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1 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
STATISTICAL REPORT
2020
Editor: John Cooper Copyright © FuelsEurope Printed in Belgium - Designed by www.morris-chapman.com
3 Statistical Report 2020
STATISTICAL REPORT
2020
4 Statistical Report 2020
Foreword
High quality, verified and reliable facts and figures In this year edition, we have decided to add a new
are essential to support economic and political section dedicated to the impact of the COVID-19
analysis. For this purpose, FuelsEurope Statistical pandemic on the EU refining industry.
Report 2020 aims at providing a comprehensive
set of statistics about the refining industry that • Prices & Margins
can be used by all stakeholders.
• Oil & Energy
This 2020 edition contains the most up-to-date
• Refined Oil Products
information based on currently available data for
the sector. One should, however, note that some • Refining
of the data is updated every 2 or 4 years. • Emissions
This includes global energy markets, oil products • Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
demand and international trade flows, fuel
• COVID-19’s Impact
specifications, prices and margins, the integration
with the petrochemical sector as well as the
environmental performance of the EU refining
industry.
John Cooper
Director General
5 Statistical Report 2020
www.linkedin.com/company/fuelseurope www.twitter.com/FuelsEurope
www.youtube.com/fuelseurope www.fuelseurope.eu
6 Statistical Report 2020
Prices & Margins
7 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.1 F
UEL TAXES MAKE A SIGNIFICANT
CONTRIBUTION TO MEMBER STATE NATIONAL INCOME
Source: Eurostat and European Commission
< 5%
5% - 9%
Country Total Fuel Revenue in € Share
> 10%
SI Slovenia 1 713 816 10%
EUROPE NON EU 4% EE Estonia 843 860 10%
3% BG Bulgaria 1 578 675 9%
HR Croatia 1 862 035 9%
10%
LT Lithuania 1 265 520 9%
8% PL Poland 14 922 507 8%
3%
9% LV Latvia 709 039 8%
CY Cyprus 551 919 8%
5% 4%
5%
8% HU Hungary 3 672 194 7%
4% 3% EL Greece 5 124 971 7%
5% 7% SK Slovakia 2 050 226 7%
7%
PT Portugal 5 023 003 7%
4% 7%
3% CZ Czech 4 963 375 7%
10% 5%
9%
ES Spain 23 182 617 5%
LU Luxembourg 1 250 415 5%
5%
9% IE Ireland 3 636 047 5%
RO Romania 2 684 962 5%
5% 7% IT Italy 35 247 806 5%
7%
MT Malta 190 215 5%
UK United Kingdom 39 132 000 5%
5% AT Austria 6 567 946 4%
8%
NL Netherlands 11 658 934 4%
BE Belgium 8 326 857 4%
FI Finland 3 545 748 4%
Taxes on fuels contribute on average to some 6% of Member State tax revenue DE Germany 47 788 093 3%
in 2018. This significant contribution to Member State revenue has to be put in FR France 37 399 436 3%
perspective with the subsidies given to many competing alternatives to oil. This SE Sweden 6 248 796 3%
demonstrates that replacing petroleum products by these alternatives would have DK Denmark 3 823 480 3%
severe consequences for Member States’ income.
*Figures are based on 2018 tax revenues
8 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.2 T
OTAL TAXATION SHARE
IN THE END CONSUMER PRICE
Source: European Commission
EURO-SUPER 95 EURO-SUPER 95 ROAD DIESEL OIL ROAD DIESEL OIL
COUNTRY % COUNTRY %
50% - 55%
Italy 61
Italy 65 > 55% - 60% France 60
FI
Germany 64 Belgium 60
> 60% 65 52
Greece 64 Ireland 57
SE
United Kingdom 64 Portugal 57
62 50
France 63 EE 58 53 Slovenia 57
Portugal 63 LV 59 54 Germany 55
DK
Ireland 62 LT Netherlands 55
60 53
Sweden 62 56 50 Latvia 54
IE NL
DE PL
Belgium 61 UK Austria 53
62 57 66 55
64 55 53 48
Slovenia 61 64 62 Czechia 53
BE
CZ
Denmark 60 61 60 LU Denmark 53
58 53 SK 59 50
Croatia 59 54 47 Estonia 53
FR AT 58 53 HU
Latvia 59 RO Croatia 52
63 60 SI 53 50
Slovakia 59 61 57 HR Finland 52
51 47
Austria 58 59 52 Malta 52
Czechia 58 IT BG
Greece 51
65 61 50 47
Estonia 58 ES Lithuania 50
Lithuania 56 54 49 EL Slovakia 50
Luxembourg 54 PT 64 51 Hungary 50
Malta 54 63 57 Sweden 50
Spain 54 54 52 MT Cyprus 49
Cyprus 53 Spain 49
CY
Hungary 53 Poland 48
53 49
Poland 53 Bulgaria 47
The price at the pump is driven to a large degree by tariffs and taxes. On average, over
Romania 51 Luxembourg 47
half the cost of fuel at the pump represents taxes. The taxes on gasoline are generally
Bulgaria 50 higher than for diesel. This differental tax treatment has driven the demand shift over the Romania 47
past 20 years. Fuel taxes contribute substantially to Member States’ revenues.
Reference date: 24 February 20209 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.3 B
REAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL PRICES
ACROSS EU (MAY 2020)
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
PRODUCT TARIFFS VAT
United Kingdom 0.43 0.66 0.22 1.31
Malta 0.61 0.47 0.20 1.28
Italy 0.42 0.62 0.23 1.27
Sweden 0.55 0.43 0.25 1.23
Netherlands 0.48 0.51 0.21 1.20
Belgium 0.38 0.60 0.20 1.18
Finland 0.50 0.46 0.23 1.18
France 0.36 0.61 0.19 1.17
Ireland 0.42 0.51 0.21 1.14
Portugal 0.40 0.51 0.21 1.13
Denmark 0.45 0.43 0.22 1.10
Greece 0.47 0.42 0.21 1.10
Germany 0.41 0.47 0.17 1.04
Slovakia 0.45 0.40 0.17 1.02
Cyprus 0.43 0.41 0.16 1.01
Croatia 0.40 0.40 0.20 1.00
Estonia 0.34 0.49 0.17 1.00
Austria 0.42 0.41 0.17 1.00
Slovenia 0.32 0.50 0.18 1.00
Spain 0.43 0.38 0.17 0.98 PRODUCT
Czechia 0.38 0.40 0.16 0.95 TARIFFS
Romania 0.43 0.34 0.15 0.91 VAT
Latvia 0.33 0.43 0.16 0.91
Unit: Price in Euro
Hungary 0.39 0.32 0.19 0.91 per litre
Lithuania 0.37 0.37 0.16 0.90
Poland 0.39 0.32 0.16 0.88
Bulgaria 0.37 0.33 0.14 0.84
Luxembourg 0.36 0.36 0.12 0.84
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
In most EU Member States gasoline prices are generally higher the remainder represents taxes, the biggest share, the purchase
than diesel prices due to the higher tax element. Only a fraction of the crude and the distribution and marketing costs.
of the price paid at the pump contributes to the refiner’s income,10 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.4 B
REAKDOWN OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINE PRICES
ACROSS EU (MAY 2020)
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
PRODUCT TARIFFS VAT
Netherlands 0.40 0.81 0.25 1.46
Malta 0.65 0.55 0.22 1.41
Italy 0.40 0.73 0.25 1.37
Greece 0.35 0.71 0.25 1.31
Denmark 0.41 0.62 0.26 1.29
Finland 0.35 0.68 0.25 1.28
Portugal 0.34 0.67 0.23 1.24
Ireland 0.38 0.62 0.23 1.23
France 0.33 0.69 0.20 1.23
United Kingdom 0.36 0.66 0.20 1.22
Germany 0.33 0.65 0.19 1.17
Sweden 0.32 0.61 0.23 1.16
Estonia 0.39 0.56 0.19 1.15
Belgium 0.35 0.60 0.20 1.15
Slovakia 0.36 0.54 0.18 1.08
Spain 0.41 0.47 0.19 1.07
Croatia 0.31 0.51 0.21 1.03
Austria 0.36 0.49 0.17 1.02
Slovenia 0.25 0.57 0.18 1.00
Lithuania 0.36 0.47 0.17 1.00 PRODUCT
Latvia 0.30 0.52 0.17 0.99 TARIFFS
Cyprus 0.38 0.44 0.16 0.98 VAT
Czechia 0.30 0.47 0.16 0.93
Unit: Price in Euro
Luxembourg 0.29 0.47 0.13 0.89 per litre
Romania 0.37 0.37 0.14 0.88
Poland 0.33 0.37 0.16 0.86
Bulgaria 0.34 0.36 0.14 0.84
Hungary 0.30 0.35 0.17 0.82
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
In most EU Member States, gasoline prices are generally refiner’s income, the remainder going to Member States and
higher than diesel prices due to the higher tax element. Only the purchasing of the crude oil.
a fraction of the price paid at the pump contributes to the11 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.5 C
RUDE OIL PRICE EVOLUTION
Source: Energy Information Administration and Federal Reserve Economic Data
180
160
REAL (2020)
NOMINAL
140
US dollar per barrel, monthy average
Unit: Europe Brent spot price
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
The EU Refining industry operates between two global, open watched by businesses and policy-makers. After a decade of
and transparent markets: the market for crude oil and the relatively low prices, oil started rising last decade, leading to
market for refined products. The main benchmarks are priced peaks just before the financial crisis in 2008. Since the beginning
in dollars. The price of crude oil is set on international spot of 2020, oil prices started falling again amid the COVID-19 crisis
markets and reported by designated agencies. The price of oil and a price war led by Riyadh and Moscow.
is an important marker for the global economy and is closely12 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.6 REFINERS OPERATE BETWEEN TWO GLOBAL
COMMODITY MARKETS: CRUDE MARKET AND
REFINED PRODUCTS MARKET
Source: Wood Mackenzie and Argus Media
Unit: Average yearly prices; US Dollar per barrel
140
120 BRENT FOB
100 GASOLINE
DIESEL
80
GASOLINE CRACK
60 DIESEL CRACK
40
20
EU refining operates between two global
0
commodity markets, the crude market and
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
the refined products market. The ‘crack
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
spread’ represents the difference between
the cost of crude oil and the market sales
Unit: Average yearly prices; US Dollar per barrel
price for refined products. Generally, product
140 prices rise with crude prices but the drivers
of the difference are many. In historic terms,
120 the profitability has started to decline in a
context of falling demand (2008). After a
100 first, yet small, improvement, in 2012-2013
a better period started for refineries in 2015-
80
2019. The spread is generally tight, margins
are low and the industry is highly vulnerable
60
to the operating costs that must be deducted
40 from the spread before profitability can be
considered.
20
0
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2013 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.7 EVOLUTION OF GAS PRICES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
12
UK prices from ICIS Heren Energy
10
US prices from ICIS Heren Energy
Unit: Gas prices in $/MBtu
8
6
4
2
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Since 2009, the US industry gained a significant competitive In 2018, we witnessed a 38% increase of the UK gas prices
advantage over the EU industry as a result of the shale oil compared to 2017 while the US gas prices only rose by 6%.
revolution.14 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.8 E
VOLUTION OF END-USER
ELECTRICITY PRICES FOR INDUSTRY
Source: International Energy Agency
250
Japan
US
OECD Europe
200
Unit: Total price (USD/MWh)
150
100
50
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Q2 2019
Over the past few years the US industry gained a significant 2014, EU electricity prices dropped as a result of lower
competitive advantage as a result of low electricity prices. crude and gas prices and the gap with US refiners has been
While European industry faced an 80% energy price increase significantly reduced. This situation is however, according to
between 2005 and 2014, the price of electricity for the US experts, due to remain overtime and since 2018 the EU is
industry only increased by 20% over the same period. Mid- facing again higher electricity prices.15 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
FIG.9 C
OBALT AND LITHIUM CARBONATE PRICES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
100000 15000
COBALT PRICES* LITHIUM CARBONATE PRICES**
Unit: US dollars per tonne
Unit: US dollars per tonne
80000 12000
60000 9000
40000 6000
20000 3000
0 0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Cobalt prices rose 30% to their highest levels since 2008, *Note: 2
000-2012 spot grade for cathodes, source US
while Lithium carbonate prices increased by 21% to new Geological Survey. 2013-2017 min purity 99.8%,
highs. Cobalt production has grown by 13.9%, while lithium source London Metal Exchange.
production has increased by 17,6% since 2017.
**Note: 2
000-2008 unit value, data series 140, source US
Lithium production is concentrated in Chile and Australia, Geological Survey. 2009-2018 FOB South America,
with Chile holding the majority of proved reserves. For cobalt, source Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
the Democratic Republic of Congo accounts for the vast
majority of both production (66%) and proved reserves (49%).16 Statistical Report 2020 - Prices & Margins
OIL & ENERGY17 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.10 W
ORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY FUEL TYPE IN 2018
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
4%
World 7%
European Union 4%
34%
Oil consumption is measured in million tonnes;
other fuels in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). WORLD:
13 864.9
27% Mtoe
Unit: Million tonnes and million tonnes oil equivalent - Mtoe
5 000
4 622
24%
4 500
4 000 3 772
3 500 3 309 9%
5%
3 000
11%
2 500 38%
EU:
2 000 :
13% 1 688.2
Mtoe
1 500
1 000 949
647 611 561
394 23%
500
222 187 160
78
0
Oil Natural Coal Nuclear Hydro Renewables
gas energy electricity
Oil remains the world’s dominant fuel making up just over a third Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
of all energy consumed. In 2018 oil and coal’s market share exactly to 100%.
decreased marginally. Natural gas sightly increased to a new
high of 24%, while reneweable energy accounted for 4% of the
world’s energy consumption.18 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.11 W
ORLDWIDE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
BY REGION IN 2018
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
OIL COAL
25% OTHERS 20% USA 15% OTHERS 8% USA
6% EU-28
3% AFRICA
3% JAPAN
12% INDIA
2% RUSSIA
Unit: Mtoe
7% SOUTH
AND Total energy 14% EU-28 Total energy
CENTRAL 4 662.1 Mtoe 3 772.1 Mtoe
AMERICA
9% MIDDLE EAST 4% JAPAN
5% INDIA 3% RUSSIA
14% CHINA 51% CHINA
Global energy consumption remained unchanged
between 2017 and 2018. EU-28 share of oil
stayed constant at 14% as did coal at 6%. EU’s
NATURAL GAS share of natural gas decreased by 1% compared
to 2017. As seen in Figure 10, oil (38%) and
25% OTHERS 21% USA
natural gas (23%) remain as the main energy
source in the EU. Coal remains the main energy
consumed in China and India - together the two
countries are responsible for 63% of the global
coal consumption.
4% SOUTH
AND
CENTRAL Total energy 12% EU-28 Note: O
il consumption is measured in million
AMERICA 3 309.4 Mtoe tonnes; other fuels in million tonnes of oil
equivalent (Mtoe).
14% MIDDLE EAST 3% JAPAN Please note that due to rounding, figures
may not add up to exactly 100%.
2% INDIA
7% CHINA 12% RUSSIA19 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.12 W
ORLDWIDE CRUDE OIL MOVEMENT
IN 2018
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
57.5 265.8
28.4
27.4
72.9
73.9
211.8 24.8
157.2 146.4
46.6 57.9 65.4 21.5 223.3
70.7
45 33.2
35.7 78.5 65.3 24.6
166.9 45.6
86.1 68.4
Unit: Million tonnes per year
41.1 279.3
62.9
37.9
23.9
27.6
73.6
22.9
USA 63.4
CANADA
MEXICO
SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
EUROPE & EURASIA
MIDDLE EAST
Crude oil is an internationally traded commodity with trade flows
AFRICA
taking place all over the world.
ASIA PACIFIC
There are two open and transparent markets - crude oil and refined
TRADE FLOWS IN 2017 products - within which the European refining industry operates.20 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.13 W
ORLDWIDE REFINED PRODUCT DEMAND*
AVERAGED 99.8 MILLION BARRELS PER DAY
IN 2018, WITH EU ACCOUNTING FOR 13%
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
OTHER ASIA PACIFIC 13% 25% NORTH AMERICA
EURASIA 1%
JAPAN 4%
INDIA 5%
Total
7% SOUTH AND
99.8 Mbd
CENTRAL AMERICA
CHINA 14%
3% RUSSIA
AFRICA 4%
13% EU
MIDDLE EAST 9% 1% EUROPE NON-EU
Global demand for oil products increased from 98.4 million *Inland demand plus international aviation and marine
barrels per day in 2017 to 99.8 in 2018. However, the bunkers and refinery fuel and loss. Consumption of
European share has declined from 15% to 14% since 2017. biogasoline (such as ethanol), biodiesel and derivatives of
For the first time, Europe’s demand for refined product is coal and natural gas are also included.
behind China and Asia Pacific, which account each for 14%
of the global share. North America still accounts for 25% of
the global demand.21 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.14 W
ORLDWIDE REFINING SUPPLY/MARKET
DEMAND BALANCES IN 2018
Source: Wood Mackenzie
1020 1095 287
642 639 152
RUSSIA
EU
Unit: Million tonnes per year
NORTH 605 600 159 179
AMERICA
407 404 JAPAN
CHINA
109 201 MIDDLE
EAST
AFRICA
214 319 730 813
LATIN
AMERICA
ASIA &
OCEANIA
REFINERY THROUGHPUT REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS DEMAND
The refining supply/market demand balance shows that Russia has a positive trade balance, which provides it with a
most of the regions are dependent on imports to meet key role in supplying the demand from other regions.
market demand.
Relatively balanced product demand and refinery throughput
in the EU hides a large surplus of EU gasoline production and
a significant shortage of diesel and jet production.22 Statistical Report 2020 - Oil & Energy
FIG.15 E
U TOTAL OIL DEMAND AMOUNTED TO
639.8 MILLION TONNES IN 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie
COUNTRY Mt/y COUNTRY Mt/y
Austria 13.1 Italy 60.4
Belgium 31.2 Latvia 2.0
Bulgaria 4.3 Lithuania 3.0
Croatia 3.2 Luxembourg 3.0
Cyprus 2.5 Malta 2.5
Czechia 10.1 Netherlands 44.3
Denmark 7.4 Poland 33.4
Estonia 1.4 Portugal 11.9
Finland 10.1 Romania 10
France 80.6 Slovakia 4.2
Germany 113.5 Slovenia 2.6
Greece 15.2 Spain 65.5
Hungary 8.1 Sweden 14.4
Ireland 7.7 United Kingdom 73.3
EU TOTAL 639.8
Norway 9.8
Switzerland 10.2
Turkey 49.2
TOTAL NO + CH + TR 69.2 EU NON EU
TOTAL 709.1 Unit: Million tonnes per year
EU-28 total oil demand amounted to 639.8 Mt in 2019 Among EU Member States that recorded the biggest fall in
remaining stable compared to 2018. the oil demand were the Italy (-2.6%), Estonia (-2.5%) and
Belgium (-2.2%).
Poland, Czechia and Ireland recorded the biggest increase in
demand with respectively (4.6%), (3.2%) and (2.8%). Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up.23 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
REFINED OIL PRODUCTS24 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.16 H
ISTORICAL DEMAND FOR OIL PRODUCTS
IN THE EU-28 IN 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie
800
Total Demand 2008: 724.3
39.1
700 72.4
Total Demand 2019: 639.8
26.9
85.8 53.6
600
Unit: Million tonnes per year
49.0
294.6
500 291.7
400
300
57.9
64.7
200
100.5
81.7
100
47.5 41.1
26.4 30.9
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
From 2009 to 2014, a downward trend has been LPG DIESEL/GASOIL
observed for oil products demand in the EU.
NAPHTA FUEL OIL
This 10% decline over these 5 years was mainly
due to the fall in fuel oil and gasoline demand. GASOLINE OTHER PRODUCTS
From 2015, a slight increase has been witnessed JET/KEROSENE REFINERY FUEL & LOSS
mainly due to the rise in demand of diesel/gasoil
and kerosene products.25 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.17 A
VERAGE REFINERY OUTPUT BY PRODUCT
TYPE IN OECD EUROPE IN 2019
Source: OECD and IEA
2.8% LPG
12.8% OTHER PRODUCTS
6.8% NAPHTHA
12.8% FUEL OIL 18.3% GASOLINE
8.6% KEROSENE
40% DIESEL/GASOIL
A wide range of products, from transportation and industrial industry as well as waxes, solvents and other specialised
fuels to chemical feedstock, are produced from crude oil. products. Fuels for transport represent the biggest share of
EU refineries also produce many specialty products, such the production.
as bitumen for road construction and roofing, lubricants
for transport and industry, petroleum coke for the metal Note: P
lease note that due to rounding, figures may not add up.26 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.18 R
OAD FUEL DEMAND IN THE EU-28
IN 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie
250,000 3.00
2.50
200,000
Unit: Million tonnes per year
Diesel/Gasoline ratio
2.00
150,000
1.50
100,000
1.00
50,000
0.50
0 0.00
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
GASOLINE DIESEL RATIO
The tax-incentivised dieselisation trend has significantly some 25 years ago and led to a major demand decline for
contributed to a fundamental change in the EU’s road fuel gasoline as well as a shortage of diesel production in the EU.
demand structure. The shift from gasoline to diesel began However, since 2017 this trend is slowly reversing.27 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.19 R
OAD FUEL DEMAND IN THE EU BY COUNTRY
IN 2019
Source: Wood Mackenzie
36% Germany 64%
19% France 81%
32% United Kingdom 68%
23% Italy 77%
18% Spain 82%
23% Poland 77%
41% Netherlands 59%
21% Belgium 79%
20% Austria 80%
27% Sweden 73%
26% Czech Republic 74% Sustained by favourable excise taxes on
26% Romania 74% diesel, the shift from gasoline to diesel
over the past two decades led to a higher
19% Portugal 81%
demand for diesel as a road fuel in the vast
52% Greece 48%
majority of EU Member States.
32% Hungary 68%
33% Finland 67% In some countries, such as France and
20% Ireland 80% Spain, the imbalance is far more pronounced
as a result of even more favourable tax
31% Denmark 69%
policies for diesel.
21% Bulgaria 79%
26% Slovakia 74% The continued growth in heavy duty
17% Luxembourg 83% transport in the EU, driven by the internal
12% 88% market and external trade, has further
Lithuania
contributed to spurring diesel demand.
23% Slovenia 77%
28% Croatia 72% However, recent measures to rebalance
17% Latvia 83% taxation level of diesel with gasoline could
30% Estonia 70% trigger a progressive shift in diesel demand.
53% Cyprus 47%
44% Malta 56%
20 15 10 5 - - 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Unit: Million tonnes per year GASOLINE DIESEL28 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.20.a N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT GASOLINE (EXCLUDING
BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
160.000 45%
140.000 40%
35%
120.000
30%
100.000
25%
Unit: Kilotonnes
80.000
20%
60.000
15%
40.000
10%
20.000 5%
0.000 0%
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION Overproduction of gasoline in the EU has been increasing over the years, despite
a mild decrease in overall production volumes, due to a decrease in domestic
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
consumption. This decreasing trend for domestic consumption, however, has
NET EXPORTS AS % OF stabilised from 2013 onwards. This may in part be driven by a change in consumer
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION preferences toward gasoline.29 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.20.b N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT KEROSENE (EXCLUDING
BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
70.000 40%
35%
60.000
30%
50.000
25%
40.000
Unit: Kilotonnes
20%
30.000
15%
20.000
10%
10.000
5%
0.000 0%
02
03
04
05
15
16
17
18
00
01
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION For kerosene, the EU is import dependent, relying substantially on supplies from
Russia and Asia.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
NET IMPORTS AS % OF
FINAL CONSUMPTION30 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.20.c N
ET TRADE FLOWS FOR REFINED PRODUCTS
IN-DEPTH LOOK AT DIESEL/GASOIL
(EXCLUDING BIO-COMPONENTS)
Source: Eurostat
300.000 45%
40%
250.000
35%
200.000 30%
25%
Unit: Kilotonnes
150.000
20%
100.000 15%
10%
50.000
5%
0.000 0%
02
03
04
05
14
15
16
17
18
00
01
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION For diesel/gasoil, on the other hand, the EU covers most of its consumption
through domestic production.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION
NET IMPORTS AS % OF
FINAL CONSUMPTION31 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.21 M
AJOR GASOLINE AND DIESEL/GASOIL
TRADE FLOWS TO AND FROM THE EU IN 2018
Source: Eurostat
EU
80.9 291.6
25.6 RUSSIA
19
NORTH
AMERICA 7.4 15.6 ASIA
Unit: Million tonnes per year
10.4 ASIA
12.8
AFRICA
The major trade flows to and from the EU reflect the imbalance in gasoline/ GASOLINE DEMAND IN 2018
diesel demand in Europe. As a consequence, significant excess gasoline
DIESEL/GASOIL DEMAND IN 2018
production capacity needs to be exported, whilst Europe became heavily
reliant on imports from third countries/regions - especially Russia, the MAIN GASOLINE TRADE FLOWS IN 2018
Middle East and the USA to meet regional demand for diesel and jet fuel. MAIN DIESEL/GASOIL TRADE FLOWS IN 2018
North America was the traditional export market for gasoline surpluses in
Europe, but the recent shale oil revolution and cheap energy enabled US
refiners to increase their supplies for their internal market and compete on
other export markets with EU refiners.32 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.22 E
U GASOLINE TRADING BALANCE
USA REMAINS AN IMPORTANT EXPORT MARKET
FOR THE EU
Source: Eurostat
EXPORT
2018 6% 29% 66%
2017 3% 27% 70%
2016 1% 33% 66%
2015 -1% 27% 74%
2014 7% 30% 63%
2013 10% 31% 59%
2012 10% 32% 58%
2011 5% 32% 63%
2010 9% 32% 59%
2009 9% 36% 55%
2008 11% 43% 46%
2007 10% 49% 41%
2006 10% 54% 35%
2005 12% 54% 34%
2004 14% 62% 23%
EUROPE NON EU
2003 19% 59% 22%
USA
2002 19% 58% 24%
REST OF THE WORLD
2001 24% 56% 20%
Note: Please note that due to rounding,
2000 23% 49% 28% figures may not add up to exactly 100%.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Unit: Million tonnes per year
The US was traditionally the main export market for the and Asia. The EU gasoline surplus in 2018 remained high.
structural EU gasoline surplus. The shale oil boom in the late North America and Asia were the two key export markets
2000s has decreased export opportunities to the US and for the EU.
forced EU refiners to find other markets, primarily in Africa33 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.23 E
U DIESEL/GASOIL TRADING BALANCE
RUSSIA IS A LEADING EXPORTER OF GASOIL TO
THE EU
Source: Eurostat
IMPORT EXPORT
20% 68% 12% 2018
20% 54% 26% 2017
28% 48% 24% 2016
27% 47% 27% 2015
26% 42% 32% 2014
30% 38% 32% 2013
30% 31% 39% 2012
31% 40% 30% 2011
22% 55% 23% 2010
27% 49% 23% 2009
29% 49% 22% 2008
5% 68% 27% 2007
8% 87% 5% 2006
1% 97% 1% 2005
8% 80% 12% 2004
87% 12% 1% 2003
1% 86% 12% 2002
1% 79% 20% 2001
1% 63% 37% 2000
40 30 20 10 0 10 20
Unit: Million tonnes per year
After a significant increase of gasoil imports from the US between 2008 and
NORTH AMERICA 2013, Russia recovered some of the lost shares between 2014-2018 to remain
RUSSIA the leading gasoil exporter to the EU. This continued dependence of the EU
on imports of gasoil is the result of the diesel/gasoline imbalance that the EU is
REST OF THE WORLD
facing for many years.
Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up exactly to 100%.34 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.24 E
U JET FUEL TRADING BALANCE
MIDDLE EAST REMAINS MAIN JET FUEL SUPPLIER
FOR THE EU
Source: Eurostat
IMPORT EXPORT
2% 29% 64% 4% 2018
1% 30% 67% 2% 2017
7% 27% 65% 1% 2016
8% 29% 63% 0% 2015
8% 28% 58% 6% 2014
7% 26% 58% 9% 2013
7% 21% 64% 8% 2012
4% 30% 62% 4% 2011
5% 26% 68% 2% 2010
16% 33% 49% 2% 2009
13% 35% 47% 4% 2008
8% 16% 74% 1% 2007
17% 14% 67% 3% 2006
25% 9% 62% 3% 2005
19% 5% 70% 6% 2004
40% 3% 44% 13% 2003
43% 2% 43% 11% 2002
20% 63% 16% 2001
24% 55% 21% 2000
20 15 10 5 0 5
Unit: Million tonnes per year
REST OF THE WORLD There is a substantial EU dependence on jet fuel imports originating mainly from
the Middle East and to a lesser extent from the Asia Pacific region.
ASIA PACIFIC
MIDDLE EAST Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up exactly to 100%.
EUROPE NON EU35 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
FIG.25 M
ARINE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE EU
Source: Wood Mackenzie
70 000
51 787
60 000
Unit: Consumption (1000 tonnes)
50 000 36 768
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 719 12 965
10 000
0
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
FUEL OIL GASOIL
During the past years there was a rise in marine gasoil consumption at the expense of fuel oil. Switching to LNG
or using scrubbers are alternatives to meeting the new International Maritime Organisation (IMO) emissions limits.36 Statistical Report 2020 - Refined Oil Products
REFINING37 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.26 G
LOBAL REFINING CAPACITY
AS OF 2018
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
22.3% 17.2%
North Europe + 6.6%
America Eurasia Russia
22 333 17 251 6 596
Unit: Thousand barrels daily
6.0% 9.7% 34.7%
Latin 3.4%
Middle
e Asia
America Africa
East Pacific
5 979 3 434 9 704 34 752
Refining is spread around the world and is a truly global business. by -0,1% (17,2%) in 2018, compared to 2017, remaining the
The share of Europe and Eurasia (Russia excluded) has declined third largest refining region.38 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.27 P
ROJECTED INVESTMENT IN REFINING SECTOR
PER REGION 2019 - 2040
Source: OPEC World Oil Outlook 2019
350
MAINTENANCE/CAPACITY REPLACEMENT
300
REQUIRED ADDITIONS
EXISTING PROJECTS
250
Unit: $ (2019) billion
200
150
100
50
0
US & Latin Africa Europe Russia & Middle China Other
Canada America Caspian East Asia-
Pacific
All three categories of refinery investment requirements are The majority, around $900 billion, will be dedicated to
estimated at around $1.4 trillion in the period 2019-2040. maintenance, $275 billion to investments in known project and
the remaining $230 billion to additions beyond firm projects.39 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.28 R
EFINERY/STEAM CRACKER SITES
IN EUROPE
Source: Concawe and PetrochemicalsEurope
2
3
3
3 3
2
2
REFINERY LOCATION
STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
INTEGRATED REFINERY / STEAM CRACKER LOCATION
A large number of refineries are integrated with, or located very Such interconnections show how refining is an intrinsic part of
closely to steam crackers which produce the feedstock for the the industrial value chain and provides the basis for advanced
petrochemical industry. high value products.40 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.29 81 MAINSTREAM REFINERIES WERE OPERATING
IN THE EU, NORWAY AND SWITZERLAND AT THE
END OF 2019
Source: Concawe
Number of Number of
COUNTRY refineries COUNTRY refineries
Austria 1 Ireland 1
Belgium 3 Italy 10
Bulgaria 1 Lithuania 1
Croatia 2 Netherlands 5
Czechia 2 Poland 2
Denmark 2 Portugal 2
Finland 2 Romania 3
France 7 Slovakia 1
Germany 11 Spain 8
Greece 4 Sweden 3
Hungary 1 United Kingdom 6
EU TOTAL: Refineries = 78
Norway 2
Switzerland 1
TOTAL NO + CH: Refineries = 3
TOTAL: Refineries = 81
EU NON EU In December 2019, there were 81 ‘mainstream’ (capacity
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a above 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a) refineries in the EU-28,
Norway and Switzerland.
Note: T he threshold data used as basis for the FuelsEurope
Statistical Report was lowered from 50 kbbdl/d
or 2.5Mt/a to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a. As a result, 3
refineries were added to the total (1 in Croatia, 1 in
Italy and 1 in Romania).41 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.30 E
U, NORWEGIAN AND SWISS MAINSTREAM
REFINERIES HAD 662 MILLION TONNES
OF PRIMARY REFINING CAPACITY IN 2019
Source: Concawe and Oil & Gas Journal
*Refining *Refining
COUNTRY capacity COUNTRY capacity
Austria 10 Ireland 3.6
Belgium 38.8 Italy 88.3
Bulgaria 9.8 Lithuania 9.5
Croatia 6.7 Netherlands 64.4
Czechia 8.8 Poland 25.2
Denmark 8.7 Portugal 15.2
Finland 13.0 Romania 10.8
France 63.5 Slovakia 5.8
Germany 97.0 Spain 68
Greece 21.2 Sweden 22
Hungary 8.1 United Kingdom 63.7
EU TOTAL: Refineries = 662.1 million tonnes per year
Norway 16.0
Switzerland 3.40
TOTAL NO + CH: Refineries = 19.4 million tonnes per year
TOTAL: Refineries = 681.5 million tonnes per year
EU NON EU
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a
The 81 mainstream refineries operating in 2019 in the EU-28, refineries were added to the total and the total refining
Norway and Switzerland had a primary refining capacity of 681 capacity increased.
million tonnes. This represents a capacity decrease by some
75 million tonnes of primary refining capacity since 2010. Note: Refining capacity is expressed in million tonnes per year.
Numbers may not add up due to rounding.
Note: The threshold data used as basis for the FuelsEurope
Statistical report was lowered from 50 kbbdl/d or *Status in December 2019
2.5Mt/a to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a. As a result, three42 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.31 R
EFINERY CLOSURES IN EUROPE
Source: Platts and Concawe
300
Unit: Capacity (kbbl/d)
200
100
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018
UK FRANCE ITALY GERMANY ROMANIA SPAIN SWITZERLAND
Threshold > 30 kbbl/d or 1.5 Mt/a
Since 2009, out of close to 100 refineries operating in Note: T he threshold data used as basis for our report was
Europe, 19 mainstream refineries were closed. lowered to 30 kbbdl/d or 1.5Mt/a, which added one
refinery closure to the total (Dunkirk in 2014).43 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.32 O
IL PIPELINES - MAP OF EUROPE
Source: Concawe
F i n l a n d
a
S w e d e n
ni
A N o r w a y
th
T
L
Bo
A
O N
C T
I C
of
E Helsinki
A
N
G ul f
Oslo
Stockhol m
Tallinn
Estonia
Riga
Latvia
Denmark
Copenhagen
Lithuania
G r e a t
Vilnius
B r i t a i n
Minsk
Rep. of Belarus
Ireland
Dublin
The Netherlands
Berlin
Amsterdam Warsaw
London
P o l a n d
Belgium
G e r m a n y
Bruxelles
Czech
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Prague
Rep. U k r a i n e
Paris
S l o v a k i a
Austria Vienna
Bratisl ava
Moldova
Switzerland
Liechtenstien Hungary Budapest
F r a n c e Bern
Slovenia
R o m a n i a
Ljubljana Zagreb Croatia
Bosnia
Belgrade
and
San Marino Herzegovina Serbia Bucharest
Sarajevo
I t a l y Montenegro
B u l g a r i a
Andorra
Sofia
Podgorica
Rome
FYROMSkopje
Tirana
Albania
Portugal Madrid
S p a i n G r e e c e
Lisbon
T u r k e y
Athens
Valletta
REFINERY IN OPERATION
TWO OR MORE REFINERIES IN OPERATION
PIPELINES: IN OPERATION OR STAND BY Pipelines are a long-established, safe and efficient mode of
transport for crude oil and petroleum products. They are used
CRUDE OIL
both for short-distance transport (e.g. within a refinery or depot,
OIL PRODUCTS
or between neighbouring installations) and long distances.
Note: The map is based on publicly available information as An extensive network of cross-country oil pipelines in Europe
well as the information gathered by Concawe and as such meets a large proportion of the need for transportation of
should not be considered exhaustive. petroleum products.44 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.33 C
APACITY AND UTILISATION
OF EUROPEAN REFINERIES
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2019
800 100%
95%
90%
700
Unit: Capacity (million tonnes)
Unit: Utilisation rate
85%
80%
600
75%
70%
65%
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
IDLE CAPACITY REFINERY THROUGHPUT UTILISATION RATE
Since 2008, the utilisation rate of EU refineries has been European refineries reaching 86%. This rate is commonly
oscillating between 86% to a lowest of 78%. In 2017, an accepted as a requirement for efficient economic operations
increased rate has been observed with the utilisation of of a refinery.45 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.34 Q
UALITY OF REFINERY WATER EFFLUENT
OIL DISCHARGED IN WATER
Source: Concawe
50 30.00
Unit: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharge (ktonnes/yr)
45
Unit: Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharged
25.00
40
per reported throughput (g/tonne)
35
20.00
30
25 15.00
20
10.00
15
10
5.00
5
0 0.00
1969 1974 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1997 2000 2005 2008 2010 2013 2016
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharge (ktonnes/yr)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons discharged per reported throughput (g/tonne)
The EU Refineries have significantly improved the quality to extremelly low levels relative to pre-1990; both in terms
of refinery water effluent in the last decades. The amount of the absolute amount of TPH discharged and the amount
of Total Petroleum Hyrdrocarbons (TPH) discharged in expressed relative to the volume of feedstock processed
effluents from reporting installations continued to decrease (throughput) and the refining capacity of the installations.46 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.35 C
HEMICAL INDUSTRY RAW MATERIAL USE
Source: CEFIC and ICIS
100%
9 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 11 12 11
90%
13 16 14
14 19
80% 22 25 24 20
25 29
70%
60%
50%
69 72 70 73
40% 68
65 63 63 63
58 56
30%
20%
10%
7 7 6 6 6 5 4 5 6 5 4
0%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
GAS OIL NAPHTHA LPG ETHANE
The EU refining sector is closey integrated with the Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add
petrochemical sector. A large part of the petrochemical up exactly to 100%.
feedstock relies on refined products, such as naphtha and
petroleum gases.47 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
FIG.36 M
ARINE FUEL SULPHUR SPECIFICATIONS
SULPHUR EMISSION CONTROL AREAS (SECAs)
Source: IMO and Concawe
Established ECAs
Possible ECAs
Chinese SECAs
The limit for the sulphur content of marine fuels in SECAs is within the Coastal ECA, i.e. within China’s territorial sea (including
0.1% since 1 January 2015. the Hainan Coastal ECA) as well as Hong Kong, Taiwan and
Mainland China.
The limit for the sulphur content of marine fuels outside SECAs
in the EU waters is set at 0.5% for EU waters from 2020. From 1 January 2020, the new 0.5% global sulphur cap entered
into force replacing the previous limit of 3.50% which had been
Since January 2015, all vessels in the Emission Controlled Area in effect since 1 January 2012.
(ECA) of the Baltic Sea, North Sea, English Channel and waters
200 nautical miles from the coast of US and Canada, have had to From 1 January 2022, vessels must use fuel with a sulphur
reduce their sulphur emissions to 0.1%. content not exceeding 0.1% while operating within the Hainan
Coastal ECA. Vessels are required to use either a distillate, an
From 1 January 2019, vessels have been required to use fuel alternate fuel or install a scrubber that removes sulphur from the
with a sulphur content not exceeding 0.5% while operating exhaust after combustion.48 Statistical Report 2020 - Refining
EMISSIONS49 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.37a PM EMISSIONS FROM EXHAUST IN THE EU-28
REDUCED BY OVER 60%
Source: European Environment Agency
PM2.5 PM10
400 400
350 350
Unit: Kilo tonnes (Kt)
300 300
250 250
200 200
150 150
100 100
50 50
0 0
2000 2004 2008 2012 2017 2000 2004 2008 2012 2017
PM2.5 Overall transport emissions PM10 Overall transport emissions
PM2.5 Exhaust emissions PM10 Exhaust emissions
PM emissions are continuously decreasing as the result of standard, modern road vehicles with diesel engines are using
cleaner diesel fuel, advanced engines and effective emissions highly efficient filters that remove 99.9% of PM.
control technology. With the introduction of the Euro 650 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.37b S
INCE 1990, FUELS ARE GETTING
PROGRESSIVELY CLEANER RESULTING
IN SIGNIFICANT EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
Source: European Environment Agency
8000 700
NOx SOx
7000 600
6000
500
5000
400
4000
300
3000
200
2000
1000 100
0 0
Unit: Kilo tonnes (Kt)
1990 1996 2004 2010 2017 1990 1996 2004 2010 2017
6000 40000
NMVOC CO
35000
5000
30000
4000
25000
3000 20000
15000
2000
10000
1000
5000
0 0
1990 1996 2004 2010 2017 1990 1996 2004 2010 2017
Since 1990, the refining industry contributed to cleaner NOX (as NO2) - Nitrogen Oxides
exhausts currently containing over 80% lower SOX, NMVOC, SOX (as SO2) - Sulphur Oxides
and CO emissions. NOX emissions have decreased by over NMVOC - Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds
60%. These significant improvements are the result of the CO - Carbon Monoxide
partnerships with the automotive industry which aims at
improving the fuel engine efficiency and leading to multiple
environmental benefits.51 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.38 MAXIMUM ON-ROAD DIESEL SULPHUR LIMITS
Source: Stratas Advisors, March 2020
10 - 15 PPM 16 - 50 PPM 51 - 350 PPM
351 - 500 PPM 501 - 2000 PPM 2001 - 10000 PPM No information
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/ Detailed information on limits and regulations can be found at
cities, or based on average content. www.stratasadvisors.com.52 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.39 M
AXIMUM GASOLINE SULPHUR LIMITS
Source: Stratas Advisors, March 2020
0 - 10 PPM 11 - 30 PPM 31 - 50 PPM
51 - 150 PPM 151 - 500 PPM 501 - 3500 PPM No information
Countries may apply lower limits for different grades, regions/ Detailed information on limits and regulations can be found at
cities, or based on average content. www.stratasadvisors.com.53 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.40 G
HG EMISSIONS BY SECTOR IN THE EU-28
IN 2017
Source: European Environmental Agency
TRANSPORT 18.2%
INTERNATIONAL 24.4% ENERGY SUPPLY
NAVIGATION 2.8%
CO2 EMISSIONS
FROM BIOMASS 10.9%
WASTE MANAGEMENT 2.7%
16.9% INDUSTRY
INTERNATIONAL
AVIATION 3.1%
RESIDENTIAL AND
COMMERCIAL 11% 10% AGRICULTURE
Energy supply and industry accounted for 41,3% of total GHG Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
emissions in the EU in 2017. Transport, including international exactly to 100%.
shipping and aviation generated 24,1% of EU GHG emissions.54 Statistical Report 2020 - Emissions
FIG.41 C
O2 EMISSIONS TREND BY SECTOR IN THE EU-28
Source: European Environment Agency
(1990=100%)
300
250
Unit: Emissions (% of 1990 level)
200
150
100
5
0
1990
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2017
2018
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
ENERGY SUPLY AGRICULTURE CO2 emissions per sector have generally been
declining since 2007. Industry’s (processes
INDUSTRY WASTE
and manufacturing) CO2 emissions decreased
TRANSPORT INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION sharply over the period 2007-2012 and are now
RESIDENTIAL INTERNATIONAL AVIATION respectively 30% and 38% below the 1990 levels.
COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL CO2 emissions from transport have been steadily
decreasing between 2008 and 2015. However,
since 2016 we have seen a minor increase due
to international aviation.55 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
RETAIL & MARKETING
INFRASTRUCTURES56 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.42 P
ROJECTED DECLINING EU SHARE
IN GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS
Source: International Energy Agency, WEO 2018
28.4%25.2%
17.6%
14.0%
4.5%3.9%
9.7%
4.8% RUSSIA
13.2%
NORTH EUROPEAN 7.0%
Unit: CO2 emissions (%) of world total
AMERICA UNION 5.4% 6.7%
4.8% CHINA
3.6%
MIDDLE
EAST INDIA
AFRICA
3.7%4.0%
23.0%
LATIN 20.4%
AMERICA
2017 REST OF THE WORLD
2040
In 2017, the EU accounted for 9.7% of the global CO2 America, Russia and China are also forecasted to decrease
emissions and this share is expected to be reduced to by 2040 where in other parts of the world emissions will likely
4.8% by 2040. According to IEA, CO2 emissions in North increase.57 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.43 P
ROJECTED CO2 EMISSIONS
PER CAPITA/REGIONS
Source: International Energy Agency, WEO 2018
2017 2040
14
11.8
12
Unit: CO2 emissions per capita
10
8.8
8.3 8.2
7.7
8 7.4
5.8
6
3.8 3.8 4.0
4 3.1
2.3 2.4
2.0
2
0.9 0.8
0
North Central & Europe Africa Middle East Eurasia Asia-Pacific Southeast Asia
America South America
Europe and North America are the two regions where CO2
emissions are expected to decrease. CO2 emissions are
expected to slightly increase in the other parts of the world.58 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.44 NOX CONTRIBUTION TO EU-28 EMISSIONS
FROM MAIN SOURCE SECTORS IN 2017
Source: European Environmental Agency
8% NON-ROAD
8% AGRICULTURE
TRANSPORT
3% INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
AND PRODUCT USE
12% ENERGY USE
IN INDUSTRY
14% COMMERCIAL, 39% ROAD
INSTITUTIONAL TRANSPORT
AND HOUSEHOLDS
16% ENERGY PRODUCTION
AND DISTRIBUTION
NO x are main contributors to the air quality problems found in in 2017, some other sectors such as energy production and
a number of urban areas in the EU. Whilst the road transport distribution also largely contribute to the air quality challenge.
sector is the largest contributor with 39% of NO x emissions59 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.45 A
LTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES ACCOUNTED
FOR 10.6% OF TOTAL PASSENGER CAR
REGISTRATIONS IN THE EU IN 2019
Source: ACEA
Electrically-chargeable Other than Electric
Vehicles (ECV) Vehicles (APV)
30.5% 15.9%
Diesel Vehicles
28.5%
10.6%
Alternative Fuel
Vehicles Total number
registered in 2019
58.9%
Petrol Vehicles 1 612 194
55.6%
Hybrid Electric
Vehicles (HEV )
Overall in 2019, more than half of all new passenger cars Note: Please note that due to rounding, figures may not add up
registered in the EU ran on petrol (58.9%, compared to exactly to 100%.
56.6% in 2018). Diesel vehicles accounted for 30.5%
losing 5 percent point market share compared to 2018.
The number of alternative fuel vehicles has been steadily
increasing reaching 10.6% in 2018.60 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.46 E
LECTRIC VEHICLES AS A PROPORTION OF THE
TOTAL FLEET IN THE EU-28
Source: European Environment Agency
160000 2.0
140000
120000 1.5
Unit: Number of electric vehicles
Unit: Share of electric vehicles
100000
80000 1.0
60000
40000 0.5
20000
0 0.0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES SHARE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES (%)
Electric cars are slowly penetrating the EU market. These registered passenger vehicles, the number of new electric
include Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid car registrations in the EU has been increasing steadily over
Electric Vehicles (PHEV). While the numbers are still low the last few years.
(about 300 000) and their market share is about 2% of new61 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.47 N
UMBER OF PETROL STATIONS IN EUROPE
END OF 2019
Source: National Oil Industry Associations, FPS Economy, DG Energy
Number Number
of petrol of petrol
COUNTRY stations COUNTRY stations
Austria 2 733 Italy 21 700
Belgium 3 091 Latvia 606
Bulgaria 4 6001 Lithuania 718
Croatia N/A Luxembourg 236
Unit: Number of petrol stations
Cyprus 310 Malta 69
Czechia 4 008 Netherlands 4 145
Denmark 2 048 Poland 7 628
Estonia 493 Portugal 3 205
Finland 1 890** Romania 2 250
France 11 193 Slovakia 970
Germany 14 449 Slovenia 553*
Greece 6 443 Spain 11 602
Hungary 1 998 Sweden 2 790
Ireland 1 797 United Kingdom 8 396
EU TOTAL 119 921
Norway 1 848**
Switzerland 3 362
Turkey 13 178
TOTAL NO + CH + TR 18 388
TOTAL 138 309
EU NON EU
There were over 138 000 petrol stations in the EU, Norway, 1
he dramatic rise of the number of the stations compared
T
Switzerland and Turkey operating in 2019 fuelling some to the previous years in Bulgaria is a result of a new
250 million cars and over 35 million trucks. procedure of counting, which includes the departmental
service stations.
* Numbers for 2016
** Numbers for 201862 Statistical Report 2020 - Retail & Marketing Infrastructures
FIG.48 A
IR TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS
IN THE EU-28 SINCE 2008
Source: Eurostat
1.15
1.10
1.05
Unit: Billion of people
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Passengers in the EU-28
Air transport of passengers has been progressively growing travelling by air in the European Union could be established
since 2008. A small decrease, which can be attributed to at 1 106 million, an increase of 38,2% compared with 2008,
the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, was witnessed and 6% compared to 2017%.
in 2009-2010. In 2018, the total number of passengers63 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
COVID-19’S IMPACT64 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.49 P
ROJECTED CHANGE IN GLOBAL PRIMARY
ENERGY DEMAND BY FUEL
IN 2020 RELATIVE TO 2019
Source: IEA
2%
0%
-2%
-4%
-6%
-8%
-10%
Coal Gas Oil Nuclear Renewables Total
Energy Demand
Energy demand is set to decline in all major regions in 2020. experience the greatest declines in energy demand in 2020.
Demand in China is projected to decline by more than 4%, a In both the European Union and the United States, demand
reversal from average annual demand growth of nearly 3% in 2020 is likely to fall around 10% below 2019 levels, almost
between 2010 and 2019. In India, energy demand would double the impact of the global financial crisis.
decline for the first time, following on from low demand
growth in 2019. However, it is advanced economies that will65 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.50 W
TI VS BRENT
Source: Federal Reserve Economic Data
80.00
WTI Brent
60.00
Unit: US Dollars per barrel, daily
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
1/1/2020 2/1/2020 3/1/2020 4/1/2020 5/1/2020
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the WTI price fell of transporting the crude to another storage facility is high.
precipitously; the Brent price also fell, but not as much. This Brent, on the other hand, is produced in the North Sea and
difference in the behavior of the two oil prices may be caused can be more easily transported to waterborne tankers for
by differences in the storage technologies at settlement. In temporary storage.
Cushing, where WTI is settled, storage is fixed and the cost66 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.51a GASOLINE AND DIESEL UNTAXED PRICE
DEVELOPMENT DURING COVID-19 CRISIS
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
Unit: Euro/Litre
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
06
13
20
27
03
10
17
24
02
09
16
23
30
06
13
20
27
04
11
Petrol (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
Diesel (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
The rapid decline in economic acitivity during the COVID-19 by a price war between Russia and OPEC in Q1 2020
crisis put a downward pressure on fuel prices, as demand that faciliated a -65% quaterly drop in crude prices. With
plummeted and refineries struggled with over-production and plummeting product prices, the relative share of the tax
limited storage capacity. The price decline was exacerbated burden on refining products grew considerably.67 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.51b G
ASOLINE AND DIESEL PRICE WITH TAXES
DEVELOPMENT DURING COVID-19 CRISIS
Source: Oil Bulletin, European Commission
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
Unit: Euro/Litre
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
06
13
20
27
03
10
17
24
02
09
16
23
30
06
13
20
27
04
11
Petrol (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
Diesel (Weekly Average Price EU-27)
The rapid decline in economic acitivity during the COVID-19 by a price war between Russia and OPEC in Q1 2020
crisis put a downward pressure on fuel prices, as demand that faciliated a -65% quaterly drop in crude prices. With
plummeted and refineries struggled with over-production and plummeting product prices, the relative share of the tax
limited storage capacity. The price decline was exacerbated burden on refining products grew considerably.68 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.52 N
EW PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS IN THE
EU-27 IN 2020 COMPARED TO 2019
Source: ACEA
1500000
1000000 -7.5% -7.4%
-55.1%
500000
-76.3%
0
January February March April
2019 2020
From January to April 2020, EU demand for new passenger the European Union 27 posted a year-on-year decline of
cars contracted by 38.5%, owing to the negative impact of 76.3%. The first full month with COVID-19 restrictions in place
the coronavirus on March and April results. So far this year, resulted in the strongest monthly drop in car demand since
registrations fell by half in three of the four key EU markets: records began. With most showrooms across the EU closed
Italy -50.7%, Spain -48.9% and France -48.0%. In Germany, for the entire month, the number of new cars sold fell from
demand contracted by 31.0% over the first four months of 1,143,046 units in April 2019 to 270,682 units last month.
2020. In April 2020, registrations of new passenger cars in69 Statistical Report 2020 - COVID-19’s Impact
FIG.53 N
UMBER OF FLIGHTS PER MONTH
IN THE EUROCONTROL AREA
Source: EUROCONTROL
1500000
1000000
-0.5%
0.9%
-41%
500000
-88.2% -86.8%
0
January February March April May
estimated
2019 2020
Since the beginning of 2020, a large number of countries April 2020 (-88.2%) was witnessed. A turning point seems
across the globe shut down borders and limit domestic travel to be reached during the month of April 2020. May shows a
as a response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, cancelling lower reduction in number of flights.
almost all flights to control the spread of the virus has affected
the entire airline industry globally. While January 2020 and *E
UROCONTROL area: EU-27, Albenia, Armenia, Bosnia
February 2020 recorded a minor decrease in the number and Herzegovina, Georgia, Israel, Monaco, North Moldova,
of flights in the EUROCONTROL area* compared to 2019, a Republic of Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, Norway,
drastic fall in the number of flights in March 2020 (-41%) and Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine70 Statistical Report 2020
About FuelsEurope
FuelsEurope is a division of the European Petroleum Refiners FuelsEurope aims to inform and provide expert advice to the EU
Association, an AISBL operating in Belgium. This Association, institutions and other stakeholders about European Petroleum
whose members are all 40 companies that operate petroleum Refining and Distribution and its products in order to:
refineries in the European Economic Area in 2020, is comprised
of FuelsEurope and Concawe divisions, each having n ontribute in a constructive way to the development of
C
separate and distinct roles and expertise but administratively technically feasible and cost effective EU policies and
consolidated for efficiency and cost effectiveness. legislation.
Members account for almost 100% of EU petroleum refining n romote an understanding amongst the EU institutions and
P
capacity and more than 75% of EU motor fuel retail sales. citizens of the contribution of European Petroleum Refining
and Distribution and its value chain to European economic,
technological and social progress.71 Statistical Report 2020
Disclaimer
We have made every attempt to ensure the accuracy and OPEC Disclaimer - The data, analysis and any other
reliability of the information provided in this report. However, information (the “information”) contained in the World Oil
the information is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind. Outlook is for informational purposes only and is neither
Neither FuelsEurope nor any of its member companies accept intended as a substitute for advice from business, finance,
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be liable for any loss or damage of whatever nature (direct, reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of
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use of the information herein. Secretariat makes no warranties or representations as to its
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Quoting from the review - The redistribution or reproduction liability or responsibility for any inaccuracy, error or omission, or
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Wood Mackenzie. the information in the World Oil Outlook.
IEA Disclaimer - Global Indicator Refining Margins are The views expressed in the World Oil Outlook are those of the
calculated for various complexity configurations, each optimised OPEC Secretariat and do not necessarily reflect the views of its
for processing the specific crude(s) in a specific refining centre. governing bodies and/or individual OPEC Member Countries.
Margins include energy cost, but exclude other variable costs, The designation of geographical entities in the World Oil Outlook,
depreciation and amortisation. and the use and presentation of data and other materials, do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
Consequently, reported margins should be taken as an of OPEC and/or its Member Countries concerning the legal
indication, or proxy, of changes in profitability for a given refining status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or
centre. No attempt is made to model or otherwise comment concerning the exploration, exploitation, refining, marketing and
upon the relative economics of specific refineries running utilization of its petroleum or other energy resources. Nothing
individual crude slates and producing custom product sales, in the World Oil Outlook shall be construed as interpreting or
nor are these calculations intended to infer the marginal values modifying any legal obligations under any agreement, treaty,
of crude for pricing purposes. law or other texts; or expressing any legal opinions or having
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