The roles users play in expanding Heat Pump markets - Case Finland - PROF. SAMPSA HYYSALO & PROF JOUNI JUNTUNEN
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The roles users play in expanding Heat Pump markets – Case Finland PROF. SAMPSA HYYSALO & PROF JOUNI JUNTUNEN
SAMPSA HYYSALO JOUNI JUNTUNEN
• Full professor, Codesign, Aalto • Professor of Practice, Sustainable
University Business and Consumption, Aalto
• Developer-User relations in University
sociotechnical change, 1998- • Active roles of users in energy
• Science & Technology studies, transitions & innovation studies
Innovation studies, Design 2010-
research • Studies of consumer’s energy
• 60 int peer review articles consumption and and household
& book chapters investments on SRET
• 6 books • 14 int peer review articles & book
• Academy of Finland price for chapters
societal impact of research 2010
• EASST Freeman Price 2016
OUTLINE • Active users in sociotechnical change • User roles in expanding Finnish heat-pumps markets • Adjustment • User innovation • Championing projects • Community building • Legitimacy creation • Market creation • Can help the diffusion and development significantly
Active users in sociotechnical change
BACKDROP: ACTIVE USERS IN SOCIOTECHNICAL CHANGE VS. Linear or quasi linear chain from suply to ’straight transfer’ diffusion (Kline & Rosenberg, 1986; Rogers, 1965; Davis, 1987) An established research area: • Users innovate, 1976 à +1000 studies, User innovadon • Users contribute as design pardcipants, 1972 à +1000 studies, Pardcipatory design, Codesign • Users appropriate, adjust and adapt with goods, 1986 à + 500 studies, Consupdon studies • Users redesign and alter systems, 1985 à + 500 studies, informadon systems • Users shape sosiotechnical change, 1992 à + 200 studies, history and social studies of tech. • OUR RESEARCH: HOW DOES THIS PLAY OUT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
STUDY ON FINNISH HEAT PUMPS, 2011-2019 Combining ethnographic, interview and historical analyses
BOAP STUDY ON USER ROLES IN IN FINNISH HEAT PUMPS 2011-2018 + 3 ARTICLES IN REVIEW
1) Hyysalo, S. and Juntunen, J.K. (2018) User Innovation and peer assistance in small scale renewable energy technologies. In
Davidsson & Gross (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Energy and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2) Silvast, A., Williams, R., Hyysalo, S. Rommetveit, K. and Raab, C. (2018) Who ‘Uses’ Smart Grids? The Evolving Nature of User
Representations in Layered Infrastructures. Sustainability 10 (10): 3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103738
3) Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J.K., Martiskainen, M. (2018) Energy internet forums as acceleration phase transition
intermediaries. Research Policy 47 (5): 872-885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.02.012. PDF
4) Hyysalo, S., Johnson, M. and Juntunen, J.K. (2017) The diffusion of consumer innovation in sustainable energy
technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production 162 (supplement): S70-S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.045. PDF
5) Jalas, M., Hyysalo, S., Heiskanen, E., Lovio, R., Nissinen, A., Mattinen, M., Rinkinen, J., Juntunen, J.K., Tainio, P. and Nissilä, H.
(2017) Everyday experimentation in energy transition: A practice-theoretical view. Journal of Cleaner Production 169 (December):
77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.034. PDF
6) Juntunen, J. and Hyysalo, S. (2015) Renewable micro-generation of heat and electricity – Review on common and missing socio-
technical configurations. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews 49 (September): 857-870.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.040. PDF
7) Hyysalo, S., Helminen, P., Mäkinen, S., Johnson, M., Juntunen, J. and Freeman, S. (2015) Intermediate search elements and
method combination in lead-user searches. International Journal of Innovation Management 19 (1): 1-37.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919615500073. PDF
8) Mattinen, M., Nissinen, A., Hyysalo, S. and Juntunen, J. (2014) Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of air-source heat pump
and innovative ground-source air heat pump in cold climate. Journal of Industrial Ecology 19 (1): 61-70.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12166. PDF
9) Heiskanen, E., Hyysalo, S., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J.K. and Lovio, R. (2014) User involvement and radical innovation: The case of heat
pumps in Finland. In Juninger, S. and Christensen, P. (eds.) Highways and Byways of Radical Innovation: The perspective of design,
171-198. Kolding Design School: Kolding.
10) Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J. and Freeman, S. (2013) User innovation in sustainable home energy technologies. Energy Policy 55
(2013): 490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.12.038. PDF
11) Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J. & Freeman, S. (2013) Internet forums and the rise of the inventive energy user. Science & Technology
Studies 26 (1): 25-51. PDF
METHODOLOGY, METHODS & DATA
• Mixed data and methods study: Internet ethnography, interviews, field observations, qualitative, conceptual
and quantitative analyses
• Key Data: The main Finnish forums www.lampopumput.info, and www.maalampofoorumi.fi ,
www.pellettikeskustelu.fi
• E.g. Heat pump forum (www.lampopumput.info): 300 000 posts, 20700 threads by 6500 registered users in 9 years, by
2016 viewed over 130 000 000 times
• Sampling: overview of all major categories by going through 40-100 thread headings and following 5-20
threads in detail per category
• Coverage: Key threads such as those in “own modifications and improvements” where user designs and
alterations were centered, over 1200 discussion threads in total
• Interviews: 55 semi-structured interviews of 30-120 minutes, 50 users & 5 companies
• Analysis: posts and interviews coded and analysed for inventions, background, support given and received,
learning, forum activities, development pathways, type of technology, heating practices & heating equipment
related practices
• Evaluation: The found user inventions by three experts in each topical area
• Diffusion evaluation: Experts + web searches for each innovation
• Anchoring: Other reported research on Finnish heat-pump history, projects and development
’THE SILENT REVOLUTION’ OF HEAT PUMPS IN FINLAND
Over 900 000 /1,4m installadons (65% of esimated max. diffusion)
9 TWh annual energy saving, 15% of headng energy in Finland in 2018
Deemed unsuited and insignificant by experts as late as 2010
Key actors: Cidzens and SMEs, small subsidies, low energy and electricity price, wide district
headng, weak renewable energy acdvism
The cumulative number of heat pump systems in use
The cumulative number of GSHP systems in use 900 000, 00
140000
800 000, 00
120000
700 000, 00
100000
600 000, 00
Emergence of internet
80000
500 000, 00
discussion forums dedicated
to heat pumps
60000 400 000, 00
40000 300 000, 00
200 000, 00
20000
100 000, 00
0
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Ground-source heat pump Exhaust air hea t pump Air-to-water hea t pump Air-source heat pump
USER ADJUSTMENTS AND ADAPTATIONS Heiskanen, E., Hyysalo, S., Jalas, M., Juntunen, J.K. and Lovio, R. (2014) User involvement and radical innovation: The case of heat pumps in Finland. In Juninger, S. and Christensen, P. (eds.) Highways and Byways of Radical Innovation: The perspective of design, 171-198. KoldingDesign School: Kolding. Jalas, M., Hyysalo,S., Heiskanen, E., Lovio, R., Nissinen, A., Mattinen, M., Rinkinen, J., Juntunen, J.K., Tainio, P. and Nissilä, H. (2017) Everydayexperimentationin energytransition: A practice-theoreticalview.Journal of CleanerProduction169 (December): 77-84. Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J.K., Martiskainen, M. (2018) Energy internet forumsas accelerationphasetransition intermediaries.ResearchPolicy47 (5): 872-885.
USERS AS LOCAL CONFIGURERS & ADVISORS Heat pumps an expanding market and relatively mature technology … there is still lots of work for users to put together functioning systems • Scope their heating system need • Chose a suited system for their needs • Select reliable products, suppliers, installers, maintenence • Learn to use the system and adapt practices at home • Some amount of troubleshooting In 2006 a 9 month project in Valkeakoski joint purchase, 9% of max diffusion (Heiskanen & Lovio, 2010; Martiskainen, 2014)
PEER-TO-PEER IN THE INTERNET
Examples of topics
• General discussion (housing
and energy)
• Different types of heat pumps
• Photo gallery
• Polls
• Sharing energy consumption
data
• Discussion on service providers
• Price tips and offers
• User experience stories
• Topics for particular models
• Buy/sell/rent/exchange
• Own Projects
• Debate RingSUPPORTING ACQUISITION, USE AND SCALING Thread read for 61505 times by 2013 (translated by the authors). Scaling the Air-Source Heat Pump into a new house with no prior knowledge or experience of consumption is problematic. Below my own attempts at the subject matter. http://lampopumput.info/foorumi/index.php/topic,1334.0.html The problem of choosing the “right” pump came after this, once the “right” size has been defined. http://lampopumput.info/foorumi/index.php/topic,986.0.html Simultaneously while asking for offers on equipment, one has to, of course, plan where to locate the equipment and rack in the apartment. http://lampopumput.info/foorumi/index.php/topic,1711.msg18519.html#msg18519 It took me 5 months to do the above mentioned, but I could not move into the new apartment before that anyway. --- Row house 4 rooms+Kitchen+Sauna 96 m2 Mitsubishi Electric FD35VABH Hyvinkää consumption monitoring, AHP scaling and AHP pictures.
SHARING ACTUAL PERFORMANCE DATA FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS AND MODELS
USER ADAPTATION AND ADJUSTMENT IN TRANSITIONS • Users, by default, adopters have to do some amount of work • In the purchasing, implementation and maintenance • Requries adjusting routines, the context (local infra) and often also the technology • Involves peer help and peer advocy; can take place locally or through the Internet
USER INNOVATION Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J. and Freeman, S. (2013) User innovation in sustainable home energy technologies.Energy Policy55 (2013): 490–500. Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J. & Freeman, S. (2013) Internet forums and the rise of the inventive energy user.Science & Technology Studies 26 (1): 25-51. Mattinen, M., Nissinen, A., Hyysalo, S. and Juntunen, J. (2014) Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of air-source heat pump and innovative ground-source air heat pump in cold climate. Journal of Industrial Ecology 19 (1): 61-70. Hyysalo, S., Johnson, M. and Juntunen, J.K. (2017) The diffusion of consumer innovation in sustainable energy technologies.Journal of Cleaner Production 162 (supplement): 70-82.
USER INVENTIONS IN HOME HEATING IN FINLAND 216 innovations in total 105 inventions in heat pumps 87 in wood pellet burning systems 24 in Solar heat and solar PV systems From system level designs to modifications
USER INNOVATION IN AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMPS: ALL BUT COMPRESSOR UNIT
1-2 Installation location
3 Installation conditions
4-12 Melting mechanism of bottom cover
13-16 Melting mechanism of collector
outdoor coil
17-20 Add-on for the outdoor unit
21-26 Channelling of the water out of the
unit
27-30 Handling water outside of the unit
31 Refrigerant fluid
32-35 Hot water tank
36 Water circulation
37-51 Repurposing (air-to-air pump to air-
to-water)
52 Repurposing of air-to-air to
geothermal pump
53 Repurposing swimming pool HP to
Air-to-water HP
54 Repurposing of internal unit
55 Utilization of cooled air from outdoor
unit
56-60 Add-on for internal unit
61 Mechanical structure
62-65 Sensors in internal unit
66-75 Add-on for monitoring and
controlling the overall system
76-79 System level designLCA OF USER INNOVATIONS IN FINNISH CLIMATE ZONES & BAD
REFRIDGERANT HANDLING ADDED CARBONDIFFUSION OF USER INNOVATIONS: SURPRIZING SHARE OF INNOVATIVE DIFFUSION
USER INNOVATION IN SMALL SCALE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
• Considerable amount, responding to new contexts and particularities
• Continues long into the diffusion, ie not early stage only
• Introduces technological variation
• Fosters deep competency among innovating users and support from them to
othersUSER COMMUNITIES, NEW INTERMEDIARIES Hyysalo, S. and Juntunen, J.K. (2018) User Innovation and peer assistance in small scale renewable energy technologies. In Davidsson & Gross (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Energy and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hyysalo, S., Juntunen, J.K., Martiskainen, M. (2018) Energy internet forums as acceleration phase transition intermediaries. Research Policy 47 (5): 872-885.
INTERNET BASED COMMUNITIES Internet forums, especially www.lampopumput.info www.maalampofoorumi.fi www.pelleskeskustelu.fi www.ilmaisenergia.eu
Forum activity and cumulative installations development
50000 800000
47048
761107
45000
700000
40000
600000
35000
500000
30000
26400 25405
25000 23302 400000
19234
20000
300000
15000 14620
13099
13980
12158
200000
11780 10656
10000
126192
100000
5000
2454 2900
912 734
0 0
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
New topics / year 11780 14720 19500 22260 26400 21660 17390 14620 16430 14320 13980
New messages / year 13099 20464 27790 36770 47048 40823 31579 25647 27390 23302 25405
New members / year 912 890 1266 1279 1270 2900 1184 780 704 604 734
Page reads '000 thousands / year 2454 4191 7213 9221 11321 12158 10656 12368 13518 18507 19234
Cumulative installations 126192 181342 260698 327900 392200 463467 523417 583578 649619 706254 761107Open & Participatory
A
E
C B
Distant & Local &
Private OUTCOME: TO WHOM “FOR” Collective
D
Utility wind power PROCESS: “BY” WHOM
Closed & InstitutionalUSER FORUMS AS INTERMEDIARIES Market creation for new S-RET • Providing qualifying information missing among the market mechanisms • Acting as a back channel against commercial claims and substandard service • Providing evidence of value of heat-pumps against counter claims Re-contextualizing the standard technology to national specifics • Facilitating learning about new technology and its use • Contributing to demand articulation and technical improvement Creating legitimacy • Fostering appreciatively critical discourse of technology • From local communities to distributed Internet communities that reach millions of people (not hundreds)
“INNOFUSION” DYNAMIC
IN SUM: ROLES USERS PLAY IN EXPANDING MARKETS • Each country: some specific market and technology challenges • Price, retail, industry organizing, tech development and political lobbying central • Users can support the diffusion and development processes: • Adjustment: of technology, of practices and housing infrastructure • User innovation: wide and deep, continues long into diffusion • Championing: of projects locally and in the Internet communities • Communities: Local and Internet based energy communities are active • Market creation: helping both market and technology to mature • Legitimacy creation: establishing a positively neutral peer discourse • What industry can do: Encourage information sharing among usrs, set-up moderated forums, share information, how-to videos and best cases
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