V4.0 Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) - (HSP 10.6) September 2021

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Liquid Nitrogen Policy

(Safe Transport, Storage, Use and
            Disposal)

           (HSP 10.6)

              V4.0

        September 2021
Summary

                      Requirement for
                      Liquid Nitrogen
                         identified

                     Risk Assessment
                                                                     Transport of Liquid
                        completed                                         Nitrogen
                                                                 ✓ Always use an approved Dewer

                                                                 ✓ Ensure that appropriate PPE is
                    Appropriate storage                              available with the Dewer at all
                     location identified,                            times
                   agreed and equipped
                                                                    Do not transport more than
Review                                                               200 ml.
              Staff using/exposed to liquid
                 nitrogen provided with                             Do not transport in a car
                  appropriate training.
                                                                    Do not travel in any lift with a
                                                                     container of liquid nitrogen

                       PPE provided

                 Risk Assessment updated
                  and Standard Operating
                    Procedure published

         Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
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Table of Contents

Summary ............................................................................................................................ 2
1.     Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5
2.     Purpose of this Policy/Procedure ............................................................................. 5
3.     Scope ........................................................................................................................... 5
4.     Definitions / Glossary ................................................................................................. 5
5.     Ownership and Responsibilities ............................................................................... 6
     5.1.    Role of the Trust Board ....................................................................................... 6
     5.2.    Role of the Chief Executive ................................................................................. 7
     5.3.    Role of the Executive Director ............................................................................ 7
     5.4.    Role of Care Group Managers (CGM) ............................................................... 7
     5.5.    Role of Heads of Nursing .................................................................................... 7
     5.6.    Role of the Health and Safety Team .................................................................. 7
     5.7.    Role of the Managers ............................................................................................ 8
     5.8.    Role of Staff ........................................................................................................... 8
6.     Standards and Practice ........................................................................................... 9
     6.1.    Liquid Nitrogen ..................................................................................................... 9
     6.2.    Risk Assessment ................................................................................................... 9
     6.3.    Hazards ............................................................................................................... 10
     6.4.    Oxygen Deficiency/ Asphyxiation ........................................................................ 11
     6.5.    Effect of Cold on the Lungs ............................................................................... 11
     6.6.    Oxygen Enrichment ........................................................................................... 11
     6.7.    Ice Plugs ............................................................................................................. 11
     6.8.    Precautions ........................................................................................................ 12
     6.9.    Ventilation ........................................................................................................... 13
     6.10.       Emergency Procedures ................................................................................. 13
     6.11.       Transport ......................................................................................................... 14
     6.12.       Storage ............................................................................................................ 16
     6.13.       Workplace Storage ......................................................................................... 17
     6.14.       Storage of Dewars in Rooms ........................................................................ 17
     6.15.       Containers....................................................................................................... 17
     6.16.       Bulk Storage Facilities ................................................................................... 18
     6.17.       Labelling .......................................................................................................... 18
     6.18.       Periodic Inspection and Maintenance ........................................................... 18
     6.19.       Disposal .......................................................................................................... 18
     6.20.       First Aid ........................................................................................................... 18
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6.21.      Training ........................................................................................................... 20
7.     Dissemination and Implementation ........................................................................ 20
8.     Monitoring compliance and effectiveness ............................................................. 21
9.     Updating and Review ............................................................................................... 21
10. Equality and Diversity .............................................................................................. 21
Appendix 1. Governance Information ............................................................................ 22
Appendix 2. Equality Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 24

     Data Protection Act 2018 (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR)
     Legislation
     The Trust has a duty under the Data Protection Act 2018 and General Data
     Protection Regulations 2016/679 to ensure that there is a valid legal basis to
     process personal and sensitive data. The legal basis for processing must be
     identified and documented before the processing begins. In many cases we may
     need consent; this must be explicit, informed, and documented. We cannot rely on
     opt out, it must be opt in.
     Data Protection Act 2018 and General Data Protection Regulations 2016/679 is
     applicable to all staff; this includes those working as contractors and providers of
     services.
     For more information about your obligations under the Data Protection Act 2018
     and General Data Protection Regulations 2016/679 please see the Information
     Use Framework Policy or contact the Information Governance Team
     rch-tr.infogov@nhs.net

              Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
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1. Introduction
   1.1. The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust recognises and is committed to
        meeting or exceeding its legal duties under the Health and Safety at Work
        etc. Act 1974 and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
        Regulations 2002 (as amended 2005).

   1.2. This document is particularly concerned with the safe transport, storage,
        use and disposal of liquid nitrogen. This document must be read in
        conjunction with the Trust Health and Safety General, Hazardous
        Substances and the Incident Reporting policies.

   1.3. The successful implementation of this policy requires the total co-operation
        and commitment of all members of the Trust’s management and staff.

   1.4. The special duties of staff detailed herein are in addition to those detailed in
        the Trust Health and Safety Policy.

   1.5. This version supersedes any previous versions of this document.

2. Purpose of this Policy/Procedure
   2.1. The Trust aims to achieve or exceed current statutory requirements and
        strive for excellence of best practice.

   2.2. The aim of the policy is to establish roles and responsibilities for various
        levels of management compliance with statutory obligations and to promote
        timely reporting of relevant incidents.

   2.3. These guidelines exist to inform all personnel involved in the transport,
        storage, use and disposal of liquid nitrogen.

3. Scope
   3.1. This document covers the safe transport, storage, use and disposal of
        liquid nitrogen. It sets the standards expected within the Trust.

   3.2. This document is applicable to all sites, divisions, departments and wards,
        within the Trust.

4. Definitions / Glossary
   For the purposes of this document the following terms will, unless otherwise
   stated, apply.

     The Trust:              The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust.

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Trust sites:             All areas, sites, buildings or premises owned, occupied or
                             controlled by the Trust.

    Dewar:                   A specific cryogenic container / more than one specific
                             cryogenic container into which liquid nitrogen is decanted.
                             Also known as Dewar flask(s).

    Cryogenic:               A cryogenic gas is a gas that has been cooled to a liquid
                             state below 150 Kelvin.

                             Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic gas.

    PPE:                     Personnel Protective Equipment.

    SOP:                     Standard Operating Procedure.

    Anoxia:                  A total depletion in the level of oxygen, an extreme form of
                             hypoxia or "low oxygen".

    Asphyxiate:              An Asphyxiate is a gas or vapour that can displace or dilute
                             air.

    Incident:                “An unplanned, uncontrolled event which has led to or could
                             have led to injury to people, damage to plant, machinery or
                             the environment and/or some other loss."

    HSE:                     The Health and Safety Executive. They are the enforcing
                             authority for the Trust on Health and Safety matters.

   Note: Unless otherwise specified all references to the masculine must include
   the feminine and the singular and the plural.

5. Ownership and Responsibilities
   The Trust Board, managers and staff are responsible for establishing,
   maintaining and supporting a holistic approach to Health and Safety
   management, in all areas of their responsibility. They must comply with the Trust
   Health and Safety Policies and Procedures and ensure effective risk
   management mechanisms are implemented in accordance with these. Some
   members of staff and committees have particular specialist functions in relation
   to Health and Safety management as described below.

   5.1. Role of the Trust Board

        The Trust Board is ultimately responsible for fulfilling all Health and Safety
        duties as an employer, including all statute Health and Safety Law
        requirements.

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5.2. Role of the Chief Executive

    The Chief Executive has overall responsibility to the Trust Board for
    ensuring that appropriate and effective Health and Safety management
    systems are in place.

5.3. Role of the Executive Director

    The Chief Executive delegates responsibility for Health and Safety to the
    Chief Operating Officer. The Chief Operating Officer deals with matters of
    Health and Safety in close association with executive directors, clinical
    directors, senior managers and the Health and Safety Team.

5.4. Role of Care Group Managers (CGM)

    •   The Care Group Managers are responsible for ensuring that day-to day
        activities of the Care Group are conducted in a safe and suitable
        manner and this policy is effectively and correctly employed within their
        own Care Group.

    •   CGM’s will ensure that suitable and sufficient equipment and resources
        are made available to staff handing or exposed to liquid nitrogen.

    •   CGM’s will ensure that suitable and sufficient equipment and resources
        are made available to staff handing or exposed to liquid nitrogen.

5.5. Role of Heads of Nursing

    Heads of Nursing are to:

    •   Be aware of the Trust’s Health and Safety strategy and policies.

    •   Support the departmental manager in promoting a Health and Safety
        culture within your working environment, ensuring participation and
        involvement when requested.

    •   Identify potential risks and Health and Safety issues that may impact on
        the Trusts ability to achieve its objectives, and report concerns through
        your line management structure.

    •   Are required to take due care at work, report any accidents, incidents or
        untoward occurrences and comply with the Trust’s Health and Safety
        Policies in order that the Trust can fulfil its Health and Safety
        responsibilities.

5.6. Role of the Health and Safety Team

    •   The Trust Health and Safety Team are the designated safety
        management advisors for the Trust. They are responsible for advising all
        staff throughout the organisation on issues relating to areas of risk and
        adverse incident management.

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•   The Health and Safety Advisors have overall responsibility for liaising
         with relevant external agencies, including, but not restricted to, the
         Health and Safety Executive, Fire and Rescue Service, Local Authority,
         Environment Agency and other enforcement authorities etc. where their
         involvement is indicated in respect of adverse incident issues.

5.7. Role of the Managers

    Heads of Department and Line Managers are responsible for:

     •   Establishing local procedural guidelines specific to own departments.

     •   Ensuring that liquid nitrogen risk assessments and standard operating
         procedures (SOP) are in place.

     •   Ensure there are procedures to deal effectively with the foreseeable
         emergencies arising From use storage and handling of liquid nitrogen.
         (See section 6.10)

     •   Ensure that emergency procedures are promulgated and exercised at
         intervals no greater than 6 months and that these exercises are
         recorded.

     •   Ensuring that all relevant staff receives training, commensurate with
         their responsibilities, at regular intervals.

5.8. Role of Staff

    All staff members are responsible for:

     •   All employees are expected to take reasonable care to ensure the safety
         of themselves, their colleagues, patients and members of the public.

     •   Staff must participate in and comply with all Risk Assessments and local
         arrangements.

     •   All personnel involved in the filling, handling, use or transportation of
         liquid nitrogen, including transportation in Dewars shall:

             ▪ Be aware of, and trained in, the hazards of liquid nitrogen.

             ▪ Wear appropriate hand, eye, feet and body protection when handling
               full or empty Dewars.

             ▪ Not fill, use or transport any Dewar with a damaged neck, wall-trunnion
               support, and base support or wheels.

             ▪ Ensure that Dewars are correctly and clearly labelled for liquid nitrogen
               service before filling.

             ▪ Only use Dewars which are correctly and clearly labelled.

             ▪ Only transport Dewars which are correctly labelled for transport.
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▪ Be adequately trained in the handling of liquid nitrogen Dewars.

                ▪ Know what actions to take in the event of a liquid nitrogen spillage.

                ▪ Know what actions to take if an incident results in a cold burn or
                  asphyxia casualty.

6. Standards and Practice
   6.1. Liquid Nitrogen

       6.1.1.    Nitrogen is a non-toxic gas that exists naturally in the Earth’s
                 atmosphere. It is an inert gas which is colourless, odourless and
                 tasteless. Liquid nitrogen is simply nitrogen in a liquid state.
                 However in its liquid state, the properties of nitrogen are altered
                 and significantly, it becomes extremely cold.

       6.1.2.    Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen gas which has been refrigerated to the
                 point where it is so cold it turns to liquid. However, Liquid nitrogen
                 is dangerous because it releases nitrogen gas which is an
                 asphyxiate. Contact with the liquid form may cause burns.

       6.1.3.    The boiling point of liquid nitrogen minus 196 degrees centigrade
                 (-196°C). It is not toxic and does not support life or combustion.
                 The density changes with temperature and critically below 5.5°C,
                 the gas is heavier than air. In its liquid form it rapidly vaporises to
                 gas with about 700 times the liquid to gas volume.

       6.1.4.    All departments that use or store any Cryogenic gas or solids must
                 carry out a confined space risk assessment.

       6.1.5.    All staff that use liquid nitrogen/cryogenic gases must receive
                 appropriate training in its safe handling and use.

       6.1.6.    Cryogenic gases/solids are only to be used in well-ventilated
                 areas, where this is not possible. Static oxygen depletion monitors
                 must be present.

       6.1.7.    Remember, oxygen-deficient atmospheres are an invisible danger.

   6.2. Risk Assessment

       The precautions that need to be taken will depend to some extent on
       individual circumstances of each department and must be decided following
       a risk assessment (as required by both the Management of Health and
       Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and, in the event of a spill, the Confined
       Spaces Regulations 1997 (as amended). As discussed below, some of the
       hazards and precautions are common to all users.

      Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
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6.3. Hazards

    Hazards of liquid nitrogen include Cold Burns and Frostbite, Oxygen
    Deficiency or Asphyxiation, Effect of cold on lungs, Oxygen enrichment or
    Ice Plugs.

    6.3.1.    Cold Burns and Frostbite.

              Extremely low temperatures can freeze flesh rapidly and this type
              of exposure to skin at very low temperatures can produce effects
              similar to a burn. Prolonged exposure to cold can result in frostbite.

    6.3.2.    Cryogenic liquids and vapour can damage the eyes .

              6.3.2.1.       If unprotected skin must come into contact with a very
                             cold surface it may stick fast as the natural moisture
                             on the skin is frozen. This may result in injuries by
                             flesh being torn whilst attempting to withdraw from the
                             object, therefore appropriate Personal Protective
                             Equipment must always be worn.

              6.3.2.2.       When spilled onto a surface the liquid tends to cover it
                             completely. The gas issuing from the liquid is also
                             extremely cold. Delicate tissue, such as eyes, can be
                             damaged by exposure to cold gas alone. Prolonged
                             inhalation of cold vapour or gas can damage the
                             lungs.

              6.3.2.3.       Unprotected body parts contacting objects cooled by
                             liquid nitrogen may stick fast.

    6.3.3.    All cold burns must be reported to a first-aider for treatment. Such
              treatment would include:

                 • For a severe burn calling an ambulance or attending the
                   Emergency Department.

                 • Flushing the area with tepid water but, in order to avoid tissue
                   damage, a forceful flow of water must NOT be used.

                 • Not applying direct heat.

                 • Moving the casualty to a warm place (approximately 22°C,
                   70°F).

                 • Continuing to flush the affected area of the skin with tepid
                   water.

                 • Loosening the injured person’s clothing and removing any
                   tight jewellery.

                 • Keeping the patient warm and at rest.
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• Avoiding hot beverages and in keeping with existing Trust
                   policy do not allow the injured person to smoke.

6.4. Oxygen Deficiency/ Asphyxiation

    6.4.1.    Liquid nitrogen rapidly vaporises to gas, by displacing air (oxygen),
              the gas may kill by asphyxiation. When the oxygen concentration
              in air is sufficiently low, a person can become unconscious without
              any warning symptoms. Remember the gas is odourless,
              colourless and tasteless.

    6.4.2.    Upon evaporation liquid nitrogen will expand to about 700 times its
              volume. It will cause asphyxiation if it is at a concentration
              sufficient to displace the oxygen in a room. Especially at risk are
              areas with little or no air movement, or enclosed spaces with little
              or no ventilation. There is little or no warning to the individual that
              he is in an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Asphyxiation will take
              one of two forms:

                 • Sudden Asphyxia - In sudden asphyxia i.e. inhalation of a gas
                   containing practically no oxygen, unconsciousness is
                   immediate. Death can follow in a few minutes unless
                   immediate remedial action is taken.

                 • Gradual Asphyxia – Gradual asphyxia is the most common
                   form encountered, but gradual asphyxia can occur as oxygen
                   levels in the atmosphere decrease. Symptoms are shown in
                   Appendix 3.

6.5. Effect of Cold on the Lungs

    Inhalation of cold vapour or gas can damage the lungs. Short exposures
    produce discomfort in breathing whilst prolonged exposure can cause more
    serious effects.

6.6. Oxygen Enrichment

    The low temperature of liquid nitrogen can cause oxygen to condense out of
    atmospheric air. This can occur around cold pipe work, valves and in open
    Dewars. This oxygen enrichment may result in increased flammability and
    explosion risk. The oxygen enriched liquid must not be allowed to come into
    contact with oil, grease or flammable materials as spontaneous combustion
    can occur.

6.7. Ice Plugs

    6.7.1.    Ice plugs may form in the neck of open Dewar flasks and cause a
              build-up of pressure. As the pressure rises within the Dewar, the
              ice plug may be expelled at high velocity or in extreme cases the
              pressure may build up sufficiently to rupture the Dewar vessel.
              Serious injury can result.

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6.7.2.    If an ice plug is found extreme caution must be exercised and the
              area immediately vacated. Advice on how to deal with an ice
              blockage must be sought from the gas supplier or Dewar
              manufacturer and held with your local SOP and risk assessment.
              Managers must ensure that the manufacturer examines the Dewar
              before returning it to service.

    6.7.3.    Ice plugs can be prevented by diligent use of the correct Dewar
              stopper.

6.8. Precautions

    6.8.1.    Safe Systems of Work & Risk Assessment

              Equipment and systems of work must be designed, operated and
              maintained to reduce the risk of an accidental spillage. In the event
              of a spillage the quantity of liquid nitrogen that might be spilt using
              a safe system of work must be minimised. To this end a risk
              assessment of the dangers posed must be undertaken in each
              area where liquid nitrogen is either used, transported or stored.

    6.8.2.    Personal Protective Equipment

              The following Personal Protective Equipment must be worn when
              handling liquid nitrogen:

                 • Eyes: face visor (to protect both the eyes and face).

                 • Hands: loose fitting, non-absorbent, insulated gloves (leather
                   or similar). Gauntlets are not recommended as liquid could
                   collect in them.

                 • Body: overalls, lab coat or similar are recommended. In order
                   to avoid collection of liquid, such clothing should preferably
                   not have pockets, and trousers should not be tucked into
                   boots or have turn-ups.

                 • Open footwear must not be worn, and legs should be covered.

                 • Never put your hands (even in the best PPE gloves) into liquid
                   nitrogen.

                 • When using or decanting liquid nitrogen, a face visor must be
                   worn. Always wear appropriate gloves when handling
                   anything that is, or may have been, in immediate contact with
                   liquid nitrogen. Use tongs to withdraw objects immersed in the
                   liquid, and handle the object carefully.

                 • Appropriate gloves are thermal protective gloves which are
                   specifically designed for cryogenic use, with close fitting
                   ribbed cuffs to prevent liquid nitrogen from spilling inside the
                   glove. When decanting liquid nitrogen, a splash resistant
                   apron may be appropriate.
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6.9. Ventilation

    6.9.1.     Ventilation of liquid nitrogen storage areas depends on several
               factors e.g. the volume of the room, amount of liquid nitrogen
               stored and evaporation rates. For rooms above ground level with
               no special ventilation openings, natural ventilation will provide
               typically one air change per hour. With well-sealed windows e.g.
               double-glazing, this will be less. Basement rooms may only
               average 0.4 changes per hour.

    6.9.2.     For general handling of liquid nitrogen vessels, in locations at or
               above ground level, natural ventilation is generally sufficient
               provided the room is large enough. An indoor location must have
               ventilation openings provided which are at least 1% of the floor
               area and positioned diagonally opposite with the main opening at
               ground level.

    6.9.3.     Cold nitrogen gas is heavier than air and will accumulate at low
               level. Where possible liquid nitrogen must not be handled in
               basement rooms, rooms with ventilation at high level only, and
               rooms where the gas can be trapped in gullies, ducts or pits.

    6.9.4.     Rooms must be adequately ventilated to allow normal evaporation
               of vessels and evaporation during filling without the oxygen
               concentration falling below 19.5%. In addition, the complete
               spillage of the contents of the largest vessel must not allow the
               oxygen concentration fall below 18%. Personal Protective
               Equipment must be worn.

    6.9.5.     In assessing the ventilation requirements advice must be sought
               from the liaison with the Health and Safety Department and the
               Estates Department.

6.10.Emergency Procedures

    The following must be considered when formulating such a procedure:

       • Raising the alarm.

       • Summoning help and emergency services.

       • Isolating the source of leakage if appropriate and where it is safe to do
         so evacuation of persons from the danger area and preventing access.
         Remember persons in pits, basements, cellars, stairwells, lower floors
         etc.

       • Ventilation of the area by opening exterior doors and windows where
         safe to do so. This will allow liquid nitrogen to evaporate naturally. Do
         not try to clean it up.

       • Alerting neighbouring wards or departments to possible dangers from
         vapour clouds and evacuate where necessary.

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• Preventing reoccupation of the area until all gas has dispersed. If
        necessary oxygen monitors must be used to check the atmosphere
        before re-occupation.

      • After the liquid nitrogen spillage has been isolated, oxygen deficiency
        checks must also be carried out in any enclosed areas where the
        vapour cloud may have entered. This includes pits, basements and
        other confined spaces.

      • Staff likely to be involved in cleaning up spillages must be clear about
        the actions required to minimise any adverse effects or risk to
        themselves.

6.11.Transport

    6.11.1. Only use closed ‘transport’ Dewars when moving liquid nitrogen.
            When transporting larger quantities of liquid nitrogen and when
            using lifts, this task must be undertaken by two members of staff.

    6.11.2. Keep the Dewar flask upright at all times. Tipping the container or
            laying it on its side can cause spillage of liquid nitrogen. It may also
            damage the container and any materials stored in it.

    6.11.3. Rough handling can cause serious damage to Dewars. Dropping
            the container, allowing it to fall over onto its side, or subjecting it to
            sharp impact or severe vibration can result in partial or complete
            loss of vacuum. To protect the vacuum insulation system, handle
            containers carefully.

    6.11.4. Do not ‘walk’, roll or drag Dewars across a floor. Large units are
            heavy enough to cause personal injury or damage to equipment, if
            proper lifting and handling techniques are not used.

    6.11.5. Avoid transport on vehicles where the load space is not separated
            from the driver’s compartment (e.g. a car). Ensure the vehicle
            driver is aware of the potential hazards of the load and knows what
            to do in the event of an accident or an emergency.

    6.11.6. Before transporting product containers, ensure that they are firmly
            secured.

    6.11.7. Transporting around a Building

              When transporting containers of liquid nitrogen care must be taken
              to ensure they are not left, even temporarily, in an enclosed space,
              due to the risk of oxygen depletion. Do not drag Dewars along the
              floor. Trolleys must be used for vessels of 25 litres and above.

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6.11.8. Transporting in Passenger Lifts

           Procedures must be in place to ensure that no-one travels in a lift
           with liquid nitrogen; the unexpected evaporation of relatively small
           quantities of liquid nitrogen can reduce the available oxygen to a
           dangerous level in a standard passenger lift.

6.11.9. Where lifts have to be used, either:

           •       Use a lift which can be remotely controlled i.e. key controlled
                   lifts;

                   or

           •       one person places the Dewar in the lift whilst another meets the
                   lift at the designated floor (if this procedure is used a suitable
                   qualified person must be at every floor, if the lift covers multiple
                   floors, to ensure no person can enter lift whilst liquid nitrogen is
                   being transported).

           •       In both cases the Dewar travels unaccompanied. This activity
                   must be supervised by competent persons who are aware of
                   the potential hazards and the appropriate emergency action.

6.11.10. Transporting in a Vehicle

           Liquid Nitrogen must never be transported by car for the following
           reasons:

               •    Spillage of liquid nitrogen in a car (or other unsuitable vehicle)
                    could result in asphyxiation through oxygen depletion.

               •    Spillage can cause serious damage to the car's interior. For
                    example; contact with the spare wheel will make the tyre
                    lethally dangerous if subsequently fitted to the car.

               •    The drivers are unlikely to be covered by their own motor
                    insurance arrangements, even with business use cover. For
                    carriage by other vehicles the following precautions must
                    always be adhered to.

               •    The maximum quantity of liquid nitrogen carried in any
                    vehicle, without meeting the full demands of the carriage of
                    dangerous goods regulations, must not exceed 200 ml in total.

               •    Vehicles used for the transport of liquid nitrogen must be
                    designed to prevent a build-up of nitrogen gas in the event of
                    a leak or spill. This can be achieved by provision of adequate
                    high and low level vents to encourage a free-flow of air
                    through the load compartment. The load compartment must
                    be separated from the driver / passenger compartment by a
                    sealed bulkhead, or similar, to prevent escaped gas reaching
                    that compartment.
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•    If the load compartment is unventilated then the cargo door
                        shall be marked with the following in letters not less 25mm
                        high:

                                    -   WARNING.
                                    -   NO VENTILATION.
                                    -   OPEN WITH CAUTION.

              •        The load compartment door must also be labelled indicating
                       that liquid nitrogen is being transported and to require the area
                       be allowed to ventilate prior to being entered.

              •        Vehicles must also be equipped with means of securing the
                       Dewar.

              •        Dewar caps may come loose during transportation. A retaining
                       device must be fitted which keeps the cap in place but does not
                       seal the Dewar e.g. a short piece of chain or wire.

              •        In the case of a road accident the emergency services must be
                       advised that liquid nitrogen is being carried. However, Dewars
                       must be labelled adequately in case the driver is unable to
                       communicate with them following the accident.

              •        Drivers must be adequately trained regarding the hazards of
                       liquid nitrogen.

6.12.Storage

    The location for the storage and use of liquid nitrogen must be chosen in the
    following order of preference:

               •       In a ventilated room sealed from other areas of normal
                       occupancy at, or above, ground level adjacent to an outside
                       wall as far as possible from normal workstations.

               •       Above, ground level, as far as possible from normal
                       workstations.

               •       Liquid nitrogen must not be stored or used below ground level
                       or in corridors.

               •       All pipe-work and valves must be labelled or marked for
                       functions.

               •       All vessels and equipment must be commissioned and handed
                       over by a competent person.

   Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                      Page 16 of 25
6.13.Workplace Storage

    All vessels, work equipment, furniture and other items must be organised in
    such a way as to allow staff, and other users of the space, adequate means
    of access and egress.

6.14.Storage of Dewars in Rooms

    6.14.1.    Dewars must not be stored in sealed rooms (e.g. walk in
               refrigerated rooms) because the reduced ventilation may be
               inadequate to mitigate against spillage and general evaporation.

    6.14.2.    Storing single Dewars of up to 25L in rooms is considered
               acceptable with adequate ventilation. However the storage of
               large numbers of small Dewars or Dewars over 25 litre capacity
               may require additional precautions to be taken. In these
               circumstances consideration must be given to:

                      •   The size of the room.

                      •   The storage conditions and ventilation level.

                      •   And the possible use of alarms which trigger due to low
                          oxygen level.
6.15.Containers

    6.15.1.    Only use containers designed for low-temperature liquids.

    6.15.2.    Containers (e.g. Dewar flasks) are specifically designed and
               made of materials that can withstand the rapid changes and
               extreme temperature differences encountered in working with
               liquid nitrogen.

    6.15.3.    Even so, these special containers must be filled slowly to
               minimise the internal stresses that occur when any material is
               cooled.

    6.15.4.    Do not cover or plug the entrance opening of any liquid nitrogen
               Dewar.

    6.15.5.    Do not use any stopper or other device that would interfere with
               venting gas.

    6.15.6.    Cryogenic liquid containers are generally designed to operate with
               little or no internal pressure, inadequate venting can result in
               excessive gas pressure which could damage or burst the
               container. Check the unit periodically to be sure that the venting is
               not restricted by accumulated ice or frost.

   Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                      Page 17 of 25
6.16.Bulk Storage Facilities

    Bulk tanks over 500 litre capacity must be situated outside in a location that
    is acceptable to the gas supplier. The location must be exclusively for the
    storage of liquid nitrogen, at above ground level and away from ducts,
    drains and other ground depressions. It must also be designated a ‘No
    Parking’ area.

6.17.Labelling

      Liquid nitrogen Dewars shall be clearly and adequately labelled. The Label
      includes:

         •       Basic safety information.

         •       Transport labelling information.

         •       Gas supplier contacts.

6.18.Periodic Inspection and Maintenance

         •       All large capacity storage equipment (25 litres or larger) must be
                 subject to annual maintenance checks.

         •       Smaller Dewars must be visually inspected on a regular basis.

         •       Alarms installed for low oxygen levels must also subject to regular
                 maintenance checks.

6.19.Disposal

    6.19.1.        Never dispose of liquid nitrogen down the drain and it must never
                   be poured down a sink, as waste pipes will crack offering the
                   potential for gas leaks into occupied areas. Ordinary materials
                   may not be able to withstand cryogenic temperatures without
                   failure. Laboratory plumbing is a common example.

    6.19.2.        Unwanted liquid nitrogen must be allowed to evaporate in well
                   ventilated areas, preferably outside, pour the liquid slowly onto
                   gravel or bare earth, from which other people are excluded, where
                   it can evaporate without causing damage or allow waste liquid
                   nitrogen to evaporate naturally in a fume hood. Do not pour the
                   liquid on the pavement.

6.20.First Aid

    6.20.1. Skin / Eye Contact

             •    Immediately flush thoroughly with copious quantities of tepid water
                  (the water must not be hotter than 44°C).

             •    DO NOT apply any form of direct heat.
    Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                       Page 18 of 25
•   DO NOT rub affected parts either before or after warming.

       •   Move patient to a warm place (22°C).

       •   The aim is to slowly raise the temperature of the affected area back
           to normal. For minor injuries make the injured person comfortable
           and loosen any clothing that may restrict blood circulation. Do not
           pull clothes away from burned or frozen area.

       •   Use a sterile burn dressing to protect the injury and to get the
           person to the Emergency department.

       •   DO NOT permit smoking, alcohol consumption or give analgesics
           (aspirin, paracetamol etc.).

6.20.2. Anoxia

      6.20.2.1. If a person seems to become dizzy or loses consciousness
                while working with liquid nitrogen, move to a well-ventilated
                area immediately. In contained areas, self-contained
                breathing apparatus must be worn unless the atmosphere is
                proved to be safe.

      6.20.2.2. Summary of Recommendations for Managers;

                   •   Carry out a risk-assessment of the activity in accordance
                       with Trust Policy which must take account of emergency
                       procedures in the event of an uncontrolled release of
                       material.

                   •   Where the work activity occurs in an enclosed space then
                       this shall be reviewed against the requirements of the
                       Confined Spaces Regulations.

                   •   Carry out actions resulting from risk assessments.

                   •   Ensure that all employees are adequately trained in the
                       handling of liquid nitrogen and decanting into Dewars.

                   •   Ensure all staff are aware of the hazards of liquid
                       nitrogen and that standard operating procedures are in
                       place and followed.

                   •   Ensure that adequate ventilation is provided in areas
                       Dewars are used or stored.

                   •   Ensure that adequate procedures are in place for the
                       transportation of Dewars within the premises, particularly
                       in respect to the use of lifts and stairs.

                   •   Ensure that manual handling assessments have been
                       carried out on all activities involving Dewars.

Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                   Page 19 of 25
•   Ensure that labelling meets all regulatory requirements.

                          •   Ensure that Dewars are adequately maintained and that
                              they are in good condition.

                          •   Ensure that adequate emergency procedures are in
                              place in the event of a liquid spillage.

                          •   Ensure that a sufficient number of personnel are trained
                              in First Aid to ensure treatment of asphyxia and cold
                              burns.

   6.21.Training

       6.21.1.     Training will be facilitated by the Learning and Development and
                   be accessible to all employees handling liquid nitrogen.

       6.21.2.     All personnel handling liquid nitrogen and those directly involved
                   in the commissioning, operation and maintenance of liquid
                   nitrogen storage systems must be fully informed regarding the
                   hazards; in particular oxygen deficient atmospheres, cold burns
                   and emergency procedures. The training must be arranged to
                   cover those aspects and potential hazards that the particular
                   person is likely to encounter.

       6.21.3.     Training must cover, but not necessarily be confined to, the
                   following subjects for all personnel:

                      •   Potential hazards of liquid nitrogen.

                      •   Site and safety rules.

                      •   Handling procedures e.g. method of dispensing, sample
                          retrieval, transportation.

                      •   Use of protective clothing/apparatus including breathing sets
                          where applicable.

                      •   Emergency procedures.

                      •   First aid treatment for cryogenic burns.

                      •   All training must be formally recorded with refresher training
                          undertaken periodically.

7. Dissemination and Implementation
   7.1. Once consultation has been undertaken the final published document will
        be held centrally within the online Document Library and be available to
        staff.

       Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                          Page 20 of 25
7.2. Care Group General Managers will ensure that the contents of this
        document are highlighted to staff through regular divisional meetings.

8. Monitoring compliance and effectiveness

    Element to be   Compliance with the undertaking Liquid nitrogen risk
    monitored       assessments.
    Lead            Health and Safety Team.
    Tool            Care Group Reports to the Health and Safety Team.
    Frequency       Quarterly.
    Reporting       Reports received by the Health and Safety Team as
    arrangements    detailed above and reported in accordance with the
                    Committee Terms of Reference.
    Acting on       Health and Safety Team will request action from
    recommendations Divisional Representatives; and escalate to Governance
    and Lead(s)     Committee as required.
    Change in       Where issues are identified within reports; all such
    practice and    comments will be fed back to the relevant area by the
    lessons to be   appropriate representative on the committee within a
    shared          timeframe identified by the Committee.

9. Updating and Review
   9.1. This document will be reviewed every 3 years and/or in the event of any
        significant change with the organisational structure/management
        arrangements and subject to consultation via the Trust Health, Safety,
        Security & Moving and Handling Team.

   9.2. Appendices and the associated documentation regarding this policy may be
        reviewed / revised in consultation with the Health, Safety, Security & Moving
        and Handling Team without formally being undertaken by the Health,
        Safety, Security & Moving and Handling Team, provided that the
        amendments do not impact upon the general arrangements made within the
        policy.

10. Equality and Diversity
   10.1.This document complies with the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS
        Trust service Equality and Diversity statement which can be found in
        the 'Equality, Inclusion & Human Rights Policy' or the Equality and
        Diversity website.

   10.2. The Initial Equality Impact Assessment Screening Form is at Appendix
         Two (2).

       Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                          Page 21 of 25
Appendix 1. Governance Information

                                       Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage,
Document Title
                                       Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
This document replaces (exact          Operational Health and Safety Policy on the
title of previous version):            Control of Liquid Nitrogen. Version V3.2
Date Issued/Approved:                  September 2021

Date Valid From:                       September 2021

Date Valid To:                         September 2024

Directorate / Department
                                       G Griffiths, Head of Health and Safety.
responsible (author/owner):

Contact details:                       01872 25 2266
                                       Trust management arrangements for the safe
Brief summary of contents              transport, storage, use and disposal of Liquid
                                       Nitrogen (Policy and Guidance).
                                       Liquid Nitrogen, confined, gas, health, safety,
Suggested Keywords:
                                       Dewars, emergency, oxygen.
                                            RCHT               CFT              KCCG
Target Audience
                                              ✓
Executive Director responsible
                                       Chief Operating Officer.
for Policy:
Approval route for consultation
                                       Health and Safety Committee.
and ratification:

General Manager confirming
                                       G Griffiths, Head of Health and Safety
approval processes
Name of Governance Lead
confirming approval by                 Natasha Quick, Service Improvement &
specialty and care group               Business Lead (Health)
management meetings
                                       Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
                                       Management of Health and Safety Regulations
                                       1999
Links to key external standards
                                       Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
                                       Regulations 2002
                                       CQC Regulations
                                       Health and Safety General Policy.

                                       Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Policy
                                       and Guidance.
Related Documents:
                                       Health & Safety Policy & Procedure for the
                                       Movement, Handling and Management of
                                       Dangerous Goods by Road.

       Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                          Page 22 of 25
Driving at Work Health and Safety Policy and
                                           Guidance.

                                           First Aid Policy And Guidance
 Training Need Identified?                 Yes
 Publication Location (refer to
 Policy on Policies – Approvals            Internet & Intranet         ✓      Intranet Only
 and Ratification):
 Document Library Folder/Sub
                                           Chief Operating Officer / Health & Safety.
 Folder

Version Control Table

               Version                                                            Changes Made by
   Date                               Summary of Changes
                 No                                                              (Name and Job Title)

Oct 2006         V1.0       Original.                                           Len Welch

                            Minor changes to sentences to add
                            clarity and change from directorate to
Dec 2009         V2.0       divisional structure. Removal of the                Len Welch
                            paper system of risk. assessment and
                            the including of the
                            Datix Risk Module.
                                                                                J. Robin Gatenby
Dec 2013         V3.0       Total revision of the whole document.               Health and Safety
                                                                                Manager
                                                                                J. Robin Gatenby
Dec 2016         V3.1       Review of full document.                            Head of Safety, Fire &
                                                                                Security Management
                                                                                Malcolm Irving
Dec 2020         V3.2       Review of full document.
                                                                                Safety Adviser/ Auditor

                                                                                Malcolm Irving
Feb 2021         V4.0       Full 3 year review.
                                                                                Safety Adviser/ Auditor

All or part of this document can be released under the Freedom of Information
                                   Act 2000

     This document is to be retained for 10 years from the date of expiry.
             This document is only valid on the day of printing

                             Controlled Document
This document has been created following the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
 Policy for the Development and Management of Knowledge, Procedural and Web
Documents (The Policy on Policies). It should not be altered in any way without the
               express permission of the author or their Line Manager.

           Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                              Page 23 of 25
Appendix 2. Equality Impact Assessment
               Section 1: Equality Impact Assessment Form
Name of the strategy / policy /proposal / service function to be assessed
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Directorate and service area:                      Is this a new or existing Policy?
Chief Operating Officer / Health and Safety        Existing
Name of individual/group completing EIA            Contact details:
Malcolm Irving, Senior Safety Advisor              01872 25 2144
 1. Policy Aim
 Who is the               To outline the Trust’s position for the management of its
 strategy / policy /      statutory compliance with the control of cryogenic asphyxiant
 proposal / service       substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.
 function aimed at?
2. Policy Objectives
                           Establish a uniform approach toward the management and control
                           of s cryogenic asphyxiant substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.

3. Policy Intended
Outcomes                   Ensure a safe environment for all staff, patients, visitors and
                           contractors in relation to the management of cryogenic asphyxiant
                           substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.

4. How will
                           Through incident reporting, monitoring existing health and safety
you measure
                           committee reports. Periodic audit of the completion of local Risk
the outcome?
                           Assessments.
5. Who is intended
to benefit from the        All Trust stakeholders.
policy?
6a). Who did you                                          Local           External
                         Workforce         Patients                                     Other
consult with?                                             groups          organisations
                                x

b). Please list any        Please record specific names of groups:
groups who have
been consulted             Health and Safety Committee.
about this procedure.      Health and Safety Leadership Team.

c). What was the
outcome of the           Approved
consultation?

            Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
                                               Page 24 of 25
7. The Impact
Please complete the following table. If you are unsure/don’t know if there is a negative impact
you need to repeat the consultation step.
Are there concerns that the policy could have a positive/negative impact on:
Protected
                          Yes No        Unsure           Rationale for Assessment / Existing Evidence
Characteristic
 Age                               X                        This policy does not impact on age.
 Sex (male, female
 non-binary, asexual               X                      This Policy does not impact on gender.
 etc.)

 Gender                            X                       This Policy does not impact on gender
 reassignment                                                          reassignment.
 Race/ethnic
 communities                       X                        This Policy does not impact on race.
 /groups

 Disability
 (learning disability,
 physical disability,
 sensory impairment,               X
 mental health
                                                         This Policy does not impact on disability.
 problems and some
 long term health
 conditions)
 Religion/                                               This Policy does not discriminate with any
 other beliefs                     X                            religious or cultural beliefs.
 Marriage and civil                                    This Policy does not impact on marriage/ civil
 partnership                       X                                   partnership.
 Pregnancy and                                          This Policy does not impact on pregnancy /
 maternity                         X                                    maternity.
 Sexual orientation
 (bisexual, gay,                    X               This Policy does not impact on sexual orientation.
 heterosexual, lesbian)
 If all characteristics are ticked ‘no’, and this is not a major working or service
 change, you can end the assessment here as long as you have a robust rationale
 in place.
         I am confident that section 2 of this EIA does not need completing as there are no highlighted
         risks of negative impact occurring because of this policy.

Name of person confirming result of initial
                                                         Malcolm Irving, Senior Safety Advisor
impact assessment:
If you have ticked ‘yes’ to any characteristic above OR this is a major working or
service change, you will need to complete section 2 of the EIA form available here:
Section 2. Full Equality Analysis

For guidance please refer to the Equality Impact Assessments Policy (available from
the document library) or contact the Human Rights, Equality and Inclusion Lead
india.bundock@nhs.net

              Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
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