Innovation competitivity - 1|37 - Unipi
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innovation
competitivity
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
1|37
The invention of the telephone is officially attributed to Antonio
Meucci who in 1871 demonstrated his apparatus that he called
"telettrofono".
145 years ago
When Alexander Bell first showed a phone to the mayor of New
York, he said:
"Beautiful, charming, but what can I do with it?"
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
"You can call all the cities of the United States"
"Why should I do it? I do not know anyone outside of New York »
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The first paid telephone station
in Los Angeles in 1899.
The cost was 50 ¢ per minute
to call San Francisco, around $
13.58 today.
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
3|37
‘30
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Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
The installation of the first public telephone box in Italy
dates back to 10 February 1952 in Piazza San Babila in Milan
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
1964-82 5|37
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
Martin Cooper and Motorola DynaTAC, 1973
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transmitter antenna
battery
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
1991
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3
2
1
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Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
what is innovation?
is a new technology?
is a new market?
is marginal or disruptive?
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
is an invention?
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10|37
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018research and innovation
Geoffrey C. Nicholson, Geoff, served
as Vice President of Corporate
Technical Planning and International
Technical Operations of 3M
Corporation. He served at 3M
conoscenza Corporation from 1963 to 2001.
During his career at 3M, he was
instrumental in the development of
its "Post-it" Notes as well as oversaw
ricerca innovazione 2500 3M employees internationally.
Department of Chemistry Centenary Lecture on Innovation,
denaro 22 February 2007
Innovation: A Survival Issue
Dr Geoff Nicholson
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
“...research is the transformation of money into knowledge
and
innovation is the transformation of knowledge into money...”
11|37research and innovation
innovation is done by people
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
1995 - Mario Moretti Polegato 1960 - Theodore Harold Maiman
GEOX – breathable shoes the first ruby LASER
12|3713|37
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018research and innovation
A laser is a device that emits light through a
process of optical amplification based on the
stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation. The term "laser" originated as an
acronym for "light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation".
period patent appl.
with «laser»
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
14|37complexity
the development of the future internet
infrastructure
new manufacturing processes with
extraordinary quality
light radical new approaches to healthcare
the transition in lighting from incumbent
tech 1 technology to low energy consumption
photonic sensing and imaging
tech 2
the full integration of organic (or hybrid)
tech n photovoltaic generation devices
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
smart organic labels
?....?
15|37Fresnel lens
16|37
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018industrial research
projection (from material to device):
1. microreplication
2. trasparent film
3. projection
4. cold projection
5. digital projection
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
17|37connettori
elettrici
elettricità e
per CD ROM floptical magneto optical
elettronica
fissaggio
chiusure superfici
meccaniche controllo fluidi materiali
superfici
strutturate sensibili
adesivi adesivi ad alte biadesivi ad
adesivi
riposizionabili prestazioni alte prestazioni
abrasivi micro prodotti abrasivi abrasivo abrasivi
strutturati performanti Trizact
microprisma marker
riflettente (occhi di gatto) rifrangenti
pell. catadiottrica scotchlite pellicola
Diamond Grade Diamond Grade fluoro-rifrangente
lente di
Fresnel segnali interamente
illuminati
linea candele
illuminaz.
di luce luminose
lens riflessione OLF (Optical brightness pellicole per
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
film interna totale Lighting Film) enhancement decorazione
pellicole
concentratore fibre
fibre
solare ottiche
segnaletica concentratore lenti intraoculari lenti ad alte display ottica
stradale solare radiale multifocali prestazioni tridimenasionali
1964 1970 1980 1990 2000
18|37people
processes
19|37
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018RESEARCH: problems and solutions
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Braunschweig, 30
aprile 1777 – Gottinghen, 23 febbraio 1855)
was a German mathematician, astronomist
and physicist that gave fundamental
contribution to manifold fields of science.
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
20|37old or new problem? old or new solution?
the problem the solution
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 98 + 99 + 100 = 5050
+ + + + + +
100 99 98 ... 3 2 1
= = = = = =
101 101 101 ... 101 101 101 = (101x100)/2
= 5050
the new method
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
the generalisation
b (the new problem)
Σ n = (a+b)x(b-a+1)/2
n=a
21|37Stokes’ quadrant
scientific research
(new knowledge)
Einstein Pasteur
technological research
(new product/technology)
Edison
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
22|37problems
solutions
inventions
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
23|37problem, solution
is it needed?
is it an improvement?
obtained
research by using new who needs it?
knowledge
which is its value?
are there alternatives?
problem solu
tion
obtained
by processing
old knowledge
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
24|37Technical problem, invention, patent
is it needed?
is it an improvement?
obtained
research by using new who needs it?
knowledge
which is its value?
are there alternatives?
technical solu
tion invention
problem is the invention new?
is it non-obvious?
is it susceptible of an
obtained
industrial application?
by processing requirement? is it sufficently described?
old knowledge
yes
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
is it needed?
how may be it exploited?
patent who needs it?
where?
when?
25|37what is a patent?
The patent is a set of exclusive rights
the right to exclude others
granted by a sovereign state
given under a law in the territory of a nation
to an inventor or assignee
who has the ownership of the patent
for a limited period of time
the term of the right is up to 20 years
in exchange for detailed public disclosure
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
the publication is a teaching to reproduce
the invention for an expert
of an invention
the solution of a technical problem
26|37what is a patent?
do I need a patent to produce an invention?
may I produce an invention when I have a patent?
what can I do with a patent?
how can I obtain a patent?
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
27|37what to do with a patent?
what to do without a patent?
what to do when others have a patent?
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
28|37What is a patent?
§ Does a patent give you the right to exploit an invention?
- NO!
§ A patent is a negative right.
It gives you the right to prevent others from exploiting the invention.
It is not an enabling right.
§ Patents owned by others may
Patent A:
overlap or encompass your own patent.
Electric kettle
-> Seek a licence before commercialising
Your patent B:
For example: Electric kettle with
ceramic heating
elements
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 8What can and can’t be patented
Patents protect technical inventions § Products,
which solve technical problems: devices, systems
§ Chemical substances, § Processes,
pharmaceuticals methods, uses
For an invention to be patentable, it must usually be
ü new to the world (i.e. not available to the public
anywhere in the world)
ü inventive (i.e. not an "obvious" solution), and
ü susceptible of industrial application
In most countries, patents are not granted for mere
business methods or rules of games, or for methods of
treatment, diagnostics and surgery of the human or
animal body, or for inventions that are contrary to ordre
public or morality, or for plant and animal varieties.
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 11Keep your invention
When is an invention "new"? confidential until you
have filed your
§ When it is not part of the state of the art application!
§ State of the art =
everything made available to the public before the date of filing
Patent
application
Date of filing
State of the art
Year
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 12When is an invention "inventive"?
§ When it is not obvious to the person skilled in the art
in view of the state of the art
§ The person skilled in the art
– is a skilled practitioner in the relevant technical field
– has access to the entire state of the art
– is aware of general technical knowledge
– is capable of routine work
He knows EVERYTHING,
but has ZERO imagination!
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 14Assessing novelty
Claim: A pouring vessel comprising
(a) a compartment for liquids (1),
(b) a handle (2),
(c) a lid, and
(d) two spouts (5) extending from the compartment (1),
(e) whereby the tops of the two spouts are arranged at the same height.
The prior art Document D1:
search revealed A teapot with
the following one spout.
Document D2:
Stage 1: Prior art
documents:
High efficiency distributor for fertilizer.
Each rod has several nozzles for
spraying liquid.
Document D3:
A filter handle Document D4:
with two spouts An oil and vinegar bottle which
to be used with reveals a second bottle inside. The
a coffee-maker. two spouts are cleverly arranged to
ensure the second bottle never
drips while the first one is in use.
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 15Assessing inventive step (I)
• Determine the closest prior art and common features:
(a) a compartment for liquids
Stage 1
(b) a handle
(c) a lid
(d) one spout
• Differences over D1:
- two spouts instead of one
Stage 2: Problem
- particular arrangement of the spouts
• Drawback of prior art:
- time-consuming
• Advantage/effect of the invention:
- the time needed to fill multiple cups is reduced
• Objective problem to solve:
- how to modify the teapot of D1
to reduce the time needed to fill multiple cups
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 34Assessing inventive step (II)
Is the claimed solution obvious
in view of the prior art?
D2
+
?
Stage 3: Solution
D1
D4
D3
Objective problem for the skilled
person: How to modify the teapot
of D1 in order to reduce the time
needed to fill multiple cups
EPO/OHIM Intellectual Property Teaching Kit – IP Advanced Part I Patents 35Optional
Programs for computers
• Program for a computer "as such" is excluded from patentability
(Article 52(2)(c) EPC), but…
• Not excluded from patentability if, when running on a computer,
it causes a further "technical effect" going beyond the "normal"
physical interaction between the program (software) and the
computer (hardware)
• Programs for computers are therefore not automatically excluded
from patentability
Core module 2 How patents work Dr. Duncan Matthews, May 2009 36/52when filing a patent?
where filing a patent?
Riccardo Pietrabissa© 2018
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