#10 THE STORY OF SARDINIA - CASE STUDY - One Planet network
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THE STORY OF SARDINIA
CASE STUDY
#10
Fifteen years ago Sardinia was Italy’s
worst performing region in waste
management. Today, it is the best
performing island in the Mediterranean.
Who said Zero Waste cannot work in tourist
destinations?
Case study 1HOW THE SYSTEM
WORKS IN ITALY
Sardinia was until Waste management powers in Italy Management Plan with a clear prin-
2003 in the rear- are distributed between different au- ciple: while untreated biowaste was
guard of Italy and thorities. Municipalities are in charge a hazard, if sorted and treated sepa-
Europe in terms of of separate collection of waste, su- rately, it could be a benefit for the en-
waste management. pra-municipal authorities (provinces vironment. The plan intended, hence,
With a separate col- or districts) are in charge of waste to make sure that biowaste stopped
lection rate of 3.8%, treatment, and regions have set up being a nuisance for the environment
this popular tourist waste management plans and coordi- in landfills and that it became a bene-
island used to send nate the provincial and local policies. fit for soils as compost.
all the remaining
waste to landfills A smooth coordination between all The Programme set out the following
and incineration. three levels is therefore key to ensure measures:
that transition happens. In this case,
However, a strat- the Region of Sardinia has managed > Compulsory separate collection of
egy based on the to drive policies effectively, setting biowaste, including staged capture
promotion of sepa- up the right rules and incentives for rates targets, aiming at collecting, at
rate collection with municipalities and guiding principles least 105 kg of biowaste per inhabi-
particular attention for provinces and districts to move tant by 2018.
to bio-waste, and a forward.
carefully designed > An increase of the landfill tax from
system of incentives HOW IT ALL BEGAN the minimum set up in Italian law back
in combination with then (10€/t) to the maximum (25.8€/t).
several municipal- Starting from scratch, national and
ities championing European targets on waste manage- > The introduction of a bonus/malus
the transition to- ment were the main first drivers for system on the cost of residual waste
wards zero waste, Sardinia to start rethinking their sys- management, to reward or penalize
is delivering results. tem. The Landfill directive set staged municipalities on the basis of their
In 2016 Sardinia targets on biowaste diversion from performance.
collected separate- landfills and the prohibition of landfill-
ly 56% of its waste, ing untreated waste. > The promotion of door-to-door as
and plans to reach the preferred model for separate col-
80% by 2022 over These obligations were far from real- lection of waste, along with pay-as-
the whole island. ity in 2003, with only two municipal- you-throw schemes and home com-
ities collecting biowaste in Sardinia posting
and the average separate collection
at 3.8%. However, in 2004 the Region
of Sardinia set up a Regional Pro-
gramme for Biowaste within its Waste
Case study 2SYSTEM OF INCENTIVES
Through its Waste Management Plan
of 2008, the region of Sardinia intro-
duced a system of incentives aimed
at rewarding those municipalities
with high separate collection rates,
while penalising those lagging be-
hind. Although initially planned for
a couple of years, the effectiveness
of the system has meant that it has
remained in place for over 10 years.
The system is simple: the region sets
a target separate collection rate that
is slightly above the average to truly
incentivise improvement. This target
is reviewed periodically. Except for
a certain amount in the middle that
keep balanced, those municipalities
below the target have a surcharge
on the residual waste disposal cost,
while those above the target rate
receive a bonus on it. The system is
fully balanced internally.
Case study 3TWO ZERO WASTE STARS
ORISTANO One civic amenity is available on
the outskirts of the city and comple-
Oristano is Sardinia’s best perform- ments the door-to-door collection.
ing provincial capital. With door-to- In the past they had bring-in points
door collection covering its 32,000 to provide flexibility to tourists and
inhabitants, the town has reached residents, but these easily became
75.6% separate collection and 117 hotspots for illegal dumping. Today, 6
kg per inhabitant of residual waste in mobile collection points have proved
2016 and reached over 80% in 2017 to work efficiently in providing extra
without pay-as-you-throw. flexibility to residents and tourists,
while reducing the illegal dumping.
The town introduced door-to-door
separate collection in 2009, some The town hall is happy with the tran-
years after the neighbouring munic- sition and with the results, although
ipalities. Oristano was particularly they aim at getting beyond and
driven by its willingness to take the reaching 90% separate collection.
lead as provincial capital, and the The municipality is preparing a new
sudden increase they had seen in contract for waste collection that in-
residual waste bins (30% increase tends to include pay-as-you-throw
in two years) coming from neigh- schemes and a reduction of the col-
bouring towns with door-to-door, lection of residuals from once a week
which typically occurs when a mu- to fortnightly, This contrasts with non
nicipality with roadside containers is zero waste Italian cities that often
surrounded by other municipalities collect mixed waste between three
collecting waste door-to-door. times weekly and daily. In this case,
high capture of organics reduces the
The transition was very smooth, fermentability of residual waste and,
particularly because of a decreasing hence, the need of such regular col-
level of tolerance from the adminis- lection.
tration towards low quality sorting
that has allowed citizens to adapt Results of Oristano:
Results of Oristano:
progressively.
2008 2016 Difference
Residual waste 495.83 kg/inhab 117.27 kg/inhab -76%
Separate collection 10.81% 75.61% +64.8%
rate
• Tortolì
Tortolì is a touristy coastal town in Eastern Sardinia of eleven thousand people.
Very well known for its beaches, the town gets very busy in the high season,
seeing its population increase three times in the summer period.
Back in 2013, Tortolì was at 55% separate collection and already collected door-
to-door, but had stagnated for some years. A new contract and more stringent
rules for participation were brought in 2013. Tortolì today reaches 90% separate
collection and barely produced 53kg of residual waste per inhabitant in 2017.
Four civic amenity sites complement the system, allowing citizens to have greater
flexibility; one of these is located on the coast to serve the tourists.
Tortolì’s success largely depends on two factors. Firstly, the municipality is fully
aligned with the company collecting waste. In this regard, the municipality is
engaged in supporting control of proper separate collection of waste and to
widely communicate about the need to sort.
Secondly, Tortolì took into account its tourist sector, directly engaging with hotels
and camping sites to convince companies to shift internally. Similarly to
households, hotels and camping sites have to meet high quality sorting, as
unsorted waste doesn’t get collected. Once the HORECA (food services industry) Case study 4
sector was made aware of the direction and the main objectives, they have proved
to organise themselves effectively to drive separate collection in their
establishments.Results of Oristano:
Secondly, Tortolì took into account its
TORTOLI 2008 tourist 2016
sector, directly engagingDifference
with
Residual waste 495.83 kg/inhabhotels and 117.27 kg/inhab
camping -76%
sites to convince
Separate
Tortolì is collection 10.81%
a touristy coastal 75.61%
town in East- companies +64.8%
to shift internally. Similar-
rate
ern Sardinia of eleven thousand people. ly to households, hotels and camping
Very well known for its beaches, the sites have to meet high quality sorting,
town gets very busy in the high season, as unsorted waste doesn’t get collect-
• Tortolì
seeing its population increase three ed. Once the HORECA (food services in-
Tortolì is a touristy coastal town in Eastern Sardinia of eleven thousand people.
times in the summer period. dustry) sector was made aware of the
Very well known for its beaches, the town gets very busy in the high season,
direction and the main objectives, they
seeing its population increase three times in the summer period.
Back in 2013, Tortolì was at 55% sep- have proved to organise themselves ef-
arate
Back collection
in 2013, and already
Tortolì was at collected fectively
55% separate to drive separate
collection collection
and already in
collected door-
door-to-door,
to-door, but hadbutstagnated
had stagnated for years.
for some their establishments.
A new contract and more stringent
rules
someforyears.
participation wereand
A new contract brought
more in 2013. Tortolì today reaches 90% separate
collection
stringentand barely
rules produced were
for participation 53kg ofVisual
residual
signs waste per(instead
for sorting inhabitant in 2017.
of writ-
Four civic amenity
brought sites complement
in 2013. Tortolì today reach- theten system,
ones) and allowing citizens
some translated to have greater
versions
flexibility; one of these
es 90% separate is located
collection on the
and barely oncoast to serve
the beaches havethe
alsotourists.
helped reach-
produced 53kg of residual waste per ing out more easily the floating popula-
Tortolì’s success
inhabitant largely
in 2017. depends
Four civic on two
amenity tion.factors. Firstly, the municipality is fully
aligned with the company collecting
sites complement the system, allowing waste. In this regard, the municipality is
engaged in supporting control of proper separate collection of waste and to
citizens to have greater flexibility; one Despite the good results, Tortolì still
widely communicate about the need to sort.
of these is located on the coast to serve thinks that there’s margin for improve-
the tourists. ment with regards to waste prevention,
Secondly, Tortolì took into account its tourist sector, directly engaging with hotels
for instance by rewarding those who
and camping sites to convince companies to shift internally. Similarly to
Tortolì’s success
households, hotelslargely depends sites
and camping on have
preventtowaste,
meetand highoffering adaptability
quality sorting, as
two factors.
unsorted wasteFirstly, the municipality
doesn’t is Once
get collected. and flexibility of door-to-door
the HORECA collection. industry)
(food services
fully was
sector aligned with aware
made the company
of thecollect- The
direction foreseen
and the main implementation
objectives, oftheypay-have proved
to organise themselves
ing waste. In effectively
this regard, the municipal-to drive separate
as-you-throw willcollection
also provideina their
funda-
establishments.
ity is engaged in supporting control of mental driver for further improvement.
proper separate collection of waste and
Visual signscommunicate
to widely for sortingabout
(instead of written
the need In anyones)
case, and some
the city translated
officials confirm itversions on
thetobeaches
sort. have also helped reaching out more easily the
“the system worked overnight” floating population.
In any case, the city officials confirm it “the system worked overnight”.
2014 2017 Difference
Residuals 3325 t 591 t -78%
Waste generation 6008 t 5465 t -9%
Despite the good results, Tortolì still thinks that there’s margin for improvement
with regards to waste prevention, for instance by rewarding those who prevent
waste, and offering adaptability and flexibility of door-to-door collection. The
foreseen implementation of pay-as-you-throw will also provide a fundamental
driver for further improvement.
Case study 5RESULTS
Although still far from perfect, Sar- ly, moving from 520 kg per inhabitant
dinia is today the best performing in 2003 to 443 kg per inhabitant in
island in the Mediterranean in terms 2016.
of waste management, and sits at
the forefront of Italian and European These two figures combined result
regions. in a significant reduction of resid-
ual waste that has decreased from
The focus on bio-waste separate col- 500 kg per inhabitant in 2003 to 176
lection and the incentives to reduce kg per inhabitant in 2016. Although
Results
residuals have proved very effective there is still large room for improve-
Although
to drive still far from
a fast perfect,Indeed,
transition. Sardinia is todaythe
ment, the significant
best performing islandofin the
reduction
Mediterranean in terms of waste management, and sits at the forefront of Italian
separate
and collection
European rates in Sardin- residual waste has made the island
regions.
ia have improved year on year since significantly less dependent on large
The
the focus on bio-waste
obligation separate
of separate collection
collection and the
facilities forincentives
disposal, to reduce
raising residuals
ques-
have proved very effective to drive a fast transition. Indeed, separate collection
of biowaste, reaching 60% in 2016. tions for the need of the two incin-
rates in Sardinia have improved year on year since the obligation of separate
collection of biowaste, reaching 60% in 2016. erators currently in operation on the
At the same time, waste generation island.
At the
per samehas
capita time, waste generation
decreased consistent-per capita has decreased consistently, moving
from 520 kg per inhabitant in 2003 to 443 kg per inhabitant in 2016.
Separate collection of waste in
SEPARATE COLLECTION OF WASTE IN SARDINIA IN %
Sardinia (%)
60,15
56,37
53
50,86
47,11 48,5
44,87
42,5
34,7
27,8
19,8
9,9
3,8 5,3
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Evolution of waste generation, separate Evolution of waste generation,
collection and residuals in kgs per inhab separate collection and residu-
600 als (kg) per inhabitant
500
400
300
200
100
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Separate collection Residuals Waste generation
Case study 6
These two figures combined result in a significant reduction of residual waste thatCHALLENGES &
LOOKING FORWARD
CHALLENGES 2016, the Region is looking beyond
the level of ambition of the European
Moving beyond current performance Commission and has set very ambi-
will require getting large cities in- tious targets by 2022, among which:
volved that still lag behind in sepa-
rate collection and biowaste capture. > 70% recycling target
Cagliari, the capital of the island and > 80% separate collection of waste
its largest city, wants to boost its
poor separate collection rates, cur- > 10% reduction on the relation be-
rently based on the use of roadside tween waste and GDP on the basis
containers, through the introduction of 2010
of door-to-door separate collection
in 2018. Sassari (the second largest In order to meet these targets, the
city) and Alghero (the fifth largest regional government aims at rolling
one) are also planning this move by out door-to-door separate collec-
then. The success of these transi- tion and pay-as-you-throw schemes
tions will definitely impact the num- across the whole island. Additional-
bers of the whole island. ly, the Region is planning to raise the
target of separate collection set out
LOOKING FORWARD for the system of incentives that is
currently at 65% to avoid penalties,
Despite the good results so far, in and 70% to get rewarded.
its new Waste Management Plan of
For more information visit:
www.zerowasteeurope.eu
www.facebook.com/ZeroWasteEurope
Or contact:
info@zerowasteeurope.eu
Twitter @zerowasteeurope
Sources
ISPRA
Sardegna Ambiente
Municipality of Oristano
Municipality of Tortolì
ISPRA and Sardegna Ambiente 2017 Case study 7Zero Waste Europe was created to empower communities to rethink their relationship with resources. In a growing number of regions, local groups of individuals, businesses and city officials are taking significant steps towards eliminating waste in our society. Case study by Ferran Rosa Visual design by Petra Jääskeläinen Zero Waste Europe 2018 Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Zero Waste Europe gratefully acknowledges financial assistance from the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this event materials lies with Zero Waste Europe. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the funder mentioned above. The funder cannot be held responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Case study 8
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