SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY - MARCH 2018 - Committee for Sydney
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SYDNEY
AS A
24-HOUR
CITY
MARCH 2018
SUMMARY
In May 2017, the Committee for Sydney
established a Commission on the Night-time
Economy in Greater Sydney. The Commission
was co-chaired by the Hon. Peter Collins
and Michael Rose, Chair of the Committee
for Sydney. Membership of the Commission
included representatives from state and local
governments, businesses, cultural institutions
and peak bodies (a full list of organisations
involved in the Commission can be found at
the back of the document).
The primary objective of the Commission was to explore
and define the economic, social, cultural and civic potential
of Greater Sydney as a 24-hour city. Our focus has been
on Greater Sydney, not just the harbourside CBD. Our work
reflects the fact that a successful night-time economy requires
the coordination of multiple agencies and actors, effective
planning and good governance and regulation. As such the
Commission’s recommendations are grouped in four areas:
Expanding the diversity of night-time activities
Effective Governance and Regulation
An integrated approach to Planning and Transport
Promoting Greater Sydney as a 24-hour city
Our contribution to this debate builds upon an extensive body
of work from universities, state and local governments and
other organisations. We recognise that there is no ‘silver bullet’
in creating a diverse, accessible and vibrant 24-hour city,
however our report contains recommendations and examples of
global best practice, which we feel will help Sydney achieve its
potential as a 24-hour city.
02 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 03
RECOMMENDATIONS
1 Expanding the diversity
of night-time activities 2 Effective governance
and regulation 3 An integrated approach
to planning and transport 4 Promoting Sydney
as a global 24-hour city
Arts and cultural institutions should build NSW Department for Premier and Cabinet should Local Councils responsible for major night-time NSW Government, in partnership with
upon the success of Culture Up Late to lead the development of a night-time economy precincts should pilot ‘Night-time Business other agencies, should extend existing
offer late-night access on certain days, strategy for Greater Sydney. Improvement Districts’ as a genuine partnership promotional guides to produce a guide
all year round. between councils and local businesses involved in to night-time activities, including a digital
NSW Government should introduce a coordinating
the 24-hour economy. version, to market and promote Sydney
This could also include the development figure to bring together different agencies and actors
to regional and international visitors.
of a ‘First Thursdays’ style scheme in in the night-time economy. Options include a ‘Night Options for funding raised through Business
Greater Sydney for smaller galleries and Czar/Mayor’ or Minister for the Night-Time Economy. Improvement Districts might include upgrading of Councils across Greater Sydney could
museums to stay open until at least 9pm. CCTV networks where relevant, better lighting and consider introducing a scheme similar
There should be ongoing evaluation by NSW
streetscape upgrades. to the ‘Purple Flag’ project in the UK, an
Cultural institutions should consider Government into the impact of ‘relaxations’ of
accreditation process that allows members
collaborating to offer a discounted pass the lockout laws in Sydney’s night-time precincts A Night Zone – Safer Transport Initiative should
of the public to quickly identify town and
to visit a number of cultural institutions at following the recent law changes, prompted by the be piloted, potentially in Business Improvement
city centres that offer an entertaining,
night over a weekly or monthly period. Callinan Review. Districts.
diverse, safe and enjoyable night out.
The property and arts and culture NSW Government should examine the introduction Transport for NSW should work with councils Councils should also work on cross-
sectors should develop new of Amsterdam-style ‘planned districts’ for areas with to develop an integrated transport strategy for boundary night-time economy strategies.
partnerships to showcase temporary dense and diverse night-time activities, such as Kings major night-time employment and entertainment
NSW Government should work with
public exhibitions and activate Cross. A voluntary, community-led approach, such precincts.
councils and the Greater Sydney
underused land or buildings. as implemented in Newtown, is also a model worth
In conjunction with the development of this Commission, as well as relevant agencies,
considering.
In major urban centres, late-night strategy, TfNSW should pilot extra public transport to develop an integrated wayfinding
shopping should be extended to Friday Businesses that are participants in the night-time services for major night-time precincts. standard for Greater Sydney, with an
and Saturday. Councils should allow economy should establish a Night-time Industries appropriate focus on night-time activities.
The Commission supports the establishment of
shops to open until at least 10pm Association in NSW to drive coordination and
a neon grid, a series of identified entertainment
without formal development approval. collaboration and ensure that business has strong
precincts across the city, connected by an efficient
voice in this policy area.
State government departments and and accessible late-night transportation system.
councils should review opening hours of
Planning controls should be amended so that any
services such as libraries and gyms to
new development with a residential component
assess demand for night-time services.
within 100 metres of an entertainment venue will
have to assess the noise from that venue and
design and build to manage the noise.
Amend the SEPP Exempt and Complying
Codes 2008 to allow for small scale arts venues
as a temporary use under all zonings except
Residential.
04 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 05
INTRODUCTION
policy work has already been undertaken on the
night-time economy, in Sydney, in other Australian
cities and internationally. We have sought to build
THE HON. PETER COLLINS, CHAIR – NIGHT TIME ECONOMY COMMISSION upon the extensive work by pioneering councils such
MICHAEL ROSE AM, EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN – COMMITTEE FOR SYDNEY as the City of Sydney and City of Parramatta and by
the NSW Government, particularly Create NSW.
Sydney has a well-earned reputation as a liveable global city. We also acknowledge the work undertaken by
In a range of benchmarking studies, including the Committee for Local Government NSW in conjunction with the
councils of Wollongong City, City of Sydney, City of
Sydney’s most recent, Joining the Top Table: Benchmarking Sydney’s Newcastle, City of Parramatta, and Waverley Council,
who formed the Night Time Economy working
Performance, Sydney scores well against other global cities on group in 2016 and hosted the inaugural Night Time
metrics of liveability, image, culture and diversity. Economy Councils’ Committee in 2017, working to
share information on best practice and establish a
consistent approach to the night-time economy.
We are a city blessed with an outstanding natural Night-Time Economy in Greater Sydney, to examine
the broad economic, social and cultural impacts of a We recognise that the private sector has a key role
environment, a pleasant climate and a diverse, multi-
vibrant and diverse 24-hour economy. to play in the promotion and coordination of the
cultural community that has enriched our cultural
24-hour economy. Whilst many of the Commission’s
fabric.
The Commission’s terms of reference have been recommendations relate directly or indirectly to state
An excellent quality of life is underpinned by access deliberately broad. Whilst we do not discount the or local government, the business community must
to the kind of amenities associated with a vibrant city: importance of the debate over the lockout laws, our be a central part of this discussion.
excellent cultural and entertainment infrastructure; aim has been to examine some of the wider potential
of, not just the night-time economy, but of the 24- Our task was not to reinvent the wheel, but to
outstanding restaurants and bars; diverse and
hour economy more generally. Our primary question, bring together a group representing key sectors in
contemporary retail and safe environments for the
in short, is how can Sydney best achieve its potential the night-time economy to develop innovative and
community to enjoy.
as a genuine 24-hour city? integrated ideas to ensure that Sydney has a vibrant
However, in recent years there has been considerable 24-hour economy.
public debate in Sydney about our potential as The Commission has also sought to examine
international best-practice, as well as highlighting Secondly, our Commission is clear that there is
a night-time city, the type of services available
where Sydney already has great night-time activities. no simple one answer to solve every challenge
during the night and the attitude of state and local
Our focus has been on Greater Sydney, reflecting associated with the night-time economy. It is a
government agencies to night-time activities. This is
the fact that our city is growing rapidly westward and diverse and complex ecosystem and one that
not a debate unique to Sydney; many other global
that a vibrant 24-hour economy should be priority sometimes creates conflict within itself. For example,
cities are focused on how to maximise the impact
for many areas of the city, not just the harbourside our investigations highlighted an existing and growing
and potential of their night-time economy.
CBD. division between the desire for more outdoor activities
Much of the recent debate has focused on the NSW at night, such as outdoor dining, night markets and
Government’s introduction of “lockout” style laws in Maximising the economic and social potential of the live music, and an ever-increasing number of inner-
some areas in 2014. These laws were introduced in night-time economy is a key challenge for global city dwellers resistant to potentially loud activities
response to a number of violent incidents within the cities. A number, most notably Amsterdam, Berlin, taking place outside their residences.
Sydney CBD, some of which tragically ended in the London and San Francisco, have arguably set the
benchmark in terms of creating, investing in, and The Committee is grateful to the people who
loss of life. Discussions concerning the merits and
promoting vibrant and diverse 24-hour cities. Other participated in our Commission and provided their
effectiveness of these laws have taken place since
personal views and input from their organisations. It Since the Commission’s inception, there has been a
their introduction and have involved a significant Australian cities have also been proactive, not least
has been a true ‘group effort’. Whilst the focus of the change in the terms of debate around the night-time
number of Committee for Sydney members. The Melbourne, in extending late night public transport,
Commission has been to build as much consensus economy in Sydney. There is now a greater focus on
Committee has welcomed this discussion but is also and Adelaide, in encouraging smaller bars and cafes
as possible, it should be stressed that members collaboration and consensus. We hope that the work
keen to ensure that consideration of Sydney’s night- in its CBD and Perth, where many retailers stay open
are not bound to support every recommendation of the Commission has helped, and will continue to
time life and economy takes into account a wider until 9pm during the week.
made in the Commission’s final report. However, the help in debates around these issues, and that these
range of social, cultural, business and community
Two important factors have underpinned our work. Committee for Sydney endorses all recommendations debates will drive changes that ensure that Greater
activities across Greater Sydney. For this reason,
Firstly, a recognition that a substantial amount of made in the report. Sydney can become a true 24-hour city.
the Committee established a Commission into the
06 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 07
THE
POTENTIAL
OF THE
24-HOUR
ECONOMY
IN GREATER
SYDNEY
08 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 09
The central focus of the Commission’s work has been Why then, with so much good going on, should we
worry about the night-time offer in Sydney? We do so
Greater Sydney is also entering a new era of spatial
planning. The Greater Sydney Commission’s Draft
unashamedly economic. Put simply, we believe that Greater because we believe that there is significant untapped Regional and District Plans, aligned and coordinated
potential for a more integrated and diverse night- with Transport for NSW’s Future Transport Strategy,
Sydney is losing out economically and financially by having time offer in Sydney. In some areas, regulatory or have the potential to enhance the wider city’s
an underperforming night-time economy. governance frameworks might not allow this potential accessibility and liveability. Creating vibrant evening
to flourish, and more could be done to brand and precincts must be a key part of this planning, an area
promote Sydney as a major global night-time city. that we explore later in the report.
The city is currently undergoing major redevelopment In order to better understand some of the primary
A night-time economy must be seen as more than visit at night. In particular, a city that offers late-night and redesign, partly due to the substantial investment issues relating to the night-time economy in Sydney,
just a question of entertainment or licensing. It is or 24-hour transportation, as well as restaurants and being made by the NSW Government into our the Commission undertook polling in partnership with
about creating the amenity of a genuine 24-hour shops that open late, is more attractive to those who infrastructure and built environment. George Street Ipsos. The Commission conducted a survey of 1000
city, where normal day-to-day activities such as come to visit. in the Sydney CBD is being transformed from a Greater Sydney residents. The data was weighted to
shopping, visiting a museum, going to the gym or congested conga-line of buses and cars to allow for ensure it was representative of the greater Sydney
Our work also builds upon the notable night-time
a public library become as normal at 10pm as they greater pedestrianised areas, wider footpaths and population by age and gender. It found that less than
activities already taking place in Greater Sydney.
would at 10am. greater space for outdoor dining and entertainment. half (46%) of people were satisfied with Sydney’s
There is an irony in that, whilst there is a perception
Circular Quay will undergo a revamp of its own in night-time leisure and entertainment offering and that
We believe that there are substantial potential benefits that Sydney’s night-time offer could improve, the
the near future, improving transport amenities and there is an appetite for greater diversity of activities,
to Sydneysiders having access to 24-hour services city still offers some of the most high-profile evening
retail and entertainment options. Parramatta CBD is particularly from 18-24 year olds. The results also
and amenities. There is potential for more night-time activities in the world.
also changing, with a new urban centre created at included an aspiration for more night-time shopping,
activities to become a source of jobs and new income
The New Year’s Eve fireworks are a brilliant Parramatta Square offering new options for work, dining, cultural and sporting options:
for the city, particularly in Western Sydney. There is
combination of creative excellence and logistical study and entertainment.
also an opportunity to revitalise public space and
skill: over 3 million people venture into the city to
buildings, particularly those that are not used after a
watch one of the great New Year shows in the
certain hour of the day.
word. Our Lunar New Year festivities are the largest With only 46% satisfied with Sydney’s current night
The City of Sydney’s night-time economy employs outside Asia1 and events such as Vivid use the time offering, there is an appetite for more options
around 113,847 people and generates sales turnover night fantastically, while also bringing in millions of
of $19.3bn, making up 27% of total employment and domestic and international visitors every year. Mardi
18 to 34 year olds Rest of population
contributing 22% of total turnover. Gras is a Sydney institution, including globally famous
night-time parades. Open air activities make use of
The Core night-time economy has grown since 2009
45% 48% 46%
with increases in the number of establishments
Sydney’s enviable warm climate to stage breathtaking
music, theatre and cinema across the city. Our major 42% 38% 36%
(16%), employment (14%) and sales turnover
sporting venues play host to tens of thousands of
33%
24% 31% 31% 29%
(28%). Food makes up the majority of the Sydney
sports fans watching night-time games.
core night-time economy in terms of establishment 23%
numbers (71%), employment (62%) and sales The City of Parramatta is host to an annual program
turnover (52%), whilst Entertainment contributes of vibrant events and festivals. Winter in Parramatta
18%, 22% and 31% respectively. is highlighted with the Winterlight festival, a 17-day
event and home to the largest ice-rink in Greater
There is also a key workforce element, particularly for
Sydney. The Parramatta Lanes festival in October
night-time employees. As flexible working becomes
welcomes over 100,000 visitors to experience four
more prevalent, the number of employees working
nights of food, art and music across a number
outside the traditional hours of 9 to 5 is likely to grow.
of locations in the Parramatta CBD. Summer
How does the city cater for these people? What are
festival highlights include the 15-hour Australia
their options for travelling to and from work at night,
Day celebrations as well as Tropfest, the world’s
particularly using public transport? Can they access
largest short film festival, the Crescent Summer Live Sport Movies Live Theatre Go to Pub Dine out shopping
services during or after their shift?
concert series in Parramatta Park, and the annual or Music
Parramasala festival, the largest multicultural festival
Q:
We can also further enhance Sydney’s tourism offer,
by diversifying activities and locations for tourists to in Western Sydney and a signature event as part of Which of the following activities would you do more of if there
Multicultural March. were more options available to you at night time across Sydney?
(BASE: ALL RESPONDENTS N =1,000)
10 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 11
The survey also identified support for more late night public transport options, with over half (51%) of respondents
saying that they would stay out later if they had more public transport options.
Mastercard data on global cities
Given the demand for more night-time options categories such as finance & communications
There is a desire for more late night transport options, in Greater Sydney, the Commission worked with
Mastercard to review night-time spending in Sydney
contributing to its overall spend performance.
Sydney’s ‘destination’ postcodes for socialising
which is particularly strong among 18-34s and benchmark it against eight other global cities.
have comparatively strong night time percentage
The data relates to the use of Mastercard payments of spend, whereas more suburban areas in the
in person, not online, and is not intended to be an Greater Sydney area bring down the overall
exhaustive guide to consumer spending during the percentage significantly.
Half (51%) say 63% say they 72% would night. However, the figures do offer a snapshot of the
There are postcodes in Sydney, within strong
they would stay would go out like more late current state of the night-time economy in Greater
performing regions, showing little night spend
out later if they more often night public Sydney and also identifies where there is additional
activity at present, which have potential to grow
had 24-hour unmet demand. Key insights include:
if they had transport their night-time economy.
public transport 24-hour public options. Sydney has room to grow in comparison to
Whilst Greater Sydney’s spend is larger than that
options. transport other key global cities. 36% of spending in Berlin
of Greater Melbourne, Melbournians spend more
options. happened after 6pm compared to 23% in Sydney.
at night on restaurants and bars; apparel and
Sydney’s night spend comes predominantly from general merchandise.
grocery spending with other ‘non-communal’
DAY, NIGHT % OF SPEND
Day Night
BERLIN 64% 36%
LONDON 66% 34%
SAN FRANCISCO 67% 33%
HONG KONG 67% 33%
TEL AVIV 72% 28%
SYDNEY 77% 23%
MONTREAL 79% 21%
MELBOURNE 82% 18%
12 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 13
Sydney by region
HOW DOES SYDNEY COMPARE TO GLOBAL CITIES?
37% 27% DAY, NIGHT % OF SPEND Day Night
12% 14%
Hong 12% 6% 14% Lower North Shore 76% 24%
Kong
sydney
London 2% London
sydney London
sydney Sydney CBD 79% 21%
sydney Parramatta-Hills District 80% 20%
Gladesville-Ryde-Eastwood 80% 20%
Eastern Suburbs 82% 18%
Western Suburbs 84% 16%
St George 85% 15%
Inner West 85% 15%
restaurants Apparel General Grocery &
& bars merchandise food stores Macarthur Region 85% 15%
South Western Suburbs 87% 13%
3.8% Outer Western Suburbs 87% 13%
2.5% Upper North Shore 89% 11%
London 0.1% Berlin
1.1% Sutherland Shire 89% 11%
sydney sydney Northern Beaches 90% 10%
London Berlin
spend has spend growth
grown 12x in 2:1 of Sydney
the past
3 years
in the past
3 years
Sydney by postcode
Live Performance Misc entertainment
& entertainment & recreation
DAY, NIGHT % OF SPEND Day twilight Night
2011 - Kings Cross
SYDNEY VERSUS MELBOURNE 2042 - Newtown
HOW DOES OUR NIGHT-TIME ECONOMY COMPARE? 2026 - Bondi
47% 2037 - Glebe
18% 27% 2060 - North Sydney
9% 9% 6% 1.4% 0.2% 14% 13% sydney
2010 - Surry Hills
Melb Melb
sydney Melb sydney Melb sydney sydney Melb
2000 - Sydney City
2095 - Manly
2041 - Balmain
2021 - Paddington
restaurants Apparel Movie & other General Grocery & 2204 - Marrickville
& bars Theatrical merchandise food stores 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
14 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 15
DIVERSITY
OF
NIGHT-
TIME
ACTIVITIES
16 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 17
Truly great global cities offer to run but generated €30 million.3 Sydney’s Vivid
Festival is estimated to contribute around $110m
…the most attractive destinations a wide choice of leisure and into the state economy.4 Hobart’s Dark Mofo festival the International Convention Centre
are those that offer an array of attracted over 400,000 visitors in 2017 and has been Sydney (ICC Sydney)
entertainment across day and described as single-handedly boosting Hobart’s mid- is providing entertainment options for all
entertainment options for different
night; with public and private winter dead tourist spot.5 ages and interests and helping to boost
ages, cultures and lifestyles, both visitation and business outcomes.
including families. This requires
attractions suitable for a range The Commission has been encouraged by work People attending business events are joined
undertaken by Property NSW, on behalf of NSW by Sydneysiders and interstate travellers
private as well as public attractions, of ages, cultures and lifestyles. Government, to encourage greater diversity of in attending performances, dining within
night-time activities across Greater Sydney. This has the precinct, and enjoying the beautiful
and night-time leisure activities not included:
Diverse night-time activation creates a viable transition waterside surrounds. In 2017, the ICC held
associated to the consumption of from day-time to night-time economies, and this Partnering with the Museum of Contemporary Art 755 events, attracting 1.3 million people to the
alcohol. Tourism is a huge source of economic diversity is critical to fostering a more to activate sites within The Rocks precinct. venue and broader precinct. Through public
inclusive and safe night-time environment and attracting art and twenty-one digital screens along
revenue and most local governments Working with retailers on after hours shopping the boardwalk (and the length of the venue),
a mixture of people. This mixture of users naturally
are looking for new measures to help creates a calmer environment on the streets and makes events. the venue is both passively and actively
increase global tourism. By failing to unsociable behaviour seem less acceptable. Extending The Rocks markets at peak times of engaged with the community into the evening.
the year. Delegates at ICC Sydney events generated
foster a healthy and vibrant late-night Sydney already offers a range of evening activities $785 million in direct expenditure in 2017.
that don’t directly relate to alcohol, including
entertainment economy, the city Partnering with external theatre providers to
cinemas, theatres, live music, sporting events, activate areas within the precinct.
jeopardizes its aspirations to festivals, restaurants and cafes. Late-night shopping
is sometimes available, although a sizable number Providing night-time entertainment over the
become a global city. Christmas period such as bands, carollers and
of retailers operate the traditional business hours of
outdoor movies. PARRAMATTA AT NIGHT
9-5. Similarly, many museums, galleries and public
ANDREINA SEIJAS, amenities close before 5 or 6pm.
In 2008, a Western Sydney University study for
City of Parramatta Council noted a disconnect
GLOBAL EXPERT ON
In some parts of Sydney after 11pm, 74% of visitors Twilight and after dark // between daytime activities and the night-
NIGHT-TIME URBAN PLANNING
are aged 15-30 years,2 and options are often limited time economy. However, since 2008 the city’s
In the growth of a 24-hour economy, it’s important to
to drinking, takeaway food or convenience stores. night-time economy has evolved, and in 2013
differentiate between the twilight economy (6-9pm)
Typically, only 6% of people in the city after 11pm was said to be the fastest growing night-time
and after dark (9pm onwards). The Commission
are over 40 and other options must be provided to economy in Australia.
believes that there is significant scope to expand the
attract different demographics.
twilight economy in Greater Sydney, particularly to City of Parramatta Council suggested the
Greater diversity would also reflect the make use of a time when public transport is running success came from an activation of key
multiculturalism of Greater Sydney. Areas like regularly. In particular, there is greater opportunity for areas in the city by providing a more diverse
Little Korea in Strathfield or the multitude of Indian early evening dining and more diverse retail activities, range of experiences including food trucks,
restaurants in Harris Park, reflect the fact that plus more options for families and older people. row boats by the River and the Parramatta
different community groups will want to engage in Lanes event. In addition to a large array of
different night-time activities. The benefits can also restaurants, cafes, eateries and bars open
be found throughout the wider community. For at night, the city hosts Farmers Markets
example, the Parramasala festival in Parramatta is a The North Sydney Twilight Food Fair each Friday night and a range of drama and
free public celebration of the diverse and rich cultures has been in operation since 1990 and is a musical events at the Riverside Theatre.
in Sydney’s west, including music, dance, parade, firm favourite with locals and visitors to the
The city also enjoys sporting events
theatre, food, film and heritage. It attracts around area who bring their families and friends
throughout the year at Parramatta Stadium
30,000 people of which over 70% were born in to make the most of Summer evenings
as well as annual festivals such as the Sydney
countries other than Australia. and unwind for the weekend. The vibrant,
Festival, Winterlight Festival, Loy Krathong,
exciting, multicultural outdoor night market
Diversity of activities and crowds can also often have New Year’s Eve, Australia Day and Lunar New
features a range of international cuisine,
a clear economic benefit. Nuit Blanche in Toronto Year. Council reports revenue from the city’s
live music and entertainment.
generates $9m and attracts over 800,000 visitors to night-time economy to be $909 million.
the city, while the Italian Notte Bianca cost €3 million
18 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 19As we have noted, Sydney has a competitive in a Culture Up Late initiative to open late every but we urge state government departments and
advantage over many world cities in that its climate Wednesday night during the summer months of local councils to review whether there is demand
allows outdoor evening activities throughout much of
The Fashionably Late fashion January and February. To build on this success, the for the later opening of services as part of a broad
the year. We already make use of the warm weather market is held every Thursday evening in Commission suggests that institutions continue to night-time economy strategy.
through activities like outdoor cinema, opera on Dizengoff Square, Tel Aviv, starting at 4pm examine opportunities to extend evening activities
and running until around 11pm. The market The City of Sydney is already investigating the
the harbour, food markets, evening horse racing at throughout the year, not just the summer months.
is sponsored by the Tel Aviv Municipality, development of Australia’s first 24-hour library at
Randwick and Canterbury and night-time Big Bash Late night openings are not unusual in other
who in addition have organised a number Customs House9 and will increase use of its halls
cricket at the SCG and Homebush. global cities. For example, the Louvre in Paris, the
of big street parties and events to coincide and centres, as well as increase access to public
world’s largest museum, is open until 9.45pm on
However, we have identified two areas that could be with the market. and commercial recreation facilities such as gyms,
Wednesdays. An additional option could be offering
improved: retail options and public amenities. basketball courts, skate parks and pools.
a discounted pass to visit a number of cultural
institutions during the evening over a weekly or Public buildings have an important role to play in
Shopping and services // Dining, food trucks monthly period. this. A number of community assets, particularly
school buildings, can sometimes be left empty
At the end of the working day, traffic and public and night markets // during the evening. These facilities could be used
transport hit their peak as people exit the CBD and for evening activities such as sports and exercise
In some parts of Greater Sydney, it can be difficult to
other employment centres. However, more could
get a restaurant meal later than 10pm, or even non- First Thursdays in London see classes, adult learning, community meetings
be done to encourage people to stay in precincts
alcoholic refreshments after the theatre or cinema. medium to smaller scale arts or practice spaces for arts and culture. NSW
after work and enjoy twilight activities. Research by
We believe that there is a clear need for greater organisations arrange late night Government has made progress in developing
the City of Sydney has shown a lack of adequate
late-night dining options, particularly offering sit-down openings and programs schools as community hubs, however we feel there
after-hours pharmacies, grocers, medical centres, on the first Thursday of the month, is even greater scope to utilise school space for
casual meals near key attractions and events. More
gyms and other services, which if available would typically as an extension of existing night-time activities.
smaller scale venues provide a space to talk, drink
allow more people to perform ‘routine’ activities6 after programming. The strength of the program
and eat in an intimate setting and draw a broader
work. Night-time workers would also benefit from is in regular programming and awareness
demographic. There is also a desire for more outdoor
the availability of services at the beginning or end of
seating in dining areas to better realise the benefits in the community. In particular, the Natural Live music //
a shift. For example, in Sweden, 24-hour childcare History Museum in London successfully
of Sydney’s climate. The city is blessed with weather The Commission identified significant concerns
services are available to parents working at night.7 offers diverse late-night activities
that allows patrons to sit alfresco late into the night, that the live music offer in Sydney is limited, in
but the inability to create a Mediterranean-style café throughout the year.
Late-night retail can particularly capitalise on high- some cases due to noise restrictions or lack of
spend but time-poor tourists and business guests. culture in Greater Sydney is a great frustration. venues. In particular, it was felt that more could be
In Adelaide, over 700 retailers operate until 7pm done in Sydney to encourage live music through
The popularity of food trucks is increasing, combining
on Thursdays and 9pm on Fridays and the Central temporary programming in public spaces and parks.
diverse outdoor casual dining with the flexibility of
Market is also open until 9pm on Fridays. In addition, concern was raised that the separate
take-away meals. Night markets such as those at
Shakespeare’s Globe processes for liquor licensing and development
In many Asian cities, shopping is available until at Carriageworks, Bondi and Chatswood also work
in London has a long-held tradition of approvals creates significant uncertainty, as
least 10pm. For example, in Singapore, shopping well with a mixed offer for a range of demographics.
midnight matinees that start at 11.59pm. overlapping functions add greatly to cost and time
hours for shopping malls are usually from 10.00am Activities such as these should have the flexibility
It’s an irreverent atmosphere, and actors involved in establishing and operating businesses.
to 10.00pm from Monday to Sunday, and some to operate in underused spaces in the city, such as
supermarkets are open twenty-four hours. laneways and parks. often say these performances are among With certain planning policies, small-scale venues
their favourite and most memorable. not in use at night could be utilised to host live
Polling also shows that Sydneysiders have a desire There’s even a special early breakfast at music and arts. Government, private and education
to shop after 6pm.8 Cultural institutions // the Swan restaurant after the show. sector building stock that is under-utilised or in
The Commission highlighted proposals from the Late-night opening hours in museums, art galleries transition could also make a significant contribution
City of Sydney to encourage later trading retail, and other institutions offers the experience of art and to the cultural fabric of the city’s independent
allowing retailers to trade later without coming back culture in new circumstances to more people, and dramatic arts.
for council approval. Combined with the Night Time ensures the city’s workers, residents and visitors can Public amenities // For example, a proposal presented to Sydney’s Inner
Diversification business support grant, this will engage in a creative and cultural nightlife.
With greater retail, dining and cultural options comes West Council in early 2017 proposed every type of
encourage later trading retail, create more leisure
This in an area where the cultural sector is an opportunity for opening public amenities at night. property zoning, excluding residential, to be allowed
options and encourage people to remain in the
demonstrating great innovation. Some of Sydney’s The Commission appreciates that there are cost to be converted into a small-scale arts venue
city longer, taking the pressure off of peak
major arts and cultural venues have participated implications to opening services for longer and later, without the need for a development application.10
transport services.
20 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 21Policy changes such as
these would allow greater
growth and diversity in the
arts and live music sectors
across Sydney precincts. In
2016/17 the South Australian
Government introduced a
small arts venue category
state variation to the National
Construction Code as well as
exempt development status
for low impact entertainment.
As well as cultural and
social benefits, live music
contributes significantly to
the economy; the Live Music
Office estimates NSW is the
largest contributor to the
Australian live music industry
at $3,623m and 23,207 jobs.
Interstate, the live music
sector is supported by
development funding:
Victoria offers a $12.2m
Music Works package while
Western Australia offers its
$3m Creative Music Fund.
The establishment of a live
music community benefit
fund in NSW along the lines
of the South Australian model
is endorsed by the Live
Music Office, City of Sydney
Live Music and Performance
Action Plan with in-principle
support from the Australian
Hotels Association NSW.
22 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 23Recommendations
Recommendations
for expanding the
diversity of night-time
activities –
Arts and cultural
institutions should build
upon the success of
Culture Up Late to offer
late-night access on
certain days, all year
round.
This could also include
the development of a
‘First Thursdays’ style
scheme in Greater Sydney
for smaller galleries and
museums to stay open
until at least 9pm.
Cultural institutions should
City Sounds Brisbane is Australia’s largest free live music program, presenting local and touring consider collaborating to
bands and artists in the Queens Street Mall, Post Office Square, South Bank and other locations around offer a discounted pass to
Brisbane each week. During Melbourne Music Week’s Live Music Safari, musicians perform across visit a number of cultural
sixteen Melbourne venues unticketed and free of charge. institutions at night over a
weekly or monthly period.
The property and arts and
culture sectors should
Create NSW and the Live Music Office’s Live and Local micro-music festivals develop new partnerships
showcase local musicians across free family-friendly events. Following hugely successful events to showcase temporary
in Parramatta, Camden and Wollondilly, the program has now been further expanded in Western public exhibitions and
Sydney and Regional NSW, with 18 Councils presenting Live and Local Micro Festival events in 2018. activate underused land
It’s proved to be a great way of showcasing some of the best local acts on offer and brings together or buildings.
multigenerational groups. The festivals have created new jobs, brought increased custom for local
In major urban centres,
cafes and restaurants and increased footfall and sales for local retailers. For example, the Camden
late-night shopping should
festival brought thousands of people to Argyle Street to see more than 30 local performers.
be extended to Friday and
Saturday. Councils should
allow shops to open until
at least 10pm without
formal development
The district Chamber of Commerce in Nashville supports the thriving live music scene approval.
in Lower Broadway. The District is a private, non-profit organisation dedicated to economic and
community revitalisation of three historic districts and their contiguous areas in downtown Nashville; State government
Broadway, 2nd Avenue/Riverfront and Printers Alley, collectively known as The DISTRICT. Its programs departments and councils
seek to foster and stimulate growth of a district identity, community spirit, civic pride and unity while should review opening
promoting the people in the area and to further retain downtown Nashville’s historic character. hours of services such
as libraries and gyms to
assess demand for night-
time services.
24 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 25EFFECTIVE
GOVERNANCE
AND
REGULATION
26 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 27Currently, multiple agencies at state and local level work together further and to develop cross-boundary strategies
with other councils where they share geographical or
the fees assessed. BIDs can encompass economic,
business, local, political and social elements of a
in managing aspects of the night-time economy. However, we economic interests. place and strategically bring them together to build
revenue to support an area’s different aspects —
believe that more can be done to both create a broad vision for The private sector also has a role to play in promoting
such as aesthetics, security and commerce. They are
good governance. We believe that there is merit in
the night-time economy in Greater Sydney and to coordinate the establishment of a NSW Night-time Industries
developed, managed, financed and delivered locally.
businesses, governments, residents and other agencies as Association, as has been created in Greater London. We suggest that councils in Greater Sydney should
pilot at least three ‘Night-time Business Improvement
Sydney’s night-time economy develops. Districts’ as a genuine partnership between councils
and local businesses involved in the 24-hour economy.
Several cities have established
An important starting place would be the formulation effective individual who is invested with the power
independent champions for the Penalty rates //
of an overarching strategy for the night-time and authority to bring parties together to develop a night-time economy. Amsterdam has
a “night mayor”, London a “night czar” One area identified as a barrier to late-night retail is
economy, led by the NSW Department for Premier vision and drive towards it. These roles and functions
and New York City Council has voted to the penalty rates associated with ‘after-hours’ trading.
and Cabinet (DPC). The strategy should look at many can better foster collaboration, integration and
create the Office of Nightlife, which will The cost associated with providing services at night is
of the broad and interlocking components discussed ultimately success in the balanced growth of a night-
tackle issues such as improving conditions obviously a key issue when creating a vibrant night-
in this report, particularly on the potential economic time economy, as seen in Amsterdam, London, Paris,
for nightlife workers, investigating the time economy. The issue has been examined as part
benefits of a 24-hour economy for the city. Key issues Toulouse and Zurich.
effects of zoning laws, managing noise and of a review by the Fair Work Commission, which has
would include diversifying the range of night-time
We are, however, keen that this debate does not nuisance, and making conditions easier for found that a reduction in Sunday and Public Holiday
activities, particularly during the twilight period; the
become obsessed with structures. There is merit artists and smaller-scale night businesses. penalty rates would allow retailers to extend trading
role of transport and planning; providing more late-
in having a single person tasked with implementing hours. The Australian Retailers Association has also
night public services and streamlining regulations
a strategy on the night-time economy, but different argued that a reduction in penalty rates would reduce
relating to entertainment and retail. As the public
models work for different cities. The Commission has, the strain on retailers and increase trading hours.
sector agency tasked with ensuring the delivery on
however, identified some following options:
the Government’s commitments and priorities, DPC The UK Night-time Industries The Commission feels that it is too early to judge
is ideally placed to lead this initiative. The strategy Appoint an independent Night Czar/Night Mayor/ Association is the voice for the night- whether the reduction in penalty rates over this period
could be developed by the existing Economic Policy Advocate for the Night-time Economy, who would time sector and works to increase will have a marked change on retail behaviour but
Group, which examines economic development, report directly to the Premier. awareness and understanding of its do believe that extending trading hours will have a
infrastructure, planning land use and resources contribution and benefits. It seeks to decisive impact on creating a more enhanced 24-
issues. Create a portfolio of Minister for the Night-time
influence the decisions of policymakers hour economy. In the lead-up to Christmas 2017,
Economy within the NSW Government Cabinet.
and ensure that the night-time economy the recently pedestrianised areas of George Street
The NSW Government has established a Night-time
Appoint a Commissioner for the Night-time continues to flourish, supporting between King and Market Street were full of crowds
Economy Taskforce, led by Create NSW, which
Economy, in a similar role to the Small Business regeneration, creating jobs and enhancing taking advantage of late-night shopping in the area. It
includes sixteen NSW Government agencies and the
Commissioner. the UK’s international reputation. offered a glimpse of what might be possible once the
City of Sydney. The Commission notes the important
Light Rail is running on George Street and the great
work of the Taskforce and the role of Create NSW Task a senior public servant in NSW Government
opportunities for late-night activities in the CBD and
in championing the night-time economy within with leading the implementation of the NSW
other centres.
governments, both state and local. However, we feel Government’s night-time economy strategy. This Business Improvement Districts //
that a broader strategy led by DPC would help to role could be fulfilled by the Secretary or Deputy
Several cities have used a ‘Business Improvement
establish a more whole-of-government approach to Secretary at DPC. Licensing //
District (BID)’ model, a public-private partnership
the night-time economy.
Whatever form the role takes, the person tasked with often involving councils and businesses in a The regulation of licensed premises at night has been
Whilst an overarching strategy should be a first step, the job must have the ability to shape and coordinate local authority area. Private sector members can a subject of considerable debate, both within the
the Commission also recommends establishing whole-of-government policy on the night-time contribute a special tax or levy to cover the expense Commission and more broadly. Much of this debate
a champion — either inside or outside of state economy. However, the responsibility must not lie of providing their BID with services beyond what the has centred around the continued use of lockout law
government — for the night-time economy in Greater solely with state government. Councils are currently local government offers in their area. The legalities of restrictions in Kings Cross, Darlinghurst, Cockle Bay,
Sydney. In some cities, the model has been the free to establish their own champions for the night- forming a BID vary but can be created simply by the The Rocks and Haymarket. Lockout laws are not
establishment of a Night Mayor or Night Czar. In time economy, and a number, including the City of approval by a majority of local business and property unique to Sydney and indeed similar arrangements
others, there exists a night-time economy taskforce Sydney and City of Parramatta, have produced highly owners, by those who control a majority of the land are in place in other areas of NSW, as well as parts of
commission. Sometimes there may simply be a highly detailed strategies. We encourage councils to go area, or by owners responsible for the majority of Queensland and Western Australia.
28 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 29The lockout laws are an important part — but by no The Callinan Review has been enormously helpful to potential conflicts before the police have to be called Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (BOCSAR)
means the only important part — in our discussion the Commission’s work. It does note a reduction in in — a move that can escalate tensions and create crime statistics have showed that in the twelve
about Sydney as a 24-hour city. The Commission visitor numbers in the lockout law areas and that “the the perception of nightlife causing trouble. months to 30 June 2016, the number of non-
examined international evidence but found that it is contribution that they previously made to the night- domestic assaults occurring on licensed premises
Amsterdam has also spearheaded nightlife-specific
too ambiguous to prove either way that ‘lockout law’ time economy may have been reduced”, including in Newtown reduced by 56.9%, from fifty-eight to
business improvement districts, such as the busy
style regulations significantly reduce alcohol-related the loss of some jobs. It also highlights that similar twenty-five, the lowest level in more than eight years,
downtown plaza Rembrandtplein, where bar owners
disorder over a broad geographical area (as opposed lockout laws have been introduced in other cities in made even more impressive by the reported increase
are required to pay into a fund to support branding,
to the defined areas to which they apply), and while Australia. in the number of people coming to Newtown.
signage, Square Hosts and “designing out crime”
there are suggestions that extended late-night Interestingly, in that same period, the number of
The Commission supports the direction of travel led improvements like back alley lighting.
trading hours lead to increased alcohol consumption assaults on licensed premises in the suburb of
by the Government following the Callinan Review.
and related harms, research is inconclusive on the Amsterdam has also countered binge-drinking by Sydney increased by 26%. Assaults on licensed
Relaxations have been welcomed and we urge the
effectiveness of ‘lockouts’ as a sole measure. banning ‘happy hours’, preventing operators selling premises in Newtown remain at levels comparable to
government to continue to monitor the number of
more alcohol in a shorter space of time. The city those before the implementation of the Kings Cross
However, a cross-section of stakeholders involved in businesses and visitors to the area. However, in
also offered 24-hour licences that venue operators and Sydney CBD lockouts.
the Commission noted frustration at the inflexibility of the view of the Commission, the status quo is not
could pitch for, but under strict rules. Venues had to
liquor regulations, particularly for live entertainment sustainable. The vibrancy of the lockout areas, in The Commission also supports moves by the City
be outside the city centre and had to be multi-use,
venues. Moreover, the Commission believes that particular Kings Cross, has been diluted and we are of Parramatta, City of Sydney and other councils
offering a restaurant, bar, theatre and gallery, as well
it is fair to conclude that the lockout laws have concerned about the long-term impact on Sydney’s to promote the expansion of small bars. We urge
as a club. The reforms have seen 25% decline of
contributed to perception that the vibrancy of the reputation as a global city. NSW Government to examine the work undertaken
alcohol related violence in the city centre over the
night-time offer in Sydney has declined and, as a by the South Australian Government and Adelaide
The Commission is grateful to NSW Police for their past five years.
result, the reputation of Sydney as a global city has City Council to promote small bars in the Peel Street
engagement with our work. It should be noted and
been detrimentally impacted. The Commission also believes that there is merit in precinct. Evidence suggests that this has helped to
reflected on that frontline police put themselves in
the “Newtown model”, which demonstrates what can bring a more diverse audience to the CBD and foster
NSW Police have highlighted the substantial decline harm’s way every day to keep the public safe, often
be achieved when local publicans work together with a more mature drinking culture by promoting cultural
(almost 50%) in alcohol-related assaults in the from individuals under the influence of alcohol and/
stakeholders on issues in their own areas. activities and food instead of binge drinking.
defined lockout areas since the laws were introduced. or drugs. Cities across the world face the challenge
This figure has been contrasted with a 17% rise in of dealing with the effects and impacts of public In mid-2015, the Newtown entertainment precinct It should also be recognised that NSW Government
assaults in suburbs such as Newtown, Bondi and drunkenness. On this, Sydney is no different. became a target for various elements of the media has taken action to support small bars in Greater
Double Bay and a 12% increase in assaults in areas However, we believe that there are lessons to learn and others with claims crowd numbers, assaults and Sydney. In December 2016, the Government
such as Pyrmont. Concern has also been raised from other cities in creating safer areas for the public anti-social behaviour was rising in the area. Some increased the patron capacity of small bars from
about the impact on businesses within the lock out to enjoy night-time activities responsibly. politicians and commentators suggested spreading 60 to 100 to support their viability. Further changes
areas. The Kings Cross Liquor Accord estimates lockout conditions to the precinct Hoteliers and the extended the trading times for small bars in the CBD
that at least 16 licensed premises have closed in the Planned Districts // Newtown Liquor Accord worked with police and and Kings Cross precincts from midnight until 2am,
lock out area since the laws were introduced and the As we have highlighted earlier in this paper, a diversity stakeholders to develop a localised solution. The in line with the rest of NSW. Small bars seeking to
Sydney Business Chamber have described the laws of night-time options is important to create areas cornerstone of the strategy was “no new patrons trade later can still apply for extended trading up until
as “heavy handed”. that are not necessarily focused on the consumption after 3.00am” on Friday and Saturday nights. 5am. In addition, the Government has also removed
of alcohol. However, we must also recognise that blanket drinks restrictions applying to small bars in
Whilst there is disagreement on both sides of the Apart from the “No new patrons” concept, the six-
alcohol is often an important component of night-time the precincts. These reforms support small bars in
argument, the NSW Government has attempted month trial included restrictions of certain drink types
activities. We therefore suggest the consideration of meeting the demand for sophisticated, diverse night-
to bring consensus to the debate. An independent (including no shots) after 12.00am, the cease service
replicating Amsterdam-style ‘planned districts’ for time entertainment, and recognise that these smaller
review into the impact of liquor law reforms was of alcohol 30 minutes prior to close, a patron code
areas where significant alcohol consumption may be venues typically have lower rates of violence and
conducted by the Hon. Ian Callinan AC, which of conduct and the adoption of NSW Police Force
available. fewer compliance issues.
looked at how to reduce alcohol-related violence Crime Scene Preservation Guidelines.
while maintaining the vibrancy of Sydney’s precincts. Amsterdam has introduced planned districts, which The Commission also recognises the importance
The initiative was welcomed by the local community, of pubs and bars in helping to shape the night-time
Following this, in December 2016, the NSW include 24-hour licenses that allow a number of the liquor regulator and by NSW Deputy Premier economy. We also recognise that venues such as
Government announced a range of changes to liquor clubs located away from residential areas to operate Troy Grant who congratulated the venues in State these are often at the forefront of combatting anti-
laws, including exemptions to the 1.30am lockout at any time day or night. In more densely populated Parliament; “This is the sort of leadership we want to social behaviour related to alcohol consumption
and 3am last drinks for live entertainment venues. neighbourhoods where bars mingle with apartment see in local areas through local liquor accords — local and play a key role in promoting responsible
At least 23 venues have already applied for later buildings, trained social workers are paid to help keep solutions to local problems … It is a great example consumption of alcohol. In addition, pubs often play
lockouts and last drinks. the peace. Called Square Hosts, they encourage of local people, who know their areas best, looking a central role and function within local communities.
patrons to take loud voices inside and defuse at the needs of their community and responding The Commission noted concern from a number of
accordingly.”
30 SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY SYDNEY AS A 24-HOUR CITY 31You can also read
