Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds

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Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Taxonomy and Industry

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

                      Monique S.J. Simmonds
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Surveying
                              Vegetation Surveys
Rio Tinto (Simfer) – Guinea            Simandou Iron Ore Project

Key activities:
                                                       Un-surveyed quarry
• Pre-mining botanical inventory/
  vegetation mapping to identify species
  and habitats of conservation
  importance to minimise environmental
  damage
• Capacity building
• Propagation protocols for priority
  species
• Training of local botanists for
  monitoring of priority species
• Seed collection and banking
• Genetic fingerprinting and analysis
  priority species
• Economic uses/value of local species
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Surveying                 Rio Tinto (Simfer) – Guinea     Simandou Iron Ore Project

                  Vegetation surveys
                                                             •Highlighting the CPS
• Identification of Conservation Priority Species (CPS)

                         Marsdenia exellii
  Raphionacme caerulea
                                                              • Capacity building
•CPS translocation & monitoring
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Baseline Data for Conservation of Coffee Species

Predicted distribution of Coffea arabica based on herbarium specimen data
for the year 2080. Programme MaxEnt. Analysis by Justin Moat and Susana Baena
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
What plants are being
traded?                                          Authentication

                           “Examination of traded plant parts or extracts
                        to determine they are fit for the purpose intended.”

             Increased demand for plant based extracts in over the counter medicines/
                 cosmetics/herbal products.
             Requests to authenticate plants/extracts in SUG
                        Year                       No.         Incorrect (%)   Toxic (No.)
                        1990                       19               32              2
                        2000                      998               30             15
                        2002                      1321              33             21
                        2004                      1454              32             19
                        2005                      1645              30             17
                        2006                      1756              26             21
                        2007                      1684              25             15
                        2008                      1564              23             10
                        2009                      1768              29              9
                        2010                      1760              28              7
                        2011                      1679              38              3
                        2012                      1166              21           38**
                                                                                             Sustainable
                                                                                             Uses Group
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Santalum
album

From:
Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in
naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit
kurz erläuterndem Texte
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SANDALWOOD

                Which species?

                 Sandalwood
                Family Santalaceae
  Genus Santalum (other names: Fusanus, Eucarya)
          (over 100 different taxa names)

      Red Sandalwood = Pterocarpus santalinus
           Sandalwood = Santalum album
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Cost (£) of Sandalwood Essential Oils of Different Plant
                                                     Origin
                     700

                     600
Cost (£) per Litre

                     500

                     400

                     300

                     200

                     100

                       0
                             Amyris        Santalum        Santalum      Eremophila   Santalum
                             balsamifera   spicatum       austrocale-    mitchelli    album
                                                          donicum
                                           Origin of Sandalwood Essential Oil
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
% Santalols in Trade ‘S. album’ Oils
                                   Cis-α-Santalol + Cis-β-Santalol
                                   Trans-β-Santalol + Epi-β-Santalol
                         100

                         90                                                                                                    International
                                                                                                                               standard
                         80                                                                                                    specification
Percentage Composition

                         70

                         60

                         50

                         40

                         30

                         20

                         10

                          0
                               1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

                                                                   Sandalwood Oil (Sample No.)
Taxonomy and Industry Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Monique S.J. Simmonds
Food
Security
Illicium species
          (Magnoliaceae / Illiciaceae)

• Species include:

     I. anisatum L.
     I. griffithii Hook.f.
     I. majus Hook.f. & Thoms.
     I. micranthum Dunn
     I. verum Hook.f.
     I. floridanum Ellis
Authentication of Chinese Star Anise

                  Tip more hooked

                 Surface more knobbly

  Illicium anisatum                      Illicium verum
 Japanese Star Anise                    Chinese Star Anise
Authentication of Chinese Star Anise
                                              by Thermal Desorption GC-MS
                                        148

100              O
                                                                                      Illicium verum
            77              117
                      105         133
                 91

 %                                                       O
            anethole
                                                                     foeniculin

 0

100
      Illicium anisatum

 %

 0                                                                                                     Time
          5.00                      10.00        15.00       20.00                25.00        30.00
TD-GC-MS chromatograms of three Illicium species
                                                                         OCH3
                                         148
                                                   11.71
100

                                                                                                                          I. verum
 %                          117
          77                       133
                      105
                91

                                                                            CH3
                                                                 14.70            19.78
  0

                                                                                              22.59
100

                                                                                                                          I. griffithii
 %

                                                                 14.48                                 25.15
                                                                                                                  28.02
  0

                                                                                                                  28.13
100
                     O                                  CH2
                                                                         16.10
                                                                                                       25.19
                                                                                                                          I. anisatum                         37.41

                     O                         OCH3
 %
                                                                                                                                          33.73
                  5.80                                   12.81                                                        28.43                               37.03
                                                11.50                                 20.89               25.95                   31.73
                            7.19                                                               22.98                                                              38.46
                                                                 14.48
  0                                                                                                                                                                       Time
               5.00                        10.00                   15.00          20.00                25.00              30.00                   35.00
Plant Names: Legislation

EMEA: European Regulator

EU Commission Decision #OJEC L 2.2.2002 L 33/31:

    “the botanical variety Illicium anisatum Lour is scientifically
      recognised as highly poisonous”
              and barred from import into Europe.
Ambiguity
‘Star Anise’                    Illicium verum Hook.f.
       some synonyms in use           Illicium anisatum Lour.
                                      Illicium san-ki Perr.
        homonyms!
                                      Bandianifera officianarum Kuntze

‘Japanese Star Anise’ (Toxic)         Illicium anisatum Linnaeus
fish poison & horticultural
         some synonyms in use         Illicium religiosum S&Z.
                                      Bandianifera anisatum Kuntze
2 further homonyms exist !!!
             Illicium anisatum Bartr. ex. Michx
             Illicium anisatum Gaertn.
Poor Communication
              gets into legislation
EMEA: European Regulator

EU Commission Decision #OJEC L 2.2.2002 L 33/31:

    “the botanical variety Illicium anisatum Lour is scientifically
      recognised as highly poisonous”
              and barred from import into Europe.

 in doing so they banned the import of Chinese Star
 Anise!
Taxonomy in labels
Example of errors in the ingredient names of a herbal product

                                                     imprecise vernacular name

                                                    mispelt Latin scientific name:
                                                           unknown entity

                                                     correct TCM plant species;
                                                      but author missing

                                                     imprecise vernacular name

                                                     mispelt Latin scientific name;
                                                          author missing

                                                      corrupted Latin scientific name:
                                                      probably refers to the red roots of
                                                      Paeonia lactiflora Pall.
                                                     animal ingredient (now illegal
                                                                 in UK)
                                                      imprecise vernacular name

                                                      imprecise & mispelt vernacular
                                                          name
Names and

       Pin yin names: beware of intentional mis-labelling
                              example: Chuan Bei Mu 川贝母

                            OFFICIAL                         Look-alike
            bulbs of                   species   bulbs of                        species
                                                            (UNOFFICAL)

     Fritillaria cirrhosa
                                                            F. ussuriensis
                                                             - source of ‘Ping Bei Mu’
     F. delavayii

     F. unibracteata                                        F. anhuiensis
                                                 1 cm        - local ‘Anhui Bei Mu’
                                                             - not in ChP

            top quality £60-100/kilo               sourced from cheaper species
            over-harvested - declining             widely cultivated
Ramin and similar species
Dalbergia nigra
Confiscated veneers for
guitar making suspected
as being D. nigra
Dalbergia nigra
                                      Dalbergia spruceana

Dalbergia miscolobium          Dalbergia retusa
Chemical analysis distinguishes woods of
  Dalbergia nigra from D. spruceana
                                                                               MeO          O     O

                                                                               HO
                                                              299
100
          D. nigra
80                                                                        dalnigrin
                               285                                                          OMe
60
                     301
40                                                                       9.3
                                                                         283    10.2
20                                                                              313

 0
                                     285
100

80
          D. spruceana                                    283

60                                                             269
                               285
40
                    271
              301
20

 0
      1   2     3          4    5          6      7       8          9         10      11   12        13
                                               Time (min)
Taxonomic expertise needed by:

•   Extractive industries
•   Pharmaceutical
•   Agrochemical/ agro industry
•   Food Sector
•   Cosmetic/household goods
•   Forestry
•   Regulators
•   Land surveyors
•   Legal System
•   Health providers
•   “consultants”
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