SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE

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SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
RISE 2020                RISE
REGULATORY INDICATORS
FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

SUSTAINING
THE MOMENTUM
SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
ABOUT ESMAP
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works to accelerate the energy transition required to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) to ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all. It helps to shape WBG strategies and programs to achieve the WBG Climate Change Action Plan targets.
Learn more at: https://esmap.org

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Attribution—Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). 2020. Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) Sustaining
the Momentum. Washington, DC: World Bank.

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PRODUCTION CREDITS
Editor | Steven Kennedy
Designer | Duina Reyes, The World Bank
Photo Credits | Cover: © World Bank; Introduction: © SNV; Developments since RISE 2018: © Getty; Regional Briefs: © World Bank

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SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
RISE

RISE 2020
REGULATORY INDICATORS
FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

SUSTAINING
THE MOMENTUM
SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM   ii
SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................3

WHAT IS RISE? ..............................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION............................................................. 6
       KEY FINDINGS...........................................................................................................7
       POLICIES TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19 ...........8
       THE RISE METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................9

DEVELOPMENTS SINCE RISE 2018................................. 10
       ELECTRICITY ACCESS: MAJOR PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS..............17
       CLEAN COOKING: STEADY PROGRESS SINCE 2010................................................21
       RENEWABLE ENERGY: SLOWED PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS ............26
       ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A STRONG UPWARD TREND ACROSS ALL REGIONS...........30

REGIONAL BRIEFS.......................................................... 36
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................51

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................52

                                                                  1
SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM - RISE 2020 REGULATORY INDICATORS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RISE
RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM   2
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

R   egulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE),
    2020 - Sustaining the Momentum - was produced
by the Global Energy and Extractives Practice of the World
                                                                  country financing and policy dialogue in the energy sector.
                                                                  Through the World Bank Group (WBG), ESMAP works to
                                                                  accelerate the energy transition required to achieve Sus-
Bank Group. It benefited from the support and guidance            tainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) to ensure access to
of Demetrios Papathanasiou, Energy Global Director; Ro-           affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
hit Khanna, Practice Manager, Energy Sector Management            It helps to shape WBG strategies and programs to achieve
Assistance Program (ESMAP); and Vivien Foster, Infrastruc-        the WBG Climate Change Action Plan targets.
ture Chief Economist.
                                                                  The team is grateful for the constructive feedback provid-
Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) is part       ed by peer reviewers Vivien Foster, Ani Balabanyan, and
of the Energy Data and Analytics Hub Program and was              Husam Beides. Many World Bank colleagues, and exter-
managed by a core team led by Elisa Portale and compris-          nal partners offered formal and informal guidance during
ing Daron Bedrosyan, Sharmila Bellur, Juliette Besnard,           preparation of the report. The team is also grateful to the
and Tigran Parvanyan. The following staff and consultants         staff of World Bank’s Energy and Extractives Global Prac-
performed the work on the four RISE pillars:                      tice, which contributed to the validation of information and
                                                                  data, country by country.
§§   Electricity Access: Juliette Besnard and Paul Pulickal
     Mathew, with support from Raluca Golumbeanu and              RISE is underpinned by individual data collection efforts
     Dana Rysankova                                               in each of the 138 countries covered. The full list of those
§§   Clean Cooking: Sharmila Bellur and Daron Bedrosyan,          who provided information in each country is on the RISE
     with support from Yabei Zhang                                website (http://rise.worldbank.org). The team would like
                                                                  to particularly recognize the project managers of the firms
§§   Renewable Energy: Tigran Parvanyan and Hong Yang,            that led data collection activities across multiple countries:
     with support from Zuzana Dobrotkova and Pierre               Alexander LaBua and Sylvana Bohrt (Greenmax Capital Ad-
     Audinet                                                      visors); Michel Layec and Rebecca Lamas (Stantec); Akram
§§   Energy Efficiency: Muna Abucar Osman and Daron               Al Mohamadi, Sara Ibrahim, and Maged Mahmoud (Re-
     Bedrosyan, with support from Ivan Jaques and Jas             gional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficien-
     Singh                                                        cy); and Sanjay Dube and Sumedha Awasthy (International
                                                                  Institute of Energy Conservation).
The team also received valuable support from Yadviga
Semikolenova on the policy implications of the COVID-19           An editorial and design team comprising Steven Kenne-
pandemic, and from Stephen Halloway at various stages             dy, Duina Reyes, and Talar Manoukian raised the quality
of the project development.                                       and visual presentation of the final report. The online plat-
                                                                  form was developed by K.S. Sreejith, R. Narayanan, Rony
The financial support of ESMAP is gratefully acknowl-             George, and Ram Prasad of Advanced Software Systems.
edged. ESMAP is a partnership between the World                   The communications process was led by Anita Rozowska,
Bank and 18 partners to help low- and middle-income               Nugroho Nurdikiawan Sunjoyo and Phillip Edouard Cor-
countries reduce poverty and boost growth through sus-            nell, with input and guidance on publication from Marjorie
tainable energy solutions. ESMAP’s analytical and advi-           Araya and Heather Austin.
sory services are fully integrated within the World Bank’s

                                                              3
WHAT IS RISE?

RISE—Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy—is a                            has some room for improvement; and red for the lowest
set of indicators intended for use in comparing the poli-                         scores (0–33), indicating that policy adoption remains at
cy and regulatory frameworks that countries have put in                           an early stage.
place to support the achievement of Sustainable Develop-
ment Goal 7 on universal access to clean and modern en-                           By measuring the level and ambition of policy adoption in
ergy. This third edition of the report captures policies and                      countries, the indicators can help policy makers bench-
regulations that enhance sustainable energy in the form                           mark their own national energy framework against those
of 31 indicators distributed among four pillars: access to                        of regional and global peers. By providing empirical evi-
electricity, clean cooking, renewable energy, and energy                          dence of the support provided by policy frameworks, the
efficiency.                                                                       RISE database helps countries attract investment in their
                                                                                  sustainable energy sector.
The indicators, scored on a 0–100 scale, can be used to
compare 138 economies that now account for 98 percent                             RISE is also a valuable resource for private investors and
of the world’s population. A country’s overall score is an                        developers, who use it to carry out due diligence related
average of its scores for the access to electricity1, renew-                      to new projects, products, and services. RISE scores are
able energy, and energy efficiency pillars (the clean cook-                       intended to illustrate how close or far a country is from of-
ing pillar is only scored for 55 access-deficit countries2).                      fering an attractive policy environment. They should not be
The data in RISE 2020 cover the years 2010 to 2019 and                            construed as investment advice.
are current as of December 31, 2019.
                                                                                  The RISE data platform also includes a comprehensive li-
Scores are grouped into three categories based on a “traf-                        brary of policies and regulations on sustainable energy in
fic light” system: green for the highest third of scores                          138 countries. It highlights global, regional, and national
(67–100), indicating a relatively mature policy environment                       best practices spanning the gamut of sustainable energy
though still with room for improvement; yellow for the mid-                       policy making and offers regional profiles and country pol-
dle range (33–67), indicating that the country has begun to                       icy profiles. Detailed information on methodology is avail-
make serious efforts to develop a policy framework but still                      able on the website (http://rise.esmap.org/).

1      54 countries were surveyed for electricity access in 2019. Access deficit countries were selected if they had access rates under 90% or if there were
over 5 million people lacking access to electricity in the country. Countries with no electricity access deficit were scored 100.
2      The clean cooking pillar is scored for 55 access-deficit countries (as identified in IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank, and WHO, 2020) and is averaged into
the overall score for those countries only.

RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM                                           4
The RISE framework

Each of RISE’s four pillars rests on a set of indicators as shown in the figure below.

FIGURE A. RISE’S PILLARS AND INDICATORS

              Pillar                                                                       Indicators

                               •       Electrification plan       •   Framework for standalone •          Scope of the electrification •    Consumer affordability
                                                                      systems                             plan
      ELECTRICITY ACCESS       •       Grid electrification                                                                            •    Utility creditworthiness
                                       framework                  •   Utility transparency and       •    Framework for mini grids
                                                                      monitoring

                                   •    Planning                  •   Scope of planning          •       Standards and labeling        •   Incentives for clean
        CLEAN COOKING                                                                                                                      cooking solutions

                               •       Legal framework for        •   Network connection         •       Planning for renewable        •   Counterparty risk
                                       renewable energy               and use                            energy expansion
     RENEWABLE ENERGY          •       Incentives and regulatory •    Carbon pricing and         •       Attributes of financial and
                                       support for renewable          monitoring                         regulatory incentives
                                       energy

                               •       National energy efficiency •   Transport sector           •       Energy labeling system        •   Financing mechanisms for
                                       plannin                    •   Energy efficiency          •       Carbon pricing and                energy efficiency

      ENERGY EFFICIENCY        •       Incentives and mandates:       entities                           monitoring                    •   Building energy codes
                                       Public sector              •   Incentives and mandates: •         Incentives and mandates:
                               •       Minimum energy                 Utilities                          Industrial and commercial
                                       performance standards                                             end users

Source: World Bank RISE 2018

                                                                            5
INTRODUCTION

Photo Credits: © World Bank
KEY FINDINGS

 §§   Policy matters. Policies and regulations are critical for countries seeking to attract new investment and
      grow toward a sustainable energy sector in line with Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7). RISE 2020
      presents an inventory of sustainable energy policies and regulations in 138 countries
 §§   Globally, steady progress was made on sustainable energy policy in 2017–2019, but the pace was
      slower than in the past. Progress on policy related to renewable energy and energy efficiency slowed
      by half compared with 2015–17, whereas scores for electricity access and clean cooking maintained their
      advance and even accelerated during 2017–19.
 §§   Although the sustained global momentum toward electrification has brought significant policy improve-
      ments since 2010, most countries with deficits in access to electricity still have room for improvement
      in building robust policies. Frameworks to support mini grid and standalone systems have seen faster
      development since 2010 compared to on-grid electrification. Income levels have affected electrification
      policy efforts, with 67 percent of middle- and upper-income countries having adopted comprehensive
      access frameworks by 2019, compared with just 13 percent of low-income countries.
 §§   Although only 15 percent of the countries with deficits in access to clean cooking solutions have
      achieved advanced policy frameworks, those countries, including Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and
      Kenya, represent more than half of the unserved population globally. While the period between 2010
      and 2017 was notable for progress in upper- and lower-middle-income countries in Asia (Bangladesh, Cam-
      bodia, China, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Nepal) and Latin America (Guatemala), the period between
      2017 and 2019 saw large improvements in low income Sub-Saharan Africa countries, notably Benin, Kenya,
      Nigeria, and Tanzania, which moved from the red zone to the yellow zone.
 §§   Renewable energy policies in the heating and cooling sector and the transport sector lag consider-
      ably behind those in the electricity sector, and the gap has widened. This is due to the historical priority
      of using renewable energy sources to produce electricity rather than to deploy them in other sectors.
      Despite overall progress in renewable energy policies, measures related to carbon pricing and monitoring,
      which are key to the use of renewables in heating and cooling and in transport, have gone relatively un-
      developed since 2010, with 50 percent of the surveyed countries still not having policies in place in 2019.
 §§   Historically, energy efficiency policies in heating and cooling, or HVAC, have been more developed
      than those in electricity and transport, with the latter scoring lowest globally. Approximately 75 per-
      cent of the surveyed countries have adopted minimum HVAC energy performance standards and labelling
      measures, with roughly 60 percent making them mandatory.
 §§   The countries that made the most rapid improvements were concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Of
      the top ten performers in RISE 2020, nine were in Sub-Saharan Africa, including South Africa, Benin, and
      Sudan. Kenya, Kenya, Tanzania, and Chad had the largest improvements, increasing their RISE scores by
      more than nine points per year on average from 2017 to 2019. The increase was driven mainly by progress
      on electricity access and renewable energy, with Kenya also improving markedly on energy efficiency.

                                                        7
POLICIES TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
IN THE TIME OF COVID-19
RISE 2020 monitors and assesses policy and regulatory support for sustainable energy to promote energy efficiency
and the use of renewable energy while expanding access to electricity and clean cooking fuels. Marshalling policy data
from well before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic through December 2019, RISE 2020 reviews what governments have
done to create an enabling environment for sustainable energy.
The economic crisis brought on by the pandemic is affecting sustainable energy in ways that are only beginning to
emerge. In response to COVID-19, several countries introduced country-wide lockdowns as well as energy-sector specific
policies that are straining the energy industry and threatening access to energy just when it is needed most. With an addition-
al 150 million people projected to be pushed into extreme poverty by 2021, the expected impact of COVID-19 on poverty de-
creases the chances of meeting the access targets of Sustainable Development Goal 7 on universal access to modern forms
of energy (World Bank 2020a). In many countries where utilities were already under financial duress, the COVID-19 crisis has
exacerbated existing pressures and jeopardized utilities’ ability to provide essential services.3 In addition, low oil prices have
reduced incentives to invest in clean energy, and more difficult financing conditions have constrained the development of
capital-intensive clean energy solutions.
In the short term, policies embedded in stimulus packages could support energy service providers and minimize mar-
ket disruptions in the energy sector. Governments will need to help utilities recover from cash shortfalls and restructure
their debt. As recovery progresses, broader energy tariff reforms can be undertaken, accompanied by measures to protect
lower-income customers. Governments could then take the opportunity to implement structural reforms by phasing out fossil
fuel subsidies and investing in digital, resilient, and clean energy infrastructure designed for financial recovery, long-term
cost savings, and expanded access to electricity (IEA 2020a). Promoting sustainable energy through stimulus policies could
also tamp down the likely spike in emissions of greenhouse gases as the global economy recovers, a phenomenon observed
in the crisis of 2008–09 (McKinsey & Company 2020).
Beyond challenges, the pandemic confronts energy policy makers with opportunities to build back better. Policy mak-
ers have the opportunity to set new priorities and explore different trajectories to support a low-carbon recovery and acceler-
ate the pace toward attaining SDG 7 (IEA 2020b). Short-term measures embedded in recovery plans are opportunities to set
longer-term strategies and align policies on energy with SDG 7 targets over the next decade. The crisis underlines the need
to continue strengthening the regulatory framework, including incentives for sustainable energy development to ensure a
resilient recovery from COVID-19. It also highlights the need to adopt policies and regulations that mitigate the risk of global
shocks while gradually withdrawing support for energy inefficient sectors (World Bank 2020).
Countries must not lose sight of the need to invest in clean energy, which would create jobs across sectors, boost eco-
nomic growth, and improve energy sustainability and resilience. Around $1 trillion per year over the next three years will
be needed to ensure the full recovery of the energy sector (IEA 2020b). Government support, such as financial incentives for
private investments in clean energy and digitalization, will be critical. The returns to such support would likely be immense.
A large-scale shift toward electrification fueled by renewables between now and 2050, accompanied by a ramping up of
energy efficiency, could more than triple global employment in renewable energy—from 12 million jobs in 2017 to 42 million
by 2050. Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, coupled with energy efficient buildings, appliances, and industrial processes,
creates the most jobs per dollar of investment—up to 15 jobs per million (Ferroukhi, Casals, and Parajuli 2020). Options
for governments to promote such investment include tax deductions, guaranteed lending, rebates, cash-for-replacement
schemes, incentives for energy management systems, and programs for training and hiring energy managers (IEA 2020b).
The pandemic also constitutes a mandate for clean cooking solutions—the benefits of which would extend beyond
the immediate post-pandemic recovery. As COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, scientists expect that urban air pollution,
coupled with inhalation of smoke from household cooking fires, may significantly sharpen the risk of dying from COVID-19
complications. It is therefore more important than ever to make clean cooking a policy and investment priority, especially in
low-income countries.

3     Observed reductions in bill collections due to lockdowns are even more severe than observed reductions in demand. Sector-specific policies introduced by
some countries (bill reductions, cancellations, or deferrals for all customer classes) have the greatest negative impact on utility finances in the short-term.

RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM                                          8
THE RISE METHODOLOGY
RISE’s geographic coverage has expanded from 133 countries in 2018 to 138 in 20204. RISE 2020 now encompasses
98 percent of the global population. Its basic scoring methodology has not changed from previous editions.

Clean cooking has been transformed from a pilot into a main pillar. Deficits in access to clean cooking, the most over-
looked part of the sustainable energy agenda, affect 2.8 billion people worldwide. The RISE clean cooking pillar covers 55
countries that account for more than 93 percent of the countries with low access scores (IEA, IRENA, UNSD, World Bank,
and WHO 2020).5 Four indicators measure the pillar’s policy frameworks: planning, inclusiveness, standards and labelling,
and incentives to increase uptake.

To capture recent changes in the energy sector, RISE 2020 refines the indicators and subindicators for all pillars,
producing recalculations of the entire time series for all countries. The survey methodology for the electricity access
pillar now captures more nuances in national policy design for electrification frameworks (grid and off-grid). The ques-
tionnaire was updated to yield a better picture of how national electrification plans are drafted—taking into account the
access target as well as the existence of clear licensing procedures for mini grid operators and consumers. Similar ques-
tions shared between indicators (“framework for mini grids” and “framework for standalone systems”) were merged so
that scores would better reflect sector realities. With respect to clean cooking, RISE 2020 incorporates questions within
the three other pillars to capture policies that address the externalities of cooking practices on health and gender. With re-
spect to energy efficiency, the questionnaire was refined from eleven indicators to two (eliminating “information provided
to consumers about electricity usage” and “energy efficiency incentives from electricity rate structures”). With respect to
renewable energy, some subindicators were modified (mainly to merge redundant questions). Because of these changes,
scores from previous RISE reports cannot be directly compared with those in the latest edition.

Measuring the quality and enforcement of policies remains challenging. RISE provides a record of the legislation, pol-
icies, and strategies prevailing in a country over a specified timeline. As policies and regulations may exist without being
enforced, a country’s RISE score reflects laws that have been enacted, without making a judgment on whether they are
being implemented. RISE cannot fully capture the quality of policies and regulations, which is highly context-specific and
may produce subjective assessments. Some policies may not be completely relevant for all countries given country-spe-
cific strategies and political choices. One example is electrification strategies, where some countries have elected to rely
only on publicly owned service providers or on grid expansion.

Cross-pillar comparisons must be nuanced. The indicators included under the four pillars yield a holistic view of the
state of regulation and policy making within each pillar. Comparing results across pillars reveals differences in the relative
maturity of, say, energy access versus clean cooking or renewable energy versus energy efficiency.

The RISE score is not the only precursor or indicator of SDG 7 progress or investment. RISE is intended to provide a
record of laws, regulations, and policies that countries enact to support sustainable energy. The policy environment alone
is insufficient, however, to attract investment or ensure progress toward SDG 7. It must be backed by strong institutions,
open markets, access to finance, an open flow of information, and a strong private sector. Nevertheless, RISE can help
explain trends in sustainable energy investment and SDG 7 outcomes.

Except where otherwise noted, the figures in this report are based on RISE project data.

4      The 5 countries added are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.
5      The 55 countries in the RISE clean cooking pillar are made up of 54 countries in the RISE electricity access pillar, plus China. For access-deficit
countries, the overall country scores are the average of the scores for electricity access, clean cooking, renewable energy and energy efficiency.

                                                                                9
DEVELOPMENTS
                         SINCE RISE 2018

Photo Credits: © Getty
DEVELOPMENTS SINCE RISE 2018

Since RISE 2018, the number of countries with advanced policy frameworks for sustainable energy has grown at
a good pace. In 2017, 57 countries had built advanced policy frameworks for sustainable energy into their regulatory
systems. By 2019, 65 countries had done so, including many emerging and developing countries such as South Africa,
Ecuador, Jamaica, and Kenya.

FIGURE 1. EVOLUTION OF RISE SCORES WORLDWIDE, 2017 VS. 2019

                                                2017                                                                 2019

    ≤ 33                                                                                ≤ 33
    33 < x < 67                                                                         33 < x < 67
    ≥ 67                                                                                ≥ 67

Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.

But the pace of improvement from 2017 to 2019 was slower than that from 2015 to 2017. Compared with RISE 2018,
the global average score has improved almost two points per year, whereas in the previous period annual average growth
was around three points per year (figure 2). Nonetheless, from 2017 to 2019 the number of countries with advanced
(green) policy frameworks rose from 41 to 49 percent, while the share of countries with undeveloped (red) policy frame-
works fell from 21 to 17 percent. In 2019, 24 countries were still in the early stages of building a sound policy environment.

FIGURE 2. GLOBAL PROGRESS ON REGULATION RELATED TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, WITH PACE OF GROWTH, 2015–17 AND
2017–19
                                              Average                        Average                      Average
                                                        +3.2 in RISE                       +1.9 in RISE
                                               51       score / year          57           score / year    61
                                       100%
                                        90%
                                        80%    35%                            41%
                                                                                                           49%
                                        70%
                  Share of countries

                                        60%
                                        50%    35%
                                        40%                                   38%
                                        30%                                                                35%
                                        20%
                                               30%
                                        10%                                   21%                           17%
                                         0%
                                               2015                           2017                         2019
                                                                       ≤33    33
Average                            Average                               Average
                                                            +3.2 in RISE                         +1.9 in RISE
                             51
Policy frameworks for clean energy policies              57 efficiency
                                               (both energy
                                      score / year                 score /and        61 energy) improved more slowly
                                                                          year renewable
                                     100%
than those for 90%
                the other pillars over the period 2017–19. The annual rate of improvement in the global average score
for energy efficiency
                80% improved 35%   by only 1.6 points per year41%
                                                                between 2017 and 2019, compared with an annual rise of 3.6
points between70% 2015 and 2017. Yearly improvement in renewable energy policies slowed  49% from the pace recorded during
the 2015–17 period,
                60% dropping to 2.5 points annually over 2017–19. Standards for heating and cooling were among the
                Share of countries

fastest growing50%policies in both35%the renewable and efficiency pillars. Meanwhile, building codes that embraced policies
on carbon pricing,
                40% energy efficiency, and monitoring of renewable
                                                             38%          energy use slowed in 2017–19. Clean cooking also
                30%                                                                      35%
slackened, moving from annual growth of 3.2 points per year in the 2015–17 period to 2.8 points in 2017–19. The energy
                20%
access pillar showed    the greatest
                                  30% increases in policy quality, with an annual rate of improvement of 5 points per year in
                 10%                                          21%                         17%
the 2017–19 period compared with 4 points per year for 2015–17.
                                      0%
                                             2015                                2017                                 2019
Across all dimensions of sustainable energy, average global scores suggest considerable scope to improve policy
                                                   ≤33   33
FIGURE 4. DISTRIBUTION OF RISE SCORES BY WORLD REGION, 2019
                     Sub-Saharan Africa                                                    East Asia & Pacific                                                  Latin America & Caribbean
                      8%                                                                                                                                                         5%
               3 countries                                                                                             21%                                                    1 country
                                                                            36%
                                                                         5 countries                               3 countries                       42%
                                                                                                                                               8 countries

    43%
15 countries                                      49%                                                                   43%                                                                  53%
                                               17 countries                                                         6 countries                                                           10 countries

               ≤33         33
The countries improving most rapidly over 2017–19 are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most countries in the
region saw their RISE scores increase between 2017 and 2019, though at differing rates (figure 5). Of the world’s top ten
fastest improving countries, nine were in Sub-Saharan Africa. As the fastest improving countries globally, Kenya, Tanzania,
and Chad increased their RISE scores by more than nine points per year on average from 2017 to 2019. The increase was
driven mainly by two pillars (energy access and renewable energy), with Kenya’s score driven mainly by its rising energy
access and energy efficiency scores; Tanzania’s improvement stems solely from the spike in its renewable energy score.

FIGURE 5. THE EVOLUTION OF OVERALL RISE SCORES, 2017–19

                   Score increased between 17-33 points

                  Score increased between 0-17 points

                  No change in score

Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.

Good policies will not deliver SDG 7 targets without consistent enforcement. Reforms are adopted on paper, but they
often lack an enforcement body and mechanisms for implementation and compliance. RISE collects objective evidence
that a policy is in place. But the RISE methodology does not allow for field verification to ensure that the policy is being
enforced. The Global Electricity Regulatory Index (GERI) complements the RISE database with de jure and de facto data on
the structure and functioning of regulatory agencies (box 1).

RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM                          14
BOX 1. GLOBAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY INDEX (GERI)

The African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank are collaborating to create the first global index of regulatory
frameworks in the power sector. The Global Electricity Regulatory Index (GERI) is based on the AfDB’s Electricity Regulatory
Index, launched in 2018, and a complementary index the World Bank developed in the same time period (Foster and Rana
2020).

By measuring the adoption of regulatory best practices, GERI enables countries to Identify gaps in their regulatory frame-
work and benchmark their performance against global peers. The index has two components: regulatory governance and
regulatory substance.

The regulatory governance component examines the institutional arrangement of each country’s regulatory regime to see
whether it embodies best-practice design. Indicators include legal mandate, clarity of role, independence, accountability,
transparency, predictability, stakeholder participation, and open access to information.

The regulatory substance component focuses on the actual content of regulation. Its major indicators are tariff setting
methodology, quality of service, licensing framework, and institutional regulatory capacity.

For 2020, as the AfDB collected data on 36 African countries, the World Bank conducted a pilot study of 20 countries spread
across other regions. In the next RISE cycle, data collection will be extended to all RISE countries outside Africa while the
AfDB continues to cover the African continent annually.

Although the data collected for the pilot countries are still being analyzed, significant results have already emerged. Where-
as the countries of East Asia and the Pacific have the lowest average score on governance (55 percent), they score the
highest on substance (73 percent). More detailed results can be found in AfDB and World Bank 2020.

FIGURE B1.1 COUNTRY SCORES ON GERI: HIGHER ON FORM THAN SUBSTANCE

                                1
                                                                                                                                               Brazil
                                                                                                                                         Turkey
                                                                                                                                                       Bolivia
                                                                                                                  Cambodia             Malaysia
                               0.8                                                                                            Algeria        Sri Lanka Thailand
                                                                                                               Uruguay           Moldova       Georgia
                                                                                                                               Guyana
      Regulatory Substance

                               0.6                                                        Indonesia                            Argentina (Tucuman)
                                                                                                             Jordan                               Nepal
                                                                                Myanmar                        Bangladesh                       Argentina (Salta)
                                                                                                                        Argentina (Jujuy) Argentina (Catamarca)
                               0.4
                                                                                                      Argentina (Santiago)

                               0.2

                                         Paraguay                               Uzbekistan

                                0
                                     0              0.1             0.2            0.3            0.4             0.5         0.6             0.7            0.8      0.9     1
                                                                                                        Regulatory Governance

Source: GERI Pilot 2020, based on preliminary analysis

                                                          Average         +2 in RISE EA
                                                                                                Average        +4 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                    Average         +5 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                                    Average
                                                           25              score/year            35             score/year           43              score/year      53
                               100%                                                              6%
                                90%                        19%                                                                       13%
                                                                                                                                                                     26%
                                80%
          Share of countries

                                70%                                                              48%
                                60%                                                                                                  54%
                                50%                                                                                                                                  54%
                                40%                        81%
                                30%                                                                           15
                                20%                                                              46%
                                                                                                                                     33%
                                10%                                                                                                                                  20%
Utilities are central to the power sector and play a crucial role in the promotion of the sustainable energy agen-
              da. Financially healthy and creditworthy utilities are better able to attract financing and invest resources. As of 2018,
              however, power distribution utilities in just 45 percent of the world’s countries met basic creditworthiness requirements
              (figure 6), showing a marginal decline from 2016, when those in half of countries were creditworthy. The situation is more
              dire in countries that have yet to electrify their entire population. There, distribution utilities were generally creditworthy
              in just over a fifth of countries in 2018 (figure 7), down from a third in 2016. This is of great concern because utilities in
              access-deficit countries shoulder the responsibility for expanding access and providing quality supply. Even in countries
              with universal access, where utilities are the main off-takers of renewable energy and principal implementers of energy
              efficiency programs, utilities in 20 percent of countries suffer from poor creditworthiness (figure 8).

                                                                                 FIGURE 7. UTILITY CREDITWORTHINESS, ACCESS-DEFICIT
                                                                                 COUNTRIES, 2018
                                                                                                                         Average
                                                                                                                          41
                                                                                                              50

                                                                                                              40          22%

                                                                                      Number of countries
                                                                                                              30
              FIGURE 6. UTILITY CREDITWORTHINESS, GLOBAL, 2018                                                             31%
                                                                                                              20
                                               Average
                                                56                                                            10           47%
                      120
                                                                                                              0
                      100
                                                 45%                                                               ≤33    33
1
                                                                                                     Brazil
                                                                                              Turkey
                                                                                                             Bolivia
                                                                     Cambodia               Malaysia
              0.8                                                                  Algeria         Sri Lanka     Thailand
                1
                                                                  Uruguay             Moldova        Georgia
                                                                                                     Brazil
                                                                                    Guyana Turkey
                                                                                                             Bolivia
ELECTRICITY ACCESS:
                          Regulatory Substance
              0.6                              Indonesia             Cambodia               Malaysia
                                                                                    Argentina  (Tucuman)
                                                               Jordan              Algeria         Sri Lanka
                                                                                                        Nepal    Thailand
              0.8
                                          Myanmar                 Bangladesh          Moldova         Argentina (Salta)
                                                                                                     Georgia
                                                                  Uruguay
MAJOR PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS
           Regulatory Substance
              0.4
              0.6                              Indonesia
                                                               Jordan
                                                         Argentina (Santiago)
                                                                             Argentina (Jujuy) Argentina (Catamarca)
                                                                                    Guyana
                                                                                    Argentina  (Tucuman)
                                                                                                        Nepal
                                          Myanmar                 Bangladesh                          Argentina (Salta)
              0.2                                                            Argentina (Jujuy) Argentina (Catamarca)
              0.4 policies have advanced since 2010, with the advance quickening after 2017. Since 2017, more than
Electrification
                    Paraguay             Uzbekistan
10 percent of the access-deficit countries moved into theArgentina
                                                             green (Santiago)
                                                                       zone. Between 2017 and 2019, 13 percent improved their
access-related 0 regulations enough to move from the red zone to the yellow zone, leaving 20 percent of the access-deficit
             0.2 0          0.1    0.2       0.3      0.4           0.5         0.6      0.7       0.8      0.9        1
countries without the basic set of policies  needed
                                          Uzbekistan
                                                     to  accelerate
                                                          Regulatory     electrification
                                                                     Governance          (figure 9). Notable is the steady progress
                   Paraguay
of Nigeria and several   other countries with large access deficits. However, more than half the global population lacking
access to electricity
               0      remained in countries with weak regulatory frameworks at the end of 2019 (figure 10).
                                                            0.5         0.6 0.7                         0          0.1             0.2            0.3            0.4                                                          0.8      0.9       1
                                                  Regulatory Governance
FIGURE 9. ELECTRICITY ACCESS: EVOLUTION OF RISE SCORES FOR PILLAR, 2010–19

                                                                                                                         Average         +2 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                            Average          +4 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Average            +5 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Average
                                                                                                                          25              score/year            35            score/year               43             score/year      53
                                                                                                   100%                                                         6%
                                                                                                    90%                   19%                                                                          13%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      26%
                                                                                                    80%                  Average         +2 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                            Average          +4 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                                                                  Average            +5 in RISE EA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Average
                                                                                                                          25                                    35                                     43                             53
                                  Share of countries

                                                                                                    70%
                                                                                                   100%                                   score/year            48%           score/year                              score/year
                                                                                                                                                                6%
                                                                                                    60%
                                                                                                    90%                   19%                                                                          13%
                                                                                                                                                                                                       54%
                                                                                                    50%                                                                                                                               26%
                                                                                                    80%                                                                                                                               54%
                                                                                                    40%                   81%
                  Share of countries

                                                                                                    70%                                                         48%
                                                                                                    30%
                                                                                                    60%                                                                                                54%
                                                                                                    20%                                                         46%
                                                                                                    50%                                                                                                33%                            54%
                                                                                                    10%
                                                                                                    40%                   81%                                                                                                         20%
                                                                                                     0%
                                                                                                    30%                   2010                                  2015                                   2017                           2019
                  20%                                                                                                                                           46%
                                                                                                                                                                       ≤33        33
Although all regions have improved their policies and regulations on electricity access, progress has been uneven.
Progress in Sub-Saharan Africa is the most mixed. As of 2019, South Africa and Tanzania had some of the region’s most
advanced policy frameworks for electricity access, pulling up the region’s average score. The South Asia region remains
the highest scoring region, while the East Asia and Pacific region made the greatest improvement between 2010 and 2019
(figure 11). Bangladesh retained the most comprehensive enabling environment over the period, both in designing and
implementing effective electricity access policies.

FIGURE 11. ELECTRICITY ACCESS: EVOLUTION OF RISE SCORE BY REGION, 2010–19 6
                                                                                                           100
                                                                                                           90
           RISE electricity access score (0-100) RISE electricity access score (0-100)

                                                                                                           80
                                                                                                            70
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       South Asia
                                                                                                           60                                                                                                                                          Latin America & Caribbean
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       East Asia & Pacific
                                                                                                            50                                                                                                                                         Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                                           100
                                                                                                            40
                                                                                                            90
                                                                                                            30
                                                                                                            80
                                                                                                            20
                                                                                                            70
                                                                                                            10                                                                                                                                          South Asia
                                                                                                            60                                                                                                                                          Latin America & Caribbean
                                                                                                             0                                                                                                                                          East Asia & Pacific
                                                                                                            50        2010          2011          2012          2013         2014           2015          2016          2017          2018          2019Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                                           40                        South Asia               Latin America & Caribbean          East Asia & Pacific           Sub-Saharan Africa

                30 RISE 2020.
Source: World Bank,
                                                                                                           20
Some progress has been observed in fragile and conflict-affected settings.7 In 2010, policy frameworks were poor
in 95 percent10of the countries characterized by fragility, conflict, and violence. This figure was halved by 2019, with 50
percent of fragile
             100%
               0   countries making strides toward adopting electricity regulations and moving out of the red zone (figure
                                                                                                                                         9%
12). Sudan and90%Niger
                   2010 progressed
                            2011        after
                                         2012 20172013on their2014electricity
                                                                           2015 access   2016policies,
                                                                                                    2017 especially
                                                                                                               2018 for2019  mini grids and standalone
                                                              of fragile and conflict affected countries

systems. A trend
              80% for fragile South
                               regions
                                    Asia is that   electrification
                                                Latin America & Caribbeanplanning
                                                                               East Asiaand   frameworks
                                                                                          & Pacific           for grid
                                                                                                        Sub-Saharan Africa electrification have become
lagging indicators
              70% (figure 13). In 2019, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Myanmar led in adopting electricity access policies.                                                                                                                                               50%
                                                                                                           60%
FIGURE 12. ELECTRICITY ACCESS: THE EVOLUTION OF THE RISE PILLAR SCORE FOR COUNTRIES MARKED BY FRAGILITY,
CONFLICT, AND
            50%VIOLENCE, 2010–19
                                                                                                            40%
                                                                                                           100%
                                                                                                            30%                                                                                                                                                   9%
                                                                                                            90%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  41%
                                                         countries

                                                                                                            20%
                                                                                                            80%
                  Share of fragile and conflict affectedShare

                                                                                                            10%
                                                                                                            70%                                                                                                                                                   50%
                                                                                                            0%
                                                                                                           60%
                                                                                                             2010                2011             2012             2013              2014             2015             2016             2017           2018            2019
                                                                                                           50%
                                                                                                                                                                               ≤33          33
20%                                                                                                                                                          41%

            Share of
                       10%
                       0%
                        2010                2011              2012               2013              2014              2015           2016              2017         2018              2019
                                                                                             ≤33           33
2019
                                                                                                                                                       2017
                        Utility transparency and monitoring                                                    Grid electrification framework          2010

                                           Consumer affordability                                      Framework for mini grids
Among countries with the highest access deficits, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Tanzania have made the most progress in
adopting corrective policies since 2017 (figure      15).forAmong
                                               Framework     standalonethese
                                                                        systems countries, the greatest improvements are in frame-
works for mini grids, consumer affordability, and utility transparency.

FIGURE 15. ELECTRICITY ACCESS: RISE PILLAR SCORES FOR TOP 10 ACCESS-DEFICIT COUNTRIES AND 10 LEAST-ELECTRIFIED
COUNTRIES, 2017 AND 2019

                    Least-electrified countries                                                            Countries with the largest access deficit

                                                                                                           30%                                                30%
                                                                                                       3 countries                                        3 countries
                    40%
                                                                                                   (Bangladesh, India,                                  (DRC,Madagascar,
                  4 countries                                                                           Uganda)
                                                                           60%                                                                             Mozambique)
2017

                (Burkina Faso,
               Liberia, Malawi,                                        6 countries
                     Niger)                                          (Burundi, Chad,                     40%
                                                                   DRC, Madagascar,                    4 countries
                                                               Sierra Leone, South Sudan)          (Ethiopia, Nigeria,
                                                                                                   Pakistan, Tanzania)
                                     ≤33       33
CLEAN COOKING:
             STEADY PROGRESS SINCE 2010
             Of the four pillars of sustainable energy, clean cooking is the most often overlooked when it comes to policy mak-
             ing. Yet RISE scores have improved consistently across the 55 countries reporting on deficits in access to clean cooking
             since 2010 (figure 16). The number of countries with advanced policy frameworks rose from zero in 2010 to eight in 2019,
             moving 15 percent of access-deficit countries into the green zone on the RISE index. Of the remainder, 22 countries made
             moderate progress; in 25, the policy apparatus remains nascent.

             FIGURE 16. CLEAN COOKING: PROGRESS IN RISE SCORE FOR PILLAR, 2010 –19

                                                                                                                                                +3 in RISE                          +3 in RISE                                                                                                   +3 in RISE
                                                                                                                             Average          clean cooking      Average          clean cooking                                                                                    Average     clean cooking          Average
                                                                                                                                  10            score/year           25             score/year                                                                                      31           score/year            37
                              100%              5%                     5%                              7%
                               90%                                                                                            15%
                               80%                                    27%
                               70%                                                                    42%
                                                                                               Share of countries

                                                                                                                              40%
                               60%
                               50%             95%
                               40%                      +3 in RISE                 +3 in RISE                   +3 in RISE
                                             Average  clean cooking Average
                                                                      67%        clean cooking      Average   clean cooking Average
                               30%             10       score/year   25            score/year         31        score/year    37
                              100%                                                                    51%                     45%
                               20%              5%                     5%                              7%
                               90%                                                                                            15%
                               10%
                               80%
                                0%                                    27%
                               70%             2010                   2015                            2017
                                                                                                      42%                     2019
                                                                                               Share of countries

                                                                                                                              40%
                               60%                                          ≤33      33
Countries experiencing fragility and conflict have seen few if any policy improvements in clean cooking. On every in-
 dicator and in their overall scores for policy making, countries marked by fragility have on average half the score for clean
 cooking of nonfragile countries. Standards and labeling are particularly weak in fragile countries; average scores on this
 indicator are 15 percentage points lower than scores of nonfragile countries (figure 19). There is an urgent need for cook-
 ing interventions in countries marked by fragility and conflict, where fuel-collection tasks not only expose women and girls
 to violence but also damage the environment. Yet the clean cooking agenda is largely ignored in this group of countries.

 FIGURE 19. CLEAN COOKING: RISE SCORES IN FCV AND NON-FCV COUNTRIES, BY INDICATOR, 2019

                                                                                               Clean cooking, overall score
      Breakdown of RISE Clean Cooking Scores,
      by indicator, for countries with and without
      fragility and violence
        Tracking, planning, and institutional capacity

                                                                             Scope of planning and awareness

                                                                                                     Standards and labeling

                                                                                  Financial incentives
                                                                   Clean cooking, overall score
                                                                                                                                         0                     10                20                     30                      40                   50                60              70
Breakdown of RISE Clean Cooking Scores,
                                                                                                                                                                                              RISE 2020 clean cooking Score (out of 100)
by indicator, for countries with and without
fragility and violence                                                                                                                                 Countries without fragility and violence                         Fragile and conflict-affected countries
  Tracking,World
 Source:    planning,
                 Bank,andRISE
                          institutional
                               2020. capacity
 Note: FCV = fragility, conflict, and violence.
                                  Scope of100
                                           planning and awareness
 There are policy-making
                90                disparities in clean cooking within and between regions. While Latin America and the Carib-
 bean has shown      the greatest
                 Standards and labeling gains since 2010, South Asian countries are leading on policy and regulatory frameworks,
                80
 where progress continues driven by consistent progress by Bangladesh, India and Nepal (figure 20). Although Sub-Saha-
                                                                                                                                               South Asia
                                                     RISE clean cooking score (out of 100)

                theFinancial
 ran Africa has 70    lowest incentives
                                 regional average, since 2010 it has shown a consistent uptick, albeit from a lower starting point.
 In three out of60four access-deficit   0 regions—East
                                                     10          Asia20 and Pacific,  30 South Asia,  40      and Sub-Saharan
                                                                                                                       50              60Africa—RISE
                                                                                                                                                 70 scores range
 from 0 to 83. In Latin America and the Caribbean, where only                          four
                                                                                RISE 2020    countries
                                                                                          clean cooking Scorehave
                                                                                                              (out of a  significant access deficit (Guatemala,
                                                                                                                      100)
                50
 Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua), country-level               scores       on  the   pillar
                                              Countries without fragility and violence
                                                                                             are   less   uneven,       ranging     from 24 toEast
                                                                                                  Fragile and conflict-affected countries
                                                                                                                                                53.Asia & Pacific
                                                                                             40                                                                                                                                                                             Latin America & Caribbean
 FIGURE 20. CLEAN COOKING: EVOLUTION OF RISE SCORES BY REGION, 2010–19                                                                                                                                                                                                      Global average
                                                                                             30
                                                  100                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                             20
                                                  90
                                                                                             10
                                                  80
                                                                                              0
                                                                                                       2010               2011                  2012           2013            2014           2015               2016                2017            2018            South Asia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   2019
          RISE clean cooking score (out of 100)

                                                   70

                                                  60                                                     Global Average                      East Asia & Pacific               Latin America & Caribbean                        South Asia                Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                  50
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    East Asia & Pacific
                                                                                             100                                                                                                                                                                    Latin America & Caribbean
                                                  40
                                                                                                                                                                       India
                                                                                             90                                                                                                                                                                     Global average
                                                  30
                                                                                             80                                                                Kenya
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Indonesia                     Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                  20
                                                                                                                                        Nepal
                                                                                                                             Uganda
                                                                                             70                                                                                   Lao PDR
                                                   RISE clean cooking score (0-100)

                                                   10                                                                          Ethiopia
                                                                                                                     Niger                                     Ghana
                                                                                             60                                                                                                                                           Mongolia
                                                          0                                                                    Rwanda         Cameroon Bangladesh
                                                                                                                                                                 Nigeria
                                                                                              2010               2011
                                                                                                                 Malawi         Mali Tanzania
                                                                                                                                      2012              2013           2014           2015               2016             2017               2018 Guatemala2019
                                                                                             50                      Madagascar              Benin                                                                                                                              South Africa
                                                                                                                                                      Zambia
 Source: World Bank,40 Global
                     RISE     Average
                          2020.                                                                                                      East Asia & Pacific               Latin America & Caribbean                     South Asia                   Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                                                             Haiti
                                                                                                                                                                                   Honduras
                                                                                             30
                                                                                                                 Sudan
                                                  100                                                                  Burkina Faso                  Myanmar
                                                                                             20                       Mozambique                               India
                                                                                                           Somalia                                                                            Angola
               90
 RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM
                                                                                                                          Chad
                                                                                                                                              Pakistan                                  22
                                                                                             10            Burundi                       South Sudan                                                Vanuatu     Philippines
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Indonesia
                                                    80                                                                D.R.C                          Kenya
                                                                                              0    Afghanistan       C.A.R Nepal         Guinea                        Congo                P.N.G
Clean cooking, overall score
  Breakdown of RISE Clean Cooking Scores,
  by indicator, for countries with and without
The  top and
  fragility regional
               violence performers on the RISE index are also among the fastest improvers, gaining six to eight points annually
    Tracking,
since  2010planning,
              (tableand
                     1).institutional
                         But the capacity
                                      concerted policy push seen in certain low-access countries (Lao People’s Democratic Republic,
Nigeria, and Tanzania) is particularly noteworthy.
                                     Scope of planning and awareness
TABLE 1. CLEAN COOKING: FASTEST IMPROVERS, BY REGION
                   Standards
(RISE score on pillar        and labeling
                       in 2020,     annual rate of improvement in RISE score 2010–19, 2018 access rate)
                                                                   Financial incentives
   East Asia & Pacific                                                                         Latin America & Caribbean                                South Asia                                                  Sub-Saharan Africa
                                                                                                  0                  10                 20                       30                 40                  50                60               70
   Indonesia (83, 8.5, 80%)                                                                    Guatemala (53, 5.9, 46%)                                 Bangladesh (61, 6.8, 24%)                                   Kenya (79, 8.8, 10%)
                                                                                                                                                     RISE 2020 clean cooking Score (out of 100)
   Lao PDR (70, 6.9, 7%)                                                                       Honduras (37, 4.9, 57%)
                                                                                                         Countries                           Nepal (74, 6.8, Fragile
                                                                                                                   without fragility and violence            29%) and conflict-affected countries
                                                                                                                                                                                         Nigeria (57, 6.3, 10%)

   Mongolia (61, 6.8, 50%)                                                                     Haiti (35, 3.9, 4%)                                      India (94, 3.5, 49%)                                        Tanzania (55, 6.1, 4%)
                                                     100
Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.
                                                     90

Performance80on the RISE clean cooking index soars as income rises. There are notable exceptions, however, to this
link between70income and mature policy frameworks. Lower-income countries are concentrated in theSouth            redAsia
                                                                                                                       zone, suggest-
             RISE clean cooking score (out of 100)

ing that they have not yet developed policy frameworks for clean cooking. Meanwhile, green zone countries include
              60
low-income nations    like Ethiopia, Malawi, and Uganda, which have robust policy frameworks (figure 21). While the period
between 2010  50 and 2017 was notable for progress in upper- and lower-middle-income countries in Asia and Latin America
                                                                                                               East Asia & Pacific
(e.g., Bangladesh,
              40     Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, and Nepal), the periodLatin         between
                                                                                                                     America &2017   and
                                                                                                                                Caribbean
2019 saw large gains in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa countries like Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania.                The   presence
                                                                                                               Global average          of
              30
low-access countries among top RISE performers shows that prioritizing the policy agenda is notSub-Saharan      enough. Scaling
                                                                                                                            Africa up
access on the20ground depends on the finer aspects of allocating resources and planning implementation. In low-income
countries like10Uganda and Ethiopia, scale-up will require gradually stepping away from artisanal production of biomass
stoves toward clean solutions (liquefied petroleum gas, biogas, and electricity). As this transition will occur over a longer
               0
time period, interim2010solutions
                               2011 (such2012
                                          as quality-assured
                                                  2013    2014biomass
                                                                  2015 stoves)
                                                                            2016will help
                                                                                      2017 to mitigate
                                                                                                2018   the
                                                                                                         2019worst health impacts of
charcoal and firewood.
                                                                  Global Average                      East Asia & Pacific             Latin America & Caribbean                     South Asia                Sub-Saharan Africa
FIGURE 21. CLEAN COOKING: RISE SCORES AND GDP PER CAPITA, 2019
                                                     100
                                                                                                                              India
                                                      90
                                                                                                                                                                                         Indonesia
                                                      80                                                              Kenya
                                                                                                 Nepal
                                                                                       Uganda
                                                      70                                                                                 Lao PDR
           RISE clean cooking score (0-100)

                                                                                         Ethiopia
                                                                              Niger                                   Ghana
                                                      60                                                                                                                                     Mongolia
                                                                                    Rwanda           Cameroon Bangladesh
                                                                                           Tanzania                     Nigeria
                                                                          Malawi     Mali                                                                                                               Guatemala
                                                      50                    Madagascar       Benin                                                                                                                                  South Africa
                                                                                                    Zambia
                                                      40
                                                                                       Haiti
                                                                                                                                          Honduras
                                                      30
                                                                          Sudan
                                                                                 Burkina Faso              Myanmar
                                                      20                        Mozambique
                                                                    Somalia                                                                             Angola
                                                                                    Chad
                                                                                                       Pakistan
                                                      10            Burundi                       South Sudan                                              Vanuatu    Philippines
                                                                               D.R.C
                                                       0    Afghanistan       C.A.R               Guinea                      Congo                P.N.G
                                                           $-                          $1,000.00                     $2,000.00                $3,000.00                       $4,000.00                      $5,000.00             $6,000.00
                                                                                                                                       GDP per capita, 2019 (USD)

Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.

                                                                                                                                                   23
Even where planning frameworks for clean cooking are present, policies that drive wider adoption and set stan-
dards and labeling may lag. Examining progress at a granular level shows that maximum traction is driven by policies
that (i) track household-level access; (ii) establish institutional capacity to create action plans, set science-based standards
for solutions, and track adoption; and (iii) increase uptake of clean cooking solutions by raising awareness (figure 22).
Whether cooking solutions are clean or not depends on the technical attributes of combustion and heat-transfer efficiency,
as well as emissions and safety of use. Less than a third of the countries with significant access deficits have set standards
for efficiency, emissions, and safety related to cooking solutions.

FIGURE 22. CLEAN COOKING: PROGRESS BY RISE SUB-INDICATOR, 2010, 2017, AND 2019
                                                                                Tracking progress
                                                     Financial incentives                               Planning scale-up

                                        Financing mechanisms                                                         Insitutional capacity
                                                                                                                                                                 2019
                                                                                                                                                                 2017
                                                     Labeling                                                          Targeting beneficiaries                   2010

                                                 Setting standards                                                  Creating awareness

                                                             Use of standards                         Last-mile distribution

Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.                                              Tracking progress
                                              Financial incentives                    Planning scale-up
Clean cooking is a cross-sectoral issue. It requires an institutional                                 champion to help coordinate clean cooking ef-
forts across the sectors of energy, health, gender-inclusion, and climate change. Given the significant implications of
cooking practices on outcomes Financing mechanisms
                                          in all four areas, the responsibility for             Insitutional
                                                                                                    policycapacity
                                                                                                              making       and implementation must be shared
                                                                                                                      7 out of 10 access-deficit countries
by government andSettingnongovernment                                                                                                      2019 for
                              strategy/action plan actors, engaging      29
                                                                            multiple government        6
                                                                                                              ministries/departments
                                                                                                              2 1
                                                                                                                      have institutional capacity   (figure
                                                                                                                                                       setting 23). Even the
                                                                                                                                           2017 action plans
strategies deployed to build awareness                  and   drive   adoption      are    multifaceted.        Most  strategy  and/or
                                                                                                                         countries     devising
                                                                                                                                        build     their   awareness strat-
                                          Labeling                                                Targeting beneficiaries                  2010
                                                                                                                      to increase clean cooking uptake
egy on the health aspects of clean cooking; half use income, geography, and gender in their campaigns. In many coun-
                          Setting, monitoring  and in all aspects                                         Over half of the access-deficit countries
tries, the ministry of energy       is involved                 17       of policy
                                                                               11      making
                                                                                          11        for
                                                                                                      2 clean      cooking—from
                                                                                                          have institutions                creating an action plan for
                                                                                                                            that are responsible
                              enforcingSetting
                                        standards
uptake to setting standards and monitoring     standards      progress, emphasizingCreating      the awareness
                                                                                                        need     for clean
                                                                                                          for setting a coordinating
                                                                                                                            cooking standardsinstitution that can lead
policy deployment. Bangladesh has demonstrated    Use of standards     the effectiveness      4 outof10having
                                                                                         Only distribution
                                                                                    Last-mile                      suchinstitutions
                                                                                                        countries have     an institution. The Infrastructure De-
                    Tracking access  and adoption                18              2  2
velopment Company Limited, a government-owned development finance institution, coordinates
                                                                                         that are tasked  with tracking  adoption  of           with nongovernmental
                                                                                         clean cooking solutions
organizations to strengthen the commercial market for clean cooking solutions, acting as a hub for the testing of improved
                                                    0              10             20               30               40
cookstoves and setting technical specifications.               Number of clean cooking access-deficit countries (out of 55)
FIGURE 23. CLEAN COOKING:       INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITY
                   Ministry of Energy/Power/Renewable Energy          FOR
                                                             Ministry of     CLEAN COOKING, 2019 Ministry of Health
                                                                         Forestry/Environment/Agriculture
                               Bureau of Standards                                       Other                                                   Nongovernmental organization
                                                                                                                                 7 out of 10 access-deficit countries
                      Setting strategy/action plan                                                                               have institutional capacity for setting
                                                                              29                                6       2 1
                                                                                                                                 strategy and/or devising action plans
                                                                                                                                 to increase clean cooking uptake

                         Setting, monitoring and                                                                     Over half of the access-deficit countries
                                                                  17                11           11         2        have institutions that are responsible
                             enforcing standards
              Financing mechanisms for consumers                                                                     for setting clean cooking standards

                                                                                          Only 4 out 10 countries have institutions
                     Tracking
                Financing      access and adoption
                          for low-income  consumers                18                  2 2that are tasked with tracking adoption 36%
                                                                                                                                  of
                                                                                          clean cooking solutions
                           Financing for consumers0                 10              20              30               40 33%
                                                                 Number of clean cooking access-deficit countries (out of 55)
                  Financial incentives
                         Ministry       for suppliers
                                   of Energy/Power/Renewable Energy                Ministry of Forestry/Environment/Agriculture              Ministry of Health
                         Bureau of Standards                                       Other                                                     Nongovernmental organization
                              Subsidies for suppliers                                                           24%
Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.
                           Tax benefits for suppliers                                                  20%

                     Duty exemptions for suppliers                                                     20%
         Financing mechanisms for consumers
                                                        0                 5                10                  15                 20                         25
RISE 2020 – SUSTAINING THE MOMENTUM                                                       24
           Financing for low-income consumers                           Number of clean cooking access-deficit countries (out of36%
                                                                                                                                 55)
Setting strategy/action plan              29                             6      2 1
                                                                                                              strategy and/or devising action plans
                                                                                                              to increase clean cooking uptake

                          Setting, monitoring and                                                  Over half of the access-deficit countries
                                                       17             11           11      2       have institutions that are responsible
                              enforcing standards
                                                                                                   for setting clean cooking standards

                                                                     Only 4 out 10 countries have institutions
                     Tracking access and adoption      18               2 2
                                                                     that are tasked with tracking adoption of
If the overall cooking ecosystem is to improve, financial incentives                must receive greater emphasis. Financial incen-
                                                                     clean cooking solutions
tives for consumers and suppliers of solutions are available in about30a third of 40the access-deficit countries. Overall, there
                                   0           10              20
                                            Number of clean
is greater support for consumers of clean cooking           cooking access-deficit
                                                        solutions     than for countries   (out of 55)
                                                                                   suppliers.      Only a quarter of the countries in which
significant populations   lack
                    Ministry      access provide Energy
                             of Energy/Power/Renewable financial incentives       to suppliers (figure 24).Ministry
                                                                 Ministry of Forestry/Environment/Agriculture  Subsidies
                                                                                                                    of Health are the most common
incentive, followed Bureau
                    by tax  of Standards
                                benefits and duty exemptions.    Other These incentives are usuallyNongovernmental
                                                                                                              directed toward organization
                                                                                                                                      biogas, liquefied
petroleum gas, and solar cookstoves.

FIGURE 24. CLEAN COOKING: SHARE OF COUNTRIES OFFERING INCENTIVES FOR SUPPLIERS AND FINANCING FOR
CONSUMERS, 2019
          Financing mechanisms for consumers

            Financing for low-income consumers                                                                        36%

                       Financing for consumers                                                                33%

              Financial incentives for suppliers

                         Subsidies for suppliers                                          24%

                      Tax benefits for suppliers                                    20%

                  Duty exemptions for suppliers                                     20%

                                                   0     5                10                  15                 20                   25
                                                       Number of clean cooking access-deficit countries (out of 55)
Source: World Bank, RISE 2020.

                                                                              25
RENEWABLE ENERGY:
SLOWED PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO YEARS
Although renewable energy policies saw vast improvements between 2010 and 2017, progress has slowed in re-
cent years, decreasing by almost half during the 2017–19 period (figure 25). By 2019, a third of countries worldwide
had developed legal frameworks for renewable energy and related regulatory policies. Forty-five percent had begun
to develop and adopt policy measures but remained in the yellow zone, suggesting significant room for improvement.
Compared with 2017, fewer countries were in the red zone, which still groups nearly a quarter of all countries. Despite the
slowdown in global RISE scores for renewable energy, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean made
significant progress between 2017 and 2019 (figure 26).

FIGURE 25. RENEWABLE ENERGY: PROGRESS IN RISE SCORES FOR PILLAR, 2010–19
                                                                                                                Average                          Average                              Average                           Average
                                                                                                          Average 22                       Average 41                           Average 50                        Average 55
                                                                 100%                                      22 2%                             41                                  50                                 55
                          100%                                                                                             + 3.8 in                                 + 4.5 in                           + 2.5 in
                                                                         90%                                   2%                                   20%
                                                                                                                     3.8 in RISE                            + 4.5 in RISE                       + 2.5 in RISE
                                  90%                                                                          24% + RISE  score /           20%             RISE score /                28%     RISE score /             33%
                                                                         80%                               24%     score / year                             score / year         28%            score / year        33%
                                  80%                                                                                year                                    year                                year
                                                                          70%
                                   70%                                                                                                              36%
                                                                         60%
                                            Share of Countries

                                  60%                                                                                                        36%
     Share of Countries

                                                                         50%                                                                                                             43%
                                  50%                                                                                                                                            43%                                      45%
                                                                         40%                                        74%                                                                                             45%
                                  40%                                                                      74%
                                                                         30%
                                  30%                                                                                                               44%
                                                                         20%
                                  20%                                                                                                        44%                                         29%
                                                                           10%                                                                                                                                            22%
                                                                                                                                                                                 29%                                22%
                                    10%
                                                                                  0%
                                           0%                                                                       2010                           2015                                  2017                             2019
                                                                                                           2010                             2015                                 2017                              2019
                                                                                                                                                             ≤33     33
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