Sustainable Development: The Role of Information and Communication Technology - Alexander Schatten www.schatten.info Oct. 2008
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Sustainable Development:
The Role of Information and
Communication Technology
Alexander Schatten
www.schatten.info
Oct. 2008
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
Agenda
Information & Communication Technology –
Environmental “Footprint”
Mitigation
ICT supporting
Adaptation
ICT for Teaching and Public Awareness
.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
ICT – Environmental “Footprint”
Resources
– Consumption
– (Electronic) Waste
Energy Consumption
– “Green IT”
– Resource Efficiency: “A Factor of 10”
– Desktop Computing
– Data-Centers and Services
– Software as a Service
– Cloud Computing
– Accounting
ICT as “amplifier” of
unsustainable behaviour Photo from ezioman (flickr)
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ICT and Resource Consumption
ICT is consuming significant amounts of valuable resources
Many resources are scarce or produced under questionable
conditions
Valuable resources are mostly not recycled
“Recycling” is done in developing countries
Companies need to invest into recycling-friendly product e.g. by
– Having the whole product-lifecycle in mind at design-time
– Avoiding toxic substances like mercury, PVC, flame retardandts
– Having recycling programs in place
– Allowing easy dismantling of products
.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
Example Mobile Phone: Coltan
Congo:
Most important
source for Coltan
Coltan:
Columbite Tantalite
Mineral that is used
in a broad range of
electronic products
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Example: Microprocessor
Production of a Microprocessor
In the 80s Now
~ 12 Chemical Elements ~ 60 Chemical Elements!
Photo by Aranya Sen (flickr)
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Electronic Waste (EU)
1/3 treated
appropriately
2/3
Photo Greenpeace
Photo digitalsadhu (flickr)
Treatment of Electronic Waste within EU.
Numbers from EU Commission
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“The rapid uptake of computers, mobile
phones and the Internet in the emerging
world is set to double the industry's
CO2 emissions by 2020, according to
the first comprehensive study on the
impact of Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) on
the world's climate.”
Euractiv.com, Study on Carbon Footprint of ICT sector
Photo by Greenpeace
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“To help, rather than hinder, the fight against climate
change, the ICT sector must manage its own growing
impact and continue to reduce emissions from data
centres, telecommunications networks and the
manufacture and use of its products”
Smart 2020 Report
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Green IT – Numbers
$ 8-9 billion Estimated energy bills of datacenters worldwide
25% Typical IT budget for average company
~ $ 1.900 Annual expenses for powering and cooling single server (2500 $)
2 1/2 years Average time a typical company has to upgrade power and cooling facilities
70-80% Utilisation of mainframes (70s, 80s)
Of Servers run under 3% peak and average utilisation; actually are using power
~ 30%
and cooling for doing no work
50% Average energy consumption for cooling
76 MtCO2e Global datacenter footprint 2002
259 MtCO2e Global datacenter footprint 2020 (estimated)
18 Million Server 2002
122 Million Server 2020 (estimated)
Source: McKinsey and Company, part of a report titled "Revolutionizing Data Center Efficiency”,
InfoWorld, Ted Samson (2008)
Smart2020 Report
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeThe Power of “10”: Game Consoles
Playstation 3
Xbox 360
~ 200 W
Playstation 2
~ 50 W
Nintendo Wii
~ 20 W
.12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeThe Power of “10”: PCs
PC with CRT
~ 150-250 W
~ 100-200 W
PC with LCD
~ 50 W Thin Client with LCD
~ 10-45 W
Notebook
OLPC / XO
~2W
Photos from Flickr: Gene, Plutor, John Pastor, One Laptop per Child
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................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeConcrete Saving Potential in CO2eq
From To Savings
(CO2 eq. Emissions)
PC + CRT PC + LCD > 15%
PC + LCD (CRT) Thinclient + Terminal Server 44% (54%)
PC Notebook (stationary) 79%
Thinclient Notebook (stationary) 55%
Source: “Ökologischer Vergleich der Klimarelevanz von PC und Thinclient Arbeitsplatzgeräten 2008”, Studie des Fraunhofer
Institut Umwelt-, Sicherheits-, Energietechnik UMSICHT
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeTarget/Demand-oriented Performance! .15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
Data-Centers and Services
“Hummer Strategy”
… or Virtualisation,
Cloud Computing
and Software as Service?
Photo from Paul Keleher, Flickr
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In-House Services
Datacenter In-House
Replace Volume Servers with varying utilisation or low utilisation
with virtual machines running in one power-server
Remove Fat-Clients where not absolutely necessary and replace
them with thin-clients and web-applications or thin-clients using
remote desktops
Provide support for tele-working (virtual private networks…)
Get consulting for “green” operation of data-center including issues
like:
– Optimising Facilities
– Highest possible operation temperature
– Reuse of heat (e.g. for building/office heating)
Better: get rid of all services that can be outsourced (see following
slides)
.17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeWhat is Cloud Computing?
You get energy from a grid, not from your own power-plant
Cloud computing is the IT equivalent of the energy grid
Rent services and computing power as needed
Use Cloud Computing to scale as needed
Typical “Cloud” Services range from
– Operation of Virtual Servers (e.g. Amazon EC2)
– Network storage solutions (e.g. Amazon S3)
– Database Services (e.g. Amazon SimpleDB)
– Application Runtime Environments (e.g. Google AppEngine)
– Middleware Services (e.g. Amazon Message Queue)
– E-Commerce Applications (e.g. Payment Services)
– Various Services (e.g. Google Maps, Google Calendar, Office
Applications…)
.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeWhy is Cloud Computing better?
You pay what you use, not a
“theoretical” peak load
You do not need to operate complex IT
infrastructure which is most likely not your
core business
Operation of large scale data-centers is way
more efficient than small scale installations
Load can be balanced over many
customers, hence servers in large data-
centers can work at higher average
utilisation
Data-centers can be build in regions where
less cooling is needed and more renewable
energy sources are available
.19. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeCloud Computing Architecture
Web/Mobile - Service
Fat-Client
Client ... Consumer
Cloud Application 1 ...
or Service App 2 App 3 App 4
z.B. SaaS oder Webservice
Cloud Platform Cloud Storage Cloud Services
(AppServer,Python...) (z.B. S3, SimpleDB) (z.B. Queue Service, ...)
Cloud Infrastructure
(z.B. Hardware, Network...)
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeSoftware as a Service
“Buzzword” in the 90s; did not take off then
Now a series of good applications are available, new services every
day
“Business” Applications like Salesforce CRM
Groupware
Communication Tools
– Webmail
– Chat-Applications
– Forum
– Wiki
Office Applications
– Google Docs, Calendar, Sites
– Zoho (Office, Database, Programming Environment)
.21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeExample: CRM Salesforce .22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
Current Issues with
Cloud Computing
No standardisation so far, hence vendor lock-in with currently
leading services from companies like Google or Amazon
– However first Open Source products appear like Eucalyptus
Whole SAAS, CC rather “young”, i.e., not very much experience
available
Legal and privacy issues, particularly due to the fact that most
providers are located in US
– opportunity for European companies!)
Automated Scaling can “backfire” (DOS, bugs…)
.23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeCompany IT-Policy –
Some Questions
Are there Guidelines for Operation and Office
Support (e.g., about printing, using PC…)
Is Tele-working an integral part of the
workflow?
How is accounting done?
Power Management Software installed
(for all PCs?)
Connection between server-cooling and
office-heating system?
Assessment of server utilisation done?
Virtualisation strategy within company?
Virtualisation strategy outside company?
Software as a service? Photo by threedots (flickr)
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeAmplifying Unsustainable Behaviour
Rebound Effects
– More efficient steam engines higher coal consumption
– More efficient cars (“Prius”) cheaper per kilomerter higher
mileage
– More efficient production (“Tata cars”) much more cars on
the street higher overall consumption
Enabling Effects:
– Modern logistics:
• Flights become cheaper more travel
• Transportation becomes more efficient and
cheaper transport over greater distances
Photo by photohome_uk (flickr)
Unplanned Effects:
– More Communication does not lead to
less travel, the opposite is true
.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeAgenda
Information & Communication Technology –
Environmental “Footprint”
Mitigation
ICT supporting
Adaptation
ICT for Teaching and Public Awareness
.26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeIT as a Supporter for
Mitigation efforts
Green Supply Chains and E-Government – Think Global!
Smart Production
End-to-end Accounting (e.g. MIPS, Life Cycle Analysis, Input/
Output Calculations)
De-Materialisation
Smart Building
– “If airplanes were build like buildings, you wouldn't fly in them”,
Stephen Selkowitz”, LBNL
Smart Grids
“Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will rise as global demand
for products and services increases, these are estimated to be five
times less than the emissions that can be reduced through the
“enabling effect.”, Smart 2020 Report
.27. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemePossible Contributions in Different
Fields (Smart 2020 Report)
Taken from Smart 2020 Report
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeGreen Supply Chains:
Example Indonesia
The World Bank:
– A number of environmental problems are threatening the country's
environmental sustainability, foremost among them being a rapid and
generally unsustainable rate of natural resource exploitation.
– Areas of particular concern include forests and fisheries.
– One problem is the lack of transparency in the processes
controlling access to such resources.
– Other problems include weak natural resource governance, poor
institutional coordination, limited monitoring of natural resources
and environmental quality parameters.
– [...] limited coordination among ministries and agencies at
national and local levels
– Furthermore, the recent decentralization process has created
additional challenges for environment and natural resource managers
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeExample Indonesia:
The Economist (2006)
Indonesia is losing almost 2m hectares of
forest a year (an area about the size of
Wales or Massachusetts)
Illegal logging also carries big costs for
the human beings involved. Well-
managed forests continue to provide
wood, and therefore revenue,
indefinitely. But those that have been
overexploited, or simply carelessly run let
alone razed will yield little or no money in
the future.
The government of Indonesia (which has
the world's third-biggest tropical forests,
after Brazil and Congo, but the biggest
timber trade) estimated its annual losses
at around $3 billion. [due to illegal
logging]
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeThe Flat World
Thomas Friedman, ”The world is flat”
We move(d) from
– Command and Control to
– Collaborate and Connect Economy/Society
3 Billion people reach for the western lifestyle
– It is impossible to fulfil this demand with the current approach
Economy, knowledge, work-force, natural-resources are global
issues
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeIn a flat world and a connected
economy there are hardly local
problems
Any significant
problem in a country
like Indonesia, India,
China or USA…
is immediately a global
problem.
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme“Green” Global Supply Chains
“Measure and Connect” is foundation for optimisation
– Technologies like
• RFID
• Event-based Systems
• Data-warehouses
“Tag and Track” items through whole supply chain
Work with (near) real-time data
Standardisation (usage of standardised protocols and practices)
Integrate with e-Government applications to enhance
transparency and better resource and waste management
Check whether suppliers from second and third world countries
follow policies
Global optimisation of supply chains (from supplier to production
lines to transportation to customer)
.33. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeNew Environmental Policies
“We will not knowingly finance companies or
projects that collude with or are knowingly
engaged in illegal logging. As part of our due
diligence where we are in a position to direct or
influence such process, we will examine
whether clients that process, purchase, or
trade wood products from high risk countries
(and we will encourage such clients to) have
certifiable systems in place to ensure that the
wood they process, purchase or trade comes from
legal sources…”
Goldman Sachs Investment Bank Environmental Policy Framework
.34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeIndustrial Production
Industrial Production is one of the largest contributors to
global emissions (Smart 2020 report):
– approx 23% total emission in 2002
– Uses nearly 50% of global electrical power
Modernise development of production lines; software development,
simulation, data exchange is outdated compared to “business
information systems”
End-to-end monitoring of production lines
ICT systems allow transparency
and accountability
Optimisations in motor systems
Integration into global
supply-chain optimisation
Be aware of rebound effect(s)! Picture from ralphbijker (flickr)
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Currently decisions and optimisations are often done on the basis
of simplistic metrics (e.g. greenhouse gas emissions of cars...)
Impact is actually an end-to-end function
– Impact of resource exploitation
– Resouce preparation
– Production
– Logistics and Transportation
– Retail
– Usage
– Maintenance
– Disposal
ICT can help in supportung meaningful metrics like
– MIPS (material input per service unit)
– Input/Output Models
– Life-Cycle Analysis
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme“Dematerialisation”
Replace paper-based
business with electronic
business
Online Media
Reduce business travel
Tele-Working
E-Commerce
E-Government
Taken from Smart 2020 Report
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeWhy ICT?
E.g. UPS: Left-turns no longer allowed!
Photo by iirraa (flickr)
Because optimisation opportunities will
emerge, that you never might have thought of!
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeICT — Supporting Adaptation ................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme
Degradation of Biodiversity
“Devastating declines of amphibian species around the world are a sign of a
biodiversity disaster larger than just frogs, salamanders and their ilk, according to
researchers from the University of California, Berkeley.”, Science Daily
"There's no question that we are in a mass
extinction spasm right now," said David
Wake, professor of integrative biology at UC
Berkeley.
"Amphibian declines may be the window
into the future of what we can expect as
humans continue to alter the environment on
a global scale. Only now are government
officials finally willing to acknowledge that
humans have caused so much damage to the
environment that they are even affecting
global climate change.”
Vredenburg et. Al, 2007
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeClimate Change
“The observed increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) since the preindustrial era
has most likely committed the world to a warming of
2.4°C (1.4°C to 4.3°C) above the preindustrial surface
temperatures. The committed warming is inferred from
the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) estimates of the greenhouse forcing
and climate sensitivity. The estimated warming of
2.4°C is the equilibrium warming above preindustrial
temperatures that the world will observe even if GHG
concentrations are held fixed at their 2005
concentration levels but without any other
anthropogenic forcing such as the cooling effect of
aerosols. The range of 1.4°C to 4.3°C in the
committed warming overlaps and surpasses the
currently perceived threshold range of 1°C to 3°C for
dangerous anthropogenic interference with many
of the climate-tipping elements such as the
summer arctic sea ice, Himalayan–Tibetan
glaciers, and the Greenland Ice Sheet.”
Ramanathan and Feng, "On avoiding dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system: Formidable challenges ahead", Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States, Vol.105, No.38 (2008)
Photo by hAdamsky (flickr)
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemePeak Oil
Peak Oil means: nobody (globally)
can get more oil without someone
else reducing consumption
?
2020 Bundesanstalt für
Geowissenschaften
Photo by arbyreed (flickr)
(Germany)
2004-2010 Campbell, Deffeyes
2015 Shell Manager
Now Guardian Report "I do believe you have peaked out at 85
million barrels a day globally,” Pickens, who
heads BP Capital hedge fund with more
than US$4 billion under management, said
during testimony to the Senate Energy and
Natural Resources Committee.
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive Systeme“Oil is the lifeblood of modern industrial economies
— but not forever”
“But historically, major shifts in energy supply
have also required decades, so if world production
will peak in (say) 2020–40, a common view among
oil optimists, then starting action now would seem
sensible.”
Amory Lovins et. al., Winning the Oil Endgame
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeICT Supporting Adaptation
Environmental Information Systems (Biodiversity Research, Sensor
Networks, GEOSS, ...)
Connected global information systems and models
Low-carbon-intensive technologies: e.g., more efficiency and
search for alternatives (transparent supply chains, dematerialisation
of workspaces)
Support in case of catastrophes like
– robust dependable and communication technology
– Visualisation
– Geographical information systems
Simulation and modeling adapted to certain regions e.g.
– Tourism prediction in Austria
– Water level rise
– Development of
agriculture
.44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeAgenda
Information & Communication Technology –
Environmental “Footprint”
Mitigation
ICT supporting
Adaptation
ICT for Teaching and Public Awareness
.45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeTeaching and Public Awareness
Climate change, many environmental problems, resource depletion
are
– Global issues
– Highly connected systems
– Depending on many parameters and hence
– Very difficult to understand
Tools are needed to enhance the public awareness and the
systemic nature of such problems, particularly for
– Teaching purpose
– Public awareness
– As political instrument
IT can provide experience in modeling, visualisation, game
development to provide such tools
.46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeVideo-Game: “Makes you Think”
Taken from http://makesyouthink.net/games/climate-challenge
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................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeVideo-Game: “Makes you Think”
Taken from http://makesyouthink.net/games/climate-challenge
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................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeGame: “Operation Climate Control”
Taken from http://www.operationclimatecontrol.co.uk
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................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeGame: “Operation Climate Control”
Taken from http://www.operationclimatecontrol.co.uk
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................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeConclusion
Despite of environmental impact of ICT, clever ICT strategies
can help to reduce much more emissions than it will produce
ICT Footprint: “direct” front-lines
– Efficient IT (Green IT)
– Target/Demand oriented IT (Cloud Computing, SAAS, ...)
– Dematerialisation effects
– Resource consumption and treatment of electronic waste
“Amplification Effects” by ICT
IT as enabler for efficiency measurements in other fields
– “Measure and Connect”
– “Green Supply Chains”: Global Optimisations, E-
Government
– Certified Processes
– Smart Houses, Grid Optimisations, Production
Automation, ...
ICT supporting Adaptation (sensor networks, environmental
monitoring, modelling, search for alternatives...)
ICT for “public awareness”, teaching, politics, ...
................................................. Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeDr. Alexander Schatten
Vienna University of Technology
Institute for Software Technology and
Interactive Systems
http://www.schatten.info
.52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Institut für Softwaretechnik und Interaktive SystemeYou can also read
