The Transformational Potential of Smart Cities & Society - Santa Fe Institute
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
The Transformational Potential of
Smart Cities & Society
Charlie Catlett
Senior Computer Scientist
University of Chicago and Argonne National Laboratory
Collaborators:
Pete Beckman (ANL/NU)
Global Sustainability Summer School Rajesh Sankaran (ANL)
Santa Fe Institute Mike Papka (ANL/NIU)
July 2019 Kathleen Cagney (UC)
Mark Potosnak (DePaul)
Doug Pancoast (SAIC)
Dan Work (Vanderbilt)
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019 catlett @ anl . gov
10 km
$700M /yr budget 3,200 employees 1,600 scientists/eng 750 Ph.D.s
Argonne computer scientist Jean F. Hall with AVIDAC, Argonne's first digital computer. Built by the Physics Division for $250k, AVIDAC began operation in January 1953.
Outline
• What is a Sustainable City? • Low-Cost Sensors to Increase Spatial
and Temporal Resolution
• Using Data to Improve Service Equity
and Efficacy (and to anticipate needs) • Software-Defined Sensors: Digital
Observations and Adaptive
• Why a New Measurement Approach? Measurements
• The “Array of Things” Project • Exploring Solution (and Risk) Space with
Coupled Computational Models
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019
What’s a Sustainable City? Global Sustainability Summer School July 2019
“There’s a lot of different
interpretations of what a
smart city is. My view is using
data to be more interactive,
focused and tailored to the
resident than we are today.”
“I want to make sure that as
we make these changes in
mobile technology on 311 or
our streetlights, that all
communities feel like this is
part of helping them, so
they feel a part of the city.
You have to make sure that
the mission of inclusion is
always being met.”
Many of London’s advances in the
Rahm Emanuel application of data and smart technologies
(Chicago Mayor, 2011-2019)
are globally recognised. We have clearly
taken great steps, but I want us to do even
more to meet the needs of Londoners.”
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019 Sadiq Khan (London Mayor)
So what makes a city “Sustainable?”
Leadership & Health & Well
Strategy Being
It plans for the future, It shares and fosters human
navigating change. aspirations to live healthy and
vibrant lives.
R100/ARUP
It understands that strong
It provides critical services
City Resilience communities, economic
reliably, preserving and Framework opportunity, and equity are
enhancing the environment. foundational.
Infrastructure & Economy &
Environment Society
The City Resilience Framework was developed by ARUP with support
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019 from the Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities Program.
Cities: different Neighborhoods, different life experience
81-83 yrs Under 9%
Over 20%
66-71 yrs
Life expectancy Asthma Access to services Access to healthy food
https://www.chicagohealthatlas.org/ http://www.mentalmunition.com/201 “Food Deserts in Chicago, A Report of
1/09/south-side-children-have- the Illinois Advisory Committee to the
greatest.html United States Commission on Civil
Rights. 2011
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019Planning for the
Future
Percentage change in average annual
temperature by 2100 from 1960-1990 baseline
climate, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models. The
size of each pixel represents the level of
agreement between models on the magnitude of
the change. [1]
http://edgeeffects.net/judith-helfand-cooked/
[1] Gosling, S.N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Fullwood, J., Gusmao, D.D., Golding, N.,
Global Sustainability Summer School Good, L., Hall, T., Kendon, L. and Kennedy, J., 2011. Climate: Observations, projections and
July 2019 impacts. Climate: Observations, projections and impacts.What’s a Couple of ℃ Matter?
Temperature vs. Energy
(Shanghai 2003-2007) [1]
Global Sustainability Summer School [1] H. Yi-Ling et al, Influences of Urban Temperature on the Electricity Consumption of
July 2019 Shanghai, Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2014.Climate Change and Water
Projected change in precipitation: 1950–2000 to 2021–2040: Projected change in
precipitation for the 2021–2040 period minus the average over 1950–2000 as a percent- age
of the 1950–2000 precipitation. Results are averaged over simulations with nineteen
Water Security different climate models. Source: Figure by Gabriel Vecchi, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [4]
Present Adjusted Human Water Security Threat (HWS) for Mexico,
calculated following the method described by Vörösmarty et al.
(2010). [3]
Change in Rainfall
[3] Gosling, S.N., Dunn, R., Carrol, F., Christidis, N., Fullwood, J., Gusmao, D.D., Golding, N.,
Good, L., Hall, T., Kendon, L. and Kennedy, J., 2011. Climate: Observations, projections and
impacts. Climate: Observations, projections and impacts.
[4] Wilder, M., Scott, C.A., Pablos, N.P., Varady, R.G., Garfin, G.M. and McEvoy, J., 2010.
Adapting across boundaries: climate change, social learning, and resilience in the US–Mexico
border region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(4), pp.917-928.Interdependence of Water and Energy
>1km
elevation
60-154 km distance
The amount of electricity used to pump the total
volume of water from the Cutzamala system to
the treatment plant located to the west of the city
of Toluca is equivalent to the amount of energy
Figure 2: The mega-basin of Mexico City. [5] Source: Adapted consumed by the city of Puebla, which is
from AEGR (2004), GIS services. inhabited by about 1.5 million people [5,6].
[5] Romero Lankao, P., 2010. Water in Mexico City: what will climate change
bring to its history of water-related hazards and vulnerabilities?.
Environment and Urbanization, 22(1), pp.157-178.
[5] UNDP, 2006, “Who has access to water? Case study of Mexico City
Metropolitan Area”, thematicGlobal
paper for Human Development
Sustainability Summer Report.
School
July 2019Using Data to
Improve Service Equity and
Efficacy
and to Anticipate Needs
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019How Does Heat Impact Health?
Temperature vs. Mortality
(East China 2003-2007) [1]
Global Sustainability Summer School [1] H. Yi-Ling et al, Influences of Urban Temperature on the Electricity Consumption of
July 2019 Shanghai, Advances in Climate Change Research, Vol. 5, Issue 2, 2014.Heat Spatial analysis of the effect of the 2010 heat
wave on stroke mortality in Nanjing, China
Contour lines show the areas with
significantly increased or decreased
adjusted odds ratio (p-value < 0.05).
Spatial analysis of the effect of the 2010 heat wave on stroke mortality in Nanjing, China
Global Sustainability Summer School Kai Chen, Lei Huang, Lian Zhou, Zongwei Ma, Jun Bi & Tiantian Li, Nature,
July 2019 Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 10816 (2015)API to integrate with electronic medical
Health and Housing record clinical decision tools
2012 Lead poisoning cases.
Which of the thousands of homes
should the city inspect (and
remediate) within any given high-
danger area?
Global Sustainability Summer School E. Potash, R. Ghani, R. Mansour, et. al., ”Predictive Modeling for Public Health: Preventing
July 2019 Childhood Lead Poisoning," ACM KDD’15, August 2015, Sydney, Australia.Predictive Analytics for Public Good: Inspection Optimization
(perfect)
(ordered by
risk)
(random order)
(avg improvement: 7.4d)
Chicago Food Safety
Inspection
A predictive modelling tool, Firecast, analyses up to 7,500 risk
Optimization factors to calculate a risk score for each of the 330,000
buildings the New York Fire Department inspects. Factors
include previous fire, injuries, the number of buildings close by,
where in the city it is, as well as any tax or health violations.
Chicago’s food safety analytics tools are now in use in a half dozen other cities as well.
Global Sustainability Summer School Tom Schenk, City of Chicago; Sven Leyffer, Prasanna Balaprakash, et. al.; Argonne MCS
July 2019Why a New Measurement
Approach?
Using Sensors to Measure Local (vs. Regional) Conditions and Dynamics
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019What do scientists and policymakers want to measure/diagnose?
SENSORS OBSERVATIONS
Environment Air Quality Activity
• Solar load on buildings • Asthma rates • Flooding
• Traffic safety • Traffic impact on AQ • Traffic flow & safety
• Idling trucks • Industrial air pollutants • Pedestrian flow & safety
• Construction effects • Fossil fuel emissions • Use patterns of public
• Noise pollution/sources • Hydrogen sulfide spaces
• Urban heat island • Fuel leaks • Sources of noise
• Mold exposure • Flammable hazards pollution & noise events
Global Sustainability Summer School
2018 Array of Things Student and User Workshop
July 2019Temporal Dynamics of Air Quality... And its impacts
Air quality varies rapidly in time and sharply
between neighborhoods. Models are used to
predict, but these require data for calibration
and validation.
Students who move from an elementary/middle school that feeds into a “downwind” middle/high school
in the same zip code experience decreases in test scores, more behavioral incidents, and more
absences, relative to when they transition to an upwind school. Even within zip codes, microclimates
can contribute to inequality.”
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019EPA Criteria Pollutants
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set
National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) for six common
air pollutants (known as “criteria air
pollutants”). These pollutants are
found all over the U.S. They can
harm your health and the
environment, and cause property
damage.
https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019Example: Health. What Data do we have for Air Quality?
Purple Air
Weather Underground
EPA
Under 9%
Over 20%
Asthma
Despite many sensor networks, even weather (much less air
Global Sustainability Summer School quality) data is absent from the most vulnerable neighborhoods.
July 2019Location-Aware Sensing System (LASS)
Chen, Ling-Jyh, et al. "An open
framework for participatory PM2.
5 monitoring in smart cities."
IEEE Access 5 (2017): 14441-
14454.
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019Sounds of New York (SONYC)
Urbane
Bello, Juan Pablo, Claudio Silva, Oded Nov, R. Luke DuBois, Anish Arora, Justin Salamon, Charles
Mydlarz, and Harish Doraiswamy. "SONYC: A system for the monitoring, analysis and mitigation
of urban noise pollution." arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.00889 (2018).
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019The “Array of Things” Project Global Sustainability Summer School July 2019
The “Array an
Why Measure of Entire
Things”City?
…to calibrate and validate computational models…
…to discover and eventually understand interdependencies…
…to provide open / free data to catalyze innovation…
…to enable everyone from students to politicians to better understand their city
…to provide a platform to explore new technologies and solutions.
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019Science
Nicola Ferrier (UChicago/ANL) Dan Work (Vanderbilt)
Marc Berman (UChicago)
Kate Cagney (UChicago) David Liebovitz (UChicago)
Aaron Packman (Northwestern) Vivien Rivera (Northwestern)
Global Sustainability Summer School Ashish Sharma (U Illinois)
July 2019Array of Things
Environment Air Quality
Ambient, UV, IR light PM 1, 2.5, 10, 40
Visibility Carbon monoxide
Magnetic Field Ozone
Vibration Sulfur dioxide
Sound pressure Nitrogen dioxide
Temperature Hydrogen sulfide
Relative humidity Total reducing gases
Barometric pressure Total oxidizing gases
Edge Computing
Computer Vision: Flooding, traffic flow, safety (bike helmet use, pedestrian
patterns…), use patterns of public spaces, cloud cover
Computer Audio: Noise components, sound events
The “Array of Things” (AoT) is an NSF-funded
Global Sustainability Summer
Major Research School project in partnership with the City of
Instrumentation
Chicago, led by the University of Chicago
July 2019 and Argonne National Laboratory.Chicago AoT Deployment
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019 A R G O N N E N A T I O N A L L A B O R A T O R Yj
c
k
c
AoT in Chicago c c
i
c p
j
c k
g g gg g
jj g g
g gg c
N gg
g
2
i
k
t
b c 2
2 2
c
c
Existing (April 2018)
e
p
In progress (May 2019) c s
i e e e e
e
e e
f
c f
c i e e
s s h e
i
e
Lake Michigan
c s s i i h
i e
s j s
j
j k
p p k
k h
c t k
c k i
b b c 2 2
2 i
i
c d i
b 2
i i h
t h h
t t t t i
t b t t
i k b
j d i h
c t d d d
p b b j
a a d h
d j t h h
b c d d
u b b R R
p
u k
i
k
k k
p c h
m
i k
h
k m
m m j
i h k k
t c k
i i
i i
h
k
h t t
k
p
h t j
i
h h h
h h
h h
k
Global Sustainability Summer School
h
Chicago k
July 2019AoT Supports Many Projects j
(a) Ravenswood Theater. Measuring pedestrian flow and use of public spaces with community events aimed at t t
h
h i c
addressing racism. t
t k
(b) Chicago North Branch Framework nodes measure the environment and traffic to understand the impact of
b
t h
g
a i
redistricting and new development. i
k a i
k
c
c
c
(c) North-South lakefront and East-West transects support studying the “lake effect” on weather and air quality as well as h i c
j
jj gg g
g g gg g
g
i up u p
gg
c
c
urban land use impact on regional weather. k h
t p
p
2
g
(d) Lower West Side (Pilsen, McKinley Park, Little Village) has many known air pollutant sources. These nodes aim to h
p
2
t b b b
test node density and placement strategies. h
2
2
b b
p
(e) Chatham is one of Chicago’s most flood-prone neighborhoods. Scientists at Argonne, Northwestern, and UChicago p
b b
t
b
b
h k
are developing flood detection capabilities using AoT image analysis and wireless moisture sensors. h t m m b
j
c c
(f) Measuring traffic changes resulting from the creation of the Pullman National Monument. h
j
t c i c c c t c
i t
(g) Testing new methods to measure pedestrian and vehicle flow and related impacts (noise, congestion, air t t 2 2
22
k t
pollutants, etc.) in the Chicago Loop and along the River Walk. h d d d c
(h) Measuring air quality and noise in neighborhoods of the hundreds of participants in the UChicago Population mm d
dd
Research Center’s study on poverty, aging, and health. i k
i d t ss s c
j ss s
(i) Several dozen locations were requested by individual residents and community groups. d d k
k
s
j i
(j) City of Chicago Fleets & Facilities Management seeks to understand pedestrian flow and impacts on the River Walk k
c
and near public buildings. h
k
t
j i
j
(k) Many groups seek data to understand urban environmental impacts on health, including studies by the Chicago k h i i
t
Department of Public Health, UChicago COMPASS health project, and the UChicago/UIC NIH-funded Chicago Center h
k
i i i i i
i
i
h
for Health and Environment (CACHET). k k
t i c
k
(m) City of Chicago Department of Planning & Development is interested in understanding traffic patterns and related
impacts. h t
k
i e
e
e e
k
i
(r) The Illinois Department of Transportation and Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning require rail crossing delay k
e
e eeee c
e j
data to prioritize investments in transportation infrastructure. h
e
e t
h
(s) The Bronzeville Community Smart Grid (IIT, ComEd) will leverage Exelon’s partnership with Argonne to investigate AI- h k i c
h
based energy optimization and failure prediction. h
(t) Chicago’s Vision Zero program comprises 10 agencies and departments seeking to eliminate traffic-related fatalities j k Rh
R
h h h f
k
by 2022. Nodes are installed at 30 of the city’s most dangerous intersections and corridors. Additional nodes along
f
Ashland avenue aim to measure the impact of rapid future bus transit systems. c
(u) Chicago Public Schools (Lane Technical H.S.) have worked with the AoT team to train over 400 students to develop k
sensor-based science projects.
Though Chicago plans hundreds of nodes, each individual science or policy project typically only
Global Sustainability Summer School requires 6-12 nodes. All locations are selected based on specific science or policy questions,
July 2019 including locations requested by community groups and individual residents.Third Party Devices and Array of Things Data
Download: Portals:
Air Quality
Scientific Analysis Data
Sensors
Discovery
Cellular Data
Network
Open /
. Free Data
.
. Tools and Real-Time Access:
Tutorials New Applications
Relay
Server Data from student projects or other initiatives using third
party devices such as Particle.io web-connected
Particle
Photon/Electron microcontrollers can be imported to AoT Beehive servers
and analyzed alongside AoT data using all of the tools,
Particle Cloud
tutorials, and applications developed for AoT.
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019Thinking Further
• What urban services might cities consider optimizing, provided they
have the data, relative to sustainability?
• We find that university-city partnerships are very powerful, but
difficult to sustain. What might be strategies for capturing long-term
value from such projects? Even Chicago’s use of open source and
participation in city-to-city collaborative networks, though helpful,
have been dependent on specific individuals rather than being
systemic.
Global Sustainability Summer School
July 2019You can also read
