V4.0 Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) - (HSP 10.6) September 2021
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Liquid Nitrogen Policy
(Safe Transport, Storage, Use and
Disposal)
(HSP 10.6)
V4.0
September 2021Summary
Requirement for
Liquid Nitrogen
identified
Risk Assessment
Transport of Liquid
completed Nitrogen
✓ Always use an approved Dewer
✓ Ensure that appropriate PPE is
Appropriate storage available with the Dewer at all
location identified, times
agreed and equipped
Do not transport more than
Review 200 ml.
Staff using/exposed to liquid
nitrogen provided with Do not transport in a car
appropriate training.
Do not travel in any lift with a
container of liquid nitrogen
PPE provided
Risk Assessment updated
and Standard Operating
Procedure published
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 2 of 25Table of Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................................ 2
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 5
2. Purpose of this Policy/Procedure ............................................................................. 5
3. Scope ........................................................................................................................... 5
4. Definitions / Glossary ................................................................................................. 5
5. Ownership and Responsibilities ............................................................................... 6
5.1. Role of the Trust Board ....................................................................................... 6
5.2. Role of the Chief Executive ................................................................................. 7
5.3. Role of the Executive Director ............................................................................ 7
5.4. Role of Care Group Managers (CGM) ............................................................... 7
5.5. Role of Heads of Nursing .................................................................................... 7
5.6. Role of the Health and Safety Team .................................................................. 7
5.7. Role of the Managers ............................................................................................ 8
5.8. Role of Staff ........................................................................................................... 8
6. Standards and Practice ........................................................................................... 9
6.1. Liquid Nitrogen ..................................................................................................... 9
6.2. Risk Assessment ................................................................................................... 9
6.3. Hazards ............................................................................................................... 10
6.4. Oxygen Deficiency/ Asphyxiation ........................................................................ 11
6.5. Effect of Cold on the Lungs ............................................................................... 11
6.6. Oxygen Enrichment ........................................................................................... 11
6.7. Ice Plugs ............................................................................................................. 11
6.8. Precautions ........................................................................................................ 12
6.9. Ventilation ........................................................................................................... 13
6.10. Emergency Procedures ................................................................................. 13
6.11. Transport ......................................................................................................... 14
6.12. Storage ............................................................................................................ 16
6.13. Workplace Storage ......................................................................................... 17
6.14. Storage of Dewars in Rooms ........................................................................ 17
6.15. Containers....................................................................................................... 17
6.16. Bulk Storage Facilities ................................................................................... 18
6.17. Labelling .......................................................................................................... 18
6.18. Periodic Inspection and Maintenance ........................................................... 18
6.19. Disposal .......................................................................................................... 18
6.20. First Aid ........................................................................................................... 18
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 3 of 256.21. Training ........................................................................................................... 20
7. Dissemination and Implementation ........................................................................ 20
8. Monitoring compliance and effectiveness ............................................................. 21
9. Updating and Review ............................................................................................... 21
10. Equality and Diversity .............................................................................................. 21
Appendix 1. Governance Information ............................................................................ 22
Appendix 2. Equality Impact Assessment ..................................................................... 24
Data Protection Act 2018 (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR)
Legislation
The Trust has a duty under the Data Protection Act 2018 and General Data
Protection Regulations 2016/679 to ensure that there is a valid legal basis to
process personal and sensitive data. The legal basis for processing must be
identified and documented before the processing begins. In many cases we may
need consent; this must be explicit, informed, and documented. We cannot rely on
opt out, it must be opt in.
Data Protection Act 2018 and General Data Protection Regulations 2016/679 is
applicable to all staff; this includes those working as contractors and providers of
services.
For more information about your obligations under the Data Protection Act 2018
and General Data Protection Regulations 2016/679 please see the Information
Use Framework Policy or contact the Information Governance Team
rch-tr.infogov@nhs.net
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 4 of 251. Introduction
1.1. The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust recognises and is committed to
meeting or exceeding its legal duties under the Health and Safety at Work
etc. Act 1974 and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2002 (as amended 2005).
1.2. This document is particularly concerned with the safe transport, storage,
use and disposal of liquid nitrogen. This document must be read in
conjunction with the Trust Health and Safety General, Hazardous
Substances and the Incident Reporting policies.
1.3. The successful implementation of this policy requires the total co-operation
and commitment of all members of the Trust’s management and staff.
1.4. The special duties of staff detailed herein are in addition to those detailed in
the Trust Health and Safety Policy.
1.5. This version supersedes any previous versions of this document.
2. Purpose of this Policy/Procedure
2.1. The Trust aims to achieve or exceed current statutory requirements and
strive for excellence of best practice.
2.2. The aim of the policy is to establish roles and responsibilities for various
levels of management compliance with statutory obligations and to promote
timely reporting of relevant incidents.
2.3. These guidelines exist to inform all personnel involved in the transport,
storage, use and disposal of liquid nitrogen.
3. Scope
3.1. This document covers the safe transport, storage, use and disposal of
liquid nitrogen. It sets the standards expected within the Trust.
3.2. This document is applicable to all sites, divisions, departments and wards,
within the Trust.
4. Definitions / Glossary
For the purposes of this document the following terms will, unless otherwise
stated, apply.
The Trust: The Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 5 of 25Trust sites: All areas, sites, buildings or premises owned, occupied or
controlled by the Trust.
Dewar: A specific cryogenic container / more than one specific
cryogenic container into which liquid nitrogen is decanted.
Also known as Dewar flask(s).
Cryogenic: A cryogenic gas is a gas that has been cooled to a liquid
state below 150 Kelvin.
Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic gas.
PPE: Personnel Protective Equipment.
SOP: Standard Operating Procedure.
Anoxia: A total depletion in the level of oxygen, an extreme form of
hypoxia or "low oxygen".
Asphyxiate: An Asphyxiate is a gas or vapour that can displace or dilute
air.
Incident: “An unplanned, uncontrolled event which has led to or could
have led to injury to people, damage to plant, machinery or
the environment and/or some other loss."
HSE: The Health and Safety Executive. They are the enforcing
authority for the Trust on Health and Safety matters.
Note: Unless otherwise specified all references to the masculine must include
the feminine and the singular and the plural.
5. Ownership and Responsibilities
The Trust Board, managers and staff are responsible for establishing,
maintaining and supporting a holistic approach to Health and Safety
management, in all areas of their responsibility. They must comply with the Trust
Health and Safety Policies and Procedures and ensure effective risk
management mechanisms are implemented in accordance with these. Some
members of staff and committees have particular specialist functions in relation
to Health and Safety management as described below.
5.1. Role of the Trust Board
The Trust Board is ultimately responsible for fulfilling all Health and Safety
duties as an employer, including all statute Health and Safety Law
requirements.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 6 of 255.2. Role of the Chief Executive
The Chief Executive has overall responsibility to the Trust Board for
ensuring that appropriate and effective Health and Safety management
systems are in place.
5.3. Role of the Executive Director
The Chief Executive delegates responsibility for Health and Safety to the
Chief Operating Officer. The Chief Operating Officer deals with matters of
Health and Safety in close association with executive directors, clinical
directors, senior managers and the Health and Safety Team.
5.4. Role of Care Group Managers (CGM)
• The Care Group Managers are responsible for ensuring that day-to day
activities of the Care Group are conducted in a safe and suitable
manner and this policy is effectively and correctly employed within their
own Care Group.
• CGM’s will ensure that suitable and sufficient equipment and resources
are made available to staff handing or exposed to liquid nitrogen.
• CGM’s will ensure that suitable and sufficient equipment and resources
are made available to staff handing or exposed to liquid nitrogen.
5.5. Role of Heads of Nursing
Heads of Nursing are to:
• Be aware of the Trust’s Health and Safety strategy and policies.
• Support the departmental manager in promoting a Health and Safety
culture within your working environment, ensuring participation and
involvement when requested.
• Identify potential risks and Health and Safety issues that may impact on
the Trusts ability to achieve its objectives, and report concerns through
your line management structure.
• Are required to take due care at work, report any accidents, incidents or
untoward occurrences and comply with the Trust’s Health and Safety
Policies in order that the Trust can fulfil its Health and Safety
responsibilities.
5.6. Role of the Health and Safety Team
• The Trust Health and Safety Team are the designated safety
management advisors for the Trust. They are responsible for advising all
staff throughout the organisation on issues relating to areas of risk and
adverse incident management.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 7 of 25• The Health and Safety Advisors have overall responsibility for liaising
with relevant external agencies, including, but not restricted to, the
Health and Safety Executive, Fire and Rescue Service, Local Authority,
Environment Agency and other enforcement authorities etc. where their
involvement is indicated in respect of adverse incident issues.
5.7. Role of the Managers
Heads of Department and Line Managers are responsible for:
• Establishing local procedural guidelines specific to own departments.
• Ensuring that liquid nitrogen risk assessments and standard operating
procedures (SOP) are in place.
• Ensure there are procedures to deal effectively with the foreseeable
emergencies arising From use storage and handling of liquid nitrogen.
(See section 6.10)
• Ensure that emergency procedures are promulgated and exercised at
intervals no greater than 6 months and that these exercises are
recorded.
• Ensuring that all relevant staff receives training, commensurate with
their responsibilities, at regular intervals.
5.8. Role of Staff
All staff members are responsible for:
• All employees are expected to take reasonable care to ensure the safety
of themselves, their colleagues, patients and members of the public.
• Staff must participate in and comply with all Risk Assessments and local
arrangements.
• All personnel involved in the filling, handling, use or transportation of
liquid nitrogen, including transportation in Dewars shall:
▪ Be aware of, and trained in, the hazards of liquid nitrogen.
▪ Wear appropriate hand, eye, feet and body protection when handling
full or empty Dewars.
▪ Not fill, use or transport any Dewar with a damaged neck, wall-trunnion
support, and base support or wheels.
▪ Ensure that Dewars are correctly and clearly labelled for liquid nitrogen
service before filling.
▪ Only use Dewars which are correctly and clearly labelled.
▪ Only transport Dewars which are correctly labelled for transport.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 8 of 25▪ Be adequately trained in the handling of liquid nitrogen Dewars.
▪ Know what actions to take in the event of a liquid nitrogen spillage.
▪ Know what actions to take if an incident results in a cold burn or
asphyxia casualty.
6. Standards and Practice
6.1. Liquid Nitrogen
6.1.1. Nitrogen is a non-toxic gas that exists naturally in the Earth’s
atmosphere. It is an inert gas which is colourless, odourless and
tasteless. Liquid nitrogen is simply nitrogen in a liquid state.
However in its liquid state, the properties of nitrogen are altered
and significantly, it becomes extremely cold.
6.1.2. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen gas which has been refrigerated to the
point where it is so cold it turns to liquid. However, Liquid nitrogen
is dangerous because it releases nitrogen gas which is an
asphyxiate. Contact with the liquid form may cause burns.
6.1.3. The boiling point of liquid nitrogen minus 196 degrees centigrade
(-196°C). It is not toxic and does not support life or combustion.
The density changes with temperature and critically below 5.5°C,
the gas is heavier than air. In its liquid form it rapidly vaporises to
gas with about 700 times the liquid to gas volume.
6.1.4. All departments that use or store any Cryogenic gas or solids must
carry out a confined space risk assessment.
6.1.5. All staff that use liquid nitrogen/cryogenic gases must receive
appropriate training in its safe handling and use.
6.1.6. Cryogenic gases/solids are only to be used in well-ventilated
areas, where this is not possible. Static oxygen depletion monitors
must be present.
6.1.7. Remember, oxygen-deficient atmospheres are an invisible danger.
6.2. Risk Assessment
The precautions that need to be taken will depend to some extent on
individual circumstances of each department and must be decided following
a risk assessment (as required by both the Management of Health and
Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and, in the event of a spill, the Confined
Spaces Regulations 1997 (as amended). As discussed below, some of the
hazards and precautions are common to all users.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 9 of 256.3. Hazards
Hazards of liquid nitrogen include Cold Burns and Frostbite, Oxygen
Deficiency or Asphyxiation, Effect of cold on lungs, Oxygen enrichment or
Ice Plugs.
6.3.1. Cold Burns and Frostbite.
Extremely low temperatures can freeze flesh rapidly and this type
of exposure to skin at very low temperatures can produce effects
similar to a burn. Prolonged exposure to cold can result in frostbite.
6.3.2. Cryogenic liquids and vapour can damage the eyes .
6.3.2.1. If unprotected skin must come into contact with a very
cold surface it may stick fast as the natural moisture
on the skin is frozen. This may result in injuries by
flesh being torn whilst attempting to withdraw from the
object, therefore appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment must always be worn.
6.3.2.2. When spilled onto a surface the liquid tends to cover it
completely. The gas issuing from the liquid is also
extremely cold. Delicate tissue, such as eyes, can be
damaged by exposure to cold gas alone. Prolonged
inhalation of cold vapour or gas can damage the
lungs.
6.3.2.3. Unprotected body parts contacting objects cooled by
liquid nitrogen may stick fast.
6.3.3. All cold burns must be reported to a first-aider for treatment. Such
treatment would include:
• For a severe burn calling an ambulance or attending the
Emergency Department.
• Flushing the area with tepid water but, in order to avoid tissue
damage, a forceful flow of water must NOT be used.
• Not applying direct heat.
• Moving the casualty to a warm place (approximately 22°C,
70°F).
• Continuing to flush the affected area of the skin with tepid
water.
• Loosening the injured person’s clothing and removing any
tight jewellery.
• Keeping the patient warm and at rest.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 10 of 25• Avoiding hot beverages and in keeping with existing Trust
policy do not allow the injured person to smoke.
6.4. Oxygen Deficiency/ Asphyxiation
6.4.1. Liquid nitrogen rapidly vaporises to gas, by displacing air (oxygen),
the gas may kill by asphyxiation. When the oxygen concentration
in air is sufficiently low, a person can become unconscious without
any warning symptoms. Remember the gas is odourless,
colourless and tasteless.
6.4.2. Upon evaporation liquid nitrogen will expand to about 700 times its
volume. It will cause asphyxiation if it is at a concentration
sufficient to displace the oxygen in a room. Especially at risk are
areas with little or no air movement, or enclosed spaces with little
or no ventilation. There is little or no warning to the individual that
he is in an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Asphyxiation will take
one of two forms:
• Sudden Asphyxia - In sudden asphyxia i.e. inhalation of a gas
containing practically no oxygen, unconsciousness is
immediate. Death can follow in a few minutes unless
immediate remedial action is taken.
• Gradual Asphyxia – Gradual asphyxia is the most common
form encountered, but gradual asphyxia can occur as oxygen
levels in the atmosphere decrease. Symptoms are shown in
Appendix 3.
6.5. Effect of Cold on the Lungs
Inhalation of cold vapour or gas can damage the lungs. Short exposures
produce discomfort in breathing whilst prolonged exposure can cause more
serious effects.
6.6. Oxygen Enrichment
The low temperature of liquid nitrogen can cause oxygen to condense out of
atmospheric air. This can occur around cold pipe work, valves and in open
Dewars. This oxygen enrichment may result in increased flammability and
explosion risk. The oxygen enriched liquid must not be allowed to come into
contact with oil, grease or flammable materials as spontaneous combustion
can occur.
6.7. Ice Plugs
6.7.1. Ice plugs may form in the neck of open Dewar flasks and cause a
build-up of pressure. As the pressure rises within the Dewar, the
ice plug may be expelled at high velocity or in extreme cases the
pressure may build up sufficiently to rupture the Dewar vessel.
Serious injury can result.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 11 of 256.7.2. If an ice plug is found extreme caution must be exercised and the
area immediately vacated. Advice on how to deal with an ice
blockage must be sought from the gas supplier or Dewar
manufacturer and held with your local SOP and risk assessment.
Managers must ensure that the manufacturer examines the Dewar
before returning it to service.
6.7.3. Ice plugs can be prevented by diligent use of the correct Dewar
stopper.
6.8. Precautions
6.8.1. Safe Systems of Work & Risk Assessment
Equipment and systems of work must be designed, operated and
maintained to reduce the risk of an accidental spillage. In the event
of a spillage the quantity of liquid nitrogen that might be spilt using
a safe system of work must be minimised. To this end a risk
assessment of the dangers posed must be undertaken in each
area where liquid nitrogen is either used, transported or stored.
6.8.2. Personal Protective Equipment
The following Personal Protective Equipment must be worn when
handling liquid nitrogen:
• Eyes: face visor (to protect both the eyes and face).
• Hands: loose fitting, non-absorbent, insulated gloves (leather
or similar). Gauntlets are not recommended as liquid could
collect in them.
• Body: overalls, lab coat or similar are recommended. In order
to avoid collection of liquid, such clothing should preferably
not have pockets, and trousers should not be tucked into
boots or have turn-ups.
• Open footwear must not be worn, and legs should be covered.
• Never put your hands (even in the best PPE gloves) into liquid
nitrogen.
• When using or decanting liquid nitrogen, a face visor must be
worn. Always wear appropriate gloves when handling
anything that is, or may have been, in immediate contact with
liquid nitrogen. Use tongs to withdraw objects immersed in the
liquid, and handle the object carefully.
• Appropriate gloves are thermal protective gloves which are
specifically designed for cryogenic use, with close fitting
ribbed cuffs to prevent liquid nitrogen from spilling inside the
glove. When decanting liquid nitrogen, a splash resistant
apron may be appropriate.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 12 of 256.9. Ventilation
6.9.1. Ventilation of liquid nitrogen storage areas depends on several
factors e.g. the volume of the room, amount of liquid nitrogen
stored and evaporation rates. For rooms above ground level with
no special ventilation openings, natural ventilation will provide
typically one air change per hour. With well-sealed windows e.g.
double-glazing, this will be less. Basement rooms may only
average 0.4 changes per hour.
6.9.2. For general handling of liquid nitrogen vessels, in locations at or
above ground level, natural ventilation is generally sufficient
provided the room is large enough. An indoor location must have
ventilation openings provided which are at least 1% of the floor
area and positioned diagonally opposite with the main opening at
ground level.
6.9.3. Cold nitrogen gas is heavier than air and will accumulate at low
level. Where possible liquid nitrogen must not be handled in
basement rooms, rooms with ventilation at high level only, and
rooms where the gas can be trapped in gullies, ducts or pits.
6.9.4. Rooms must be adequately ventilated to allow normal evaporation
of vessels and evaporation during filling without the oxygen
concentration falling below 19.5%. In addition, the complete
spillage of the contents of the largest vessel must not allow the
oxygen concentration fall below 18%. Personal Protective
Equipment must be worn.
6.9.5. In assessing the ventilation requirements advice must be sought
from the liaison with the Health and Safety Department and the
Estates Department.
6.10.Emergency Procedures
The following must be considered when formulating such a procedure:
• Raising the alarm.
• Summoning help and emergency services.
• Isolating the source of leakage if appropriate and where it is safe to do
so evacuation of persons from the danger area and preventing access.
Remember persons in pits, basements, cellars, stairwells, lower floors
etc.
• Ventilation of the area by opening exterior doors and windows where
safe to do so. This will allow liquid nitrogen to evaporate naturally. Do
not try to clean it up.
• Alerting neighbouring wards or departments to possible dangers from
vapour clouds and evacuate where necessary.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 13 of 25• Preventing reoccupation of the area until all gas has dispersed. If
necessary oxygen monitors must be used to check the atmosphere
before re-occupation.
• After the liquid nitrogen spillage has been isolated, oxygen deficiency
checks must also be carried out in any enclosed areas where the
vapour cloud may have entered. This includes pits, basements and
other confined spaces.
• Staff likely to be involved in cleaning up spillages must be clear about
the actions required to minimise any adverse effects or risk to
themselves.
6.11.Transport
6.11.1. Only use closed ‘transport’ Dewars when moving liquid nitrogen.
When transporting larger quantities of liquid nitrogen and when
using lifts, this task must be undertaken by two members of staff.
6.11.2. Keep the Dewar flask upright at all times. Tipping the container or
laying it on its side can cause spillage of liquid nitrogen. It may also
damage the container and any materials stored in it.
6.11.3. Rough handling can cause serious damage to Dewars. Dropping
the container, allowing it to fall over onto its side, or subjecting it to
sharp impact or severe vibration can result in partial or complete
loss of vacuum. To protect the vacuum insulation system, handle
containers carefully.
6.11.4. Do not ‘walk’, roll or drag Dewars across a floor. Large units are
heavy enough to cause personal injury or damage to equipment, if
proper lifting and handling techniques are not used.
6.11.5. Avoid transport on vehicles where the load space is not separated
from the driver’s compartment (e.g. a car). Ensure the vehicle
driver is aware of the potential hazards of the load and knows what
to do in the event of an accident or an emergency.
6.11.6. Before transporting product containers, ensure that they are firmly
secured.
6.11.7. Transporting around a Building
When transporting containers of liquid nitrogen care must be taken
to ensure they are not left, even temporarily, in an enclosed space,
due to the risk of oxygen depletion. Do not drag Dewars along the
floor. Trolleys must be used for vessels of 25 litres and above.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 14 of 256.11.8. Transporting in Passenger Lifts
Procedures must be in place to ensure that no-one travels in a lift
with liquid nitrogen; the unexpected evaporation of relatively small
quantities of liquid nitrogen can reduce the available oxygen to a
dangerous level in a standard passenger lift.
6.11.9. Where lifts have to be used, either:
• Use a lift which can be remotely controlled i.e. key controlled
lifts;
or
• one person places the Dewar in the lift whilst another meets the
lift at the designated floor (if this procedure is used a suitable
qualified person must be at every floor, if the lift covers multiple
floors, to ensure no person can enter lift whilst liquid nitrogen is
being transported).
• In both cases the Dewar travels unaccompanied. This activity
must be supervised by competent persons who are aware of
the potential hazards and the appropriate emergency action.
6.11.10. Transporting in a Vehicle
Liquid Nitrogen must never be transported by car for the following
reasons:
• Spillage of liquid nitrogen in a car (or other unsuitable vehicle)
could result in asphyxiation through oxygen depletion.
• Spillage can cause serious damage to the car's interior. For
example; contact with the spare wheel will make the tyre
lethally dangerous if subsequently fitted to the car.
• The drivers are unlikely to be covered by their own motor
insurance arrangements, even with business use cover. For
carriage by other vehicles the following precautions must
always be adhered to.
• The maximum quantity of liquid nitrogen carried in any
vehicle, without meeting the full demands of the carriage of
dangerous goods regulations, must not exceed 200 ml in total.
• Vehicles used for the transport of liquid nitrogen must be
designed to prevent a build-up of nitrogen gas in the event of
a leak or spill. This can be achieved by provision of adequate
high and low level vents to encourage a free-flow of air
through the load compartment. The load compartment must
be separated from the driver / passenger compartment by a
sealed bulkhead, or similar, to prevent escaped gas reaching
that compartment.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 15 of 25• If the load compartment is unventilated then the cargo door
shall be marked with the following in letters not less 25mm
high:
- WARNING.
- NO VENTILATION.
- OPEN WITH CAUTION.
• The load compartment door must also be labelled indicating
that liquid nitrogen is being transported and to require the area
be allowed to ventilate prior to being entered.
• Vehicles must also be equipped with means of securing the
Dewar.
• Dewar caps may come loose during transportation. A retaining
device must be fitted which keeps the cap in place but does not
seal the Dewar e.g. a short piece of chain or wire.
• In the case of a road accident the emergency services must be
advised that liquid nitrogen is being carried. However, Dewars
must be labelled adequately in case the driver is unable to
communicate with them following the accident.
• Drivers must be adequately trained regarding the hazards of
liquid nitrogen.
6.12.Storage
The location for the storage and use of liquid nitrogen must be chosen in the
following order of preference:
• In a ventilated room sealed from other areas of normal
occupancy at, or above, ground level adjacent to an outside
wall as far as possible from normal workstations.
• Above, ground level, as far as possible from normal
workstations.
• Liquid nitrogen must not be stored or used below ground level
or in corridors.
• All pipe-work and valves must be labelled or marked for
functions.
• All vessels and equipment must be commissioned and handed
over by a competent person.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 16 of 256.13.Workplace Storage
All vessels, work equipment, furniture and other items must be organised in
such a way as to allow staff, and other users of the space, adequate means
of access and egress.
6.14.Storage of Dewars in Rooms
6.14.1. Dewars must not be stored in sealed rooms (e.g. walk in
refrigerated rooms) because the reduced ventilation may be
inadequate to mitigate against spillage and general evaporation.
6.14.2. Storing single Dewars of up to 25L in rooms is considered
acceptable with adequate ventilation. However the storage of
large numbers of small Dewars or Dewars over 25 litre capacity
may require additional precautions to be taken. In these
circumstances consideration must be given to:
• The size of the room.
• The storage conditions and ventilation level.
• And the possible use of alarms which trigger due to low
oxygen level.
6.15.Containers
6.15.1. Only use containers designed for low-temperature liquids.
6.15.2. Containers (e.g. Dewar flasks) are specifically designed and
made of materials that can withstand the rapid changes and
extreme temperature differences encountered in working with
liquid nitrogen.
6.15.3. Even so, these special containers must be filled slowly to
minimise the internal stresses that occur when any material is
cooled.
6.15.4. Do not cover or plug the entrance opening of any liquid nitrogen
Dewar.
6.15.5. Do not use any stopper or other device that would interfere with
venting gas.
6.15.6. Cryogenic liquid containers are generally designed to operate with
little or no internal pressure, inadequate venting can result in
excessive gas pressure which could damage or burst the
container. Check the unit periodically to be sure that the venting is
not restricted by accumulated ice or frost.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 17 of 256.16.Bulk Storage Facilities
Bulk tanks over 500 litre capacity must be situated outside in a location that
is acceptable to the gas supplier. The location must be exclusively for the
storage of liquid nitrogen, at above ground level and away from ducts,
drains and other ground depressions. It must also be designated a ‘No
Parking’ area.
6.17.Labelling
Liquid nitrogen Dewars shall be clearly and adequately labelled. The Label
includes:
• Basic safety information.
• Transport labelling information.
• Gas supplier contacts.
6.18.Periodic Inspection and Maintenance
• All large capacity storage equipment (25 litres or larger) must be
subject to annual maintenance checks.
• Smaller Dewars must be visually inspected on a regular basis.
• Alarms installed for low oxygen levels must also subject to regular
maintenance checks.
6.19.Disposal
6.19.1. Never dispose of liquid nitrogen down the drain and it must never
be poured down a sink, as waste pipes will crack offering the
potential for gas leaks into occupied areas. Ordinary materials
may not be able to withstand cryogenic temperatures without
failure. Laboratory plumbing is a common example.
6.19.2. Unwanted liquid nitrogen must be allowed to evaporate in well
ventilated areas, preferably outside, pour the liquid slowly onto
gravel or bare earth, from which other people are excluded, where
it can evaporate without causing damage or allow waste liquid
nitrogen to evaporate naturally in a fume hood. Do not pour the
liquid on the pavement.
6.20.First Aid
6.20.1. Skin / Eye Contact
• Immediately flush thoroughly with copious quantities of tepid water
(the water must not be hotter than 44°C).
• DO NOT apply any form of direct heat.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 18 of 25• DO NOT rub affected parts either before or after warming.
• Move patient to a warm place (22°C).
• The aim is to slowly raise the temperature of the affected area back
to normal. For minor injuries make the injured person comfortable
and loosen any clothing that may restrict blood circulation. Do not
pull clothes away from burned or frozen area.
• Use a sterile burn dressing to protect the injury and to get the
person to the Emergency department.
• DO NOT permit smoking, alcohol consumption or give analgesics
(aspirin, paracetamol etc.).
6.20.2. Anoxia
6.20.2.1. If a person seems to become dizzy or loses consciousness
while working with liquid nitrogen, move to a well-ventilated
area immediately. In contained areas, self-contained
breathing apparatus must be worn unless the atmosphere is
proved to be safe.
6.20.2.2. Summary of Recommendations for Managers;
• Carry out a risk-assessment of the activity in accordance
with Trust Policy which must take account of emergency
procedures in the event of an uncontrolled release of
material.
• Where the work activity occurs in an enclosed space then
this shall be reviewed against the requirements of the
Confined Spaces Regulations.
• Carry out actions resulting from risk assessments.
• Ensure that all employees are adequately trained in the
handling of liquid nitrogen and decanting into Dewars.
• Ensure all staff are aware of the hazards of liquid
nitrogen and that standard operating procedures are in
place and followed.
• Ensure that adequate ventilation is provided in areas
Dewars are used or stored.
• Ensure that adequate procedures are in place for the
transportation of Dewars within the premises, particularly
in respect to the use of lifts and stairs.
• Ensure that manual handling assessments have been
carried out on all activities involving Dewars.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 19 of 25• Ensure that labelling meets all regulatory requirements.
• Ensure that Dewars are adequately maintained and that
they are in good condition.
• Ensure that adequate emergency procedures are in
place in the event of a liquid spillage.
• Ensure that a sufficient number of personnel are trained
in First Aid to ensure treatment of asphyxia and cold
burns.
6.21.Training
6.21.1. Training will be facilitated by the Learning and Development and
be accessible to all employees handling liquid nitrogen.
6.21.2. All personnel handling liquid nitrogen and those directly involved
in the commissioning, operation and maintenance of liquid
nitrogen storage systems must be fully informed regarding the
hazards; in particular oxygen deficient atmospheres, cold burns
and emergency procedures. The training must be arranged to
cover those aspects and potential hazards that the particular
person is likely to encounter.
6.21.3. Training must cover, but not necessarily be confined to, the
following subjects for all personnel:
• Potential hazards of liquid nitrogen.
• Site and safety rules.
• Handling procedures e.g. method of dispensing, sample
retrieval, transportation.
• Use of protective clothing/apparatus including breathing sets
where applicable.
• Emergency procedures.
• First aid treatment for cryogenic burns.
• All training must be formally recorded with refresher training
undertaken periodically.
7. Dissemination and Implementation
7.1. Once consultation has been undertaken the final published document will
be held centrally within the online Document Library and be available to
staff.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 20 of 257.2. Care Group General Managers will ensure that the contents of this
document are highlighted to staff through regular divisional meetings.
8. Monitoring compliance and effectiveness
Element to be Compliance with the undertaking Liquid nitrogen risk
monitored assessments.
Lead Health and Safety Team.
Tool Care Group Reports to the Health and Safety Team.
Frequency Quarterly.
Reporting Reports received by the Health and Safety Team as
arrangements detailed above and reported in accordance with the
Committee Terms of Reference.
Acting on Health and Safety Team will request action from
recommendations Divisional Representatives; and escalate to Governance
and Lead(s) Committee as required.
Change in Where issues are identified within reports; all such
practice and comments will be fed back to the relevant area by the
lessons to be appropriate representative on the committee within a
shared timeframe identified by the Committee.
9. Updating and Review
9.1. This document will be reviewed every 3 years and/or in the event of any
significant change with the organisational structure/management
arrangements and subject to consultation via the Trust Health, Safety,
Security & Moving and Handling Team.
9.2. Appendices and the associated documentation regarding this policy may be
reviewed / revised in consultation with the Health, Safety, Security & Moving
and Handling Team without formally being undertaken by the Health,
Safety, Security & Moving and Handling Team, provided that the
amendments do not impact upon the general arrangements made within the
policy.
10. Equality and Diversity
10.1.This document complies with the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS
Trust service Equality and Diversity statement which can be found in
the 'Equality, Inclusion & Human Rights Policy' or the Equality and
Diversity website.
10.2. The Initial Equality Impact Assessment Screening Form is at Appendix
Two (2).
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 21 of 25Appendix 1. Governance Information
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage,
Document Title
Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
This document replaces (exact Operational Health and Safety Policy on the
title of previous version): Control of Liquid Nitrogen. Version V3.2
Date Issued/Approved: September 2021
Date Valid From: September 2021
Date Valid To: September 2024
Directorate / Department
G Griffiths, Head of Health and Safety.
responsible (author/owner):
Contact details: 01872 25 2266
Trust management arrangements for the safe
Brief summary of contents transport, storage, use and disposal of Liquid
Nitrogen (Policy and Guidance).
Liquid Nitrogen, confined, gas, health, safety,
Suggested Keywords:
Dewars, emergency, oxygen.
RCHT CFT KCCG
Target Audience
✓
Executive Director responsible
Chief Operating Officer.
for Policy:
Approval route for consultation
Health and Safety Committee.
and ratification:
General Manager confirming
G Griffiths, Head of Health and Safety
approval processes
Name of Governance Lead
confirming approval by Natasha Quick, Service Improvement &
specialty and care group Business Lead (Health)
management meetings
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Management of Health and Safety Regulations
1999
Links to key external standards
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Regulations 2002
CQC Regulations
Health and Safety General Policy.
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Policy
and Guidance.
Related Documents:
Health & Safety Policy & Procedure for the
Movement, Handling and Management of
Dangerous Goods by Road.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 22 of 25Driving at Work Health and Safety Policy and
Guidance.
First Aid Policy And Guidance
Training Need Identified? Yes
Publication Location (refer to
Policy on Policies – Approvals Internet & Intranet ✓ Intranet Only
and Ratification):
Document Library Folder/Sub
Chief Operating Officer / Health & Safety.
Folder
Version Control Table
Version Changes Made by
Date Summary of Changes
No (Name and Job Title)
Oct 2006 V1.0 Original. Len Welch
Minor changes to sentences to add
clarity and change from directorate to
Dec 2009 V2.0 divisional structure. Removal of the Len Welch
paper system of risk. assessment and
the including of the
Datix Risk Module.
J. Robin Gatenby
Dec 2013 V3.0 Total revision of the whole document. Health and Safety
Manager
J. Robin Gatenby
Dec 2016 V3.1 Review of full document. Head of Safety, Fire &
Security Management
Malcolm Irving
Dec 2020 V3.2 Review of full document.
Safety Adviser/ Auditor
Malcolm Irving
Feb 2021 V4.0 Full 3 year review.
Safety Adviser/ Auditor
All or part of this document can be released under the Freedom of Information
Act 2000
This document is to be retained for 10 years from the date of expiry.
This document is only valid on the day of printing
Controlled Document
This document has been created following the Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust
Policy for the Development and Management of Knowledge, Procedural and Web
Documents (The Policy on Policies). It should not be altered in any way without the
express permission of the author or their Line Manager.
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 23 of 25Appendix 2. Equality Impact Assessment
Section 1: Equality Impact Assessment Form
Name of the strategy / policy /proposal / service function to be assessed
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Directorate and service area: Is this a new or existing Policy?
Chief Operating Officer / Health and Safety Existing
Name of individual/group completing EIA Contact details:
Malcolm Irving, Senior Safety Advisor 01872 25 2144
1. Policy Aim
Who is the To outline the Trust’s position for the management of its
strategy / policy / statutory compliance with the control of cryogenic asphyxiant
proposal / service substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.
function aimed at?
2. Policy Objectives
Establish a uniform approach toward the management and control
of s cryogenic asphyxiant substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.
3. Policy Intended
Outcomes Ensure a safe environment for all staff, patients, visitors and
contractors in relation to the management of cryogenic asphyxiant
substances specifically Liquid Nitrogen.
4. How will
Through incident reporting, monitoring existing health and safety
you measure
committee reports. Periodic audit of the completion of local Risk
the outcome?
Assessments.
5. Who is intended
to benefit from the All Trust stakeholders.
policy?
6a). Who did you Local External
Workforce Patients Other
consult with? groups organisations
x
b). Please list any Please record specific names of groups:
groups who have
been consulted Health and Safety Committee.
about this procedure. Health and Safety Leadership Team.
c). What was the
outcome of the Approved
consultation?
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
Page 24 of 257. The Impact
Please complete the following table. If you are unsure/don’t know if there is a negative impact
you need to repeat the consultation step.
Are there concerns that the policy could have a positive/negative impact on:
Protected
Yes No Unsure Rationale for Assessment / Existing Evidence
Characteristic
Age X This policy does not impact on age.
Sex (male, female
non-binary, asexual X This Policy does not impact on gender.
etc.)
Gender X This Policy does not impact on gender
reassignment reassignment.
Race/ethnic
communities X This Policy does not impact on race.
/groups
Disability
(learning disability,
physical disability,
sensory impairment, X
mental health
This Policy does not impact on disability.
problems and some
long term health
conditions)
Religion/ This Policy does not discriminate with any
other beliefs X religious or cultural beliefs.
Marriage and civil This Policy does not impact on marriage/ civil
partnership X partnership.
Pregnancy and This Policy does not impact on pregnancy /
maternity X maternity.
Sexual orientation
(bisexual, gay, X This Policy does not impact on sexual orientation.
heterosexual, lesbian)
If all characteristics are ticked ‘no’, and this is not a major working or service
change, you can end the assessment here as long as you have a robust rationale
in place.
I am confident that section 2 of this EIA does not need completing as there are no highlighted
risks of negative impact occurring because of this policy.
Name of person confirming result of initial
Malcolm Irving, Senior Safety Advisor
impact assessment:
If you have ticked ‘yes’ to any characteristic above OR this is a major working or
service change, you will need to complete section 2 of the EIA form available here:
Section 2. Full Equality Analysis
For guidance please refer to the Equality Impact Assessments Policy (available from
the document library) or contact the Human Rights, Equality and Inclusion Lead
india.bundock@nhs.net
Liquid Nitrogen Policy (Safe Transport, Storage, Use and Disposal) (HSP 10.6) V4.0
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