TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT

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TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
COOLING SINGAPORE 2018

TOOLS
FOR COOLING
SINGAPORE
A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS
TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND
OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT

      GLORIA PIGNATTA & NICOLE LIM
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
COOLING SINGAPORE 2018

 TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE
A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS
URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL
                 COMFORT

                 CS
      GLORIA PIGNATTA & NICOLE LIM
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
FOREWORD

                                                                                             Cities are usually warmer than the rural areas that surround them. This
                                                                                             phenomenon, which is known as the ‘urban heat island’ effect (UHI),
                                                                                             occurs because cities consume huge amounts of energy in electricity
                                                                                             and fuel, have less vegetation to provide shade and cooling, and are built
                                                                                             of materials that absorb and store energy from the sun.

                                                                                             The urban heat island effect over much of Singapore averages about
                                                                                             4°C, though it can exceed 7°C at certain times of the day. This warming
                                                                                             reduces thermal comfort, discourages people from walking or cycling,
                                                                                             and increases the energy used for air conditioning. As the economy
                                                                                             develops Singapore’s urban heat island effect will only grow larger, unless
                                                                                             mitigating action is taken. Many people believe the time has come
                                                                                             for Singapore to develop a strategy to combat urban warming. This
                                                                                             would bring benefits, not only in liveability, but also in reducing carbon
    This research is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF), Prime Minister’s   emissions. To contribute to such a strategy, a research project ‘Cooling
         Office, Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological        Singapore’ was launched in 2017, with the aim of providing actionable
                               Enterprise (CREATE) programme.                                knowledge for policymakers.
      We thank our colleagues from SEC, SMART, TUM CREATE and NUS who provided
                                                                                             The project forms part of the NRF’s CREATE programme, and brings
                 insights and expertise that greatly assisted the research.
                                                                                             together research teams from the Singapore-ETH Centre, SMART, TUM
                                                                                             CREATE and NUS. One of its goals is to build an expert community
                                                                                             within academia and government that can help guide policy about the
                                                                                             urban heat island effect in the longer term. To meet this goal, it has set
                                                                                             up a ‘UHI task force’ composed of representatives from governments
                                                                                             agencies and universities that facilitates the exchange of knowledge and
                                                                                             helps ensure the policy ‘roadmap’ is realistic. Cooling Singapore aims at
                                                                                             developing a roadmap towards reducing the UHI effect in Singapore
                                                                                             and, thereby, also improving OTC. Both, UHI and OTC, are complex topics.
                                                                                             Research efforts here in Singapore (and elsewhere) focus on these topics
                                                                                             in order to better understand them and to propose possible solutions
                                                                                             for reducing the UHI effect and improving OTC. In contrast with existing
                                                                                             research on UHI and OTC, the main objective of Cooling Singapore is
                                                                                             not to gain new scientific insights or to add new solutions for reducing
                                                                                             UHI/improving OTC to this already well developed body of literature. This
                                                                                             report is the second publication and presents a comprehensive review
                                                                                             of software tools focused especially upon the needs of cities such as
                                                                                             Singapore located in the humid tropics.

                                                                                             by Gerhard Schmitt, Peter Edwards and Heiko Aydt
                                                                                             Cooling Singapore PIs
4                                                                                                                                                                          5
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
FOREWORD                                        5
Gerhard Schmitt, Peter Edwards and Heiko Aydt

MOTIVATION                                      10
Gloria Pignatta

MATRIX                                          12

MICROSCALE TOOLS                                20

MESOSCALE TOOLS                                 52

SUPPORTING TOOLS                                64

PEOPLE                                          70
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
MOTIVATION

     One of the goals of Cooling Singapore is to develop a simplified guide          UHI and OTC, with special focus on Singapore and tropical regions.
     collecting the main simulation tools that have features able to assess,         In order to verify and extend the list of the collected simulation tools
     on the local context of Singapore, the impact of different mitigation           on a scientific knowledge base, a questionnaire within the scientific
     strategies in reducing Urban Head Island (UHI) and improving Outdoor            community of SEC, SMART, TUMCREATE and NUS was conducted.
     Thermal Comfort (OTC). The purpose of this guide is to provide a list and       Additionally, people actually developing Singaporean tools and some
     a brief description of 24 simulation tools being already available or under     others were interviewed with the aim to include their valuable and direct
     development.                                                                    contribution into this guide.

     The guide also provides links and references helpful for the users,
     where they can collect updated information and contact details.                 Gloria Pignatta
     Additionally, it includes a matrix, specifically elaborated to help and         Building and Contruction Expert
     support researchers, local government agencies, and several other
     users to compare features and characteristics of the 24 simulation tools.
     The matrix can also be used, if necessary, to identify the most suitable
     software for the execution of specific numerical simulations in the
     context of UHI and OTC assessment.

     All the efforts made to elaborate the guide, have also been useful for
     the identification of the most appropriate modeling software to be used
     within the Cooling Singapore project for carrying out the mitigation
     measures and strategies assessment.

     The 24 simulation tools are grouped in the guide into three categories
     of computational models that can be used together to understand
     different aspects of the UHI phenomenon and OTC: a) Microscale,
     b) Mesoscale, and c) Supporting tools. These categories have been
     established based on the specific spatial scale of the tools applications
     and mitigation strategies assessment. In particular, the Microscale
     models category includes all the modeling tools able to study the
     interaction of buildings and neighborhoods with their surrounding
     environment in the surface layer, while the Mesoscale models category
     includes all the modeling tools able to study the thermal environment
     from city to regional scale. Finally, the Supporting Tools category includes
     all the tools that are more strategy-specific (e.g. able to assess the energy
     performance of buildings) and can communicate through inputs and
     outputs with the tools included in the other two categories.
     The guide content has been collected mainly through literature
     review activities based on current scientific papers that study and use
     modeling software to assess the impact of mitigation strategies on

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TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
MATRIX

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     COMPUTATIONAL
                                                           AVAILIBILITY OF

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           CFD BASED
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          SECTOR OF

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              VALIDATED
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       CONCEPT
                                                           SUPPORT

                                                                                                                                                                            TARGET
                                                                                                                                                                            USERS
                                                                                                             DATA

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        GUI
                                                                                                                                                                                                     Governmental agencies
                                                                                                                                                  Researchers & Scientist

                                                                                                                                                                             Engineer & Architects
                                                                                         Guide and manuals

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Limited availability
                            Developer services

                                                                                                             Internal database
                                                              Academic Papers

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Commercial with
                                                                                                                                 Urban Designer

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Urban Design

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Deterministic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Open source
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Climatology
               TOOLS

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Stochastic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Students

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Medium
                                                 Website

                                                                                Forums

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  license
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     High
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Low
     Developer Services                           Includes help desk, customer services, user                                                                                                                                                 GUI                                                              Graphical User Interface
                                                  support.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              CFD-Based                                                        Tool is based on Computational Fluid
     Computational                                Determined by simulated time and execution                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Dynamics, a branch of fluid mechanics that
     Resources                                    speed of simulation. This is determined through                                                                                                                                                                                                              uses numerical analysis and data structures
                                                  taking into account a regular computer.                                                                                                                                                                                                                      to solve and analyse problems regarding fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               flow.
        Low                                       Execution requires minutes to hours.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Deterministic                                                    The output of the mdoel is fully determined by
        Medium                                    Execution requires hours to days.                                                                                                                                                                                                                            the parameter values and initial conditions.

        High                                      Execution requires days to weeks.                                                                                                                                                           Stochastic                                                       The model posesses inherent randomness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               such that the same set of parameter values and
     Limited availability                         Tool only accesible to certain groups of people.                                                                                                                                                                                                             initial conditions can lead to different outputs.

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TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
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                                           IES

                  CEA
                                                                     STEVE
                                                                                       QUEST

                        GrBEST
                                                                                               City Sim
                                                                                                                                  PSI-BOIL

                                                                                                          COMSOL

                                                                             UM-MIST

                                                            RAYMAN

                                 SOLWEIG

     i-Tree Eco
                                                                                                                                                        ENVI-met

                                                 PHOENICS
                                                                                                                                                                   MATRIX FOR MICROSCALE

                                                                                                                                             OpenFOAM

                                                                                                                   ANSYS Fluent
                                                                                                                                                                   TOOLS

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                                                                                                                                                                                             POST-PROCESSING
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TOOLS FOR COOLING SINGAPORE - A GUIDE OF 20+ SIMULATION TOOLS TO ASSESS URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT
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                                                       WRF

     SUEWS
                                              ACCESS

                         SURFEX
                                                             MATRIX FOR MESOSCALE

             TERRA-URB
                                  CESM CAM5
                                                             TOOLS

                         x
                                                             Developer services

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             x
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                                                             Website

                                                                                       VAILABILITY OF

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                                                             Academic Papers
                                                                                       SUPPORT

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                                                             Forums

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                                                             Guide and manuals

                                  x
                                              x
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                                                             Internal database         DATA

                                  x
                                                             Urban Designer

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                                                       x     Researchers & Scientist

                                                                                       TARGET

             x
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                                                             Engineer & Architects
                                                                                       USERS
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                                              x

                                                             Governmental agencies

     x
             x
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                                                             Students
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                                                                                       GUI
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                                                             Low
                                                                                       COMPUTATIONAL
                                                             Medium                    RESOURCES
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                                                             High
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                                                             Climatology

                                                                                       SECTOR OF
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                                                                                       APPLICATION
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                                                             Energy
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                                                             Open source

                                                             Commercial with
                                                                                       AVAILABILITY
                                                             license
                                              x

                                                             Limited availability
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                                                                                       CFD BASED
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                                                                                       TRIAL VERSION
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                                                             Deterministic
                                                                                       CONCEPT
                                                             Stochastic
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                                                                                       VALIDATED

                                                                                       GRAPHICAL
                                                                                       POST-PROCESSING
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18
     TRNSYS
                           MATRIX FOR SPECIFIC

              EnergyPlus
                           APPLICATION TOOLS

     x
                           Developer services

     x
              x
                           Website

                                                     VAILABILITY OF

     x
              x
                           Academic Papers
                                                     SUPPORT

     x
              x
                           Forums

              x
                           Guide and manuals

     x
              x
                           Internal database         DATA

     x
              x
                           Urban Designer

     x
              x            Researchers & Scientist

     x                                               TARGET
              x

                           Engineer & Architects
                                                     USERS

                           Governmental agencies
     x
              x

                           Students
     x

                                                     GUI
              x

                           Low
                                                     COMPUTATIONAL
                           Medium                    RESOURCES
     x

                           High
     x

                           Climatology

                                                     SECTOR OF
                           Urban Design
                                                     APPLICATION
     x
              x

                           Energy
              x

                           Open source

                           Commercial with
     x

                                                     AVAILABILITY
                           license

                           Limited availability

                                                     CFD BASED
     x

                                                     TRIAL VERSION
     x

                           Deterministic
                                                     CONCEPT
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                           Stochastic
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                                                     VALIDATED

                                                     GRAPHICAL
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                                                     POST-PROCESSING
19
ENVI-MET
                                                                               OPENFOAM
                                                                              ANSYS FLUENT
                                                                                 COMSOL
                                                                                 CITY-SIM
                                                                                   STEVE
                                                                                    IEM
           MICROSCALE TOOLS                                                     PHOENICS
          Tools which are able to study the interaction of buildings and          IES-VE
     neighborhoods with their surrounding environment in the surface layer.
                                                                                  GRBEST
                                                                                    CEA
                                                                                  QUEST
                                                                                 PSI-BOIL
                                                                                 RAYMAN
                                                                                 SOLWEIG
                                                                               I-TREE ECO

20
MICROSCALE
                                        ENVI-MET

     ENVI-met is a three-dimensional microclimate model designed to simulate the surface-
     plant-air interactions in urban environment with a typical resolution down to 0.5 m in
     space and 1- 5 sec in time.

     ENVI-met is a prognostic model based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and
     thermodynamics. The model includes the simulation of:

            Flow around and between buildings
            Exchange processes at the ground surface and at building walls
            Building physics
            Impact of vegetation of the local microclimate
            Bioclimatology
            Pollutant dispersion

     With ENVI-met, you will be able to simulate the urban microclimate as an interactive
     system consisting of dozens of dynamic subsystems ranging from atmospheric
     dynamics, over soil physics, vegetation response down to building indoor climate.
     All systems, from soil hydrology to building energy simulation are calculated in one
     big model e.g. an urban quarter, allowing them to interact and adopt like a real
     environmental system does. The ENVI-met system will provide high-resolution data for
     any of these components, being it one building out of 500 or one tree within 1.500 trees.

     Typical areas of application are Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Building Design or
     Environmental Planning, just to name a few.

     Users are able to obtain Envi-Met via their download link on the website.

     Website
     www.envi-met.com

     References
                                                                                                 Top: Example of simulation output. Image generated by researcher.
     http://www.model.envi-met.com/hg2e/doku.php?id=files:start
                                                                                                 Bottom: User interface of ENVI-met. Image taken from screenshot of simulation.

22                                                                                                                                                                                23
MICROSCALE
                                         OPEN FOAM

     OpenFOAM is one of the common tools used in CFD modelling. It has an extensive range
     of features to solve anything from complex fluid flows involving chemical reactions,
     turbulence and heat transfer, to acoustics, solid mechanics and electromagnetics.

     Using a set of governing equations, users are able to define the boundary conditions to
     set up a model for an urban microclimate.

     Users would have to input CFD parameters such as mesh type, number of cells, size
     of canyon and roughness height, among others. From this, OpenFoam can generate a
     variety of outputs. They include, heat distribution, time series of turbulence, wind velocity
     and more.

     Some examples of OpenFOAM use within microclimate assessment includes evaluating
     the effectiveness of trees to disperse road traffic emissions at a city scale (2) and the
     effects of Planetary Boundary Layer structure on the pollutant dispersion within built-up
     areas.

     OpenFOAM is the free, open source CFD software released and developed primarily by
     OpenCFD Ltd since 2004. It has a large user base across most areas of engineering and
     science, from both commercial and academic organisations.

     Website
     www.openfoam.com

     References
     A.P.R. Jeanjean, G. Hinchliffe, W.A. McMullan, P.S. Monks, R.J. Leigh, A CFD study on
        the effectiveness of trees to disperse road traffic emissions at a city scale,
        Atmospheric Environment, Volume 120, 2015, Pages 1-14, ISSN 1352-2310, DOI: http://
        dx.doiorg/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.003.

     Yucong Miao Shuhua Liu Yijia Zheng Shu Wang Zhenxin Liu Bihui Zhang. (2015).
        Numerical study of the effects of planetary boundary layer structure on the pollutant
        dispersion within built-up areas. 32(6), 168-179. DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.025
                                                                                                     OpenFOAM postprocessing output. Image from website.

24                                                                                                                                                         25
MICROSCALE
                                            ANSYS Fluent

     ANSYS Fluent software is an integrated tool into the ANSYS Workbench. It contains the
     broad physical modeling capabilities needed to model flow, turbulence, heat transfer,
     and reactions for industrial applications—ranging from air flow over an aircraft wing
     to combustion in a furnace, from bubble columns to oil platforms, from blood flow to
     semiconductor manufacturing, and from clean room design to wastewater treatment
     plants. ANSYS FLUENT provides comprehensive modeling capabilities for a wide range
     of incompressible and compressible, laminar and turbulent fluid flow problems. Steady-
     state or transient analyses can be performed.

     In ANSYS FLUENT, a broad range of mathematical models for transport phenomena
     (like heat transfer and chemical reactions) is combined with the ability to model
     complex geometries. Examples of ANSYS FLUENT applications include laminar non-
     Newtonian flows in process equipment; conjugate heat transfer in turbomachinery and
     automotive engine components; pulverized coal combustion in utility boilers; external
     aerodynamics; flow through compressors, pumps, and fans; and multiphase flows
     in bubble columns and fluidized beds. To permit modeling of fluid flow and related
     transport phenomena in industrial equipment and processes, various useful features
     are provided. These include porous media, lumped parameter (fan and heat exchanger),
     streamwise-periodic flow and heat transfer, swirl, and moving reference frame models.
     The moving reference frame family of models includes the ability to model single or
     multiple reference frames. A time-accurate sliding mesh method, useful for modeling
     multiple stages in turbomachinery applications, for example, is also provided, along with
     the mixing plane model for computing time-averaged flow fields.

     ANSYS Fluent, as a CFD software, can be used to assess the relationship between
     the parameters of the boundary conditions in order to evaluate urban microclimate
     conditions.

     Information on how to contact ANSYS to obtain the software can be found on the
     website.

     Website
     www.ansys.com/products/fluids/ansys-fluent

     References
     Vollaro, A. d. L., Simone, G. D., Romagnoli, R., Vallati, A., & Botillo, S. (2014). Numerical study
        of urban canyon microclimate related to geometrical parameters. Sustainability, 6(11),
        7894-7905. DOI:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/10.3390/su6117894.
                                                                                                           View of computational grid. Image from Vollaro et. al., 2014.

26                                                                                                                                                                         27
MICROSCALE
                                         COMSOL

     COMSOL Multiphysics is a general-purpose software platform, based on advanced
     numerical methods, for modeling and simulating physics-based problems. With
     COMSOL Multiphysics, users are be able to account for coupled or multiphysics
     phenomena.

     COMSOL Multiphysics has various types of modelling, with different methods for
     each. They include, geometry modelling, equation-based modelling, physics-based
     modelling, meshing and so on. Using add-on products, users can expand the simulation
     platform with dedicated physics interfaces and tools for electrical, mechanical, fluid
     flow, and chemical applications. Additional interfacing products connect your COMSOL
     Multiphysics simulations with technical computing, CAD, and ECAD software.

     Users can import and export of text, Excel, image, movies, meshing, and CAD formats in
     COMSOL Multiphysics and add-on products. Visualisation and post-processing are also
     included.

     An example of an application of COMSOL on urban microclimate assesment is to
     simulate the wind flows and their behavior at building façades. Specifically, a simulation
     of the heat transfer between the cavity and interior of the building and the wind flows in
     and at close distance of the cavity can assist in determining the effect of facades on the
     surrounding thermal environment of buildings.

     There are various licensing options available through their website.

     Website
     www.comsol.com/comsol-multiphysics

     References
                                                                                                  Graphical display of the wind velocities around the cubic building. Image from
     https://www.comsol.com/paper/download/151595/schijndel3_paper.pdf
                                                                                                  Dronkelaar & Schijndel, 2012.

28                                                                                                                                                                                 29
MICROSCALE
                                         CITYSIM

     The software CitySim is aiming to provide a decision support for urban energy planners
     and stakeholders to minimize the net use of non-renewable energy sources as well as
     the associated emissions of greenhouse gases. The software CitySim comprises CitySim
     Solver, a command-line Integrated Solver for simulating the energy demand and
     supply of buildings for space conditioning, together with the specification of the input
     buildings’ characteristics (in CitySim XML file format) and the climate filee.

     CitySim can describe 3D geometrical building forms at an urban district scale and
     attribute these buildings thermo-physical properties in an efficient way using a
     dedicated XML file format. It can simulate the energy demand of these buildings,
     respecting the stochastic nature of occupants’ presence and behaviour and accounting
     for a range of commonly used heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC
     systems). Users can also determine the energy supplies of these buildings issued from
     renewable sources, including the radiation exchange driven by the urban environment,
     generated by a range of commonly used energy conversion systems. Standard text files
     (TSV) can also be exported to allow the software users to support the analysis of energy
     performance data in order to identify scope for improving upon buildings’ performance
     using their favourite graphical tool.

     An example of how CitySim may be used is in the evaluation of the effects of urban
     compactness on solar potential as regards various solar-energy technologies. This can
     help in the decision-making process for assessing and integrating solar potential in
     dense built environment through estimating active and passive solar gains associated
     with building roofs and facades using CitySim for hourly solar irradiation simulation.

     CitySim is OpenSource and available to all via their website.

     Website
     www.citysim.epfl.ch/

     References
     Nahid Mohajeri, Govinda Upadhyay, Agust Gudmundsson, Dan Assouline, Jérôme
        Kämpf, Jean-Louis Scartezzini, Effects of urban compactness on solar energy
        potential, Renewable Energy, Volume 93, 2016, Pages 469-482, ISSN 0960-1481, DOI:       Annual solar irradiation, kWh/m−2 (the colour bars shows the minimum and maximum
        dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.053.                                                values) estimated using CitySim and facade orientations for 16 neighbourhoods in the
                                                                                                city of Geneva. Image from Mohajeri et. al., 2016.

30                                                                                                                                                                                     31
MICROSCALE
                                         STEVE

          STEVE

     Screening Tool for Estate Environment Evaluation (STEVE) offers a method to predict the
     local urban temperature and outdoor thermal comfort of a certain tropical urban area.

     It was developed and built based on long term field measurement data in the Singapore
     context.

     It calculates minimum (Tmin), average (Tavg), and maximum temperature (Tmax) of a
     certain point of interest for either the existing or future conditions of the estate or some
     specific urban area. The temperature predicted at that particular point is as a result
     of the surrounding environment within the buffer zone. Furthermore, it is also able to
     calculate outdoor thermal comfort based on Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) index, using
     wind and temperature data. STEVE tool also implements greenery library which refers to
     National Parks Board (NParks) database.

     Currently, the STEVE application serves as a plug-in tool to be used under Sketchup.
     Developers of STEVE can be contacted for licensing options.

     References
     Wong Nyuk Hien, Marcel Ignatious, Anseina Eliza, Steve Kardinal Jusuf & Rosita
        Samsudin (2012) Comparison of STEVE and ENVI-met as temperature prediction
        models for Singapore context, International Journal of Sustainable Building
        Technology and Urban Development, 3:3, 197-209, DOI: 10.1080/2093761X.2012.720224.
                                                                                                    Examples of output from tool. Image from Steve Kardinal Jusuf, developer.

32                                                                                                                                                                              33
MESOSCALE
                                         INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL
                                         MODELLER (IEM)
               IEM

     IEM, previously known as, UM-MIST, is an urban microclimatic modelling tool
     specifically designed for Singapore’s urban landscapes to help city developers draw
     up UHI countermeasures. The tool provides mapping data for temperature, wind, solar
     irradiation and shading. It aims to hinder any further rises in temperature and ambient
     noise, thus improving the livability of Singapore.

     The functioning of IEM depends on five interrelated but focused Work Packages (WP).
     WP 1 to 3 address the physics of wind flow, heat, solar irradiance, acoustic noise, and the
     coupling between them. Besides validation by commercial software, such as DIVA, STAR-
     CCM+, and CadnaA, the above solvers and the produced results are to be validated by
     ground truth through physical measurements from WP5. The focus of WP5 is to perform
     the ground truth sensing on environmental data for wind, temperature, solar irradiance,
     and noise. Statistical modelling based on measurement data is also conducted by WP5.
     The simulation results generated by the solvers are integrated into the GIS layer through
     the development work in WP4. The IEM tool with a customized GUI and overlaid results
     empowers the urban planners to intuitively look into the impact of master planning and
     urban design on environmental issues, perform proof of concept and what-if studies,
     and devise and experiment with mitigation measures and plans.

     This mapping tool can be useful for other cities as it is able to provide wind, shadow,
     solar irradiance, thermal & noise mapping analysis; so that this environmental modelling
     results can be integrated to master planning and urban designing in a single urban
     digital platform. With this application tool, options can be exercised and prioritized
     in order to test out various housing typologies and determine how best to site new
     residential units to optimise wind flow, or to minimise heat and glare. It is also a useful
     scientific assessment tool to investigate the UHI effect and help the town ship or city
     planning process to incorporate the UHI mitigation or countermeasure strategies.

     IEM is developed by researchers in A*Star, Singapore.

     References
     J.P. Hee, et al., Modelling of Urban Heat Island and Noise Propagation in Singapore
         (2016), 4th International Conference on Countermeasures on Urban Heat Island,
         National University of Singapore, 30-31 May and 1 June 2016. Singapore.
                                                                                                   Output from model. Image from Poh Hee Joo.

34                                                                                                                                              35
MICROSCALE
                                         PHOENICS

     Parabolic Hyperbolic Or Elliptic Numerical Integration Code Series (PHOENICS) is a
     general-purpose commercial CFD code which is applicable to steady or unsteady,
     one- , two- or three-dimensional turbulent or laminar, multi-phase, compressible or
     incompressible flows using Cartesian, cylindrical-polar or curvilinear coordinates. The
     code also has a spatial marching integration option to handle parabolic and hyperbolic
     flows, as well as transonic free jets in the absence of recirculation zones.

     PHOENICS performs three main functions:
        1. problem definition (i.e. pre-processing), in which the user prescribes the situation
           to be simulated and the questions which are to be answered;
        2. simulation (i.e. data-processing), by means of computation, of what the laws of
           science imply in the prescribed circumstances;
        3. presentation (i.e. post-processing) of the results of the computation, by way of
           graphical displays, tables of numbers, and other means.

     Users are able to input data via formulae or via Virtual-Reality Editor. Because PHOENICS
     has been in continuous use for more than 20 years, tens of thousands (more probably
     millions) of calculations have been performed with its aid. The data-input files
     corresponding to a tiny fraction (but still several thousand) of these have been included
     with each delivered PHOENICS package, in the form of an input-file library.

     Licensing options are available via their website.

     Website
     www.cham.co.uk/phoenics.php

     References
     https://www.comsol.com/paper/download/151595/schijndel3_paper.pdf
                                                                                                  Result of simulation using prototype heat-island module. Image from case study found
     http://www.cham.co.uk/phoenics/d_polis/d_docs/tr001/tr001.htm#what
                                                                                                  on tool website.

36                                                                                                                                                                                       37
MICROSCALE
                                        IES-VE

     IES is a developer of 3D performance analysis software that is used to design tens of
     thousands of energy efficient buildings across the globe. Their technology is supported
     by integrated consulting services and today its capabilities are expanding from use on
     individual buildings to helping create sustainable cities.

     IES has many products which have different abilities and capacities.

     Uncovering hidden cost, energy and carbon savings, their technology and consulting
     services support smarter energy-efficient choices across new building investments,
     building operation and refurbishment of existing buildings. IES has unique tools and
     technology to assist regulatory and rating agencies, building owners, facilities managers,
     sustainability and energy managers, architects and engineers in their objectives.

     IES Virtual Environment (VE) is an energy analysis and performance modeling
     software that offers a variety of custom modules designed to address different
     building performance workflows. IES-VE can help you incorporate sustainable building
     approaches and analyses into your BIM projects. VE Softwares available include:
          - VE for Architect
          - VE for Engineer
          - VE Student Package
          - VE Simplified Building Energy Model

     IES also has other software and online tools related to city management and urban
     planning. Users may refer to their website for details on licensing.

     Website
                                                                                                  Top: Example of simulation within a building. Image from tool website.
     www.iesve.com
                                                                                                  Bottom: Interface of IES-VE. Image from tool website.

38                                                                                                                                                                         39
MICROSCALE
                                         GRBEST

       GRBEST

     GrBEST building airflow modelling software is the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
     airflow modelling and simulation coupled with the geometry input from BIM-REVIT.

     CFD enables airflow simulation over an estate landscape and within the building interior
     to be conducted as a design optimization and assessment tool towards achieving a
     comfortable naturally ventilated environment in buildings in the Tropics.

     It enables seamless workflow from the early Revit-centric drawing stage by exporting
     the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) file from BIM-REVIT to the geometry input file for
     airflow simulation analysis.

     As GrBEST software is cost-effective, user friendly, and improves turnaround time (from
     2 weeks to potentially less than 2 days for a typical building development simulation), it
     motivates architects/consultants to widely adopt the tools to implement good natural
     ventilation strategies at the early design stage.

     It aims to assist green building practitioners to meet the CFD simulation requirements
     for natural ventilation under the Green Mark scheme. With funding support from
     MND, the pilot GrBEST version was soft launched for trial by industry in Mar 2014. It is
     developed jointly by BCA and A*Star in Singapore. Developers may be contacted for tool
     access.

     Website
     bimsg.org/resources/other-software-resources/grbest/

     References
     http://bimsg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/GrBEST-workshop-Airflow-Modeling-Tool-
     for-BIM.SG_.pdf
                                                                                                  Example of simulation by tool. Image from Poh Hee Joo, developer.

40                                                                                                                                                                    41
MICROSCALE
                                         CITY ENERGY ANALYST (CEA)

     The City Energy Analyst (CEA) is developed by ETH Zurich and consists in a collection
     of tools for the analysis of urban energy systems. CEA aims to study the effects of urban
     development on the performance of energy systems.

     CEA is built on standard dynamic simulation models and an interdisciplinary body of
     knowledge.

     CEA is provided as either an stand-alone open-source tool or as a plug-in for ArcGIS for
     different users. There is a light version of CEA which contains an easy-to-use interface
     connected to one of the most popular GIS systems, ArcGIS 10.5. This added functionality
     allows to map and visualize patterns of energy demand and consumption in buildings
     using 3D geometry. The feature enables planners to compare physical trade-offs
     between multiple urban design options. A detailed version of CEA for engineers and
     researchers provides access to the source code. This entails libraries for analysis of energy
     systems written in Python language.

     The City Energy Analyst (CEA) is an urban building simulation platform and one of the
     first open-source initiatives of computation tools for the design of low-carbon and highly
     efficient cities. The CEA combines knowledge of urban planning and energy systems
     engineering in an integrated simulation platform. This allows to study the effects, trade-
     offs and synergies of urban design options and energy infrastructure plans.

     Interested users are able to obtain the tool via their website.

     Website
     www.cityenergyanalyst.com

     References
     Fonseca J. A., Thuy-An N., Schlueter A., and Marechal F. 2016. “City Energy Analyst (CEA):
        Integrated Framework for Analysis and Optimization of Building Energy Systems
        in Neighborhoods and City Districts.” Energy and Buildings 113 (February): 202–26.
        DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.055.

        https://cityenergyanalyst.com/what-is/
                                                                                                     Top: Outputs from CEA. Image from Jimeno A. Fonseca.
        https://cityenergyanalyst.com/tryit/
                                                                                                     Bottom: Interface of CEA. Image from Jimeno A. Fonseca.

42                                                                                                                                                             43
MICROSCALE
                                         PSI-BOIL

       PSI-BOIL

     PSI-BOIL (Parallel SImulator - BOILing) is a C++ in-house computer program, aimed
     at simulation of fluid flow, heat and mass transfer phenomena at various scales. PSI-
     BOIL was designed to be computationally-efficient and cost-efficient for simulation of
     turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena.

     The paradigm for simulating turbulence is DNS (Dirent Numerical Simulation), or Large
     Eddy Simulation (LES), meaning that all, or at least most, scales of motion should be
     resolved on a numerical grid. The efficiency of PSI-BOIL is achieved through usage of
     Cartesian orthogonal grids, multi-grid solution of discretized systems of equations
     in addition to iterative conjugate gradient solvers, and parallelization for distributed
     memory computers. Although the usage of orthogonal grids may suggest that the
     program can only deal with problems in simple domains, this is not the case since PSI-
     BOIL incorporates the Immersed Boundary Method feature, which allows to simulate
     flows around complex geometries.

     PSI-BOIL was also extended to simulate urban physics flows by incorporating solar
     calculator and shading algorithms, and physical model for longwave radiation.

     This tool is not open source and is developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI).
     Interested users may contact them for more information.

     Website
     www.kns.org/jknsfile/v42/JK0420620.pdf

     References
     Niceno, Bojan, Andreani, Michele, & Prasser, Horst-Michael (2008). PSI-BOIL, a building
        block towards the multi-scale modeling of flow boiling phenomena. 190 Session
        of the SHF’s scientific and technical committee: Modelling of convective boiling flows,
        France.

     Hassan Badreddine, Yohei Sato, Matthias Berger, and Bojan Ničeno, “A Three
       Dimensional, Immersed Boundary, Finite Volume Method for the Simulation
       of Incompressible Heat Transfer Flows around Complex Geometries,” International
       Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 2017, Article ID 1726519, 14 pages, 2017
                                                                                                  Simulation of heat released from bus stop. Image taken from screenshot of simulation
       DOI:10.1155/2017/1726519.
                                                                                                  by Dr Hassan Badreddine.

44                                                                                                                                                                                       45
MESOSCALE                                                MICROSCALE

                                         QUEST                                                    RAYMAN

         QUEST                                                                                                                                                 RAYMAN

     QUEST is a tool used to test the immediate microclimatic impact of development plans         The RayMan software is worldwide applied in investigations on different issues in
     and assess their long term impacts under future climate change scenarios.                    human-biometeorology. RayMan provides suitable simulation results for radiation flux
                                                                                                  densities and thermo-physiologically significant assessment indices.
     It is based on multi-scale environmental urban models from global to a very high
     resolution meso-scale domain which is integrated with a multi-dimensional statistical        The simulations of Tmrt and thermal assessment indices by RayMan are spot-related
     model for weather variables estimation (wind, temperature and humidity) up to precinct       in outdoor urban settings. However, the interaction between different meteorological
     level.                                                                                       variables is not considered completly. Besides PET and predicted mean vote (PMV),
                                                                                                  simulation tools of additional thermo-physiological indices such as modified
     Users begin with a basic building, roads and greenery layer. They can then choose the        physiologically equivalent temperature (mPET), perceived temperature (PT), standard
     climate scenario they want to simulate, and they can input or adjust the building, roads     effective temperature (SET*) and UTCI are included in RayMan Pro.
     and greenery within the selected domain. The model will then produce results in terms
     of temperature, wind speed and thermal comfort. Users can simulate multiple scenarios        The aim of the RayMan model is to calculate radiation flux densities, sunshine duration,
     to compare the thermal comfort of the proposed urban morphology.                             shadow spaces and thermo-physiologically relevant assessment indices using only a
                                                                                                  limited number of meteorological and other input data.
     QUEST can couple global-regional to mesoscale atmospheric models with multi-
     dimensional statistical model to estimate wind, temperature and humidity. It allows          Urban human-biometeorology has evolved to an application-oriented part of urban
     planners to easily model various scenarios and obtain an overall thermal comfort             meteorology. It provides results for urban planning, for which were of great necessity,
     indicator score. Users can obtain results at a district, precinct or even a building level   especially taking into account increasing heat due to regional climate change. In
     scale to support urban planning and design in order to mitigate urban heat island and        this context, models simulating the impacts of planning measures on the thermal
     growing temperatures due to global warming.                                                  environment of citizens have a high priority.

                                                                                                  RayMan Pro is free for use for academic and scientific purposes - The RayMan pro version
                                                                                                  is only a beta and under continous development. More information on obtaining the
                                                                                                  software is available on the website.

                                                                                                  Website
                                                                                                  www.urbanclimate.net/rayman

                                                                                                  Reference
                                                                                                  Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F., & Mayer, H. (2010). Modelling radiation fluxes in simple and
                                                                                                  complex environments: Basics of the RayMan model. International Journal of
                                                                                                  Biometeorology, 54(2), 131-139. doi:10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0

     References                                                                                   Lee, H., & Mayer, H. (2016). Validation of the mean radiant temperature simulated by the
     T.L. Lim, et al., Multi-scale urban system modelling for sustainable planning and design,    RayMan software in urban environments. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(11),
          Energy Buildings (2017), http:/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.024                 1775-1785. doi:10.1007/s00484-016-1166-3

46                                                                                                                                                                                           47
MICROSCALE                                             MICROSCALE

                                          SOLWEIG                                                I-TREE

     SOLWEIG

     The Solar LongWave Environmental Irrandiance Geometry model (SOLWEIG) simulates             i-Tree Eco version 6 is a flexible software application designed to use data collected in
     spatial variations of mean radiant temperature and 3D fluxes of longwave and shortwave      the field from single trees, complete inventories, or randomly located plots throughout
     radiation. SOLWEIG is a computer software model which can be used to estimate spatial       a study area along with local hourly air pollution and meteorological data to quantify
     variations of 3D radiation fluxes and mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) in complex urban      forest structure, environmental effects, and value to communities.
     settings.
                                                                                                 i-Tree Eco has detailed, statistically based sampling and data collection protocols. These
     SOLWEIG is written in MATLAB programming language and has a user-friendly graphical         protocols allow for estimation of totals and variation related to urban forest structure
     user interface. The internal estructure (matrices processing) is well optimized by MATLAB   and population effects.
     which results in fast, efficient and good outputs of the model. The graphical user
     interface makes use of a runtime engine called the MCR (MATLAB Compiler Runtime),           It has a mobile data collector for web-enabled smartphones, tablets, or similar devices
     which makes it possible to run MATLAB application outside the MATLAB environment.           that can be used for field data collection. Eco’s central computing engine that makes
     The MCR is deployed royalty-free.                                                           scientifically sound estimates of the effects of urban forests based on peer-reviewed
                                                                                                 scientific equations to predict environmental and economic benefits. It can produce
     The model is also integrated in a GIS platform: UMEP (a pluggin for QGIS) which makes it    summary reports that include charts, tables, and a written report.
     easier to use.
                                                                                                 Users have to create an account on the i-Tree website to download this tool.
     Users would have to go through five major steps to use this tool:
         - Load DSMs: vegetation data
         - Specify output: Options to save a number of different grids at different temporal
            resolution is included, both as tiff or ASCII grids.
         - Load/Create SVF: This is the most time consuming part of the model execution.
            The output of the SVF images generated is again as ESRI ASCII Grids.
         - Load Metereological data: execute

     To obtain this software, please refer to their website.

     Website                                                                                     Website
     www.gvc.gu.se/english/research/climate/urban-climate/software/solweig                       www.itreetools.org/eco

     References
     http://gvc.gu.se/digitalAssets/1536/1536051_solweig_manual.pdf
     http://gvc.gu.se/english/research/climate/urban-climate/software/solweig

48                                                                                                                                                                                            49
WRF
                                                                            ACCESS
                                                                          CESM CAM5
                                                                          TEB-SURFEX
                                                                          TERRA URB
                                                                            SUEWS

           MESOSCALE TOOLS
     Tools which are able to study the thermal environment from city to
                                regional scale.

52
MESOSCALE
                                       WRF

             WRF

     The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is a mesoscale numerical weather
     prediction system designed for both atmospheric research and operational forecasting
     applications.

     It features two dynamical cores,the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) and Nonhydrostatic
     Mesoscale Model (NMM) . The model serves a wide range of meteorological applications
     across scales from tens of meters to thousands of kilometers. or researchers, WRF can
     produce simulations based on actual atmospheric conditions (i.e., from observations and
     analyses) or idealized conditions.

     Users have to generate input data from WRF Preprocessing System (WPS). This data is
     then input into WRF to generate a simulation. WRF is capable of generating netCDF files
     which can be post-processed using other software. There are a number of visualization
     tools available to display WRF-ARW model data. Model data in netCDF format can
     essentially be displayed using any tool capable of displaying this data format.

     WRF offers operational forecasting a flexible and computationally-efficient platform,
     while reflecting recent advances in physics, numerics, and data assimilation contributed
     by developers from the expansive research community. It is suitable for a broad span
     of applications across scales ranging from large-eddy to global simulations. Such
     applications include real-time NWP, data assimilation development and studies,
     parameterized-physics research, regional climate simulations, air quality modeling,
     atmosphere-ocean coupling, and idealized simulations. As of this writing, the number of
     registered WRF users exceeds 6000, and WRF is in operational and research use around
     the world.

     Users may download WRF modeling system source codes (including the WRF model,
     the WRF Preprocessing System (WPS), graphics software, terrestrial datasets for WPS,
     and test data for the WRF model) from the website. All questions regarding running and
     using the software can be emailed to wrfhelp (wrfhelp@ucar.edu). Also the WRF user
     forum is another venue for users to exchange experiences and help.

     Website
     www.mmm.ucar.edu/weather-research-and-forecasting-model

     References
     http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/user_guide_V3.9/contents.html                      Live forecast of surface air temperature. Image taken from screenshot of forecast from
     http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users                                                         website.

54                                                                                                                                                                                       55
MESOSCALE                                                   MESOSCALE

                                          ACCESS                                                      CESM CAM5
                                                                                                                                                                      CESM
        ACCESS                                                                                                                                                        CAM5

     ACCESS is a tool used largely by the Australian Bureau of Metereology (BoM) and                  The CESM originated from the Community Climate Model (CCM) created by NCAR in
     Australian climate researchers. This tool is able to simulate a variety of scales, from global   1983 as a freely available global atmosphere model for use by the wider climate research
     to microscale and, depending on its model, can have a timestep and duration of hourly            community.
     to weekly.
                                                                                                      CAM is used as both a standalone model and as the atmospheric component of the
     It uses the seasonal prediction global coupled model from the UK Met Office (UKMO),              CESM.
     as well as their initial conditions, but the system is enhanced with the Bureau’s
     perturbation scheme for the generation of the forecast ensemble (to make it                      CAM has a long history of use as a standalone model by which we mean that the
     appropriate for multi-week forecasts), a larger forecast ensemble and a longer hindcast          atmosphere is coupled to an active land model (CLM), a thermodynamic only sea
     period.                                                                                          ice model (CICE), and a data ocean model (DOCN). When one speaks of “”doing CAM
                                                                                                      simulations”” the implication is that it’s the standalone configuration that is being used.
     Parameters considered in ACCESS are,                                                             When CAM is coupled to active ocean and sea ice models then we refer to the model
         - Mean sea level pressure (MSLP) & rainfall                                                  as CESM. CAM produces a series of NetCDF format history files containing atmospheric
         - Surface winds                                                                              gridpoint data generated during the course of a run. It also produces a series of NetCDF
         - MSLP & thickness                                                                           format restart files necessary to continue a run once it has terminated successfully and a
         - Wind speed and direction at 10m, 850hPa, 700hPa, 500hPa, 200hPa, and gradient              series of initial conditions files that may be used to initialize new simulations.
         - Geopotential height at 850hPa, 700hPa, 500hPa, and 200hPa
         - Temperature at 2m screen, 850hPa, 700hPa, 500hPa, 200hPa                                   The formulation of the CCM has steadily improved over the past two decades, computers
         - 2m screen dew point                                                                        powerful enough to run the model have become relatively inexpensive and widely
         - Relative humidity at 2m screen, 850hPa, 700hPa, 500hPa, and 200hPa                         available, and usage of the model has become widespread in the university community,
                                                                                                      and at some national laboratories. CESM is now a fully-coupled, community, global
     ACCESS output is available in map form or as gridded data products.                              climate model that provides state-of-the-art computer simulations of the Earth’s past,
                                                                                                      present, and future climate states.
     It is useful for simulating the climate mean states, predicting large-scale climate drivers
     such as ENSO, IOD and SAM and predicting regional climate.                                       Version 5.0 of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) is the latest in a series of
                                                                                                      global atmosphere models originally developed at the National Center for Atmospheric
     ACCESS was developed for use by the Australian Bureau of Metereology. Certain users              Research (NCAR). The current development of CAM is guided by the Atmosphere Model
     may contact the Bureau for more information.                                                     Working Group (AMWG) of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) project.

                                                                                                      Website
     Website                                                                                          www.cesm.ucar.edu/about/
     www.reg.bom.gov.au/other/access.pdf
                                                                                                      References
     References                                                                                       http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.0/cam/docs/ug5_0/book1.html
     http://poama.bom.gov.au/info/publications.html                                                   http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/publications/bib/2016-bib-summer.pdf
     http://www.bom.gov.au/research/publications/researchreports/BRR-019.pdf                          http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm1.2/cesm/doc/usersguide/x290.html
     http://www.bom.gov.au/research/publications/researchreports/BRR-020.pdf                          http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/events/workshops/ws.2012/presentations/sewg/bertini.pdf

56                                                                                                                                                                                                  57
MESOSCALE                                                   MESOSCALE
                                         TEB-SURFEX                                                  TERRA URB

     SURFEX                                                                                                                                                       TERRA
                                                                                                                                                                   URB

     SURFEX is a surface-atmosphere exchange module developed by the research center                 TERRA_URB (Wouters et al., 2015, 2016) is the bulk urban land-surface scheme of the
     of METEO FRANCE (CNRM-GAME). It computes the exchanges of heat (radiation,                      COSMO(-CLM) model. It represents the variability of ground heat and moisture transport,
     conduction, convection), moisture, momentum and carbon dioxide between the earth                the turbulent transfer of momentum, heat and moisture, and the surface–atmosphere
     surface and the atmosphere. SURFEX also includes a Surface Boundary Layer model to              radiative exchanges in urban areas.
     determine the temperature, wind and moisture of the first levels of the atmosphere.
                                                                                                     The initial release of TERRA_URB features the non-iterative calculation of surface-layer
     SURFEX can be run either in a coupled mode in which case the atmospheric forcing                stability functions accounting for the roughness sub-layer, the impervious water-storage
     is provided by the host atmospheric model, or in a standalone mode where the                    parametrization based on a probability density function of water reservoirs, the Semi-
     atmospheric drivers are derived from observations. In SURFEX, the earth surface is              empirical Urban canopY dependency parametrization, and the coupling with the
     classified in 4 tiles: sea, lake, vegetation, and the city. A grid value of the model is then   turbulence kinetic energy-based surface-layer transfer module of the COSMO(-CLM)
     simply an area averaged value of the different tiles present in the grid cell.                  model.

     Over urban surfaces, SURFEX includes the Town Energy Balance (TEB) single layer urban           Input of urban canopy parameters such as albedo, emissivity, heat conductivity etc. will
     canopy module. TEB simulates heat and water exchanges and climate of three generic              general bulk parameters.
     surfaces (roof, wall, and road), where heat transfers by conduction are computed through
     several layers of materials. Anthropogenic heat releases from the building for space            TERRA_URB has been extensively evaluated in previous studies which study different
     heating are parameterized in the model using a simplified modeling of the building              urban surface energy balance components and the urban heat island.
     energy budget.

     In comparison to a more simplified statistical approach, TEB model, based on physics            The TERRA URB model package cclm-sp 2.4 terra urb 2.2.tgz is available on theCLM-
     law, can be used to explain or to predict some variations of the microclimate in response       community project website.
     to modification of the surface characteristics (urbanization, greening etc.). The SURFEX
     code is freely available through their website.

     Website                                                                                         Website
     http://www.umr-cnrm.fr/surfex/                                                                  http://redc.clm-community.eu/login?back_url=http%3A%2F%2Fredc.clm-community.
                                                                                                     eu%2Fprojects%2Fwg-soilveg%2Ffiles
     References
     Schoetter, R., Masson, V., Bourgeois, A., Pellegrino, M., & Lévy, J. (2017). Parametrisation    References
        of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in the              Wouters, Hendrik & Varentsov, Mikhail & Blahak, U & Schulz, Jan-Peter & Schättler,
        town energy balance (SURFEX-TEB v. 8.2). Geoscientific Model Development, 10(7),                Ulrich & Bucchignani, Edoardo & Demuzere, Matthias. (2017). User guide for TERRA
        2801-2831. DOI:10.5194/gmd-10-2801-2017                                                         URB v2.2: The urban-canopy land-surface scheme of the COSMO model. DOI:0.131
                                                                                                        RG.2.2.33691.87847/1.
     Redon, E. C., Lemonsu, A., Masson, V., Morille, B., & Musy, M. (2017). Implementation of
       street trees within the solar radiative exchange parameterization of TEB in SURFEX            Wouters, H., M. Demuzere, K. De Ridder, and N. P. van Lipzig (2015), The impact of
       v8.0.(author abstract). Geoscientific Model Development, 10(1), 385-411. DOI:10.5194            impervious water-storage parametrization on urban climate modelling, Urban
       gmd-10-385-2017                                                                                 Climate, 11, 24–50, DOI:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.11.005.

58                                                                                                                                                                                              59
MESOSCALE
                                            SUEWS

         SUEWS

     Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) is able to simulate the urban
     radiation, energy and water balances using only commonly measured meteorological
     variables and information about the surface cover. SUEWS utilizes an evaporation-
     interception approach, similar to that used in forests, to model evaporation from urban
     surfaces.

     The model uses seven surface types: paved, buildings, evergreen trees/shrubs, deciduous
     trees/shrubs, grass, bare soil and water. The surface state for each surface type at each
     time step is calculated from the running water balance of the canopy where the
     evaporation is calculated from the Penman-Monteith equation. The soil moisture below
     each surface type (excluding water) is taken into account. Horizontal movement of water
     above and below ground level is allowed.

     SUEWS, designed specifically for urban areas, considers seven surface types: paved
     surfaces (including roads, pavements, car parks), buildings, evergreen trees and shrubs,
     deciduous trees and shrubs, grass, bare soil and open water (e.g. rivers, lakes, swimming
     pools, fountains). Characteristics of these seven surface types must be provided as inputs
     to the model, including albedo, emissivity, moisture storage capacity, building height,
     tree height and, importantly, the plan area fractions of each surface type. SUEWS can be
     run as a standalone model but also can be used within UMEP.

     The model has been evaluated in offline mode against measurements in several cities
     (Järvi et al., 2011, 2014; Ward et al., 2016; Karsisto et al., 2016; Alexander et al., 2016) and
     used to estimate future climate scenarios in connection with local climate zones
     (Alexander et al., 2016a).

     The software can be obtained through filling up a form on their website.

     Website
     http://micromet.reading.ac.uk/software/

     References
     M. Demuzere, S. Harshan, L. Järvi, M. Roth, C. S. B. Grimmond, V. Masson, K. W. Oleson,
        E. Velasco, H. Wouters. (2017). Impact of urban canopy models and external
        parameters on the modelled urban energy balance in a tropical city. Quarterly
        Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 143(704), 1581-1596. DOI:10.1002/qj.3028

60                                                                                                      61
ENERGYPLUS
                                                                          TRNSYS

               SPECIFIC
          APPLICATION TOOLS
     Strategy-specific tools which can communicate through inputs and
         outputs with the tools included in the other two categories.

64
SPECIFIC APPLICATION TOOLS
                                        ENERGYPLUS

     EnergyPlus is a whole building energy simulation program that engineers, architects,
     and researchers use to model both energy consumption—for heating, cooling,
     ventilation, lighting and plug and process loads—and water use in buildings.

     EnergyPlus can be used together with DesignBuilder which provides advanced
     modelling tools in an easy-to-use interface. This enables the whole design team to use
     the same software to develop comfortable and energy-efficient building designs from
     concept through to completion.

     EnergyPlus is a console-based program that reads input and writes output to text files.
     It ships with a number of utilities including IDF-Editor for creating input files using a
     simple spreadsheet-like interface, EP-Launch for managing input and output files and
     performing batch simulations, and EP-Compare for graphically comparing the results of
     two or more simulations.Several comprehensive graphical interfaces for EnergyPlus are
     also available.

     Some of the key features in EnergyPlus includes:
        - Integrated, simultaneous solution of thermal zone conditions and HVAC system
            response
        - Heat balance-based solution of radiant and convective effects
        - Sub-hourly, user-definable time steps for interaction between thermal zones
            and the environment
        - Combined heat and mass transfer model that accounts for air movement
            between zones.

     EnergyPlus is free, open-source, and cross-platform—it runs on the Windows, Mac OS
     X, and Linux operating systems. Its development is funded by the U.S. Department of
     Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO). Along with OpenStudio, EnergyPlus is
     part of BTO’s building energy modeling program portfolio. Interested users may refer to
     their website for informaiton.

     Websites
     www.energyplus.net                                                                          CFD Simulation of effects of urban design on outdoor thermal comfort, created by
     www.designbuilder.co.uk                                                                     Energy Plus coupled with Design Builder. Image taken from screenshot of report found
                                                                                                 on website.

66                                                                                                                                                                                      67
MICROSCALE
                                           TRNSYS

        TRNSYS

     TRNSYS is an extremely flexible graphically based software environment used to
     simulate the behavior of transient systems. While the vast majority of simulations
     are focused on assessing the performance of thermal and electrical energy systems,
     TRNSYS can equally well be used to model other dynamic systems such as traffic flow, or
     biological processes.

     TRNSYS is made up of two parts. The first is an engine (called the kernel) that reads and
     processes the input file, iteratively solves the system, determines convergence, and plots
     system variables. The kernel also provides utilities that (among other things) determine
     thermophysical properties, invert matrices, perform linear regressions, and interpolate
     external part of the system. The standard library includes approximately 150 models
     ranging from pumps to multizone buildings, wind turbines to electrolyzers, weather
     data processors to economics routines, and basic HVAC equipment to cutting edge
     emerging technologies. Models are constructed in such a way that users can modify
     existing components or write their own, extending capabilities of the environment.

     Users have to input weather data files (.tmy, .tn2, .dat), user-readable building files (.bui),
     internal building description files (.trn, .bld) and more to run the simulation. TRNSYS
     can then output data (i.e. temperature changes over time) a list file, .xls file, or other
     extension chosen by the user.

     TRNSYS continues to be a flexible, component-based software package that
     accommodates needs of both researchers and practitioners in the energy simulation
     community.

     This software is available for purchase via their website.

     Website
     www.trnsys.com

     References
     http://web.mit.edu/parmstr/Public/TRNSYS/04-MathematicalReference.pdf
     http://www.cmu.edu/iwess/workshops/TRNSYS_2004.pdf

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