Autonomous mobility is coming. Not even the coronavirus can stop it. Roland Berger
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Autonomous
mobility is coming.
Not even the
coronavirus can
stop it.
t o m otive
Au
ption
Disru ar
Rad
#8
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 1
2 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020
The coronavirus crisis hit the automotive industry
hard but also accelerated the shift towards
autonomous mobility, the latest edition of the
Automotive Disruption Radar has found.
All indicators in the twice-yearly report and survey
suggest disruption is still coming to the sector,
despite the pandemic-induced downturn and
changes in mobility habits.
The eighth edition of the ADR, which tracks
26 indicators in 18 global markets, found that
Covid-19 stimulated technology players while
hitting traditional OEMs hard. Overall, country
scores were the highest on record, with smaller
countries closing the gap on bigger markets.
The Netherlands ranked number one, as it did in
ADR7, followed by Singapore, leaving former
frontrunner China in joint third with South Korea.
The survey results also highlighted a growing
interest in electric vehicles and soaring EV sales.
For example, 50% of all potential car buyers say
they are now considering a battery EV – compared
with 35% in ADR1 (Jan 2017).
Interest in private vehicle ownership also rose,
and R&D activity hit a record high.
In this booklet, we take a closer look at these
figures and analyze four real-life developments
that underscore the shift to autonomous mobility:
Cover photo Michael Hitoshi/Getty Images
Commercialization of autonomous mobility
services; growing competition in the EV market;
OEMs fall behind as new players enter software
market; and the rise and rise of Tesla.
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 3Under the hood:
Key report findings
The first ADR since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic shows that
the transformation of the global automotive industry to autonomous
mobility continues unabated despite the crisis. This was the case across all
five ADR dimensions (customer interest, regulation, technology, infra-
structure and industry activity) and their 26 indicators. These measure
Growing up: Evolution of ADR country scores
since the first edition in 2017
Overall score as percentage of maximum score
64%
62%
60%
58%
56%
Singapore
China South Korea
54%
52%
Netherlands
50% Sweden
Netherlands
48% Global
USA, India Japan, France
46% South Korea China, Singapore Germany
44% Germany, India UK
Global France, USA
42% Italy
UK
Belgium
40%
Japan
38%
36%
ADR 1 ADR 3
(Jan 17) (Jan 18)
Source: Roland Berger
4 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020factors from mobility behavior and vehicle sales to CO2 regulations, 5G
mobile network coverage and research and development. Countries are
awarded scores according to their performance in each of the 26 indicators.
Overall scores among the 18 surveyed nations were the highest since the
ADR began in 2017, and the top four countries all achieved totals higher
than any previous top-ranked country. The average score also jumped, from
around 50% of the maximum achievable score in ADR7 (January 2020) to
55%. Only one country – Canada – performed worse than in ADR7.
Netherlands 1
Singapore 2
3 China South Korea 3
China
Sweden 5
Singapore
Sweden Global UK 6
Netherlands South Korea 7 France Germany 7
Spain 9
UK
India Germany UAE 10
Global Spain 11 Italy USA 11
France 13 India Japan 13
USA Russia 15
Russia 16 Belgium Saudi Arabia 16
UAE
Japan
Italy
Canada 18
Belgium
XX Country ranking
Score evolution
vs. last edition
ADR 6 ADR 8
(Jan 18) (Sept 20)
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 5Small but mighty
The performance of smaller markets was particularly impressive – the
Netherlands recorded the highest score ever, while China was the only
automotive “superpower” to make the top 5. Results from the survey
component of the report (which account for a third of the total score) were
a key driver here, with customers in countries that have little or no
automotive industry much more enthusiastic about new mobility concepts.
Down with cars: Most countries show an increased level
of interest in mobility concepts since the outbreak
of the Covid-19 pandemic
“How many people do you know who don’t or did not want to buy a car because
they exclusively use other mobility concepts?”
Most enthusiastic countries
about the use of mobility concepts
75%
Singapore
85%
75%
India
80%
75%
UAE
80%
70%
China
75%
65%
Saudi Arabia
75%
Less enthusiastic countries
about the use of mobility concepts
50%
Italy
50%
40%
UK
50%
35%
France
40%
30%
USA
40%
35%
Japan
30%
ADR7 (Jan 2020) ADR8 (Sept 2020)
Source: Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar online survey
6 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020EVs charge ahead
Several specific developments caught the eye. Most notable was a big
jump in interest in EVs, with 50% of potential car buyers now considering
an EV, against 40% in ADR7 in early 2020. Some of the biggest individual
jumps came in China (80% vs. 60%), the Netherlands (45% vs. 30%) and
Germany (40% vs. 25%). People living in city centers are most keen on EVs,
with 60% of potential car buyers living in cities considering one. The rise in
interest may be attributable to the massive Covid-related government
stimulus packages currently being rolled out, many of which include
generous EV subsidies.
Leading the charge: South Korea and China have rapidly
expanded their electric vehicle charging networks in 2020
Number of charging locations per 100 km of roadway
15.2
16%
15%
14%
13%
12%
10.6
11%
10%
9%
8%
7%
6.1
6%
5%
3.9
4%
3.0
2.5
2.3
3%
2.2
1.8
1.5
2%
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.5
1%
0.0
0.0
0.0
0%
USA
Germany
Italy
UK
South Korea
Netherlands
China
Sweden
Belgium
UAE
Japan
France
Singapore
Spain
Canada
India
Russia
Saudi Arabia
ADR1 (Jan 2017) ADR8 (Sept 2020)
Source: EV Volumes, desk research, Roland Berger
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 7This shift in buying intention has translated into an increase in EV sales,
particularly in northern hemisphere markets. In Sweden, for example,
almost a quarter of all vehicles sold are now fully electric or plug-in hybrid
models. And compared to the first half of 2018, the number of EVs sold as
a percentage of the total number of vehicles sold leapt in France (7.8% vs.
1.8%), Germany (7.2% vs. 1.8%) and the UK (6.9% vs. 2.0%). Subsidies no
doubt again played a part.
An electric market: More people are now interested
in buying an EV than they were at the start of 2020
Percentage of potential car buyers
“Are you considering buying a battery electric vehicle as your next car?”
60%
China
80%
70%
India
80%
75%
Saudi Arabia
75%
55%
South Korea
70%
60%
UAE
70%
55%
Spain
65%
40%
Italy
55%
35%
Singapore
50%
30%
Netherlands
45%
ADR7 (Jan 2020) ADR8 (Sept 2020)
Source: Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar online survey
8 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020Tesla remains the dominant EV seller, with its models featuring heavily in
lists of the top 5 manufacturers by EV sales in each country. Its Model 3
saloon is particularly prevalent, with sales in the US and China alone in the
first half of 2020 reaching almost 90,000. Sales by traditional OEMs are
also picking up, with Renault’s Zoe performing well in European markets,
for example. Chinese producers, such as BYD and GAC, are largely confined
to the top 5 of the Chinese market.
ADR7 ADR8
average 40% average 50%
(Jan 2020) (Sept 2020)
35%
Sweden
45%
35%
Canada
40%
30%
France
40%
25%
Germany
40%
25%
Russia
40%
25%
UK
40%
25%
Belgium
35%
25%
USA
35%
20%
Japan
20%
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 9Robotaxis good,
private cars better
As in previous editions, ADR8 measured mobility preferences, where
Covid-19 also made its presence felt. Unsurprisingly, the desire to travel by
private car has increased since the pandemic, with the importance of
having access to a private vehicle rising from 69% to 76% overall.
The increase was greatest among young people and city center dwellers.
Private preferred: Access to a private car has grown
in importance since the Covid-19 pandemic
Global average and selected demographic groups
“Before the Covid crisis started, how important was it for you to have access
to a private vehicle?”
10%
34%
32%
30%
30%
26%
25%
36% 22%
69%
12%
11%
18-29 years old City center
32%
“Today, how important is it for you to have access to a private vehicle?”
45%
7%
41%
16%
31%
29%
20%
76%
18%
48%
8%
8%
29%
18-29 years old City center
Not important Slightly important Important Very important
Source: Roland Berger online survey September 2020: 17,202 participants – Participants by country:
Belgium 1,009; Canada 1,002; China 1,005; France 1,008; Germany 1,008; India 1,013; Italy 1,022;
Japan 1,014; Netherlands 1,008; Russia 1,005; Saudi Arabia 527; Singapore 1,010; South Korea 1,010;
Spain 1,013; Sweden 1,011; UAE 503; UK 1,015; USA 1,019
10 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020Despite this, autonomous mobility services don’t seem to have suffered at
the hands of Covid-19 – willingness to use autonomous robocabs rose to
56% overall from 52% in ADR6 (July 2019). Results were particularly high
in Asia and the Middle East. So, respondents seem to want autonomous
cars, but they are not giving up private vehicles.
Rise of the robocabs: Enthusiasm for robotaxi services
has risen in the past year, particularly in North America
Global average and by continent
“Would you use a mobility service based on a fully autonomous robocab?1”
52% 56%
ADR 6 ADR 8
(Jul 2019) (Sept 2020)
34%
40%
54%
73%
30%
34%
50%
57%
70%
66%
66%
60%
50%
46%
43%
27%
Asia Middle Europe North Asia Middle Europe North
East America East America
Yes No Yes No
1 Autonomous driving taxis without a driver in the vehicle
Source: Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar online surveys
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 11Research & Development
keeps on developing
Covid-19 also failed to dent autonomous mobility R&D activities.
The number of full-time equivalent employees working in R&D jobs in the
sector and listed on LinkedIn increased by 8% to 147,000 between the first
and third quarter of 2020. Additionally, the number of registered patents
related to autonomous vehicles/functions as a percentage of all registered
driving technology patents reached an all-time high of 5.4%. It has risen in
all eight ADR editions.
Patent pattern: The number of autonomous driving-related
registered patents has grown every year since the ADR began
Autonomous driving-related patents
as a share of all driving technology patents
136,623
125,107
5.4%
101,569
89,123
80,565 4.2%
78,209
3.3%
2.3%
1.6%
1.3%
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
(Jan-Sept)
Total patents in scope Share of patents with keywords
Source: Patentinspiration, Roland Berger
12 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020How the industry is changing:
Four real-life examples
While the ADR indicators and survey results suggest that
Covid-19 has failed to halt the charge of autonomous mobility,
it is real-life developments that prove it in practice,
as demonstrated in our four examples.
Commercialization of autonomous
mobility services
OEMs fall behind as new players
enter software market
Growing competition
in the EV market
The rise and rise of Tesla
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 13Commercialization
of autonomous mobility services
After much trailing and hype, robotaxis are finally here. The Alphabet-
owned autonomous driving technology firm Waymo, oft-mentioned in
previous ADR editions, has launched a fully driverless service in the US,
albeit almost 18 months later than promised. In October 2020, Waymo told
Ars Technika, a technology magazine, that its vehicles are initially operating
For and against: Reasons for adopting or not adopting
autonomous mobility have changed considerably
in the past three years
Percentage of survey respondents
Reasons for Yes
(multiple answers possible)
If the technology for auto-
55%
nomous vehicles is proven to
35%
be safe and well established
If same or lower cost than 45%
taxi/chauffeur services/cabs 31%
If same or lower cost than 45%
public transportation 22%
20%
If I use the service exclusively
8%
Reasons for No
(multiple answers possible)
No, because I want 20%
to drive myself 34%
No, because I don’t trust
40%
the technology for
20%
automonous vehicles
No, because I want 25%
a human driver 13%
No, because I am afraid
35%
to have lack of control
11%
(e.g. to stop or leave the car)
ADR3 (Jan 2018) ADR8 (Sept 2020)
Source: Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar online survey
14 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020in a 50-square mile area covering four suburbs in Phoenix, Arizona,
alongside a fleet of self-driving cars that have a safety driver. A spokesman
said that before the pandemic, the company was providing “1,000 to 2,000
weekly rides in total, five to ten percent of which were fully driverless.”
The firm added that it expects to return to that volume by the end of 2020,
and grow from there. It will now be interesting to see if Waymo can
establish and sustain a viable business model. If it can, the firm will not
only be a leader in autonomous driving technology, but also the commercial
leader in the sector.
OEMs fall behind as new players
enter software market
Big-name technology players are not only diving into the EV market – they
are increasingly entering the OEM software market as well. In the biggest
recent development, the US chip manufacturer Nvidia announced a
partnership with Daimler, the manufacturer of Mercedes-Benz cars,
to produce a software architecture for autonomous driving.
A key feature of the new platform will be its ability to update battery and
driving software via the internet. For example, data for new features or
regulations, such as autonomous parking or updated self-driving rules,
can be downloaded via mobile networks as they become available and for
the entire vehicle lifecycle. Previously, Mercedes updates were largely
limited to infotainment apps.
The architecture is based on Nvidia’s AI-based Drive platform. As with
similar products, it offers a range of autonomous driving software,
including a central computer to control sensors and AI functions, and
reference architecture. Like Foxconn’s platform, it is also open source.
Drive should be available across Daimler’s range of brands from 2024.
Daimler has said it aims to develop the most advanced architecture in the
automotive industry. However, its new partnership shows that OEMs are
having difficulties building in-house software competencies. This is
allowing new players into the space, players that can better differentiate
and therefore be more profitable than mere hardware manufacturers.
OEMs will have to take measures to address this risk and defend margins.
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 15Growing competition
in the EV market
The EV market has seen a flurry of activity recently with the entrance of
several new players. Most notable is that of Foxconn, the Taiwanese firm
best known for making Apple iPhones. In October 2020, it unveiled its MIH
Open Platform, an architecture consisting of EV hardware and software.
But it has one major difference to typical closed EV systems, such as those
used by Tesla. Foxconn will grant open-source access to third party
developers and car companies to develop the platform, with the hope of
making it the “Android of EVs”.
Powering up: Electric vehicle sales have ballooned in most
ADR countries since 2018, with Sweden way out in front
EV/PHEV/FCEV sales as percentage of total vehicle sales
Sold units ['000] 33 21 69 96
23.9% 10.9% 7.8% 7.2%
3.2% 1.8% 1.8%
5.1%
Sweden Netherlands France Germany
ADR4 (2018 HY1) ADR8 (2020 HY1)
Source: EV volumes, IHS, Roland Berger
16 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020Foxconn hopes this strategy will quickly lead to new functionalities, such as
range improvements. It will layer and separate software and hardware so
they can be developed independently and costs kept down. The firm will
build EVs for others rather than produce its own EVs, with platforms
developed for several models from minis to powerful AWDs. Foxconn is
also partnering with several firms, including CATL and SES, to develop
solid-state batteries by 2024.
As Foxconn already produces autonomous driving technology, the MIH
Open Platform development marks the entrance of a major new industry
player. It remains to be seen how established OEMs will react, especially
in Asian markets.
2018 2020
HY1 1.9% HY1 3.3%
average average
52 14 386 21 27 11 16 112 0.3 1 15.5
1.7% 1.5%
3.3% 2.9% 2.8% 2.5% 1.6% >1.0%
6.9% 5.7% 4.1%
1.4% 0.1%
2.0% 2.1% 2.9% 2.1% 1.5% 0.7% 0.4% 0.4% >1.0%
UK Belgium China Canada Spain Italy USA UAE
South Singapore Japan,
Korea India,
Russia,
Saudi Arabia
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 1718 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020
The rise and rise of Tesla
Investors love Tesla, and it seems that currently companies with a
comparable business model can profit simply by being a “kind of Tesla”.
The valuations of EV makers NIO, XPeng and Li Auto, for example, exploded
this fall on the back of strong delivery news. Other OEMs are now trying to
piggyback on the US firm’s success by copying its solutions. There are
several reasons for this.
Tesla is primarily a technology company. It therefore views its business as
much more than selling cars, and as such operates in other areas such as
CO2 emissions trading, data services, recycling, energy and even mining.
Top of the range: Tesla dominates sales of electric vehicles
in the 18 ADR countries, but traditional OEMs and Chinese
brands are catching up
Top 10 EV models sold sold in the 18 ADR countries from January to June 2020
(in thousand units)
129
#1 #3
In China, In Germany
South Korea, UK and France
and Netherlands
4 models
in Top 5
in USA
32
21
18
18
16
14
14
14
14
Zoe EV
Leaf EV
Aion S EV
e-Golf EV
GTE PHEV
Kona EV
E100/E200 EV
PHEV
VW
Tesla
Model 3
Renault
BYD Qin
Pro EV600
Nissan
GAC Trumpchi
VW Passat
Hyundai
GM-SAIC
Baojun E50/
BMW 530Le
Photo kokouu/Getty Images
Source: EV Volumes, IHS, Roland Berger
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 19But its cars are its stars, and by building its own EV platform and software
it can offer unique services and features. In addition, vertical integration of
key differentiating technology, especially around batteries and its
e-powertrain, gives Tesla a competitive advantage in energy efficiency.
The company’s unique manufacturing approach that focuses heavily on
innovation also gives it an edge. For example, it uses die-cast vehicle
Digital growth: The number of cars bought through online
sales channels increased across the board during 2020
Percentage of sales completed online
15%
China
25%
20%
Germany
25%
15%
India
25%
25%
South Korea
20%
10%
Spain
20%
15%
France
15%
15%
Italy
15%
15%
Netherlands
15%
15%
Saudi Arabia
15%
ADR7 (Jan 2020) ADR8 (Sept 2020)
Source: Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar online survey
20 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020body parts rather than spray-painting individual components to save
time and money.
Lastly, its lean online-based sales network has been a boon during the
pandemic, when dealerships were forced to close or wind down operations.
This has made its lack of physical dealers a competitive advantage. As a
result, more and more OEMs are likely to jump on the Tesla bandwagon.
ADR7 ADR8
average 10% average 15%
(Jan 2020) (Sept 2020)
15%
Singapore
15%
10%
Sweden
15%
10%
UAE
15%
10%
UK
15%
10%
USA
15%
10%
Belgium
10%
5%
Canada
10%
10%
Russia
10%
5%
Japan
5%
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 2122 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020
It’s clear from the ADR indicators and survey that
the future of the automotive industry is (still)
autonomous mobility. This is worrying for
traditionalists, who know that none of the current
major OEMs are technology leaders. It’s even
worse for pessimists, who can see that even
premium OEMs, with their huge R&D budgets, are
struggling to organically meet the required future
competency levels. The likes of Foxconn moving
into OEMs’ core business of vehicle manufacturing
is a further blow for the automotive
establishment.
But on the positive side, these are companies well
known for their manufacturing excellence and cost
effectiveness. So it will be interesting to see how
the major automotive firms defend themselves
from this disruptor attack and ensure they are still
producing competitive vehicles in the future.
To help companies adjust to the new normal in
the automotive industry, including post-Covid
strategies, disruptor threats and maintaining
a competitive advantage, Roland Berger has
developed its Automotive Triple Transformation
framework. It aims to help senior automotive
executives bring order to the complexity and
equip their businesses for the challenges of
the coming decade.
Photo tampatra/Getty Images
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 23What is the Automotive
Disruption Radar?
The Automotive Disruption Radar is a biannual analysis of market trends
related to disruption in the global automotive industry. Its latest findings
are based on field research and a survey of 17,000+ car users across 18
markets (Belgium, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, the
Netherlands, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
360-degree coverage: The Automotive Disruption Radar
is based on the permanent screening of 26 indicators
along five dimensions
Indicator definitions
Amount of shared vehicles
Shared vehicles in car parc [%]
EV portfolio
EV models currently on offer [% of total models]
R&D intensity – Autonomous driving
No. of FTEs listed on LinkedIn ['000 employees]
Automotive products (Level 4+)
Level 4 city vehicles [% of total car parc] 5
Test roads – Autonomous vehicles Industry
Test tracks in operation [#; km] activity
Vehicle-2-vehicle communication
Models with V2V functions [% of total models on the market]
Multimodal mobility 4
Usage of multimodal mobility
Infrastructure
EV/PHEV charging infrastructure
Number of charging stations per km of road
Mobile network – 5G coverage
Steps taken towards 5G installation
3
Venture capital investment – Artificial intelligence
Technology
Total in USD bn
Venture capital investment – Mobility
Total in USD bn
Battery cost – EVs
Expected development of battery cost [USD/kWh]
Patent activities
Automotive patents filed related to autonomous technology [% of total]
Source: Roland Berger
24 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020UAE, UK, USA). information is also drawn from external sources such as
leading mobility experts and major industry reports. Each nation is scored
along 26 indicators, grouped into five dimensions
The ADR aims to answer key questions such as: which factors are driving
change in automotive ecosystems; how do these factors evolve over time;
and what can decision makers do to best manage disruption? Ultimately,
the ADR is a go-to decision-making tool for senior executives in the
mobility sector.
Mobility concept preferences
% of people who know at least one person who does not use their own car for mobility
Autonomous vehicle preferences
% of people who would use a fully autonomous robocab if it cost less than owning a vehicle
Mobility planning
% of people who use an app at least once a week to plan a trip
Digitalized culture preferences
% of people interested in buying a vehicle directly on the internet
EV preferences
1 % of people who are considering buying an EV as their next vehicle
Mobility behavior
Customer % of overall distance traveled by car
interest
EV/PHEV sales
% of total vehicle sales
Customer curiosity
People's web search behavior
2 Type approval process
Regulation Current level of regulation
Restrictions for ICEs
Restrictions on ICE vehicles in cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants
CO2 legislation
CO2 emissions target in g/km
Automotive association activities
Positive actions/press releases [% of total number of actions/releases]
Autonomous vehicle – Computing power
Current level of computing power
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 25Your contatcs
Dr. Wolfgang Bernhart
Senior Partner
Löffelstraße 46
70597 Stuttgart
Wolfgang.Bernhart@rolandberger.com
+49 711 3275-7421
Stefan Riederle
Principal
Sederanger 1
80538 München
Stefan.Riederle@rolandberger.com
+49 89 9230-8169
Do you want to know more?
Computer on Wheels series
→ The car will become a computer on wheels
→ C omputers on wheels:
Turning OEMs into software-enabled companies
Photos Roland Berger GmbH
→ Automotive Triple Transformation framework
26 Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020Roland Berger, founded in 1967, is the only leading global
consultancy of German heritage and European origin. With
2,400 employees working from 35 countries, we have successful
operations in all major international markets. Our 52 offices
are located in the key global business hubs. The consultancy is
an independent partnership owned exclusively by 250 Partners.
Automotive Disruption MADE by RB
We believe that the combination of 4 dimensions (Mobility,
Autonomous driving, Digitalization and Electrification) is likely to
trigger a major disruption in the automotive industry over the next
15 years. Since 2016, we have been bringing together our experts
from all around the world to try to make this new future and its
implications more concrete, and to best support the key decision
makers of the automotive industry.
Roland Berger Automotive Disruption Radar #8 – 2020 27Publisher
Roland Berger GmbH
Sederanger 1
80538 Munich
Germany
+49 89 9230-0
RB_SAL_20_025_FLY
This publication has been prepared for general guidance only. The reader
should not act according to any information provided in this publication
without receiving specific professional advice. Roland Berger GmbH shall
not be liable for any damages resulting from any use of the information
contained in the publication.
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