Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
Central School
 Home School Package
 Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
HOME SCHOOL PACKAGE CONTENT

TOPIC : - CULTURAL PROCESSES IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENT(MIGRATION PROCESSES IN NEW ZEALAND).
WEEK    LESSON            SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME                         PAGE
           1        Define cultural processes                               4-6
                    Identify/name a cultural process that operates in a
                      chosen geographic environment

           2        Identify/name the elements of the cultural             7-12
                     processes that operate in a chosen geographic
  4                  environment

          3-5       Name an overseas setting                               13-21
                    Locate an overseas setting
                    List the elements of the cultural processes within a
                     chosen geographic environment.
                    Describe in detail the elements of the cultural
                     processes within your geographic environment.

  5       1-5       Explain how the elements have interacted in            22-28
                     migration process

          1-3       Draw a sketch map to show the cultural processes       29-35
                     that operate in a chosen geographic environment.
                    Draw a sketch map to show the cultural processes
  6
                     that operate within a different part of a chosen
                     environment.

          4-5       Explain how your chosen cultural process operates      36-37
                      within your Overseas setting.

          1-2       Describe the local spatial and/or temporal             38-42
                     variations in this cultural process within a choosen
                     geographic environment.
                    Explain why there are local spatial and/or
                     temporal variations in this cultural process.

  7       3-5       Describe the local spatial and/or temporal             43-53
                     variations in this migration process within New

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
Zealand.
                    Explain why there are local spatial and/or
                     temporal variations in this migration process in
                     New Zealand.

          1-2       Describe how does the process of migration              54-56
                      encourage concentration and dispersal.

          3-4       Describe how the cultural process has affected the      57-59
  8                   distribution of phenomena within a chosen
                      geographic environment.

           5        Evaluate the impact of the cultural process on people   60-65
                     and/or the environment

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
LESSON Plan

                     Name : Nerol Namak
                     Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                     8 /06/2020

    Date

                     Topic : Introduction to Cultural Process
                     Lesson number : 1 - ( Week 4)

                      SLO     Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                        Skill   SLO Code
                      #                                                              Level

         Learning     5       Define cultural processes                                1     Geo2.1.1.5
    outcomes
                      6       Identify/name a cultural process that operates in a      1     Geo2.1.1.6
                              chosen geographic environment

             Intro   Geography seen as having two dimensions: the natural and the cultural. The
                     natural are those features of the Earth that existed before people and will
             ducti   continue to exist if humanity ceased to exist. The cultural are those features
             on      that are associated with human activity (usually economic, social and
                     political) reflecting the decisions made by people over history.

                     The cultural process involves cultural activities and patterns that studied at
                     one point in time or a changing, developing series of stages.

                     Chosen Cultural Processes -                 Migration Processes
                     There are two case studies to focus on for this topic;

                             Pacific setting -    Vanuatu migration

                             Overseas setting -     New Zealand migration
Learners notes

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
WHAT ARE CULTURAL PROCESSES?
                    The natural and cultural dimensions
                    Geography is has two dimensions: the natural and the cultural. The natural
                    are those features of the Earth that existed before people and will continue
                    to exist if humanity ceased to exist. The cultural are those features that are
                    associated with human activity (usually economic, social and political)
                    reflecting the decisions made by people over history. There is a high level of
                    interaction between the two dimensions with few natural or cultural
                    environments not influenced by the other.
                    Some cultural phenomena are visible (e.g. towns, created parks, roads), while
                    some are invisible (internet banking, societal rules and customs).
                    The cultural process involves cultural activities and patterns that studied at
                    one point in time or a changing, developing series of stages. Geography
                    studies the Earth and the events that take place on it – both natural and
                    cultural. Natural processes above, on, and below the Earth create the
                    environment in which humans live. Humans modify these processes and
                    result in the formation of cultural phenomena. Cultural activities are a
                    sequence of related actions or activities that can vary in time, space,
                    magnitude, frequency and location.
                    A cultural process can be easily confused with an economic activity but the
                    two are quite different. For example, industrialization is a process, whereas
                    industry alone would not qualify, as it is just an economic activity. Migration,
                    Tourism, Agricultural Change and Changing Land use are also examples of a
                    Cultural Process apart from Industrialization.
                    Because people are geographic agents of change, physical and cultural
                    environments always altered by them. People are able to change the
                    features of an environment and the processes that create change. Tourism
                    development as another example is a process as it made up of related
                    activities, which modify or maintain the environment. Tourism is a cultural
                    process because these activities involve people. Tourism development
                    therefore describes how the tourism process changes over a period of time
                    and space and changing patterns that result from their interactions with
                    different environments. One includes a variety of social, economic and
                    political phenomena.

                    No video

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
Questions
                       1) Define “Cultural Processes”. (Level 1) (Geo2.1.1.5)
                       2) Identify by circling your chosen Cultural Process from this list below:
                          (Level 1) Geo2.1.1.6
                                       a. Migration
                                       b. Tourism Development
                                       c. Industrialisation
                                       d. Agricultural Change
                                       e. Changing Land use

Assignment

                    -Question will be given later.
Assessment

             Refe   NCEA Level 3
             renc
             es

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
LESSON Plan

                    Name : Nerol Namak
                    Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                    10/06/2020

    Date

                    Topic : Migration
                    Lesson number : 2- (week 4)

                     SLO   Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)              Skill    SLO Code
                      #                                                Level

                      7    Identify/name the elements of the             1       Geo2.1.1.7
         Learning          cultural processes that operate in a
                           chosen geographic environment
    outcomes
           Intro
           ducti    Migration Is a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of
                    an individual or group of people, from place of origin (source) to place
           on       of destination. There are elements whether from the source and/or
                    the destination that cause the migration process to occur.

                    Cultural Process: Migration

                        Defining Migration
                    Migration is a permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of
Learners notes      an individual or group of people, from place of origin (source) to place
                    of destination. Migration, together with fertility and mortality, are
                    fundamental processes determining population growth and structure

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Central School Home School Package - Year : SPFSC 13 GEOGRAPHY
in an area.
                    Gross migration includes all flows while net migration represents the
                    balance of flows into and out of an area. Mobility is a rather more
                    general terms than migration, covering all kinds of territorial
                    movements of whatever distance, duration or degree of permanence.
                    A distinction is always between migration and circulation, a term
                    given to short-term, repetitive or cyclical movements.

                    MIGRATION

                    LOCATION A (Source)

                           Individual or group migrate from source to destination

                                                                 Location B (Destination)

                        The Cultural Processes of Migration
                    The migration of people is a cultural process that involves people
                    moving their place of residence permanently or semi-permanently.

                                     Some of these movements of people involve the
                                      migration of people within a country from city to city or
                                      rural areas to city or city to rural areas. This movement
                                      can be referring to as internal migration.

                                     Another type of migration is external migration,
                                      involving the movement of people between countries.

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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MIGRATION
                      Migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

                     This involves a series of steps or related actions (processes)

                      These steps change the patterns of population distribution and
                      population flow.

                     Migration varies in duration sometimes happening quickly,
                     sometimes over long period, but always involving interaction
                     between elements

                     Migration occur in various scales, from international to regional to
                     specific places.

                     Sometimes migration occurs in certain locations only once or
                     twice. In order locations, it can occur regularly, leading to patterns
                     of flow and the establishment of migration systems.

                     The process of migration can cause changes to people, places and
                     patterns at the source, en-route and destination

                     How people view migration is determined by their culture and
                     perception.

                    ELEMENTS AND INTERACTIONS INVOLVE IN THE PROCESS
                    OF MIGRATION
                    Elements are an essential feature/ factors of any process.

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The migration occurs because of elements with migrant,
                    origin (Source), en-route (obstacles), destination and
                    receiving environment (host). To be more precise these
                    elements can be categories under the six main categories
                    - social, economic, political, natural/environmental,
                    historical and cultural. For example, the migrant might
                    decide to migrate the countries simply because he/she
                    has enough money to travel. This is an economic
                    element, which is from the migrant. The elements in the
                    process of migration also known as factors for an
                    individual and /or group to involve in migration process.
                    Many of the elements are abstract (you cannot ‘touch’ or
                    ‘see’ the element), such as the social element of personal
                    freedom. Some elements are concrete (you can touch
                    and/or see the element), such as a warm climate or
                    democratically elected government.

                          Social elements- crime rates, personal freedom,
                           social services, health services, education.

                          Economic elements- employment opportunities,
                           wages/salaries, available market to sell items produced.

                          Political elements – war, type of government ruling, taxes,
                           human rights, political agreement between countries, etc.

                          Natural (environmental) elements – climate, coastal location,
                           natural hazards, topography of land, pollution, land availability,
                           etc.

                          Historical elements – colonial heritage and link to other
                           countries.

                          Cultural elements – religious freedom, language, technological
                           advances.
                    The elements interact or operate simultaneously to create the process
                    of migration. Within an individual element, some aspect are
                    encouraging a migrant to leave an area (push factors) and some to
                    motivating a migrant to move into an area (pull factors).

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Some examples of ‘push’ factors and ‘pull’ factors
                                      Push and pull factors in migration
                     Element                             Push                    Pull

                     Social                     Lack of amenities       Availability of
                                                and attractions         entertainment
                                                                        opportunities

                     Economic                   Low wages/salaries      High wages/salaries

                     Political                  Lack of political       Democratic
                                                freedom                 government

                     Natural/Environment Unfavorable, cold              Pleasant, warm
                                         climate                        climate

                     Historical                 Transfer of             Historical links such
                                                sovereignty             as colonial heritage

                     Cultural                   Inability to buy food   Same language
                                                products for own
                                                culture

                     No video

                    Questions
                       1) Define what migration means.
                       2) Name the elements of migration process.
                       3) What is the difference between external migration and internal
                          migration?
                       4) Give two examples of pull factors in migration.
                       5) Give one example of each of the following;
                                  a. An economical pull factor.
                                  b. A political push factor.
                                  c. An environmental pull factor.

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d. A social push factor.

Assignment
                    Test will be base on this topic later.

Assessment

             Refe   NCEA level 3
             renc
             es

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LESSON Plan

                      Name : Nerol Namak
                      Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography
Teacher

                      10/06/2020 -12 /06/2020

   Date

                      Topic : migration
                      Lesson number : 3-5 (week 4)

                       SLO   Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                 Skill   SLO Code
                        #                                                   Level

                        3    Name an overseas setting                         1      Geo2.1.1.3
           Learning     4    Locate an overseas setting                       1      Geo2.1.1.4
                        12   List the elements of the cultural processes      2      Geo2.1.2.3
outcomes
                             within a chosen geographic environment.

                        15   Describe in detail the elements of the           2      Geo2.1.2.5
                             cultural processes within your geographic
                             environment.

             Introd
             uctio    Migration process in New Zealand involve several elements interacting.
             n        These elements affects the decision that the migrants take to migrate
                      because it affect the destination for which the migrant will choose.

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Case Study # 1: The Migration Process that operates in New
                    Zealand.
                    Cultural Processes: - Migration Process
                    Overseas Setting: -        New Zealand

                           Key Ideas
Learners notes            The elements interact to create the process of migration.

                        Migration process involves various locations or settings, the source, en-
                         route and at the destination.

                        It is the elements operating and interacting within these settings, which
                         determine whether people will migrate or stay.

                    LESSON NOTES

                    New Zealand

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The Sixteen Regions of New Zealand

                       A. The Elements of Migration process in New Zealand
                    There are common trends of migration that occur in New Zealand and
                    they are the drift north and the drift south.

                       1. The Drift to North Island of New Zealand:
                          In 1900, the percentages of people who lived in the North or
                          South Islands were about equal (50:50). Since that time, the North
                          Island has gained a larger and larger share of New Zealand’s total
                          population. In 2006 the North Island had 75% of the total, while

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the Auckland region alone, with 33%, had more than the entire
                         South Island share.
                         The change in population growth between the South Island and
                         the North Islands of New Zealand is the result of two factors;

                                 The drift north of internal migrants ( New Zealanders)

                                 The much higher percentage of external migrants or
                                  immigrants who settle in the North Island, especially
                                  Auckland (over the last 20 years Auckland has been the
                                  destination of 57% of all immigrants to New Zealand).

                          The migration of people from the South Island of New Zealand to
                         the North Island of NZ is due to the following reasons;

                               Early reasons for the northward drift relate to North Island
                                becoming available for settlement due to the
                               Large-scale confiscation of Maori land following the Land
                                Wars of the 1860s. Dairy farming grew in importance, and
                                this led to much higher rural densities than the more
                                extensive pastoral farming of the South Island. North
                                Island urban areas were also growing during the latter part
                                of the 19th century and early 20th century- and now came a
                                growth in industry and commercial opportunities.
                               Climate. The warmer average temperatures of the north
                                have exerted a constant pull on migrants.
                               The North Island especially Auckland is closer to world
                                trade route and this has fostered trade, commerce and
                                then industrial growth in the north. These in turn provide
                                more employment opportunities.
                               The North Island rural industries also grew more rapidly,
                                especially from 1950 onwards. The forest industry of the
                                central North Island grew as the forest matured, sourcing
                                large-scale processing and export industries (eg at Kinleith-
                                Tokoroa and Tauranga). The oil and natural gas industry of
                                Taranaki (Maui and the associated Synfuel plant at
                                Motonui attracted their share of jobs and workers.
                                  By contrast, South Island rural industries have been
                                  decline, especially the timber industry of Westland and the
                                  coal mining industries of Westland and Southland.
                               Since the northward drift started, the process accelerated
                                because of the cumulative causation or multiplier effect.

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This effect begins to operate once one area of a country
                                  gains an advantage over another in terms of size of
                                  population and economic activity.

                       2. The Drift to South Island of New Zealand.
                    During the 1991-1996 periods, there is an increase in the population of
                    the South Island. A number of reasons put forward for this reversal of a
                    long-established inter-island trend. The ‘pull’ factors exerted by the
                    South Island from areas such as Nelson, Marlborough and Canterbury on
                    North Islanders are including;

                            the cheaper housing in the South Island
                            lower crime rates
                            more space
                            less traffic and pollution
                            less racial tension and more relaxed pace of life

                       3. Among the retired people:
                    A lot of retired New Zealander decides upon relocating to a new place
                    due to various elements such as;

                            Earlier retirement- more people retired before 60/65 years
                             and so upon receiving their retirement they migrate to a new
                             location.
                            Pensions- When the state pension has introduced, and the
                             increase of pensions, pensioners have been able to afford to
                             re-locate and maintain a reasonable standard of living.
                            Attitude towards the elderly- In this twentieth century,
                             elderly have tended to live less with their children may be due
                             to the breakdown of the extended family, the children
                             themselves will have left the area of the family home or the
                             improved health of the aged and a changing attitude towards
                             age. As a result, the elderly tend to be more mobile.
                            Health- Many people move for health reasons, especially to
                             areas of milder climate or clearer air such as North Island of
                             New Zealand.

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Elements that have encouraged migration to Auckland City
                     Social         Auckland provides a wide range of educational
                     Elements        institutions to cater for the majority of forms of
                                     academic or technical training.

                                    The City also offers advanced health services,
                                     including a range of specialized health-care facilities.

                                    Auckland offers a wide range of recreational
                                     opportunities.

                                    Cultural pursuits are well catered for, such as, In the
                                     performing arts, for example, one can choose from
                                     cinema, theatre, opera, ballet, orchestras, while there
                                     is also a variety of libraries, museums, restaurants,
                                     arts and sculptures galleries.

                                    Auckland also provides an exciting ‘night life’,
                                     nightclubs, bars, a casino.

                     Economics      For entrepreneurs, Auckland provides the greatest
                     Elements        number and range of skilled workers, an excellent
                                     infrastructure, and the largest affluent market in New
                                     Zealand.

                                    Business set up in Auckland attracts workers seeking
                                     jobs and opportunities for advancement.

                                    Industries set up in Auckland attract other industries,
                                     which attract associated products, eg the
                                     Telecommunication Company and computer shop,
                                     internet café, etc. This is the industrial agglomeration
                                     effect, which provides more jobs and attracts more
                                     workers.

                                    The numerous services associated with industrial and
                                     commercial growth also increase further employment
                                     opportunities, eg. roading, telecommunication,
                                     repairs, advertising, trade facilities, banking, retailing
                                     etc.

                                    The construction industry associated with all these
                                     aspects of commercial and industrial growth also
                                     provides jobs. Housing construction for the growing
                                     population is another source of employment.

                                    Auckland provides the greatest number and range of
                                     employment opportunities of any place in New
                                     Zealand, and certainly far greater than any other New

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Zealand city.

                     Natural             Auckland’s position in New Zealand means it is closer
                     Elements             to the world trade and air routes. This attracts more
                                          services to evolve within the area, which in return
                                          provide more employment opportunities for people.

                                         Warm climate, winter particularly mild, which may
                                          attract more migrant to Auckland to enjoy the warm
                                          climate than the cold winter in the south island.

                                         Long, attractive coastline means that maritime
                                          recreational opportunities are available.

                    Elements that discourage migration to Auckland City
                           High house price (eg price rises of 15% or greater, annually 2000-
                            207)

                           High crime rates

                           Higher levels of pollution

                           Overstretched services, especially in health and education.

                           Problems of providing adequate water supplies and sewage
                            services

                           Ethnic conflicts

                           Increasing congestion, especially of vehicle traffic on the main
                            arterial routes into the city.

                           As Auckland continues to expand, commuter times and distance
                            lengthen.

                           As Auckland’s population grows, so does the need for space.
                            Auckland continues to spread over valuable farming land, taking it
                            out of production and converting the farmland into suburb.

                    No video

                    Questions
                       1) Name the chosen cultural processes studied.

                       2) Name the overseas setting.

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3) On the world map below, locate and name the overseas setting.

                       4) Define what social elements means in relation to migration
                          process from your chosen overseas setting.
                       5) For your chosen cultural process, identify two specific elements
                          (reasons) of your chosen cultural process within your chosen
                          overseas setting.
                       6) Describe in detail how each of the TWO specific element identify
                          in qtn #4, involve in the migration process for your oversea
                          setting.
                       7) Draw a sketch map to show any two elements of migration
                          process that operate in your overseas setting. Add title, key and
                          approximate scale to your map.

                    Assignment question be given later.

Assignment

Central School Home Package                                                Page 20
Assessment

             Refe
             renc   NCEA Level 3
             es

Central School Home Package        Page 21
LESSON Plan

                     Name : Nerol Namak
                     Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                     15/06 – 19/06

    Date

                     Topic : Elements and Interaction
                     Lesson number : 1-5 (week 5)

                      SLO Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                              Skill   SLO Code
                       #                                                              Level

                            Explain how the elements have interacted in
          Learning          migration process

     outcomes
            Intro
            ducti    This lesson will focus more on the elements that have involve in a specific migration
                     Process. These elements can either encourage or discourage a person to migrate.
            on

                     LESSON NOTES

                           The Interactions of Elements of the migration process
Learners notes               In New Zealand.
                           The elements of migration do not produce the process of migration

                            Unless, they interact. It is the interaction of elements that causes the migration

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Process to occur.

                     Some examples of elements & Interactions

                           o   A person might decide to move to a place where there are better

                               employment prospects such as Auckland (an economic element),

                               but is also attracted to a location such as Auckland from Dunedin

                               by a warmer climate (a natural or environmental element).

                  ELEMENTS                                                   ELEMENTS
                  (Source, Migrants)               INTERACTION               ( Destination, Host)

                  Natural (Climate)        The retire Person of New          Natural (Climate)
                                           Zealand that are before
                  e.g: The cold climate of                                   e.g. the warmer
                                           60/65 years have decided to
                  the South Island of New                                    climate of the North
                                           relocate permanently to
                  Zealand.                                                   Island of New
                                           cleaner and warm climate
                                                                             Zealand.
                                           area. They choose the North
                                           island such as Bay of Plenty
                                           over the Nelson regions due
                                           to it warmer climate.

                  Social                     Due to lack of higher           Social
                                             educational opportunities in
                  Eg. Lack of educational                                    Eg. Education at
                                             Pacific island countries
                  opportunity in the                                         school, polytechnics
                                             shows that many young
                  Pacific.                                                   and university
                                             Pacific islanders migrate to
                                             New Zealand in search of
                                             better high educational
                                             institution such as
                                             polytechnic and universities.

                  Social                     The Pacific island countries    Political
                                             have certain foreign aid
                  e.g. Education                                             e.g. Foreign Aid
                                             given to them in the form of
                                             scholarship. Pacific
                                             islanders who wanted to
                                             further their education in
                                             those high educational
                                             institutions in New Zealand
                                             have the opportunity to do
                                             so since their country may
                                             lack to offer the
                                             qualification and tertiary
                                             institution such as Auckland
                                             University, Waikato

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University and others more.

                  Economic                     Auckland provides the           Economic
                                               greatest number and range
                  e.g. lack of job in the                                      e.g. Job promotion
                                               of employment
                  South Island
                                               opportunities of any place in
                                               New Zealand, and certainly
                                               far greater than any other
                                               New Zealand city. A migrant
                                               from the South Island has
                                               been promoted to work to a
                                               large firm headquarters
                                               located in Auckland city.

                  Economic                     The migrant requires a new Environment
                                               job. Auckland provides
                  e.g job                                                     e.g. coastline
                                               many jobs opportunities.
                                               Not only that but with a
                                               good climate and sporting
                                               activities as well. With Long,
                                               attractive coastline means
                                               that maritime recreational
                                               opportunities are available.

                     However, some elements assist interaction while others hinder the interaction.

                      Example 1:

                      A migrant might choose to go to destination B rather than destination A.

                       Destination A might lack employment opportunities despite its closeness to the migra
                      (source). Destination B is farther but has more job opportunities

                      with good income package. Lack of employment opportunity at destination A

                      hinders the migrant to migrate to, however destination B assist the migrant to

                      choose this destination and migrate to it.

                                                     Destination A

                                            Source
                                                                               Destination B

                      The migration of migrants to destination depends entirely on the elements

                      whether it hinders or encourage the migrant to the destination.

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Example 2:

                                                         Similar Language

                                     Source                                    Destination

                                   (Migrant)
                                                                                                               T

                     The similarity of their language assists the interactions of the two elements

                      from the Source and Destination. Therefore, the migration is likely to take

                      place.

                      Example 3:

                                                          No means of Transport

                                     Source                                     Destination

                                    (Migrant)

                     Since there lack of transport route to the new destination, this interaction is not

                      supported but hindered and not likely to take place.

               Example #1

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Example #2
               Map showing some elements that contribute to the migration process in
               New Zealand.
                     Elemensts : Employment and Climate.

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No Video

               Questions
               1) Identify TWO social element that might encourage migration process in

                   New Zealand.

               2) Describe in detail how each of the social elements mention in qtn#1

                  might encourage migration in New Zealand.

               3) Identify TWO economic elements that might hinder migration process

                  in New Zealand.

               4) Describe in detail how each of the economic elements mention in qtn#3

                  might hinder migration in New Zealand.

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5) Name any FOUR specific elements that operate with migration process

                        in New Zealand.

                     6) Explain how ONE of the elements mentioned in q#5 operate with the migration

                         process in New Zealand. Use example from your New Zealand case study.

Assignment
                     Questions to be assessed
Assessment              1. Describe in detail ONE element of the cultural process for your chosen overseas
                           setting.

                        2. Draw a sketch map to show how the TWO elements of the cultural process operate

                            in your overseas setting.. Add a title, key and approximate scale to your

                            map.

             Refe
                     NCEA Level
             rence   SPFSC past paper
             s

    Central School Home Package                                                         Page 28
Lesson Plan

                      Name : Nerol Namak
                      Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                      22nd /06/2020 - 24/04/2020

    Date

                      Topic : Migration in operation
                      Lesson number : 1-3 (week 6)

                       SLO   Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                     Skill   SLO Code
                        #                                                       Level

                       10    Draw a sketch map to show the cultural processes     2      Geo2.1.2.1
         Learning
                             that operate in a chosen geographic environment.
    outcomes
                       11    Draw a sketch map to show the cultural processes     2      Geo2.1.2.2
                             that operate within a different part of a chosen
                             environment.

              Intro
                      For this lesson, student will look at how migration process operates. There
              ducti   are six stages which a migrant does go through in this process. Those six
              on      stages are as follows: motivation, decision, arrangement, journey, Arrival
                      and adjustment, and Establishment and settlement.

                      LESSON NOTES

                      How does the process of migration operate?
                      Migration process operate through sequence of events and there are six
Learners notes        clearly identified stages. The process of migration operates through six

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clearly identifiable stages such as Motivation, Decision, Arrangement,
                    Departure, Journey and Arrival, Establishment and Settlement. The
                    migrant involve in the migration processes in any geographical setting must
                    follow the steps/ stages.

                    Six stages of migration process
                     Motivation          Decision         Arrangement
                            Journey       Arrival and adjustment    Establishment
                     and Settlement.

                    1)      Motivation
                    Migrants are attracted to move (voluntary) or forced to move (such as
                    fleeing from a war zone). They must overcome inertia (it is always easier to
                    stay put) and intervening obstacles such as cost, distance from their home
                    or legal part of travelling.
                    2)      Decision
                    Migrant must constantly make decision- should they migrate, and if they
                    do, how do they evaluate their move ? The number involved is usually
                    determined by the strength of the elements motivating the move. When
                    people migrate because they are forced to (e.g. natural disaster or war)
                    they generally move quickly and in high numbers. When people move
                    because they are, attracted to another area they usually take time to think
                    about their proposed journey and plan its execution thus it takes time.

                    3)     Arrangement
                    Once the decision to migrate has been made, a series of logistical
                    consideration have to be made. The move needs to be planned, for
                    example;

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At the source (origin)
                    -the number of assets such as house needs to put out for sold or rent
                    -arrange for families or relatives to care for families or farms that will be
                    left behind.

                    En-route
                    -the distance to travel
                    -the transport option
                    -the likely cost
                    -the accommodation needs

                    Destination
                    -the availability of accommodation
                    -the transport to take to where to stay
                    -etc

                    4)       Departure
                    Migration occurs over varying periods and usually involves overcoming
                    obstacles. The more quickly obstacles are overcome, the more quickly the
                    migration process occurs. The shorter the distance of migration the more
                    likely less obstacles to overcome.

                    5)      Journey
                    Departure can be traumatic, as the migrants may be leaving behind friends,
                    family and the security of a way of life that they know well. All this
                    especially true when the language and society of the destination country
                    are different.
                    Migration usually occurs in a series of step where the migrant reaches the
                    final destination after a series of moves.
                    For example, a migrant leaves his village to the main town where he/she
                    board a plane to his/her final destination. This migrant involves in series of
                    moves from village to town and to the final destination.

                    Distance decay Model reveals an inverse pattern, which means larger
                    numbers of migrants, will travel shorter distance while relatively few
                    people will travel longer distances.

                    Distance decay Model reveals an inverse pattern, which means larger
                    numbers of migrants, will travel shorter distance while relatively few
                    people will travel longer distances.

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6)      Arrival, Establishment and Settlement
                    Similar requirements are evident at all three stages although they take on
                    different priorities. Some examples of those priorities such as;

                                          Stages of Establishment in Host Community

                            Priorities    Arrival          Establishment      Settled

                            Housing       Rental           Improved rental    Purchase
                                                                              house/land

                            Employment    Unskilled        Improved job or    Owned business
                                                           job security

                            school        Local            Local              May go to ‘better’
                                                                              schools out of the
                                                                              local area.

                            Mastery of    Speak mainly     Speak some of
                            host          source           host language
                            language      language

                            Food          Prefer food      Experiment         Eat mainly host
                                          often eat and    with some host     foods
                                          prepared in      foods
                                          the source
                                          (origin)

                          Arrival - the securing of accommodation and employment are the
                           first priorities.
                          Establishment - the migrant will have settled accommodation and
                           employment and begin expanding social horizons.
                          Settled - if opportunities for upward mobility present themselves,
                           the migrant may seek further higher accommodation and
                           employment opportunities.

                    Social change is most likely to occur at this stage as the migrant becomes a
                    part of the host community.

                    New Zealand

                    The process of migration in New Zealand has operated as a series of
                    overlapping phases from 1850 to the 1990s.

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These four phases mentioned above identified the period of time when
                    the wave of migration process took place in the migration history of New
                    Zealand. The migrants do involve in those sequence of event of the
                    migration process due to the elements, which encourage them to migrate.
                    An example below explain how migration operate in New Zealand.

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A migrant move during Phase 4, might have migrate from
                      Wellington to the Bay of Plenty, Resource 2.17 (pg 166), due to the
                      warmer climate up North of North Island.

                      The Migrants is motivated to migrate out of Wellington due to the
                      cold climate down south of North Island. After certain consultation
                      Decision was made and arrangement done to secure necessary
                      things such as accommodation at Bay of Plenty. The journey to
                      Bay of Plenty might be via Auckland. The Migrant might took a
                      private transport via Auckland and then to Bay of Plenty. When
                      the migrant arrived at Bay of Plenty the migrant check for priorities
                      such as the accommodation that has been arrange prior to
                      travelling. For few months, the migrant have to rent an
                      accommodation such as a hotel but later moved into a more
                      improved rental apartment. After several years of hard working
                      and commitment, the migrant has settled with better salary,
                      improved lifestyle, and finally decided to purchase a new home
                      where the family later moved in.

                    Example #1

Central School Home Package                                                    Page 34
No video

                       1) Draw a sketch map to show the migration process that operate
                          within New Zealand. Add a title, key and an appropriate scale for
                          your map. (Hint: draw a sketch map of New Zealand and use arrows
                          to show the migration pattern.

Assignment
                    Question 1 for the ‘exercises’ will be assessed.

Assessment

             Refe   NCEA Level 3
             renc
             es

Central School Home Package                                             Page 35
LESSON Plan

                    Name : Nerol Namak
                    Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                    24/06-26/06

    Date

                    Topic : Migration process in operation in New Zealand.
                    Lesson number : 4-5 (week 6)

                     SLO Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                    Skill   SLO Code
                      #                                                    Level

                     19   Explain how your chosen cultural process           3      Geo2.1.3.3
         Learning         operates within your Overseas setting.
    outcomes
           Intro
           ducti    This lesson will continue to focus on how migration process operates in New
                    Zealand which is our overseas setting.
           on

                    (Refer to notes on lesson 1-3)

Learners notes

                    No Video

Central School Home Package                                              Page 36
Questions
                      1) Explain how your chosen cultural process operates for your chosen
                         overseas setting. You can explain the sequence of events that happen
                         (six stages). Use specific case study as evidence. (See the example in
                         lesson 1-3 to help you attempt this question).

Assignment
                    Assessment question given in your ‘exercise’ will be assessed.

Assessment

             Refe   NCEA Level 3
             renc
             es

Central School Home Package                                                   Page 37
LESSON Plan

                     Name : Nerol Namak
                     Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                     29/06 – 01/07

    Date

                     Topic : : Spatial Variation and/or Temporal Variation in
                     Migration Process.
                     Lesson number : 1-2 (Week 7)

                      SLO    Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                    Skill   SLO Code
                       #                                                       Level

         Learning      13    Describe the local spatial and/or temporal          2      Geo2.1.2.4
                             variations in this cultural process within a
    outcomes                 choosen geographic environment

                       20    Explain why there are local spatial and/or          3      Geo2.1.3.4
                             temporal variations in this cultural process.

             Intro
             ducti   This lesson is focus on the spatial variation of migration process and the
                     reasons why these variation might occur.
             on

                     LESSON NOTES
                     Spatial Variation refers to the process been different within different
                     settings, e.g. concentrations in the village, dispersal to outlying islands,
                     radial patterns within an area, nodes within a country, linear pattern
Learners notes       globally.

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Temporal variations refer to how things change over a period. Examples of
                    temporal variations include even, uneven, fluctuating, cyclic, regular and
                    irregular. Temporal variations is the result of changes in transport,
                    fluctuating currency rates, shortage of labour, among others.
                    Concentration means grouping together and dispersal means spreading
                    out.

                    SPATIAL VARIATION IN MIGRATION

                    Some places and regions experience more migration than others do. This
                    creates spatial variations. The general pattern of these variations is reflected
                    in the core-periphery model where movement of migration tends to be
                    from periphery to core and usually rural or small urban to large urban core.

                         Rural                           CITY CORE                  Small Urban
                                                         Core

                    As a result, the core grows larger or land use becomes more intense while
                    the periphery may diminish slightly or land use become less intense. The
                    core-periphery model can be sub-divided into smaller local spatial units.
                       a) Regional spatial Variations
                           A common arrangement or pattern of migration across the region
                           with their own local population movement.
                       b) Inter-urban and rural-urban spatial variation
                           Spatial variations in migration can be observed when people move
                           from rural to urban areas (and vice-versa) and from one urban area
                           to another (usually smaller to larger)
                       c) Intra-urban spatial variations
                           Spatial variations in migration also occur within urban centres.

                    REASONS FOR LOCAL SPATIAL VARIATIONS
                    As certain area develops, perhaps owing to the exploitation of mineral
                    resources or industrial development or the building of a new port, people
                    from other areas with slow growth migrate to these growth points. The
                    initial movement is in search of work but a number of the push and full

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factors can be contributory causes. In variably such migration results in vast
                    growth at the growth points, but a decline in the periphery regions.
                    For whatever reasons people leave a location, if they forced to leave against
                    their will, where possible, choose an alternative location based on the
                    perceived advantages of that location.
                    Local spatial variations in migration largely determined by the relative
                    strength of the pull factors operating within that particular area and the
                    barriers, which might hinder migration in some parts of that local area. To
                    explain the spatial variations, we return to the en-route elements and the
                    destination elements.
                          En-route elements
                    En-route elements affect the spatial variations of migration in that they are
                    either helpful to migration or they hinder migration.

Central School Home Package                                                 Page 40
No Video

                    Questions

                      1) Define the term spatial variation.
                      2) Define the term temporal variation
                      3) Describe the three common types of spatial variation in migration
                         process.

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4) Discus any an element that might have encourage migrants to involve
                         in any of the migration variation and that might hinder the migration.

Assignment
                    No assessment

Assessment

             Refe   NCEA Level 3
             renc
             es

Central School Home Package                                              Page 42
LESSON Plan

                     Name : Nerol Namak
                     Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                     2/07 – 03/07

    Date

                     Topic : Spatial Variation and/or Temporal Variation in Migration
                     Process in New Zealand.
                     Lesson number : 3-5 (Week 7)

                      SLO Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)                       Skill SLO Code
                       #                                                       Level

         Learning     13   Describe the local spatial and/or temporal           2    Geo2.1.2.4
                           variations in this migration process within New
    outcomes               Zealand.

                      20   Explain why there are local spatial and/or           3
                           temporal variations in this migration process in
                           New Zealand.

             Intro   Migration process from one place to another in New Zealand reflects a spatial
                     variation in this process. There are also changes in migration over period of
             ducti   time in the migration process of New Zealand. This is known as the temporal
             on      varition.

                     LESSON NOTES

                     New Zealand Case Study
                     SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS FOUND IN THE CULTURAL PROCESS
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Learners notes      OF MIGRATION
                    Differences in the migration process from one place to another in New
                    Zealand are spatial variations; changes in migration over time are temporal
                    variations.
                    Rural-Urban Migration
                    The process of rural-urban migration probably started soon after the
                    Europeans first settled in New Zealand, and has been continuing ever since.
                    The process probably became most marked in the 1950s and 1960s, when
                    urban and industrial growth was most rapid and farming areas were
                    undergoing structural changes (such as amalgamation and increasing
                    mechanization). Since that time, the process has probably declined in
                    intensity, but has continued at a slower pace. Today, New Zealand is one of
                    the most urbanized societies in the world, with between 80% and 85% of the
                    population living in urban areas. However, the percentage living in the larger
                    urban centres continues to increase. The 15 largest cities of New Zealand now
                    account for nearly 56 % of the total population. Auckland dominates this
                    urban growth. Auckland continues to grow faster than any other urban areas.
                    The Auckland Region has 32.4% of New Zealand’s population, the biggest
                    proportion of any region in New Zealand.

                    The reasons for the Rural-Urban drift in New Zealand over the last
                    100 or so years.

                    These reasons are relate to push and pull factors (elements) and the
                    increasing attraction of urban centres as they increase in their social,
                    economic and political dominance of the country. This is the urbanization
                    process, which is part of the greatest social and economic change in human
                    lifestyles in recent history.

                       a) Rural –urban drift
                       Push factors that have operated in rural New Zealand are follows;
                          Many sectors of farming (especially extensive pastoralism, such as
                           sheep and cattle farming) have become less profitable. Increases in
                           farm costs have added to this problem.
                          In circumstances of low-income returns, farmers may reduce their
                           workers and reduce costs, such as those involved in the application of
                           fertilizers. This reduce rural job opportunities.

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   Increasing mechanization reduce the demand for labor on farms, as
                           does the increasing use of contractors to carry out work- many of
                           these contractors are based in urban settlements.
                          In order to increase efficiency and profitability, amalgamation of
                           farms has occurred (one farmer buys up a neighboring property and
                           the two properties become one larger farm). This process has been
                           occurring for the last 20 years and has resulted in families leaving the
                           land-most for urban destination.
                          Rural industries such as freezing works, dairy and cheese factories
                           have shown similar trends in their search for the greater profitability
                           of economies of scale. In Waikato, the giant Te Rapa dairy factory has
                           replaced numerous smaller factories, which formerly served the area.
                           This process results in lost jobs and migration of workers.
                          Although lack of employment opportunities is probably the greatest
                           single factor involved in rural-urban drift, social service factors also
                           play their part. Rural areas seen as offering fewer education
                           opportunities, especially at tertiary level. Health services are not so
                           readily available. Entertainment, cultural and sporting facilities are
                           often rather limited. For young people in particular, rural areas may
                           lack excitement.
                           Other services, which rural people may require on a regular or periodic
                           basis, also tend to be urban-based. Shopping facilities, supermarkets,
                           lawyers, banks and loan facilities, travel agents, vehicle and machinery
                           dealerships and so on are all more likely to be located in urban areas.
                          Many services formerly located in small rural townships have been
                           close down. In particular, numerous post offices and smaller hospitals
                           have closed. These closures displace jobs, then people.
                          Women have always been more likely to move from rural to urban
                           areas because employment opportunities in rural are more restricted
                           for them than they are for men. An increasing number of women are
                           seeking career opportunities in urban areas.

                       All these processes of decline operating together cause a downward spiral
                       in rural areas. The migration of people and services cause further decline
                       as retail shops no longer have a large enough number of buyers. As young
                       people leave, so do their families. This leads to a school closure. Then mail
                       and transport services are no longer economic. More jobs are lost as
                       businesses and services close. All of these factors accelerate migration,
                       especially of the younger and more active members of the rural
                       community. This cumulative causation process in reverse has helped to

Central School Home Package                                                  Page 45
deplete many rural areas of New Zealand.
                       On the other hand, pull factors operate to attract people to the towns and
                       cities.

                    Pull factors that have operated to attract people to the towns and cities in
                    New Zealand are follows;

                              Rapid economic growth of urban areas, especially Auckland, has
                               provided a greatly expanded number and variety of employment
                               opportunities.
                              The larger, more affluent urban markets encourage entrepreneurs
                               to start business ventures. Successful business ventures expand
                               and create more employment opportunities.
                              The excitement of city life and its recreational and cultural
                               opportunities are a powerful attraction, especially to the young.
                              Higher education facilities are more in urban areas. Modern
                               society demands higher levels of education to fill the increase
                               sophisticated job market. The urban universities and technical
                               institutes attract school leavers to the urban areas.
                              Other social needs, such as health services, sports etc, in urban
                               areas. The economies of scale dictate where the increasingly
                               expensive medical facilities are to be located, and cities are the
                               obvious choice. Doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, dentists and an
                               increasing range of specialized health services concentrate in cities.
                              Other services are also concentrated in urban areas, eg retailing,
                               banks, law services, insurance, libraries, restaurants and finance
                               institutions. These services also create jobs.
                               Internationally, the tertiary (or service) sectors of economies have
                               grown more rapidly in recent years than primary (agricultural) or
                               secondary (manufacturing) sectors. These tend to be urban-based,
                               and are especially likely to be found in the largest cities, eg
                               Auckland.

                       b) Urban –rural drift – a counter –migration process
                       This spatial variation of migration is happening in most developed
                       countries. People are moving out of the major cities to smaller
                       settlements in rural areas. The causes of this movement are complex, but
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movement tends to be age and occupation selective. That is, it is usually
                       confined to certain age groups and/or certain employment situations.

                    Reasons (elements) that causes people to live the urban areas and move to
                    rural areas in New Zealand;
                          The most obvious movement is of retired people (retirees) moving
                           away from urban areas to the main retirement areas of New Zealand-
                           east coast of Northland (especially the Bay of Islands), Coromandel
                           Coast, the Bay of Plenty (especially Taranga), and the Kapiti cost north
                           of Wellington, and the North of South Island (the Nelson and
                           Marlborough areas). There are some evidence that the Taupo and
                           Queenstown areas are also popular retiree destination. The larger
                           number of over-60s in these areas compared with New Zealand
                           average is evidence of this process operating.
                          Rural fringe areas around cities have grown very rapidly since 1991.
                           The districts near Auckland- Rodney in the north and Franklin the
                           south- have shown rapid growth in the last 10 years. The areas west
                           of Christchurch have also grown rapidly. The attractions of ‘lifestyle
                           blocks’ have lured many people away from city suburban life (as long
                           as rural subdivisions are allowed to proceed), while cheaper housing
                           has attracted others. Many commute long distances to work in the
                           city.
                          Sectors of the agricultural economy, which have expanded recently,
                           such as horticulture and the wine industry, are concentrated in areas
                           such as Nelson-Marlborough and Napier-Hastings. These have
                           concentrated declines in other parts of the rural economy.
                          The economic downtown of the late 1980s and early 1990s also
                           caused some urban-to-rural movements. Many Maori people returned
                           to their tribal areas, especially in Northland, where their extended
                           family (Whanau) gave them greater emotional and economic support.
                          A movement of another was caused by the growth of tourism. Large
                           increase in Taupo area, the Bay of plenty, Nelson- Marlborough,
                           Queenstown Lakes and the Mackenzie District. The migration appears
                           to be mainly younger people seeking jobs in tourism and attracted by
                           the outdoor recreational opportunities available.
                    These counter-migration urban-rural movements are small in terms of the
                    total New Zealand internal migration picture, but they have had very
                    significant effects on certain areas of the country.

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c) Inter-regional migration
                          The inter-regional migration patterns in New Zealand are very
                          complex, with many movements between regions of New Zealand. The
                          reasons for the inter-regional migration is related to other migration
                          types.

                    Setting # 2: Spatial Variation in Migration process in
                    Auckland (New Zealand)

                        Elements that have encouraged migration to Auckland
                                                        Elements

                           Social          -Auckland provides a wide range of educational
                           Elements        institutions to cater for the majority of forms of
                                           academic or technical training.
                                           -the city also offers advanced health services,
                                           including a range of specialized health-care
                                           facilities.
                                           -Auckland offers a wide range of recreational
                                           opportunities.
                                           -Cultural; pursuits are well catered for. In the
                                           performing arts, for example, one can choose from
                                           cinema, theatre, opera, etc.
                                           -Auckland also provides an exciting ‘night life’,
                                           nightclubs, bars, a casino.

                           Economic        -For entrepreneurs, Auckland provides the greatest
                           Elements        number and range of skilled workers and excellent
                                           infrastructure, and the largest affluent market in
                                           New Zealand.
                                           -Businesses set up in Auckland attract workers
                                           seeking jobs and opportunities for advancement.
                                           -Industries set up in Auckland attract other
                                           industries, which fabricate associated products, eg.
                                           the foodstuffs and chemical industries. This is the
                                           industrial agglomeration effect, which provides
                                           more jobs and attracts more workers.
                                           -The numerous services associated with industrial
                                           and commercial growth also increase and provide
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further employment opportunities, eg roading,
                                           telecommunications, repairs, advertising, trade
                                           facilities, the stock market, commercial law,
                                           banking, retailing.
                                           -The construction industry associated with all these
                                           aspects of commercial and industrial growth also
                                           provide jobs. Housing construction for the growing
                                           population is another source of employment.
                                           -Auckland provides the greatest number and range
                                           of employment opportunities of any place in New
                                           Zealand, and certainly far greater than any other
                                           New Zealand city.

                          Natural          -Warm climate; winter are particularly mild.
                          Elements
                                           -long, attractive coastline means that maritime
                                           recreational opportunities are available.
                                           -Auckland’s position in New Zealand means it is
                                           closer to world trade and air routes. This advantage
                                           translated into trade and transport facilities and
                                           processes that in turn attract people for the
                                           employment generated.

                       d) Intra-urban Migrations
                         The movements of people within cities. This is usually cause by
                         changing economic or family circumstances or changes in life cycles.
                         Young adults have different housing requirements from young
                         families, who are different again from mature, older families and the
                         elderly. In fact, the most common migration movement in New
                         Zealand is the movement of people within urban areas.

                         Reasons why people change their place of residence in
                         urban areas;
                               Leaving home- when students leave school, it is natural for
                                 many to seek independence from their parents. Increasingly,
                                 students go on to tertiary education, which in many cases may

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involve living in student accommodation areas- flats and
                                  houses in or near the CBD.

                               Partnerships, marriage, young family formation- young
                                  couples usually rent or buy a lower cost house in keeping with
                                  their income at the time. New houses in new outer suburbs
                                  were the usual means of first home ownership, especially
                                  during the 1960s and 1970s. More recently, this process of
                                  family and home formation has become more complex, but the
                                  first house/home phase remains in sequences.

                                 Dinkies, Sinkies and yuppies -Young couples may earn high
                                  incomes and move to houses or apartments, which are more
                                  suited to their more affluent lifestyles. These people are known
                                  as double-income-no-kids (dinkies), and the single-income-no-
                                  kids (sinkies), or collectively known as ‘yuppies’ (young
                                  upwardly mobile urban professionals).

                                 Older families with teenage children- as family incomes rise,
                                  so do aspirations. Families may move to larger houses in
                                  ‘better’ suburbs- both to accommodate the larger space
                                  demands of older children and /or to be near to what they
                                  perceive as ‘good’ schools.
                                  Some families may move from ‘lifestyle block’ to hectares in
                                  the rural-urban. In Auckland, such places include Albany and
                                  Rodney District in the north and Frankline, Papakura and
                                  Clevedon in the south.

                                 The elderly- When their children have left home, the older
                                  generation may re-evaluate their housing options. Such people
                                  may move to a smaller house –perhaps one of the higher-
                                  priced infill houses on a subdivided older section, or they may
                                  decide on an inner-city apartment.
                                  If the older people retire they may move out of the city
                                  altogether and join other retirees at one of the coastal
                                  settlements on the Coromandel or in the Bay of Plenty (from
                                  Auckland), the Kapiti coastal settlements (from Wellington) or
                                  the northern South Island ( from Christchurch).

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Central School Home Package   Page 51
Example :

                    No Video

                    Questions

                       1. Identify the spatial variation of migration process in New Zealand.
                       2. Give two reasons why there was a ‘drift north’ in New Zealand.
                       3. Explain how the process of rural-urban drift can be the result of both

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push and pull factors.

Assignment
                    Question to be assessed
Assessment
                       1. Explain why there are local spatial variations in the cultural process for
                          your chosen overseas setting. Support your explanation with case
                          study evidence.
                       2. Draw an annotated sketch map of New Zealand to show spatial
                          variation of the migration process in New Zealand. (Hint: You can
                          shade with color to show places where a lot of migrants go to, e.g.
                          Auckland area, Bay of plenty).

             Refe
             renc NCEA Level 3
             es

Central School Home Package                                                Page 53
LESSON Plan

                     Name : Nerol Namak
                     Subject : SPFSC 13 Geography

Teacher

                     6/07/2020 - 8/07/2020

    Date

                     Topic : The Concentration and Dispersal of
                     migration process in New Zealand.
                     Lesson number : 1-2 (week 8)

                      SLO Specific Learning Outcome (SLO)             Skill SLO Code
                       #                                             Level

           Learnin          Describe how does the process of           2
                            migration encourage concentration and
    g outcomes              dispersal.

             Intro
                     This lesson is focus on how the migration process encourage
             ducti   concentration and dispersal in New Zealand. As people leave
             on      their place of origin, they disperse out and to a new destination
                     they concentrate in there.

                     LESSON NOTES
                     The Concentration and/or dispersal of migrants.
                     Migration concentrations in areas that have strong push or pull
                     factors operating. The concentration of migration processes in
Learners notes       particular locations creates other concentrations.

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There are three ways in which migration encourages
                    concentration and/or dispersal :

                                  The push and pull factors – push factors cause
                                   dispersal of people and pull factors create
                                   concentration.

                                  Cummulative causation – migrants concentrates
                                   in areas where economies of scale and
                                   agglomeration are occurring, producing an
                                   upward cumulative causation.

                                  Economies and diseconomies of scale – Migrant
                                   concentrate in areas that are experiencing
                                   economies of scale which make it more efficient
                                   for activities to be located close to other
                                   activities.
                    As the process of migration occurs people move. Some areas
                    experience a greater degrees of migration than others either
                    with a higher number of people moving in (concentration) or a
                    high number of people moving out (dispersal).
                    The concentration and/or dispersal of associated activities.
                    Because of cumulative causation, the arrival or departure of
                    migrants results in a concentration and/or dispersal of
                    economic activities.

                    Concentration and dispersal of migration processes in
                    New Zealand.
                    As people migrate, they disperse and as people move in they
                    concentrate;

                          Retirees have both dispersed and concentrated- they
                           have dispersed from many urban areas and have
                           become concentrated in locations such as eastern
                           Northland and Coromandel, the Bay of plenty,
                           Horowhenua and Nelson-Marlborough.

                          There has been some dispersal of migrant groups from
                           other countries. We can assume that English-speaking
                           immigrants will probably become more widely dispersed
                           throughout New Zealand than other groups, but will still
                           be mainly urban dwellers.

Central School Home Package                                               Page 55
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