Airworthiness of Aircraft, Annex 11 in the implementation and operation of State safety programmes
— Air Traffic Services, Annex 13 — Aircraft Accident and (SSP). It will also provide guidance to service providers to
Incident Investigation and Annex 14 — Aerodromes. Safety support the implementation and operation of safety manage-
management requirements specific to a single area of ment systems (SMS). This training package is based on
aviation activity have been retained in their respective Annex 19 and the SMM 3rd Edition, and is targeted for
Annexes. Annex 19 also broadens the scope of State safety evaluation in early 2014.
oversight responsibilities, to become applicable to all types
of aviation service providers. The STP will consist of a blended learning approach, combining
computer-based training (CBT, or e learning) with an optional
ICAO worked in close cooperation with Member States module for group exercises involving certain safety manage-
and international organizations throughout the Annex 19 ment tools. The CBT portion will provide participants with
development process. The Safety Management Panel (SMP), a homogeneous level of knowledge on safety management,
established by the Air Navigation Commission in June 2011, while the exercises will reinforce the concepts that they can
provided recommendations for the new Annex. The SMP’s then apply to implement safety management provisions.
State of Global Aviation Safety 11Safety Monitoring
Safety Monitoring
ICAO’s Universal Safety
Oversight Audit Programme
The ICAO Universal Safety Oversight Audit Programme are tools developed to enable ICAO to perform the detailed
(USOAP) has unquestionably contributed to improving the reviews of States safety oversight systems for civil aviation.
safety of international civil aviation in all regions of the world.
Transparency and the sharing of information associated
At the heart of the programme’s success lies the fundamental with the evolution of the audit programme have likewise
process of identifying deficiencies through the safety over- contributed to improving safety. The unobstructed availability
sight audits, encouraging States to develop and implement of timely, unbiased and authoritative safety information
plans to correct the deficiencies, and to create a guide for is essential for sound decision-making and cost-effective
future improvements. investments of human and financial resources.
As of 2012, ICAO had completed 183 comprehensive systems These USOAP audit results complement information already
approach (CSA) audits, accounting for 96 per cent of all available and enhance our knowledge and understanding
Member States having oversight responsibility for 99 per cent of the specific areas where we should focus our efforts.
of all international air traffic. The remaining States have not
been audited, mainly due to United Nations security related
travel restrictions.
Global Effective Implementation
by Technical Area
Recognizing that standardization is a fundamental tenet of
a safe air transport system, ICAO continues to increase the USOAP results were obtained for each of the eight technical
efficiency and transparency of all aspects of its audit process. areas. The global average results for each area are shown
in figure 4.
The State Aviation Activity Questionnaire (SAAQ), the Compli-
ance Checklists, and the USOAP Audit Manager application
FIGURE 4: Global Audit Results: Effective Implementation of Safety Oversight by Technical Area
Primary aviation legislation
and civil aviation
70%
Civil aviation organization 63%
Personnel licensing
and training
71%
Aircraft operations 66%
Airworthiness of aircraft 73%
Aircraft accident and
incident investigation
51%
Air navigation services 53%
Aerodromes 58%
12 State of Global Aviation SafetySafety Monitoring
Regional Results
and Safety Indicators
Effective State safety oversight capabilities as measured by effective implementation scores above the global average
USOAP provide a proactive indicator of safety performance. of 60 per cent, with two regions (Africa and Oceania) below
This shows which regions have high variability in terms the global average. In addition, the length of each vertical line
of level of effective implementation. depicts the range of effective implementation among States
within each region, indicating a wide variance within five of the
Figure 5 provides an overview of effective implementation six United Nations regions. This shows which regions have
of USOAP Critical Elements (CEs) per United Nations region high variability in terms of level of effective implementation.
as of 2012. As illustrated, four regions have aggregate
FIGURE 5: USOAP Effective Implementation Level by United Nations Region
95%
95% 74% Europe
91% 93% Northern America
99%
93% 92%
27%
69% Asia
Latin America
and the Caribbean 67% 84%
44% Africa 32%
6% Oceania 48%
21%
4%
61% World
4% 99%
State of Global Aviation Safety 13Safety Monitoring
USOAP State Performance
States, listed in alphabetical order, having Effective
Implementation above the global average of 61 per cent.
States having Effective
Implementation above
the global average
Argentina Croatia Ghana Latvia Philippines Togo
Armenia Cuba Greece Lithuania Poland Trinidad and Tobago
Australia Cyprus Guatemala Luxembourg Portugal Tunisia
Austria Czech Republic Honduras Malaysia Republic of Korea Turkey
Belgium Democratic People’s Hungary Malta Romania Turkmenistan
Belize Republic of Korea India Mauritania Russian Federation Ukraine
Bolivia Denmark Indonesia Mexico Saudi Arabia United Arab
(Plurinational State of) Dominican Republic Iran Mongolia Serbia Emirates
Bosnia and Ecuador (Islamic Republic of) United Kingdom
Herzegovina Montenegro Singapore
Egypt Ireland of Great Britain and
Brazil Morocco Slovakia Northern Ireland
El Salvador Israel
Brunei Darussalam Netherlands Slovenia United States
Estonia Italy of America
Bulgaria New Zealand South Africa
Ethiopia Japan Uzbekistan
Canada Nicaragua Spain
Fiji Jordan Venezuela
Cape Verde Nigeria Sri Lanka
Finland Kenya (Bolivarian Republic of)
Chile Norway Sudan
France Kuwait Zimbabwe
China Pakistan Sweden
Gambia Kyrgyzstan
Colombia Panama Switzerland
Germany Lao People’s
Costa Rica Peru Thailand
Democratic Republic
14 State of Global Aviation SafetySafety Analysis
Safety Analysis
The purpose of this chapter is to present the results and As these analytical tools mature, information derived from
conclusions of the safety analysis performed at ICAO. In them will provide the basis for safety intelligence and will
addition, this section highlights recently developed tools serve to refine ICAO’s safety strategy and guide the allocation
and analytical capabilities available at ICAO that will assist of resources to effectively address specific safety risks.
the Organization to better understand and manage factors
affecting aviation safety.
Global Accident Rates
As its primary indicator of aggregate safety in the global Exposure data is comprised of scheduled commercial operations
air transport sector, ICAO studies the accident rate based that involve the transportation of passengers, cargo and mail
on scheduled commercial operations involving aircraft having for remuneration or hire.
a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) above 2250 kg. Aircraft
accidents are categorized using the definition provided in Figure 6 shows the change in the accident rate over the previous
Annex 13—Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation five years, with 2012 having an accident rate of 3.2 accidents
to the Chicago Convention. per million departures, the lowest recorded since ICAO began
tracking the global accident rate.
FIGURE 6: Global Accident Rate (accidents per million departures)
2008 4.8
2009 4.1
2010 4.2
2011 4.2
2012 3.2
State of Global Aviation Safety 15Safety Analysis
Regional Accident Statistics
While regional accident rates are often used to determine While Africa had the highest regional accident rate, it also
safety performance, the volatility of such indicators varies accounted for the lowest percentage of global traffic volume,
significantly according to the wide disparity in regional about 3 per cent of scheduled commercial departures.
traffic volumes. Larger traffic volumes reduce the impact of
individual accidents on the overall accident rate, requiring The Asian region has an accident rate below the global rate.
complementary data to provide a more complete picture of Approximately 13 per cent of the accidents in this region
the scope and nature of regional safety outcomes resulted in fatalities.
To further analyse the state of aviation safety, the accident While the accident rate for the geographic European region
data for scheduled commercial air transport is categorized is marginally above the global accident rate, 3 accidents
according to United Nations regions, based on the State resulted in fatalities.
of occurrence for each accident.
While the Latin American and Caribbean accident rate
Table 2 provides insight into the state of aviation safety in is higher than average, the relatively small percentage of
different regions in the context of global outcomes. It should traffic in the region leads to volatility in the accident rate.
be noted that for the second consecutive year, none of the
regional accident rates were greater than twice the global rate.
TABLE 2: Accident Statistics and Accident Rates: 2012
Accidents
UN Region Traffic (thousands) Number Rate3 Fatal Accidents
Africa 944 5 5.3 2
Asia 8,473 23 2.7 3
Europe 6,987 30 4.3 3
Latin America and the Caribbean 2,971 12 4.0 1
Northern America 10,772 29 2.7 0
Oceania 1,031 0 0 0
World 31,178 99 3.2 9
3
The accident rate is defined by the number of accidents per million departures
16 State of Global Aviation SafetySafety Analysis
Despite having the highest number of accidents, the The Organization accomplished its objectives in this
Northern America region has an accident rate below the regard through identification and analysis of multiple
world average. Northern America experienced no fatal data sources including:
accidents for the year 2012.
• Accident statistics,
The Oceanic region did not experience any accidents in • USOAP audit results,
scheduled commercial air transport for the year 2012. • Economic indicators,
• Fleet composition and age,
Table 3 reflects the percentage of accidents in the context • Weather,
of overall traffic share per region. • Infrastructure,
• Traffic volume and traffic growth,
ICAO’s Safety Intelligence initiative provides additional • Traffic distribution factors including the proportion
insights to complement these high-level indicators. of domestic traffic vs. international flights flown
by a State’s AOC holders vs. foreign operators
Safety Intelligence Safety Intelligence enables the Organization to create a
holistic understanding of safety issues by consolidating and
In 2010, ICAO initiated a risk-assessment process to benchmarking a number of safety performance indicators and
enhance aviation safety. This concept has evolved to providing guidance used to develop assistance for Member
Safety Intelligence, which provides actionable information States, regional and sub-regional organizations.
used to drive ICAO’s safety strategy and programmes.
TABLE 3: Accidents and Traffic Distribution: 2012
Percentages
UN Region Traffic Accidents
Africa 3% 5%
Asia 27% 18%
Europe 22% 24%
Latin America and the Caribbean 10% 9%
Northern America 35% 23%
Oceania 3% 0%
State of Global Aviation Safety 17Regional Safety
Regional Safety
Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs)
In line with the ICAO Global Aviation Safety Plan, ICAO Within the GASP framework, RASGs build on the work
Regional Aviation Safety Groups (RASGs) serve to ensure already done by States and existing subregional organizations
effective harmonization and coordination of all efforts and such as cooperative development of operational safety and
programmes aimed at reducing aviation safety risks. continuing airworthiness programmes (COSCAPs) and/
or regional safety oversight organizations (RSOOs). RASGs
This type of broad-based and coordinated approach significantly also support the establishment and operation of regional
lessens the financial and human resource burden on States performance-based safety systems.
in the affected regions while delivering measurable improve-
ments to benefit local aviation safety performance outcomes.
RASG-EUR
RASG-MID
RASG-PA
RASG-APAC
RASG-AFI
18 State of Global Aviation SafetyRegional Safety
RASG Safety Analysis Traffic Volume by RASG
The following sections provide an overview of the various Traffic volume for each RASG area is shown in the figure
safety analysis and monitoring indicators tracked by ICAO below. The traffic distribution figures below reflect the
for each RASG. Each RASG produces its own safety report composition of RASGs, which are organized around ICAO
on a regular basis; however, the results presented below regional offices in contrast to UN geopolitical regions.
show the consolidated results by RASG area on a global
scale for the first time.
FIGURE 7: 2012 Performed Scheduled Commercial Departures
RASG-PA
RASG-APAC
RASG-EUR
RASG-MID
RASG-AFI
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Millions
RASG Accident Rates
Figure 8 provides insight into the accident rates for each of million departures, whereas the Middle East RASG has the
the RASGs during the year 2012. The Africa-Indian Ocean lowest accident rate with 1.9 accidents per million departures.
RASG has the highest accident rate with 6 accidents per
FIGURE 8: Accident Rate by RASG Area - 2012
Scheduled Commercial Operation
7.0
Accidents per Million Departures
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.1
4.0
3.0
3.0 2.5
1.9
2.0
1.0
0.0
RASG-AFI RASG-APAC RASG-EUR RASG-MID RASG-PA
State of Global Aviation Safety 19Regional Safety
Preliminary 2013 Data
The number of scheduled commercial accidents during the Thirty-six (36) scheduled commercial accidents were known
first six months of 2013 by RASG area is shown below. as of the date of publication, 2 of which were fatal.
FIGURE 9: 2013 Preliminary Number of Accidents by RASG Area
RASG-PA
RASG-EUR
RASG-APAC
RASG-MID
RASG-AFI
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
20 State of Global Aviation SafetyRegional Safety
USOAP Results
The following provides an indication of USOAP results, RASG area. RASG-PA has the highest level of variability
measured as Effective Implementation (EI), for states in each between state EI levels.
FIGURE 10: USOAP Effective Implementation Level by RASG Area
96%
72% RASG-EUR
92%
95%
99%
RASG-PA 67% RASG-MID 67%
79%
29% 63% RASG-APAC
6%
41% RASG-AFI 21%
4%
61% World
4% 99%
State of Global Aviation Safety 21Implementation
Implementation
Support Activities
Safety Collaborative Assistance Network (SCAN) The MoU calls for the establishment of a Steering Group
which is responsible for the development and the effective
During the ICAO High-level Safety Conference in functioning of the GSIE. Led by ICAO, the Steering Group has
March 2010, a proposal was made for the creation of a worked towards enhancing collection, coordination, analysis
group to facilitate transparency and information sharing. and exchange of aviation safety information among GSIE
members as well as to disseminate pertinent information
From this proposal, the Safety Collaborative Assistance to the global aviation community.
Network (SCAN) was formed to serve as facilitator and
coordinator for the exchange of safety-related information The group is supporting the harmonization of global perfor-
regarding financial and technical assistance projects mance indicators. ICAO and IATA are specifically working
and activities. together to publish an annual harmonized accident rate using
agreed-upon metrics between the two organizations.
SCAN provides a new communications channel for
discussions amongst donors and assistance providers In the area of safety risk analyses, the GSIE has identified
regarding ongoing projects and planning needs for future and the parties involved have agreed to address collectively
assistance endeavors. SCAN assists with matching donors the following high-risk areas: runway safety, controlled flight
to worthwhile projects and enables potential donors to into terrain (CFIT) and loss of control–inflight (LOC-I). As an
analyse where assistance is needed. This allows donors example of this collaboration, the U.S. Commercial Aviation
and assistance providers to avoid costly and time-consuming Safety Team (CAST) agreed to share its safety metrics with
duplication of efforts. the ICAO Regional Aviation Safety Group-Pan America
(RASG-PA) to support the evaluation of safety enhancements
SCAN is compiling a list of existing assistance programmes for targeted risk areas in this region. CAST is developing
and proposed assistance projects in need of funding, based safety metrics to be shared with RASG-PA and it is expected
upon an analysis of safety-related data from a variety that this data will assist other RASGs and their members
of sources. SCAN participants include focal points from to assess the effectiveness of adopted safety enhancements
governmental agencies, regional groups, manufacturers, in the high-risk areas identified.
financial institutions and aviation organizations that provide
financial and/or technical assistance pertaining to civil aviation. Runway Safety Programme
ICAO is working with States to develop targeted plans of Aviation has achieved a remarkable safety record, with
action to address safety oversight deficiencies through risk- fewer than 4 accidents experienced per million departures
based analysis. The results of the analysis and information worldwide. Nonetheless, runway-related event categories
on assistance opportunities are shared through SCAN. consistently represent a large percentage of accidents on
a yearly basis.
Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE)
Improvements in runway safety are therefore essential if
In the spirit of promoting aviation safety, the Department of we are to achieve our overall objective to continually reduce
Transportation of the United States, the Commission of the the global accident rate, as well as related fatalities, despite
European Union, the International Air Transport Association a continual increase in air traffic for the foreseeable future.
(IATA) and ICAO signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) on a Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE) on As a result, the international aviation community has called
28 September 2010 during the 37th Session of the ICAO upon ICAO to demonstrate leadership in the effort to reduce
Assembly. The objective of the GSIE is to identify information the number of runway-related accidents and incidents.
that can be exchanged between the parties to enhance risk Through its Runway Safety Programme, ICAO aims to
reduction activities in the area of aviation safety. coordinate a global effort to enhance runway safety.
22 State of Global Aviation SafetyImplementation
Assistance Success Stories
Historical analysis has taught us that accidents are normally The cooperative spirit of ICAO’s Member States, stakeholders,
the result of contributing factors across multiple aspects of investment institutions and aircraft manufacturers has been
the aviation system. The ICAO Runway Safety Programme is consistently demonstrated through financial and technical
therefore taking a multidisciplinary approach, requiring collab- assistance projects that have succeeded in raising the level
oration among regulatory authorities as well as stakeholders of aviation safety.
in air traffic management, airport operations, flight operations
as well as the design and manufacturing sector. International Organizations
The aim is to share best practices and other innovative IATA (International Air Transport Association)
approaches being developed by aviation safety experts to
continuously reduce risks encountered in the critical takeoff Aviation supports nearly 7 million jobs in Africa. The continent’s
and landing flight phases. governments have much to gain from pursuing air transport
growth and connectivity. But for a region with the world’s
As part of the Runway Safety Programme, ICAO convened the worst safety rate, improved safety is central to that goal.
Global Runway Safety Symposium (GRSS) at its Headquarters
in May 2011. From this symposium, the framework for a In May 2012, IATA, in collaboration with ICAO and a host
series of regional runway safety workshops was identified, of other organizations, committed to an Africa Strategic
with commitment gained from partnering organizations for Safety Improvement Action Plan aimed at addressing safety
continued support and involvement. These regional seminars deficiencies and strengthening regulatory oversight in the
have been delivered in all ICAO regions following the themes region by 2015.
of the Global Runway Safety Symposium. These seminars
have provided regional-specific dialogue and guidance The safety plan was further enhanced by the commitment
through the sharing of information and the identification of of Africa’s Directors General of Civil Aviation and by the
best practices to enhance runway safety. Six regional runway Extraordinary Session of the Conference of Ministers
safety seminars were delivered in 2012 — in Amsterdam, of Transport held in Abuja, Nigeria, July 2012. This
Amman, Bali, Quito, Cape Town and Moscow. Two regional commitment, has been formalized in a document referred
runway safety seminars were delivered in the first half of to as the ‘Abuja Declaration’.
2013 — in Agadir, Morocco and St. John’s, Antigua and
Barbuda. The primary objective of the seminars is to promote The plan is based on the following key priorities:
and support the establishment of multidisciplinary runway
safety teams (RSTs) at individual airports. • Implementation of an effective and transparent regulatory
oversight system. All African operators to implement
Additionally, a survey to monitor progress on the establishment the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA)
of RSTs was distributed to the aviation community and a RST
Handbook was developed in close collaboration with ICAO’s • Implementation of runway safety measures
runway safety partners and is in the process of being finalized.
• Training on preventing loss of control
• Implementation of flight data analysis (FDA) to be
supported through the IATA IPSOA programme
• Implementation of Safety Management Systems (SMS)
IATA has furthermore committed to assisting 10 additional
African operators achieve IOSA certification.
State of Global Aviation Safety 23Implementation
ACI (Airports Council International) structure and Transport, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority,
the Australian Transport Safety Bureau, Airservices Australia
ACI, pursuing its mission of promoting safer airport operations and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority. The cooperation
while contributing to international cooperation between the and assistance programmes enhance regional aviation safety
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), aviation through training, mentoring, and capability building activities.
stakeholders and airports worldwide, has developed the Australia actively supports the Pacific Aviation Safety Office
Airport Excellence (APEX) in Safety Programme. The (PASO), a cooperative regional safety oversight organization
programme is based on ICAO Annex 14 Standards and created to assist its Member States in meeting international
Recommended Practices (SARPS) and ACI best practices. obligations. As a member of PASO, Australia is providing
It takes the form of a Safety Review, including a self- support and practical assistance to the Organization.
assessment of the safety level, gap analysis, recommended
solutions and design of an action plan following an on-site Canada
visit at an airport which has requested assistance to enhance
their level of safety. APEX in Safety combines the mandate for Canada believes that supporting regional initiatives is an
regulatory compliance with the actual day-to-day operational ideal method of building capacity and extending the outreach
needs of airports to maximize operational efficiency while of its assistance resources. Through the ICAO Technical
enhancing the safety standards. Moreover, APEX in Safety Cooperation Bureau, Canada participates in the ICAO
provides several elements tailored to the individual needs of Co-operative Development of Operation Safety and Continuing
airports and proposes effective solutions which we expect Airworthiness Programmes (COSCAP) as a financial and
will lead to improving the safety standing of the airports who in-kind contributor, with its latest efforts focused on North
participate in the programme. Asia (NA). Since 2005, Transport Canada Civil Aviation
(TCCA) has contributed 1.04 million USD to this programme.
CANSO (Civil Air Navigation Services Organization) As an in-kind contributor, TCCA employees have been
working in cooperation with the COSCAPs, including chief
CANSO has an active safety programme that develops technical advisors collaborating with COSCAP-NA and the
‘best practice’ among Member air navigation service providers COSCAP in South East Asia (SEA). Canada has also provided
(ANSPs). It has delivered a Standard of Excellence in safety training in different regions, including regular training by
management systems, which is aligned with ICAO standards specialists on dangerous goods. Canadian subject matter
and recommended practices, and drives continuous improve- experts are assigned to various locations including a licensing
ment in safety management among ANSPs. While the ICAO specialist in Sudan. Foreign civil aviation authorities also
recommendations describe what is expected of States, the meet with TCCA to share information on a variety of aviation
CANSO guidance outlines how these requirements can be safety topics.
best met based on the collective experience of ANSPs.
Jordan
CANSO will further roll out its Standard of Excellence to
even more ANSPs in cooperation with industry partners Through an agreement between Jordan Civil Aviation
and stakeholders, through promotion activity, publications Authority and Sudan Civil Aviation Authority with a total cost
and training aids. of 206,000 EURO, Jordan has provided technical expertise
that facilitated substantial improvements to Sudan’s aviation
State-to-State Assistance system in the area of aerodromes and safety management.
As a result of the cooperation, a Jordanian expert remains
The following represents a cross-section of some of the in contact with his counterpart in Sudan to maintain the
State-to-State assistance success stories that have resulted sustainability of services.
in positive aviation safety outcomes.
Mauritania
Australia
After significant improvement of the safety oversight capabil-
Five Australian government agencies are involved in pro- ities of its Civil Aviation Authority, Mauritania, encouraged by
grammes of co-operation and assistance with States in the ICAO, is responding positively to requests for assistance from
Asia Pacific region, in particular, with Indonesia and Papua African civil aviation authorities.
New Guinea. These agencies are the Department of Infra-
24 State of Global Aviation SafetyImplementation
Mauritania shared its experience in the enhancement of the toward training and has provided technical assistance to
technical areas of aircraft accident investigation and aero- enhance aviation safety standards in the region. Singapore
dromes with Madagascar, resulting in fruitful exchanges has also contributed in the development and enhancement
on vision, policy and guidance material. In June 2013, of international standards by providing technical expertise
a Sudanese delegation visited Nouakchott to observe the to the work of ICAO.
Mauritanian approach on implementing a performance-driven
civil aviation authority. The visit also focused on Mauritania’s United Arab Emirates
experience in establishing a proactive framework for coopera-
tion and communication with ICAO and the European Union The UAE, through the General Civil Aviation Authority
to develop an effective strategy to gradually resolve safety- (GCAA), has contributed towards enhanced coordination
related deficiencies and to achieve international recognition. of accident and incident investigation activities in the
Middle East. The State’s contributions include a proposal
These initiatives have led other States, such as the Comoros for a study on a ‘Joint Investigation Unit’ manpowered by
Islands, to request assistance to resolve its safety deficiencies. the Arab Civil Aviation Commission (ACAC) member States
Mauritania has responded positively to this request and has and a workshop on cooperation for accident investigation
taken necessary steps to support the State. activities held in Abu Dhabi in November 2012 attended
by eight States (Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon,
The Netherlands Oman, Saudi Arabia and UAE) and six Organizations (Airbus,
Boeing, COSCAP-GS, IATA, ICAO, Air Accident Investigation-
The Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and the Envi- Singapore). These activities may lead to the establishment
ronment has financed a program to improve aviation safety of a regional accident and incident organization (RAIO).
in the East African Community (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda,
Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania). In 2012, the United States
programme’s main areas of focus were the optimization of
air navigation services and aeronautical information manage- The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) has
ment along with the improvement of the safe use of airports entered into bilateral agreements with China, India and
concentrating on airside safety, apron planning and rescue Brazil to pursue technical cooperation in the aviation sector,
and firefighting training. Through participating organizations, supporting airport expansion, airspace management and
the programme also contributed to maturing safety manage- safety. In China, various aviation workshops are being hosted
ment systems in the African region by focusing on safety policy to provide managerial, technical, safety, efficiency, capacity
and objectives as well as safety promotion components. and operational training. In India, a grant was awarded to the
Airports Authority of India to support predictable and efficient
Another area of focus is the improvement of aviation safety operations. Whereas Brazil is receiving assistance on airport
in the Caribbean. Several missions were conducted by the development and network modernization plans in addition to
Ministry to the Civil Aviation Authorities of Curaçao and Sint multiple training activities in preparation for the 2014 World
Maarten to improve their organization and develop regulations Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. USTDA also hosted the
and procedures for civil aviation. The Ministry also organized U.S./Latin America Aviation Summit in December 2012
training sessions on Safety Assessment of Foreign Aircraft to promote cooperation between the U.S. and eight States
(SAFA) focusing on inspectors’ training and SAFA awareness in Latin America. USTDA is also funding technical assistance
for the local operators in Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Aruba. in Azerbaijan to promote conformance with ICAO guidelines.
Singapore In 2012, under the Safe Skies for Africa (SSFA) Program,
the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Academy
Singapore, through the Singapore Aviation Academy (SAA) conducted Government Safety Inspector (GSI) training in
(an ICAO TRAINAIR PLUS Full Member since 2012), has Botswana and Inspector Training Systems (ITS) and safety
provided training to over 5,500 personnel from 174 countries management systems training in Cape Verde, Ghana, Kenya,
under fellowships provided by the Singapore Government. and Nigeria. The FAA Academy also delivered training
The aviation safety training programmes cover Government covering the concepts, tools and processes for developing
Safety Inspector (GSI) programmes conducted by SAA as a compliance and enforcement programme as well as
an ICAO-endorsed GSI training centre. As a member of the improving existing guidance materials in Kenya and Uganda.
COSCAP-SEA, Singapore has contributed 807,783 USD The FAA Academy also worked with ICAO, the Next
State of Global Aviation Safety 25Implementation
Generation of Aviation Professionals group and the Africa In the area of training, the AFI Plan supports the establish-
Association of Aviation Training Organizations to expand ment and evolvement of the Association of African Aviation
the footprint of the SSFA program. Training Organizations (AATO) and over 2,193 trainees from
various States in Africa benefitted from 66 courses conducted
The U.S. Government’s Millennium Challenge Corporation from 2008 to 2012 throughout the Continent. The Plan also
(MCC) targets aviation safety through infrastructure invest- promotes the establishment and strengthening of regional
ments and institutional policy reforms as a means to expand safety oversight organizations, such as the Banjul Accord
access to markets and facilitate trade. In the United Republic Group Aviation Safety Organization (BAGASOO) and the East
of Tanzania, MCC is investing approximately 8 million USD African Community Civil Aviation Safety and Security Over-
to upgrade the airport on Mafia Island including the paving sight Agency (CASSOA), as a means to facilitate the pooling
of the 1.4-kilometer runway. MCC invested 181 million USD of scarce resources.
in Mali to modernize and expand Bamako-Sénou Interna-
tional Airport, strengthen its civil aviation safety and airport These efforts have already shown tangible results. Guinea,
authorities as well as foster a stronger regulatory framework Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles,
governing Mali’s civil aviation sector. Sudan and Zambia have addressed their significant safety
concerns; Mauritania and Sudan have met the target of
Africa 60 per cent of effective implementation of the critical elements
of a safety oversight system and significant improvements
Air transport is a major contributor to global economic were also noted by the Universal Safety Oversight Audit
prosperity and plays a key role to facilitate economic growth, Programme (USOAP) in Benin and Madagascar. Although
especially in developing nations. Most ICAO Member considerable progress has been made and significant actions
States in Africa continue to face challenges in the effective have been undertaken to enhance safety in Africa, it should
implementation of SARPs, resulting in safety deficiencies that also be recognized that continuous support of ICAO, States,
pose challenges to the growth of civil aviation in the region. industry and donors is still required for safety concerns to
be fully addressed and resolved.
The Comprehensive Regional Implementation Plan for
Aviation Safety in Africa (AFI Plan) was established in European Union
January 2008 to support African States in addressing
aviation safety deficiencies. The implementation of the In addition to the numerous projects provided by Member
AFI Plan is led by the ICAO Regional Offices in Dakar States of the European Union (EU) to other ICAO Member
and Nairobi, and supported by ICAO Headquarters, States, the EU is involved in a variety of assistance projects
Member States and aviation safety partners. Africa has related to aviation safety. EU assistance is targeted towards
also demonstrated its commitment to promote reliable and improving the level of safety in States and regional organiza-
sustainable safe air transport by adopting a high-level set tions that lack resources or technical expertise. Projects
of targets designed to improve aviation safety. These aviation are financed, and sometimes managed, by the European
safety targets were adopted during the Ministerial Conference Commission. The key partner of the European Commission
on Aviation Safety in Africa, held in Abuja, Nigeria in July in this work is the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA).
2012, and endorsed by the Assembly of Heads of State
and Government of the African Union in January 2013. The EU is involved in a number of initiatives to support
States in fulfilling ICAO safety Standards. Such initiatives
The AFI Plan has supported numerous initiatives to assist include the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA-II)
States in enhancing their civil aviation systems. With the in South Eastern Europe to ensure an appropriate regulatory
objective of assisting States to address their serious safety framework for aviation safety in the region; the Transport
deficiencies in a prioritized manner, 23 ICAO Plans of Action Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia (TRACECA) focusing on
have been developed for States with significant safety capacity-building of civil aviation authorities; the Mediterranean
concerns and a low level of effective implementation of the Aviation Safety Cell (MASC) promoting harmonization of
critical elements of a safety oversight system. Assistance safety standards, rules and procedures as well as collection,
activities included in the Plans are performed by ICAO in exchange and analysis of safety data.
conjunction with aviation safety partners, including the
Africa-Indian Ocean Cooperative Inspectorate Scheme The EU recently launched the “Support to the Improvement of
(AFI-CIS) missions implemented by the African Civil Aviation Aviation Safety in Africa” (SIASA) programme to assist States
Commission (AFCAC). in improving the implementation of ICAO safety Standards
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