Transportation Biofuels are Reality - Current Status and Future Challenges in Austria - A3PS
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Transportation
Biofuels are Reality –
Current Status and
Future Challenges in Austria
Gerfried Jungmeier
L. Canella, M. Beermann, N. Bird, K.-P- Felberbauer,
M. Hingsamer, K. Könighofer, J. Pucker
7th A3PS Conference
Eco-Mobility 2012 - Strategies, Roadmaps and R&D Programs
December 11 – 12, 2012, Tech Gate Vienna
Overview of Content
Outlook
Advanced Biofuel
Future Challenges
Commercial Biofuels
a Reality
Introduction
This is Biomass for Transportation Biofuels and Biorefineries
Biomass for Energy in Conflict
with Other Uses
Bioenergy
(heat, electricity, transportation)
Food Biomass Feed
(e.g. vegetables, meat)
Biomaterials
(paper, construction material, cotton, rubber)
Overview Transportation Biofuels
1st and 2nd Generation
1) (pure) Vegetable oil
2) Biodiesel
a) conventional biodiesel via esterification
b) hydro-treated biodiesel via hydration
3) Bioethanol
a) conventional bioethanol from sugar and starch
b) lignocellulosic bioethanol
4) Biobutanol
5) Biogas
6) Synthetic Biofuels
a) Fischer-Tropsch biofuels (e.g. FT-Diesel)
b) Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
c) Dimethylether (DME)
d) Methanol
e) Synthetic hydrogen
7) Biological hydrogen
8) (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
9) Biofuels from direct liquifaction
a) HTU-Biofuels from hydro-thermal upgrading
b) CLC-Biofuels from catalytic low temperature conversion
From Raw Material to
Transportation Biofuels
Raw Materials Transportation
Conversion
Agriculture
oil crops Processes Biofuels
starch crops
…..
Forestry
forest residues
1) (pure) vegetable oil
thinnings Bio-chemical 2) Biodiesel
Trade and Industry Thermo-chemical 3) Bioethanol
bark Physical-chemical 4) Biobutanol
cooking oil others e.g. hydration 5) Biogas
…..
6) Synthetic biofuels
Aquaculure
7) Biological hydrogen
algae
8) (upgraded) Pyrolyses oil
seawheat.
9) Biofuels from direct
….
liquifaction
Currently about 40 combinations
Raw material/Conversion/Biofuel under discuss
Development Status of
Technologies for Biofuel Production
Source: IEA Bioenergy: ExCo:2009:06
Overview of Content
Outlook
Advanced Biofuel
Future Challenges
Commercial Biofuels
a Reality
Introduction
Global Biofuel Production
Litres not equivalent to energy
Source: IEA Biofuels Roadmap 2011
Bioethanol&Biodiesel Worldwide
Source: IEA Bioenergy Task 39 „Liquid Biofuels“Two European Directives are Key Drivers
for Transportation Biofeuls in Europe
RED FQDAims of the RED&FQD Directives
RED - "Renewable Energy Directive”
10% share for renewable energy in the transport sector in 2020
Austria 2011:
• total transport sector : 378 PJ ( 100%) of which 29 PJ (7.7%)
renewable fuels with Biofuels 21 PJ (5.5%)
• Road transportation fuels: 330 PJ of which 6.3% are biofuels
FQD - “Fuel Quality Directive“
6% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of fuels used in road
transport and non-road mobile machinery by 2020
Austria 2011: GHG reduction by transportation biofuels 3.1%Aims of the RED&FQD Directives
RED - "Renewable Energy Directive”
10% share for renewable energy in the transport sector in 2020
Austria 2011:
• total transport sector : 378 PJ ( 100%) of which 29 PJ (7.7%)
renewable fuels with Biofuels 21 PJ (5.5%)
• Road transportation fuels: 330 PJ of which 6.3% are biofuels
FQD - “Fuel Quality Directive“
6% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of fuels used in road
transport and non-road mobile machinery by 2020
Austria 2011: GHG reduction by transprotation biofuels 3.1%Biofuels are Already Part of the
Austrian Transportation Sector 2011
Transportation biofuels:
transportation 425,000 t/a biodiesel to diesel (B7)
biofuels, 7.0% 103,000 t/a bioethanol to gasoline (E5)
85,000 t/a pure biodiesel (B100)
18,000 t/a pure vegetable oil
gasoline,
22.0% 3.1%-reduction GHG intensity of
road transportation fuels
Source: Biokraftstoffe im Verkehrssektor
2011, UBA; own calculations
diesel, 71.0%Biofuel Plants in Austria (Biodiesel) (Biodiesel) (Bioethanol) Pischelsdorf
Feedstock for
Biodiesel Production in Austria 2011
According to ARGE Biokraft no
fresh palm oil use in Austria
Source: ARGE Biokraft 25. April 2012Feedstock for
Bioethanol Production in Austria 2011
Source: ARGE Biokraft 25. April 2012Greenhouse Gas Calculation in RED E = eec + el + ep + etd + eu – esca – eccs – eccr – eee [g CO2-eq/MJbiofuel] *) E = (Efossil – Ebiofuel) / Efossil [%] > 35% (50%, 60%) E = total emissions from the use of the biofuel; eec = emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials; el = annualized emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change; ep = emissions from processing; etd = emissions from transport and distribution; eu = emissions from the fuel in use; esca = emission saving from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricult. management; eccs = emission saving from carbon capture and geological storage; eccr = emission saving from carbon capture and replacement; and eee = emission saving from excess electricity from cogeneration. Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account *) values calculated in terms of g CO2-eq/MJ may be adjusted to take into account differences between fuels in useful work done, expressed in terms of km/MJ.
The AGRANA Bioethanol-Plant
Bioethanol capacity
240,000 m³/a
Raw materials
up to 620,000 t/a Bioethanol
Dry maize up to 190,000 t/a
Wet maize 1)
Thick jucie (sugar beet)
Wheat
Triticale, rye, barley
Starch slurry 2)
Animal feed (DDGS 3))
Up to 190,000 t/a
Liquified biogenic
CO2 up to 135,000 t/a
1) max. 2 month during harvesting time; 2) by-product of nearby starch factory
(starting 2013); 3) Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles”;Greenhouse Gas Emissions Bioethanol
from Pischelsdorf
Current greenhouse
gas reduction:
70% (58% - 87%)
Without CO2-use:
42.0 g CO2-eq/MJ
Own calculations of Austrian
plants (2008 -2012) according to
RED-methodologyGreenhouse Gas Emissions
Biodiesel in Austria
Current greenhouse
gas reduction:
58% (46% - 79%)
Own calculations of Austrian plants
(2008 -2012) according to
RED-methodologyOverview of Content
Outlook
Advanced Biofuel
Future Challenges
Commercial Biofuels
a Reality
IntroductionMost Interessting Raw Materials and
Processes for Advanced Biofeuls in Austria
Processes Thermo- Biochemical Combination
chemical conversion thermo&bio-
conversion chemical
Biofuel FT-biofuel Bioethanol Bioethanol & FT-
biofuel
Raw material
(Black&sulfite) Liquor X X (X)
Saw mill residues and -- X X1)
wood chips without bark
Wood chips of forest X -- --
residues
Straw X X X1)
X…..most interessting;
1) Lignin for FT-Biofuel24
Bisunfuel: Zuckerhirse als
Zwischenfrucht zur
Produktion von Biotreibstoffen
Anbau, Erntelogistik, Lagerungsverfahren im
Großversuch
Verfahrenstechnische Optimierung zur
energetischen und stofflichen Nutzung der
Zuckerhirse
Bioethanol- & Biogas/Biomethan-Produktion,
Futter- & Düngemittel
Ökologische Bewertung der Nutzungsvarianten
über den Lebenszyklus
Zukunftssicherheit von Zuckerhirse unter dem
Aspekt des KlimawandelsSustainability Assessment of 13 Ligno- cellulosic Bioethanol Concepts in Austria Sustainability Assessment Aspects: Technical Economic Environmental
Green Bioethanol for Green Styria in a
Pulp and Paper Biorefinery
„Feasibility analysis for the production of bioethanol
in the Styrian paper and pulp industry”
Integrated production of biofuels from wood in pulp&paper
industry many technical, economic&infrastructural advantages
Bioethanol from Sulfite Spent liquor commercial possible of about
0.6 €/lgasoline-eq., but amounts are limited 10,000 – 20,000 t/a
Bioethanol from wood still precommercial, bioethanol costs about
1 €/lgasoline-eq, demonstration plant next step
Greenhouse gas reduction 60-80%$
Funded by: Projectpartners:Land Use Issues Could reduce soil organic carbon during first 20 years Limited number of studies Dependant on: Reference use of crop residues; Amount of crop residues removed Crop yields; Existing stable soil carbon content; Climate; and Clay content Can be mitigated by (for example): Increasing yield (fertilization); Change of tillage practices; and Returning ash to land
Biorefining Offering Synergies
of Different Biomass Uses
Austria is participating
in IEA Bioenergy
Task 42 „Biorefinery“
With 12 Countries
National Task leader:
Gerfried Jungmeier
www.IEA-Bioenergy.Task42-Biorefineries.comAlgae - A Future Renewable
Austrian Energy Source?
Optimal&efficient algae use: bio-
refinery for bioenergy&biomaterials
Photobioreactors most promissing
technology due to Austrian climate
Obstacles in Austria:
climate: sunshine duration, temperature
area demand: no non-arable land in Austria,
especially in the surroundings of CO2 sources
Contribution of algae energy in
Austrian energy system
probably low medium term (“piloting”)
possible in a long term
R&D demand:
cultivation
algae production with waste water treatment
harvesting
hydrothermal processes
upscalingFUEL4ME Future European League 4 Microalgal Energy Project funded by program FP7-ENERGY-2012-1 Project coordinator: Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek (Wageningen, Netherlands) Overall aim: Establishing a sustainable chain for biofuel production using microalgae Making 2nd generation biofuels competitive alternatives to fossil fuels
Overview of Content
Outlook
Advanced Biofuel
Future Challenges
Commercial Biofuels
a Reality
IntroductionDirect (dLUC) and indirect Land Use Change (iLUC) Direct Land Use Change (dLUC): If for cultivation of energy crops a direct land use change takes place, e.g. from pasture agricultural land. Direct effects can be calculated, e.g. change of carbon storage pools. Indirect Land Use Change (iLUC): if existing agricultural land is now used for energy crops, which was used for other product before. The demand for these products remain and additional land is used causing land use change on global scale, e.g. conversion of natural forests into agricultural land. Indirect effects can be calculated after localisation, which is difficult on global level.
New Proposed Amendments in RED & FQD Limiting share of biofuels from food crops:max. 5% Greenhouse gas emissions of iLUC
GHG Emissions of Bioethanol with iLUC-
Factors of Proposed AmendmentsGHG Emissions of Biodiesel with iLUC- Factors of Proposed Amendments
Austrian Options for 10%-Target
on Renewable Fuels in 2020
Energie-Strategie Österreich:
Expected energy consumption in transportation sector 2020
366 PJ of which 312 PJ road transportation fuels
34 PJ Biofuels
in 2020
18.3 PJ resp. max. 5% 15.7 PJ advanced
biofuels from food crops biofuels
Factor 4 Factor 2
Biodiesel from fresh Bioethanol from 3.9 PJ biofuels 7.85 PJ Biodiesel
vegetable oil starch&sugar from wood&straw from cooking
oil&animal fat
Bioethanol Synthetic
biofuelsBiofuel Demand in Scenario Analyses
Biofuels "food crops" Advanced Biofuels Total
Jahr Szenario Biodiesel
Biodiesel Bioethanol cooking Bioethanol synth.
fresh starch& oil&animal wood& Biofuels
vegetable oils sugar fat straw wood&straw sum
1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a 1.000 t/a
2010 Current 471 106 48 0 0 625
2011 Current 475 103 48 0 0 627
Basic Biodiesel&bioethanol 677 210 92 0 0 979
Biodiesel cooking oil&animal fat 429 93 213 0 0 734
Bioethanol wood&straw 429 93 92 83 0 697
2020
Synth. biofuels wood&straw 429 93 92 0 53 667
Combi-scenrio I 429 93 122 31 20 695
Combi-scenario II 429 93 122 125 79 848
Higher biofuel blending necessary:
introduction E10&B10 (or higher) or dedicated fleets with high blending
Market introduction of biofuels from wood&straw
Based on own estimations: October 2012Conclusions
Biofuels are reality in Austria and their
importance will further grow
Further increase of biofuel production in
Austria possible, mainly from wood&straw
EU targets 2020: 10% renewable fuels transport
sector + 6% reduction GHG intensity road fuels
Austrian biofuels reduce greenhouse gas intensity of
road fuels already by 3.1%
21 PJ biofuels are 6.3% of the 330 PJ Austrian road
transportation fuels
Austria has already 7.7% renewable fuels on the market: renewable
electricity for rail transport and biofuels for road transportYour Contact
Gerfried Jungmeier
JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH.
RESOURCES – Institute for Water, Energy and Sustainability
Energy Research Group – Energy Systems and Strategies
Elisabethstraße 18
A-8010 Graz
AUSTRIA
+43 316 876-1313
www.joanneum.at/eng
gerfried.jungmeier@joanneum.atYou can also read
