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The European Commission’s science
and knowledge service
Joint Research Centre
Defining BAT under the Industrial
Emissions Directive –
History and Procedures
Thomas Brinkmann
European IPPC Bureau, European Commission's Joint Research Centre
Workshop to Promote the Ratification of Technical Protocols of the UNECE Air Convention
with Focus on Countries in the EECCA Region – 14 to 16 May 2019, Berlin, Germany
2
Outline
1 – The European IPPC Bureau
2 – The Industrial Emissions Directive
3 – The 'Sevilla Process'
3
The European Integrated Pollution Prevention
and Control (IPPC) Bureau – EIPPCB
• Created in 1997
• Part of the European Commission's Joint Research
Centre (JRC) (Circular Economy and Industrial
Leadership Unit of the JRC's Directorate B – Growth
and Innovation)
• Main output: BAT reference
documents, the BREFs, and their key
parts, the BAT conclusions
• 20 staff, of which 16 scientific and
4 support staff
4
Outline
1 – The European IPPC Bureau
2 – The Industrial Emissions Directive
3 – The 'Sevilla Process'
5
Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (IED)
• Key instrument for minimising
emissions and consumption of
industrial activities in Europe
• General framework:
prevent and, if not feasible, reduce pollution
high level of protection for the environment as a
whole
permit based on Best Available Techniques (BAT)
6
Industrial scope of the IED
Wide range of industrial activities listed in Annex I:
• Energy industries
• Production and processing of metals
• Mineral industries
Cement, Lime, Glass, Ceramics
• Production of chemicals
• Waste management industries
Several recovery or disposal operations; incineration
• Other activities
Pulp and paper; textile processing; tanning of hides and skins; intensive rearing
of poultry or pigs; slaughterhouses and animal by-products; food, drink and milk;
surface treatment using organic solvents
7
Environmental scope of the IED
emissions
emissions
to water
to air
waste prevention
prevention and recovery energy &
and control water use
of accidents
vibration
odour
noise heat
8
BAT in the IED
IED Article 3(10):
Best Available Techniques
Developed on a scale
Most effective in Both the technology
which allows
achieving a high used and the way the
implementation in the
general level of installation is
relevant industrial sector,
protection of the designed, built,
under economically and
environment as a maintained, operated
technically viable
whole and decommissioned
conditions
9
Role of BAT conclusions in permitting
• IED Article 14(3): BAT conclusions are the
reference for setting permit conditions of
IED installations
• IED Article 15(3): Permits to contain
emission limit values (ELVs) to ensure
that, under normal operating conditions,
emissions do not exceed BAT-associated
emission levels (BAT-AELs)
• IED Article 15(4): Derogation from
BAT‐AELs is only allowed in specific and
justified cases
10Reconsideration/update of permit conditions
IED Article 21(3):
• Within four years of publication of BAT conclusions
relating to the main activity of an installation:
(a)reconsideration and, if necessary, update of all
permit conditions
(b)installation complies with those permit
conditions
• Reconsideration shall take into account all the new
or updated BAT conclusions
11Outline
1 – The European IPPC Bureau
2 – The Industrial Emissions Directive
3 – The 'Sevilla Process'
12History of the 'Sevilla Process'
• Information exchange started in 1997 under the
predecessor legislation, the IPPC Directive
• Several guidance documents for the information
exchange were developed and updated under the IPPC
Directive
• Information exchange was codified into law with
Commission Implementing Decision 2012/119/EU
• Information exchange is coordinated by the EIPPCB
based in Seville, hence called 'Sevilla Process'
• Continuous further evolution of the process (e.g. use of
webinars, data assessment workshops)
13The 'Sevilla Process'
Industry TWG EU Member States
+ EEA countries
kick-off meeting
Draft 1 (D1)
Bulk of info. needed Draft 2 (D2)* Comments
(incl. questionnaires)
* D2 optional Final TWG meeting
Total duration:
• 24 – 29 months (without D2) Final draft
• 29 – 39 months (with D2) BAT
conclu-
sions
14Evidence-based and participatory decision
making (1/3)
2. Select 'well- 4. Collect plant-
1. Installations in the performing 3. Design specific data
EU (and outside) plants' questionnaire
7. BREFs and BAT 6. Experts 5. Process and analyse
conclusions meeting(s) data/info
15Evidence-based and participatory decision
making (2/3)
• Approximately 80 to 230 experts involved
• Kick-off meeting to decide on the scope, key environmental
issues and the process (3 to 4 days)
• Process to draft questionnaire for collecting plant-specific
information
• Commenting on draft BREFs: 500 to 8500 comments that are
assessed individually
• Up to two data assessment workshops
• TWG subgroups on complex issues
• Final meetings (3 to 7 days) with up to 140 participants
• Transparency: BATIS and EIPPCB website
16TSS (mg/l)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
Ultraf 08 Bio
Ultraf 118 Bio
Sed 042 PC
SF 34 Bio
5
Filtr 117 PC
NI
SF
Filt
PC
Bio
Flot
NI 113 PC
Sed
Ultraf
Filtr 105 Bio
SF 61 Bio
Abbreviation
Sed 03 Bio
10
SF 01 Bio
NI 98 Bio
< LOD: #69 (Bio)
< 5 mg/l: #36 (Bio)
Sed 86 PC
Sed 63 Bio
Sed 62 Bio
NI 73 PC
15
Flotation
Meaning
NI 85 PC
Sed 67 PC
Ultrafiltration
Sand filtration
Flot 75 Bio
Sedimentation
Sed 02 Bio
Sed 07 Bio
20
Biological treatment
NI 90 Bio
Sed 84 PC
No information provided
making (3/3)
Sed 40 Bio
Sed 93 PC
NI 96 Bio
25
NI 95 PC
Effluent values not shown in the graph:
Sed 87 Bio
Physico-chemical treatment only
Sed 54 Bio
Flot 21 Bio
Flot 33 Bio
30
SF 32 PC
Filtration (includes Membrane bioreactor)
Flot 11 Bio
Sed 41 Bio
Sed 94 PC
Flot 64 Bio
35
Sed 19 Bio
Sed 79 PC
Sed 91 Bio
Flot 60 Bio
Number of WWTP
SF 115 PC
40
Sed 49 Bio
NI 92 Bio
Flot 10 Bio
SF 45 Bio
45
Sed 53 PC
SF 120 PC
Sed 041 Bio
NI 116 PC
Sed 27 PC
Flot 50 Bio
50
Sed 89 Bio
NI 111 PC
Sed 17 Bio
Flot. 51 Bio
Sed 70 Bio
55
Sed 82 Bio
NI 80 PC
Sed 100 Bio
Flot 29 Bio
NT 119 PC
60
NI 74 Bio
NI 83 Bio
Sed 48 Bio
TSS emissions to water from the chemical sector
Sed 37 Bio
NI 101 Bio
65
Sed 47 Bio
Sed 57 Bio
NI 114 PC
Sed 18 Bio
NI 121 PC
70
(yearly average)
Sed 25 Bio
BAT-AEL: 5 – 35 mg/l
Evidence-based and participatory decision
17BREF review progress under the IED (1/4)
14 BREFs reviewed and published, including BAT conclusions:
1. Iron and Steel Production (IS);
2. Manufacture of Glass (GLS);
3. Tanning of Hides and Skins (TAN);
4. Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide (CLM);
5. Production of Chlor-Alkali (CAK);
6. Production of Pulp, Paper and Board (PP);
7. Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas (REF);
8. Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/
Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW);
…
18BREF review progress under the IED (2/4)
…
9. Wood-Based Panels Production (WBP);
10. Non-ferrous Metals Industries (NFM);
11. Intensive Rearing of Poultry or Pigs (IRPP);
12. Large Combustion Plants (LCP);
13. Production of Large Volume Organic Chemicals (LVOC);
14. Waste Treatment (WT).
1 Reference report published:
• Monitoring of Emissions to Air and Water from IED
Installations (ROM).
19BREF review progress under the IED (3/4)
8 BREFs being worked upon:
1. Food, Drink and Milk Industries (FDM);
2. Waste Incineration (WI);
3. Surface Treatment using Organic Solvents/Wood
Preservation with Chemicals (STS);
4. Ferrous Metals Processing Industry (FMP);
5. Common Waste Gas Treatment in the Chemical
Sector (WGC);
6. Textiles Industry (TXT);
7. Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA);
8. Smitheries and Foundries Industry (SF).
20BREF review progress under the IED (4/4)
Work on 3 more BREFs to start in 2019 to 2020:
1. Ceramics Manufacturing Industry (CER);
2. Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics (STM);
3. Production of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals (LVIC).
21Ongoing challenges
• Management of input
• Time-consuming process
• Transparency
• Where and how to focus?
• Involvement of equipment suppliers
• Achieving consensus in marathon-like meetings
• High staff turnover and need for qualified staff
22Key messages on the 'Sevilla Process'
• Highly participatory, transparent and fact-based
process
• Process evolved and matured over 20 years
• Consensus that the process is fit for purpose
• Good results depend on good data
23Further information
• Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0075
• Commission Implementing Decision 2012/119/EU on the 'Sevilla Process':
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32012D0119
• BREFs, draft BREFs, BAT conclusions and TWG kick-off meeting reports:
http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/
• Documents of the IED Article 13 Forum (e.g. work programme on the exchange
of information), of the IED Article 75 Committee, of the Industrial Emissions
Expert Group as well as other IED-related studies:
https://circabc.europa.eu/w/browse/1d945fd8-0d7e-4418-bac4-1c2f4a91af3e
• Website of the European Commission's Directorate General for Environment on
industrial emissions:
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/industry/stationary/index.htm
24Any questions?
You can contact us at jrc-b5-eippcb@ec.europa.eu
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