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GENERAL AVIATION 34 CLIMATE CHANGE 26 COMMERCIAL CREW 12
Keeping the joy of flying Why scientists trust temp records Sizing up the differences
VIRTUAL
TRAVEL Why immersive techs could now
be part of air travel forever PAGE 18
JULY/AUGUST 2020 | A publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics | aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org
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FEATURES | July/August 2020 MORE AT aerospaceamerica. aiaa.org
Kirstin Vang/visitfaroeislands.com
18
Gauging how far
12
Choosing a ride
to space
26
Taking Earth’s
temperature
34
Technology vs.
joy of flying
virtual reality can go The Boeing and
SpaceX approaches
Climate scientists
rely on different
Digital pilot aids
can make general
to delivering crews to types of sensors aviation flying safer,
The pandemic may motivate travelers
the space station and and data reaching but some argue that
to experiment with immersive home offer a study in back to the 1800s requirements can
technologies. The question is contrasts. before determining squeeze the fun out
whether a headset can quench one’s a year’s place in of a beautiful day in
wanderlust. By Cat Hofacker environmental history. the sky.
By Sarah Wells By Adam Hadhazy By Jan Tegler
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 1
24–26 AUGUST 2020 | VIRTUAL EVENT
TRUMPETING THE FUTURE OF
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Access on-demand technical presentations, attend live panels,
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★ ★ ★ A M E R I C A ★ ★ ★
IN THIS ISSUE
J U LY / A UG U S T 2 02 0 , V O L . 5 8, NO. 7
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Adam Hadhazy
Ben Iannotta Adam reports on astrophysics and technology. His work has appeared in
beni@aiaa.org Discover and New Scientist magazines.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
PAGE 26
Karen Small
karens@aiaa.org
STAFF REPORTER
Cat Hofacker
Cat Hofacker
catherineh@aiaa.org Cat joined Aerospace America as staff reporter in 2019 after an internship at
USA Today, where she covered the 2018 midterm elections.
EDITOR, AIAA BULLETIN
PAGE 12
Christine Williams
christinew@aiaa.org
CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
Moriba Jah
Adam Hadhazy, Moriba Jah,
Before becoming an associate professor at the University of Texas at
Robert van der Linden,
Austin, Moriba helped navigate the Mars Odyssey spacecraft and the Mars
Jan Tegler, Sarah Wells, Debra Werner,
Reconnaissance Orbiter from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab and worked on space
Frank H. Winter
situational awareness issues with the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory.
PAGE 64
Basil Hassan AIAA PRESIDENT
Daniel L. Dumbacher PUBLISHER
Katie Taplett DEPUTY PUBLISHER Jan Tegler
Jan covers a variety of subjects, including defense. He’s a frequent contributor to
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advertising@aiaa.org
Stratojet: Boeing’s Brilliant Bomber,” as well as a general aviation pilot.
PAGE 34
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Sarah Wells
Association Vision | associationvision.com Sarah is a science and technology journalist based in Boston interested in
how innovation and research intersect with our daily lives. She has written for
LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE a number of national publications and covers innovation news at Inverse.
Ben Iannotta, beni@aiaa.org PAGE 18
Debra Werner
A frequent contributor to Aerospace America, Debra is also a West Coast
correspondent for Space News.
Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X) is published monthly PAGES 9, 11
except in August by the American Institute of Aeronautics
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Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., all rights reserved. Action Urban air mobility;
The name Aerospace America is registered by the AIAA An unusual broadband Commerce Department and
in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
8 AeroPuzzler space traffic rules
strategy for Alaskans
11 Trajectories 47 AIAA Bulletin 62 Career Opportunities
12 Analysis 60 Looking Back 64 Jahniverse
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 3
EDITOR ’S NOTEBOOK SPACE SCIENCE
Meet our new columnist
ere in the United States, school children learn about Manifest Destiny, the 19th-century belief of
H
many Americans that they were destined, by God in some interpretations, to expand westward.
The reality is that this destiny did not unfold as smoothly, fairly or peacefully as it might
have. There were technical innovations, but also snake oil salesmen. There was Sacagawea,
but also genocide. There were international alliances but also war; there was environmental
waste, but also awakening.
So, here we are at a similar junction. This time the United States and a host of space-faring societies
are eyeing expansion into space, and no longer just for exploration. Plans call for factories, mining oper-
ations, outposts for scientists and tourists, even colonies in the boldest visions.
We still have a chance to avoid carrying our darkest sides into this vacuum, but that’s going to take
ideas, insights and lots of frank discussion. Some matters to be sorted will be weighty; others will be
wonkish. Taken together, they can add up to something large: Humanity’s peaceful expansion into space.
Aerospace America wants to be part of the search for solutions. As a starting point, we invite you to
open the back cover of this issue, where you’ll find the inaugural column by astrodynamicist and space
environmentalist Moriba Jah, who will explore topics related to humanity’s expansion into space.
Moriba’s columns will spring from his life and career experiences. He was born in San Francisco to a
mother from Haiti and a father from Sierra Leone. He spent his formative years in Venezuela, and moved
back to the United States, earning a doctorate in aerospace engineering science from the University of
Colorado in Boulder. At NASA’s Jet Propulsion Lab in California, Moriba helped navigate the Mars Odyssey
spacecraft and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. At the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory sites in Maui
and New Mexico, he helped elevate issues of space situational awareness to a major research focus and
chaired a NATO discussion about the topic. He now lives in Texas, where he is an associate professor at
the University of Texas at Austin and is an AIAA fellow.
We expect Moriba’s columns to serve as a catalyst for commentary articles from other authors and
to inspire enterprising reporting. The net result will be a rich variety of views and information in this
magazine, all grounded firmly in facts and science as humanity examines whether and how to become
extraterrestrials. ★
Ben Iannotta, editor-in-chief, beni@aiaa.org
4 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org
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FLIGHT PATH
Aerospace Industry
Responds to COVID-19
he past few months have tested our will in ways most items to frontline healthcare professionals and first responders
T
of us could never have imagined. These challenges globally, and more than 500,000 component parts to ventilator
have affected our personal lives, our economic stability, manufacturers. These are big companies responding to the call
the health of our loved ones, and the very fabric of the of duty on a massive scale.
world that we know. Our industry has certainly faced It has not only been the large corporations that have stepped
both tragedies and complex challenges in the past, but without up to the plate during the crisis. Additive manufacturing company
a doubt, nothing has ever looked like this. Right now, it is hard Made in Space (MIS) has leveraged their innovative thinking and
to even imagine exactly what normal will look like in the years to unique assets to help local communities in Florida and California.
come. However, in challenging times we often see ourselves more In their “on-planet-Earth” facilities, they have reconfigured 3D
clearly. What has always motivated me about our work is that at printers to help in the fight against COVID-19, providing frontline
its very core, our industry solves big problems, our people take healthcare workers with much-needed supplies and equipment.
on grand challenges. We analyze, debate, plan, test, and repeat Their 3D-printed face shields are being distributed directly to
— creating innovation cycles that tackle head-on the profound local hospitals to augment the shortage of critical PPE supplies.
difficulty of creating spacecraft that can escape the bounds of Additionally, MIS engineers have developed a rapid response
Earth, aircraft that travel at hypersonic speeds, and technology ventilator adapter to enable a single ventilator to safely support
that can reimagine our world. While this is where we choose multiple patients in extreme situations.
to apply our skills, I believe there is even more that we can do. Finally, in an amazing innovation story, NASA Jet Propulsion
Leaders lead. Engineers solve. Laboratory (JPL) devoted teams of engineers to design a solution
I have been overwhelmed and incredibly proud of the compa- custom built for the COVID-19 crisis in record time. The JPL teams
nies and organizations that have stepped up to apply their human designed a right-sized ventilator system, called VITAL (Ventilator
ingenuity, caring, and resources to create human-centered solu- Intervention Technology Accessible Locally), that in a matter of
tions for the public health crisis of our time. In this issue’s Flight weeks received Emergency Use Authorization from the Food and
Path, I want to share some of these powerful examples. From the Drug Administration. The ventilator uses a fraction of the parts
onset of the crisis, Lockheed Martin has led with compassion on of a traditional ventilator and is both low cost and can be easily
a global scale — providing more than $18 million in charitable deployed in field hospitals. I cannot think of a more fitting example
relief, producing more than 61,000 protective gowns and 30,000 of how our community’s brilliant minds have applied their talent
face shields, and donating personal protective equipment (PPE) and shown their humanity during this crisis.
at more than 125 locations where frontline medical workers are On behalf of AIAA, I want to thank and celebrate these
caring for COVID-19 patients and those at risk, including medi- amazing organizations — and the many others not mentioned
cally vulnerable seniors. Additionally, they have invested in the in this article. These organizations have looked beyond their own
essential ecosystem of our industry, providing more than $400 personal challenges in this unprecedented time and sought ways
million in accelerated supply chain payments to support the they could help others. Our industry continues to face significant
needs of smaller businesses disrupted during this unprecedented challenges in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic; applying our
time. Likewise, Boeing has devoted significant assets to respond innovation, community focus, and commitment to addressing
to COVID-19. In April, Boeing completed a historic transport mis- global challenges head-on will be essential to our success in the
sion, using a Boeing Dreamlifter aircraft, to bring more than 1.5 post-COVID world. As we have seen time and again, history favors
million medical-grade face masks from Hong Kong to healthcare the bold. And bold is who we are.
professionals in South Carolina. Raytheon Technologies has led
a tremendous global response, donating more than 50 million
meals to Feeding America to address the emerging threat of Dan Dumbacher
food insecurity. Additionally, they have donated 1.2 million PPE AIAA Executive Director
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 7
Do you have a puzzler to suggest? Email us at aeropuzzler@aiaa.org.
stollingsl/Flickr
Gliding like a
FROM THE JUNE ISSUE
FLAPPING FLYER: We asked you
what pocket-sized aircraft you
frigate bird
might bring back in time to help
convince Otto Lilienthal that his
apparatus won’t work. There was
no winner this month, so we asked
Haithem Tata of the University of California, Irvine, to answer:
Q. A magnificent frigate bird is gliding in
calm air with a ground speed of just a few RESPONSE: I would take with me either the Aerovironment
knots. Normally, such a low ground speed Nano Hummingbird or the Harvard Robofly, and also point him
to the work of his contemporary, Charles Renard. In “Nouvelles
would be impossible for a U-2 spy plane.
experiences sur la resistance de l’air” (1889), Renard showed
But the pilot, looking at the tropical fore- that power loading is proportional to the square root of the
cast, predicts that later in the day he can wing loading, W/S, where W is the weight of the aircraft and
match the frigate bird’s low ground speed. pilot and S is the wing area. So, in order to reduce the power
requirement to a value that could conceivably be generated
How might that be possible?
by human muscles, the area of his wings, S, would have to be
large — so large, in fact, that while he could glide, he could
not flap or oscillate his wings. I would then let him marvel at
Draft a response of no more than 250 words and
email it by midnight Eastern Aug. 4 to aeropuzzler@ how the flapping wings of the Nano Hummingbird and Robofly
aiaa.org for a chance to have it published in the easily support their weight.
September issue.
For a head start ... find the AeroPuzzler online on the first of each month at
https://aerospaceamerica.aiaa.org/ and on Twitter @AeroAmMag.
8 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .orgAEROSPACE IN ACTION COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES
Astranis engineers
An unusual broadband strategy prepare the NTS vacuum
chamber in Los Angeles
for tests on a qualification
edges toward reality model of their
geosynchronous satellite.
Astranis
BY DEBR A WERNER | werner.debra@gmail.com
elp could be on the way for Alaskans “We put the spacecraft through the full range
H
who lack broadband internet, and it’s of temperatures you expect it to see on orbit and
in the form of a kitchen-range-sized then some,” said John Gedmark, Astranis CEO and
satellite called MicroGEO whose design co-founder.
has almost been cleared by engineers Engineers subjected the model to pressures as
for manufacturing. low as one-hundred-millionth the density of Earth’s
The San Francisco startup Astranis wants to atmosphere and temperatures ranging from minus
position the first MicroGEO over the equator in line 120 to 65 degrees Celsius.
with Alaska, which means that from the vantage The model passed thermal vacuum testing,
point of the customer it will orbit higher over the one in a series of steps to clear the way to start
horizon than other geosynchronous satellites. This building the first of the 350-kilogram satellites.
will create line-of-sight to the maximum number The first one will serve Alaska, and plans call for
of satellite dishes. Astranis plans to apply the launching it next year on a SpaceX rocket to be
$100 million it has raised to implement this determined.
approach in other regions of the world with dozens Alaskan telecommunications company Pacific
of satellites. Dataport Inc. of Anchorage signed a long-term
First, though, engineers had to make sure that agreement last year to lease capacity on this first
the Alaskan MicroGEO and those to come could MicroGEO.
survive years of alternating between hot sunlight Many of Alaska’s remote communities are not
and cold, dark space. well served by fiber-optic communications networks,
Astranis engineers turned to NTS, a testing, in- and Astranis believes that existing GEO satellites are
spection and certification company headquartered of little help either.
in California. Wearing masks to prevent the spread “Alaska gets a smidgen of capacity on the edge
of covid-19, they loaded a qualification model of of the area the satellites can cover,” Gedmark said.
MicroGEO into the thermal vacuum test chamber in “People in Alaska putting a satellite dish on their
Los Angeles operated by NTS and ran some tests that roof for MicroGEO will not be pointing it as close
concluded in June. to the horizon as they do today.” ★
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 9REGISTER FOR
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$1,295 USD Nonmembers aiaa.org/onlinelearningTR AJECTORIES CAREER TURNING POINTS AND FUTURE VISIONS
JONATHAN FENTZKE, 37
Managing director at Techstars Allied Space Accelerator
Growing up in Hamburg, New York, a small town near Buffalo, no one told
Jonathan Fentzke he could become a scientist. He planned to study indus-
trial psychology until an aptitude test redirected him toward bachelor’s and
master’s degrees in mechanical engineering at the Rochester Institute of
Technology. Fentzke went on to earn a doctorate in aerospace engineering
at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He became senior space scientist at
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory before co-founding
a suburban Washington, D.C., startup offering satellite imagery analysis.
Now as the leader of the Techstars Allied Space Accelerator, Fentzke works
with startups developing products or services to sell in the United States,
Scandinavia and Western Europe.
Scientist to entrepreneur I’ve always believed that both experience
and rote learning are paths to intuition. As a result, I’ve spent the major-
ity of my adult life pursing world travel and applying the math and phys-
ics I learn to developing what I hope are useful capabilities for space
applications. My scientific career spanned about 15 years before I became
an entrepreneur out of frustration. I continued to get more and more
frustrated with how slowly the government was adopting new technolo-
gies and commercial off-the-shelf components. That led to starting a
company called InSpace that turned into OmniEarth. After OmniEarth
was acquired in 2017, I got much deeper into investing and mentoring
other founders.
Highs and lows Having 10 companies to mentor and a program
team working tirelessly to support them means lots of adventures. It’s a
pleasure to cheer when a company develops a new capability, gains a new
customer or raises financing. In addition, when something goes wrong
or not as expected, I’m there to offer advice or a shoulder to cry on.
Space in 2050 I think it would be awesome if we had legitimate
diversity inclusion, if we had a meritocracy of ideas and people had
access to opportunity. To get there, we need to start creating access to
opportunity now. I would submit to you that in the next three solar
cycles there will be no quantum technological leap. Things will be
smarter, faster and more ubiquitous. There will be more satellites in
space, providing more connectivity. While many hope for deep-space
exploration by people, I hope for increased robotic exploration and a
focus on improving life here on Earth. For if you were anywhere else in
the known universe, I suspect Earth would be the most interesting
planet with a very dynamic star (our sun) that one could find. … but
maybe that will change by 2050.
BY DEBR A WERNER | werner.debra@gmail.com
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 11ANALYSIS COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT Shopping for a spaceship 12 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org
Now that SpaceX has proven it can launch NASA astronauts
to the International Space Station, Boeing is preparing for its
turn, likely early next year. When astronauts climb inside Star-
liner, space enthusiasts and casual viewers alike will notice
some differences that could help future passengers decide
which capsule they’d rather book for a trip to space.
BY CAT HOFACKER | catherineh@aiaa.org
or those accustomed to space shuttle erected. NASA’s goal has been to spark creation of a
F
launches and those of the Apollo era, the competitive human launch market, and that can’t
first SpaceX crewed mission was simulta- happen unless Boeing establishes its CST-100 Starliner
neously familiar and totally new. capsules as a viable competitor to the Crew Dragons.
NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and To do that, Boeing must try again to dock an
Doug Hurley walked out of Kennedy Space Center uncrewed Starliner to the station, after the first
in Florida on the way to the launch pad on May 30 demonstration attempt in December, called OFT for
through the same doorway as the Apollo and space orbital flight test, was aborted in orbit. A software
shuttle crews before them, but did so donned in coding error caused the Mission Elapsed Time clock
sleek white and black suits instead of the puffy white to start too early, which threw out of sync the planned
suits of Apollo or the neon orange ascent suits of orbital insertion burn needed to put Starliner on the
the shuttle era. They were the latest in a long line of path to intersect with the space station. Boeing had
astronauts to traverse to Launch Complex 39A, but no choice but to order the capsule home without
the first to make the 14-kilometer trek in a zippy Tesla doing the burn. NASA and Boeing have said only
Model X. And when they stepped into the SpaceX that the second uncrewed flight will be later this
Crew Dragon capsule, they were greeted by three year, which likely pushes the first Starliner crewed
glossy touch screens, a sharp contrast to the array flight to 2021.
of buttons and switches on the shuttle flight deck. “This really does illustrate the advantage of
These technology choices exemplify the begin- having two partners,” Phil McAlister, NASA’s di-
ning of what NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine rector of commercial spaceflight, told the Human
called a “new era in human spaceflight.” Design Exploration and Operations Committee of NASA’s
decisions were entirely up to SpaceX, as long as they Advisory Council in May. “Knowing there is another
met NASA’s requirements for crew safety. SpaceX owns partner there to take up the slack allows for both
the Crew Dragon that’s docked at station and due to companies to focus on crew safety.”
carry Behnken and Hurley home in August; it built Both designs must prove their safety, so analysts
the Falcon 9 that boosted them; and it leases Pad 39A and former astronauts suspect that other factors,
from NASA. Over the course of NASA’s $8.2 billion such as the capsule interior and spacesuit designs,
Commercial Crew development program ($3.14 will be powerful determinants for the kinds of
billion of which went to SpaceX), NASA astronauts customers who are likely to choose each of the
An artist’s rendering
were invited to sit in a mockup of Crew Dragon and competing capsules.
of the SpaceX Crew
Dragon and Boeing
give feedback, but neither they nor NASA had veto “People will sign up with SpaceX who are more
Starliner flying toward authority. SpaceX did have to convince NASA that on the ‘showy’ side of things because that’s more
the International all safety risks were acceptable from the pad to the of a headliner,” predicts Laura Forczyk, founder of
Space Station. station. This was accomplished through extensive space consulting firm Astralytical in Georgia. “Boe-
NASA
testing of the capsule, including parachutes; the ing has the more traditional [customer set], other
addition of launch abort engines that could whisk government agencies who want to fly astronauts.”
the astronauts away from a fizzling or exploding Boeing declined to discuss this or other issues,
launch vehicle provided further assurance, as did a citing the need to focus on preparations for the sec-
2019 uncrewed flight in which Dragon autonomously ond uncrewed flight, dubbed OFT-2. A spokesman
flew and docked with the International Space Station. directed me to previous comments by Jim Chilton,
Soon, if all goes as planned, NASA, the space head of Boeing’s Space and Launch division.
agencies of other governments and someday private “Boeing stands ready to repeat an OFT,” Chilton
customers will choose how they want to ride to ISS told reporters during a March press conference. “We
or any of the proposed private stations still to be just want to make sure that whatever we fly next is
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 13aligned with NASA’s preferences. And of course, for Starliner crews will don for launch and landing
all of us, crew safety is No. 1.” exemplify these approaches.
Along with meeting NASA’s requirements for a
Different philosophies flame-resistant suit that would also protect crew in
The Crew Dragon and Starliner designs are significant the event of a cabin depressurization, SpaceX founder
upgrades from that of the Apollo-era capsules and Elon Musk wanted a garment that looked stylish.
space shuttle orbiters in terms of safety, software “He’s trying to get the entire world excited about a
and reusability. Both vehicles are designed to fly hopeful, promising future in space for all of humanity,
autonomously from launch to docking, although and to do that, it’s got to look good,” Reisman says.
the spacecraft commander can intervene if there’s a “People are going to get excited about a future that
technical failure. Boeing will alternate between two not only is cool but also looks cool.”
Starliner capsules, each intended to fly up to 10 times To meet this goal, Musk enlisted Hollywood cos-
after refurbishment. The size of the Crew Dragon fleet tume designer José Fernández in 2016 to create the
is still unclear because until May, NASA had required first prototypes. From there, SpaceX designers tweaked
that SpaceX use a new capsule for every flight. the suits to balance aesthetics and functionality.
Where these spacecraft diverge is the underlying The Boeing suits, by contrast, were made by David
philosophy guiding their development. Clark Co. of Massachusetts, the same company that
“I think the big difference is that SpaceX paid made the Gemini, Apollo and space shuttle suits.
attention to the look of the design as part of the Boeing set out to create a lighter, more compact
engineering process,” says Garrett Reisman, a former garment than those earlier suits. Designers relied
NASA astronaut who worked at SpaceX from 2011 on feedback from former NASA astronaut Chris
to 2018 and was in charge of Crew Dragon design Ferguson, hired by Boeing in 2012 as director of crew
Boeing, NASA and
and development. He remains a senior adviser on and mission systems for Starliner. Ferguson will join U.S. Army personnel tend
topics relating to human spaceflight. NASA astronauts Nicole Mann and Mike Fincke for to the Boeing CST-100
In contrast, Boeing opted for upgrades, not an the capsule’s crewed demonstration. Starliner spacecraft after
overhaul, of “flight proven and heritage” technol- it landed in New Mexico
The Crew Dragon and Starliner suits, each of
in December following an
ogies where possible, to cut down on schedule and which will be custom-made for crew members,
uncrewed Orbital Flight
risk to the crew, according to the Boeing website. both weigh in at 9 kilograms, compared to the Test that was cut short.
The two distinct pressure suits that Dragon and 13.6-kilogram shuttle suit. The weight reduction NASA/Bill Ingalls
14 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .orgChoose your ride
Boeing and SpaceX aren’t just competing to liberate NASA from relying on Russian Soyuz capsules. They’re vying
against each other for future customers. Here are some differences, large and small.
BOEING CST-100 STARLINER
Launch vehicle: Atlas Spacesuits: Designed by Transport to launch pad: Flight deck displays: Two Getting home: Descend
V from United Launch David Clark Co., maker Astronauts will ride aboard iPad-sized screens that under three parachutes to
Alliance, a joint venture of the Gemini, Apollo and the Astrovan II, a custom display flight information; one of five ranges in the
of Boeing and Lockheed space shuttle suits. NASA vehicle manufactured by about 70 buttons and southwestern U.S.;
Martin. astronaut Chris Ferguson Airstream, the company that switches for inputting com- cushioned by airbags.
Launch pad: Space Launch was hired in part to give built the original Astrovan mands, though spacecraft
Complex 41, leased by ULA input. that took shuttle crews to can fly autonomously.
from the U.S. Air Force. Special features: Soft-shell the launch pad. Manual flying: Steering two
helmet that zips instead of joysticks.
latches; touch-screen gloves.
SPACEX CREW DRAGON
Launch vehicle: SpaceX Spacesuits: Made in-house Transport to launch pad: Flight deck displays: Three Getting home: Descend
Falcon 9. by SpaceX with input from Astronauts ride in a custom touch screens that display under four parachutes for a
Launch pad: Launch founder Elon Musk and Telsa Model X, equipped flight information and on splashdown in the Atlantic
Complex 39A, leased by Hollywood costumer José with tubes to pump cooling which astronauts input Ocean off the Florida coast.
SpaceX from NASA. Fernández, whose credits air into their spacesuits. commands, though space-
include the X-Men movies. craft can fly autonomously.
Special features: Hard- Manual flying: Tapping the
shell helmet that latches; touch screen.
touch-screen gloves.
“People will sign up with SpaceX who are more on the ‘showy’
side of things because that’s more of a headliner. Boeing
has the more traditional [customer set], other government
agencies who want to fly astronauts.” — Space consultant Laura Forczyk
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 15The SpaceX Crew comes partially from the fact that neither design has 19 hours later in near-real time. Most astronauts
Dragon (right center) the bubble-shaped helmets of the shuttle era that pride themselves on valuing function over form in
approaches the
locked onto the suits via heavy, metal neck rings. such matters.
International Space
Station with NASA
Instead, Boeing opted for a soft, hood-like helmet that “I do think we have the obvious reaction: ‘Wow,
astronauts Bob Behnken astronauts can zip shut, whereas SpaceX 3D-prints isn’t that slick,’” says former astronaut Tom Jones,
and Doug Hurley on its suit helmets out of an undisclosed material. who flew on four shuttle missions between 1994 and
board. Once seated in their Starliner capsule, astronauts 2001. “But whether or not you touch the screen or
NASA
can adjust horizontal zippers on the suit torso for press a button at the edge of the screen, I don’t think
comfort and pull off their gloves if need be, a contrast it makes much difference to you as an operator.”
to the one-piece Crew Dragon suit with attached Boeing’s Ferguson will get to test Starliner’s version
gloves. The only adjusting those crews can make is of the controls on orbit. The capsule is designed to fly
flipping up their helmet visor. and dock with ISS autonomously, but Ferguson and
“We like to think this represents the future of future crew members must be ready to manually
what protective space gear will be,” Ferguson said steer the spacecraft if the need arises by maneuvering
during a 2017 Facebook Live of the suit’s unveiling. joysticks on both sides of the screens. During the Crew
Dragon flight, spacecraft commander Hurley overrode
Getting to the launch pad the automated flight software with a few taps of the
In another nod to the shuttle program, Starliner touch screen to inch Dragon within 100 meters of ISS.
crews will make the 14-kilometer ride to Pad 41 in As different as the Crew Dragon and Starliner
a customized silver motor coach dubbed the As- flights will look almost from the start, the biggest
trovan II, built by Ohio trailer company Airstream, technical difference won’t come until the end of the
which crafted the original Astrovan to ferry shuttle mission. Instead of the parachute splashdown in
astronauts to the launch pad. the Atlantic Ocean favored by the Apollo and Crew
The flight decks through which the astronauts Dragon capsules, Boeing decided to bring Starliner
will monitor the status of their Starliner is another down to one of five ranges in the Southwest United
notable differentiator. Instead of the three large touch States, based on where the space station is in its orbit
screens in Crew Dragon, the Starliner console has two when Starliner crews depart.
iPad-sized screens surrounded by about 70 physical Starliner’s return will start out much like Behnk-
switches and knobs. en and Hurley’s planned trip home in Dragon. The
Dragon’s touch screens gave the flight deck a capsules will undock and jettison their service
futuristic look for the estimated 10 million people modules, revealing heat shields that will plow into
who watched the capsule rise from the pad and dock the atmosphere and ablate to protect the capsules
16 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .orgfrom the searing 1,600 degrees Celsius of entry. A simulated spacecraft Boeing is advertising a fifth open seat on its
That’s where the architectures diverge. Starliner floats to the desert in NASA flights to outside customers, and both
Arizona during a test of
has three parachutes to slow it upon entry, while companies are brokering private flights on their
SpaceX’s equipment that
the heavier Crew Dragon needs four. To cushion will bring its Crew Dragon
capsules through space tourism company Space
the landing, Starliner will inflate air bags with spacecraft back to Earth. Adventures.
compressed nitrogen and oxygen gas. The mass simulator and So far, only SpaceX has had any luck. Space
“One of the main benefits is the stability and the four main parachutes were Adventures earlier this year announced it will
released from a C-130
ability for the landing system to absorb the loads launch four private citizens aboard a Crew Dragon
cargo aircraft.
on the crew and on the spacecraft,” said John Mul- SpaceX
for a five-day orbital trip, tentatively scheduled for
holland, then Boeing’s Commercial Crew program 2021. Dragon garnered a second private customer
manager, during a December press conference. in March, when Texas startup Axiom Space signed
Boeing says coming down on land will also make a contract to launch a crew of three tourists and an
refurbishment easier because recovery teams won’t Axiom astronaut on a Crew Dragon for an eight-day
have to fish the capsule out of the sea and take it stay at ISS, also targeted for 2021.
back to a port as SpaceX does. If all goes as planned, Axiom could blossom into
a lucrative customer. Under a NASA contract, the
Come fly with me company is building a commercial habitat module,
The NASA test flights of Crew Dragon and Starlin- scheduled to be installed on ISS by 2024. This is the
er will serve as benchmarks for attracting future first of several private nodes Axiom aims to build
customers, without which Boeing and SpaceX and eventually detach into a separate space station.
can’t close their business cases. Forczyk of Astra- Boeing’s path forward commercially is more
lytical and other analysts remain uncertain there is challenging. The company must address the coding
enough demand to merit two crew transportation errors and other recommendations laid out by an
systems. The NASA contracts cover only six routine independent review panel earlier this year before
flights to ISS in the coming years, each with four it launches the next crewless mission, all of which
astronauts. is paid for through a $410 million charge on 2019
“That can’t be your only market,” says Marco earnings that Boeing set aside in 2020.
Cáceres, space analyst for aerospace consulting The stakes are high for the next attempt.
firm Teal Group of Virginia. “If you’re going to do “Boeing probably needs to prove itself because if
something in terms of human space exploration, they can’t, if they experience more significant delays
it’s got to be much broader than sending astronauts and setbacks, they run the risk of being completely
one, two or three times a year to the space station.” overshadowed by SpaceX,” Forczyk says. ★
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 17COVER STORY
VIRTUA
TRAVE
18 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .orgTechnology that gives
a person the sights,
sounds and feeling
of visiting a far-off
destination may take
a more prominent
role because of
the pandemic. But
even those in the
field of immersive
technologies don’t
UAL
expect a straight line
to a world in which
their wares satisfy our
zest for travel the way
VEL
an airline flight can.
Sarah Wells finds out
why.
BY SAR AH WELLS
sarahes.wells@gmail.com
19W
ith your afternoon or computer, these visitors could take 1-minute turns
coffee in hand, controlling where the tour guide went and what they
you set out for a saw. The game-like interface even let visitors make
stroll among the the tour guides jump or run.
Faroe Islands’ This embrace should not be surprising. Even
pristine land- before the pandemic, “things were accelerating” in
scape of gently the immersive field, says Cathy Hackl, a futurist and
rolling hills and deep blue water. The lilting Danish author specializing in augmented and virtual reality.
accent of your just-out-of-sight tour guide follows Far from seeing a threat, airlines were exploring
you as you explore quaint villages and listen to the how they might incorporate virtual experiences into
history of this rugged archipelago. Next, you decide the travel market. Japan Airlines last year introduced
to try something a little more exciting. You can almost “co-presence” robots from a company called Newme.
feel the bracing cold air against your skin as you These robots — resembling a moving pole with a
climb hand over hand up the steep face of Everest’s tablet stuck on top — could serve as surrogates for
Hillary Step. Steadying your breath, you start to sick or elderly family members who would, in a sense,
move up the mountain face — but the familiar travel with their families even if they could not do so
knocking sound of a Slack notification interrupts in person. The tablet “faces” of these robots can tilt
the blowing wind. to get better views of tourist sites and can be driven
With a sigh, you release your virtual reality gog- by the remote family member for up to three hours
gles and end this session of Everest VR. at a little over 1.5 kph.
Virtual reality, augmented reality and holograms Of course, immersive technologies based on VR
have long been dismissed as frivolous gaming de- and AR were already seeing success in the tourism
vices or obscure medical tools, but for decades this industry at places like Universal Studios. But, says
technology has, in fact, been lying in wait for its Hackl, these uses were more of a sales tool than a
chance to change our lives in a more substantial way. true alternative to travel.
This begs the question: Could the pandemic
become the catalyst that launches immersive tech- The challenges
nology toward becoming a significant substitute for Funding: As with other kinds of research and devel-
in-person air travel? The pandemic has certainly cut opment, progress on immersive technologies has
deeply into the airline industry and placed these not been unscathed by the pandemic. With few
two industries — air travel and immersive technol- people traveling, “marketing budgets are getting cut
ogy — at possible inflection points. left and right,” and that means less funding for
“[There is] a loss of trust and confidence in the improving immersive technology, Hackl says.
ability to travel without being exposed to either a virus
or some other affliction,” says Bob Mann, an aviation Health: Then there is the issue of sanitation for shared
industry expert who runs R.W. Mann & Co., an airline devices, something that could stand in the way of Guides with GoPros
management analysis and consulting service. “That’s large-scale adoption in the tourist industry any time give tours of the Faroe
something which has not in my 40 years of being soon. At the moment, goggles like Oculus or HTC Vive Islands to viewers logged
involved with the industry ever occurred.” typically cost between $500 and $1,000 — cheap on to a tourism board’s
website.
What had been projected to be on-par travel enough to be purchased by gaming enthusiasts but
visitfaroeislands.com
records in January and February 2020 took a sharp still prohibitively expensive for many. As a result, VR
turn in March, plunging 95% in just 30 days. Some headsets have yet to become a must-have in home
airlines began expanding schedules in June, but entertainment. While it’s possible to rent VR headsets
Mann does not expect a rapid turnaround. or use them communally at indoor recreation centers
“This summer in the Northern Hemisphere may like arcades, many consumers simply go without. But,
be the winter of tourism,” he says. for those who do choose to share headsets, this can
create a major sanitation issue that Monika Bielskyte,
Enter VR and AR a futurist specializing in immersive technologies and
Creative tourism groups are beginning to embrace the design of non-dystopian futures, says could spell
virtual reality as an economic bridge to an era beyond trouble for future, widespread adoption.
the pandemic. Take the Faroe Islands: After the small “One of the major issues [is] the way the headsets
Danish archipelago had to close its borders to visitors, would press on your face like ski goggles with a Virtual reality travel
the islands’ tourism board decided to offer immer- nasty petroleum foam that is kind of impossible to may seem like an easy
alternative to traditional
sive, at-home experiences to curb the tourism slump. disinfect,” says Bielskyte. “What you need is a rede-
travel, but questions of
Tour guides on the island donned GoPro-equipped sign of the devices themselves using materials that sanitation and virtual
safety helmets and began hosting virtual tours for can be very easily disinfected.” fatigue show that it too is
visitors from around the world. Using only a phone But, in lieu of a full redesign, Hackl notes that more riddled with problems.
20 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .orgconsumers buying individual headsets could negate
the need to share dirty, communal headsets in travel
and tourism settings. With this pull toward virtual
realities and push away from communal products,
Hackl predicts we could see a purchasing spike in
personal headsets this year if covid-19 cases continue.
If that happens, the resulting virtual travel expe-
riences may be something like what Megan Epler
Wood, director of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of
Public Health’s International Sustainable Tourism
Initiative, experienced when she visited France’s
historic cave painting sites.
“[VR] will be a tool to lower impacts [to fragile
sites] and some of that can be seen already, say, in
France or other really cutting-edge tourism desti-
nations,” says Epler Wood. “I myself was in France
two years ago … and they were already using that
in fragile historical cave sites. They were not taking
you into those; [instead] you were going into other
areas that were beautifully done.”
Epler Wood says that through projections and
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 21VR goggles she was able to better learn how these Airline passengers cognitive weight of having exerted ourselves without
are looking at their
drawings were made and how the ancient artists having gone anywhere.
surroundings in a whole
lived. Whatever the reason, Hackl says that this cog-
new way.
nitive dissonance is enough to make total virtual
Virtual fatigue: Even playful virtual experiences, immersion an impossibility — for now at least. Hackl
improved sanitation and personal headsets will not says these technologies are not going to shake avi-
solve this obstacle, says Hackl. ation’s grasp on the travel industry anytime soon.
If you have taken any number of calls over video
chat during this pandemic, you are well aware of the The destination
physical and emotional drain that can come after “Are we never going to travel?” Hackl ponders. She
ending a call. In some cases, this fatigue could stem doesn’t have to think long: “I think we’re still going
from video lag or low-quality microphones inter- to travel; it’s human nature for us to want to go ex-
rupting us midsentence and making us repeat plore places.”
ourselves. Others have postulated it may be that She expects that tourists will begin thinking more
virtual experiences lack a kind of feedback we expect carefully about where and how often they travel,
from physical interactions, like an actor performing passing on hour-and-a-half flights to prioritize
for an unmoved crowd. Or maybe it is because the bucket list getaways like a family vacation abroad
moment we take off our headset or hang up our call or Disney World. In the meantime, virtual experi-
we are exactly back where we were and have the ences could help people better decide where they
“[There is] a loss of trust and confidence in the
ability to travel without being exposed to either
a virus or some other affliction.”
— Bob Mann, an aviation industry consultant
22 | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | aerospaceamerica . aiaa .organd better educate them on the history and culture
of the place they’re visiting. While this kind of learn-
ing could be experienced through VR alone, Day
says that combining physical experiences with these
augmented details could help tourists better connect
with the communities they visit while still contrib-
uting to their economies.
Day and Epler Wood think immersive technol-
ogy could take the pressure off fragile sites such as
Epler Wood described in France. Solutions like this
may become more common not only for sanitation
and social distancing purposes but to better main-
tain these sites for antiquity as well.
In Bielskyte’s view, moving virtual and augment-
ed reality devices in this direction would begin to
shift the market away from gratuitous devices donned
simply for distraction. Immersive technology would
become an empathetic tool to help us better connect
with our global community — something that feels
particularly important now.
Echoing Hackl’s thoughts from before, Day says
that the barrier standing between immersive tech-
nology and the tourism industry is not one of tech-
nology but rather one of creativity.
“The issue at the moment is a lack of our imag-
ination,” says Day. “As we get more and more creative
about how we can apply these things in ways that
want to go and how to make the most of their trip Augmented reality are both enriching and entertaining, I think we’ll see
when they get there. could help airlines tell that being adopted more and more.”
customers about the
This increased thoughtfulness could also help A similar problem faces the aviation industry
ways they are trying
combat the strain of overtourism that can negative- to make the passenger itself, says Mann. As airlines work to overcome
ly impact local communities at big tourist hubs. areas safe. passengers’ safety concerns and get them flying
“The concept of sustainable tourism is really Southwest Airlines again to their semi-virtual vacations, augmented
thinking about creating tourism at a destination that reality along the way could play a big role. AR could
is going to ultimately have a benefit to the commu- display airflow maps of the cabin to ensure the
nity,” says Jonathon Day, an associate professor in passengers of clean air circulation, and hands-free
Purdue University’s School of Hospitality and Tour- flight information could be projected from flight
ism Management. “Quite often tourism just happens apps on passengers’ smartphones, says Mann.
to communities [and] often the community feels as This intuitive use of data visualization could help
though they aren’t in control of the growth that’s peel back the curtain on how these airlines are
happening around them.” working to keep passengers safe and help regain
Communities such as those in getaway destina- their trust.
tions like Hawaii are driven by tourism and have felt “These apps turn out to be useful well beyond
a sharp impact as the number of tourists dried up the intended purpose,” says Mann. “You can break
during during the pandemic, but Day says an influx down these issues one by one. Are the surfaces of the
of travel back to these locations isn’t necessarily the aircraft where I sit going to be clean? Yeah, they are,
solution. Instead, Day says that this could be a perfect and here’s how. … These are things that can just be
opportunity to finally change the tide on how tour- eroded one by one, the things that might be causing
ists interact with these communities. people to have concern or a lack of confidence that
“It’s really hard to change the wheel on a racing they can book a leisure vacation or a business trip.”
car when it’s going,” says Day. “But right now there Restoring trust in the safety of airlines is likely
is a moment in time when some of these destinations to be a slow process won by centimeters not by ki-
can be thinking ‘How can we prepare for demand lometers. But, in the meantime, our immersive es-
to increase? How can we find the right balance be- capes to Danish islands and the steep heights of
tween the benefits and the costs of tourism?’” Everest can help us choose our next travel destina-
Day argues that VR and AR technology could tion a little more wisely. Or, at least, keep us enter-
enrich the experience tourists have when traveling tained during our lunch breaks. ★
aerospaceamerica . aiaa .org | J U LY/AUGUST 2020 | 23Join the future of space
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