Multilingualism through community languages - challenge or opportunity of Higher Education?
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2nd EUNoM symposium:
Higher Education and Research on Multilingualism: Challenge or Opportunity?
Leeuwarden, Wednesday, November 17, 2010 at 7:00 PM - Friday, November 19, 2010 at 3:00 PM
Jochen Rehbein
(Middle East Technical University, Ankara)
Multilingualism through
community languages –
challenge or opportunity of Higher Education?Outline
I Multilingualism – some pros
II Minority languages + immigrant languages =
community languages
III Demographic aspects of the multilingual potential of
Germany
IV Numbers from the multilingual reality of Turkey
V A helix model of dynamic multilingualism in
globalized societies
VI A vision: stabilizing the change of multilingual
communicationMultilingualism - some pros I
I family internal: the child can communicate with members of the family
who speak various languages (esp. in immigrant constellations): a pro for
„natural“ multilingualism in early childhood (by means of listening/
understanding)
II anthropological: the human being has the ability, or the potential, to
acquire many more languages than only one at the same time; this ability
slowly decreases with aging and is best in early childhood
III language acquisitional: the earlier multilingual acquisition starts the
better, the more languages are taken in by the growing individual the better;
there is an interdependence of languages and a positive enforcement
towards the single language acquisition process through multilingual
acquisitional practice – and towards learning in general
IV neuro-physiological: in the course of a multilingual acquisition process,
more circuits in the central nervous system are established than in the
course of a monolingual acquisition process; this fosters a better
development of intelligence as a wholeMultilingualism - some pros II
V (later) foreign language acquisition: creates better conditions etc. to
learn foreign languages via oral communication (in formal education)
VI psychological: multilingualism brings about a better life long development
of memory and working memory abilities
VII societal: multilingualism opens communicability with diverse (linguistic)
groups of a society; this strengthens social cooperation and cohesion
VIII social-psychological: multilingualism de(con)structs ideological barriers,
prejudices, racism etc. against other social groups and members of other
societies
IX rhetorical: multilingualism opens sensitivity and creativity towards diversity
of styles, expressibility of ideas and thoughts and types of discourses,
narratives, etc., all n all enhances the application of the “cultural
apparatus” (intercultural communication)
X transnational: multilingualism backs participation at international relations
(business, tourism etc.), receptive multilingualism across different
generations, boarders as well as social groups (LaRa)Multilingualism - some pros III
XI areal-geographical: multilingualism backs cross-boarder communication,
and, as history of language-heterogeneic areas demonstrates, backs
communication across language families, the formation of „Sprachbund“
and of regional linguae franchese (RELF) [cf. the Balkans, Middle East]
XII by (re)cognition/intelligibility: multilingualism opens multiple insights
[“Erkenntnis“] into the (variety) of realities [s. Humboldt-Whorf-Sapir
concept] -> generates and modifies knowledge about realities
XIII by religion: multilingualism opens various textual “ways” to God.
XIV demographical: In a statistical view, in European societies as well as in
many societies of the world, the number of the population with one
monolingual-national language only decreases; e.g. in Germany, within a
couple of years, the number of school beginners with family languages
other than German increases to a percentage higher than a third (with an
oulook of about a half or more in 2020).
Consequence:
the future of our societies
is multilingual in its most promising aspects.The EU has about 60 regional or minority languages. Concerning the „European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages“, it should not only be signed by all countries of the EU, but extended to what one calls „immigrant languages“ (as Arabic, Farsi, Kurdish, Russian, Turkish, Urdu, several Indian languages, Assyrian, languages from Africa and many others; s. Ethnologue 2009; of course, each of them has its specific socio- historical context and status of origin). Within the EU frame, all these languages converge in being non-national languages. I am pleading that minority languages and immigrant languages should be subsumed under a common concept, as it is „community languages“ (Clyne 1991). It seems to be an essential quality of globalization, esp. urbanization, that community languages are no longer traditionally organized in protectable areas but exist in scattered plurilingual spaces, mixed and intertwined to a great extent and forming language contact zones (Rehbein 2010a). But plurilingualism is not multilingualism.
A short look at an aspect of the multilingual potential of Germany
statistics 2006 citizens with own experiences of mi- gration (in million) from Turkey foreign population (in million) from Turkey
statistics 2006 pyramide of age of the population in Germany German citizens without any biographical history of migration foreign population (proportion increases, but decreases in younger ages) German citizens with a biographical history of migration: proportional increase in younger ages
statistics 2006 pyramide of age according experiences of migration German citizens without any biographical history of migration population with own bio- graphical experiences of migration (proportion de- creases in younger ages) population without own bio- graphical experiences but with a background of migration: proportional increase in youn- ger ages to nearly 1/3 (second and further generations)
Now, a short look at the multilingual reality of Turkey
language language family number of Ethno- year Wikipe- year
speakers logue dia, Ling-
(2003) uistlist
1 Türkçe Altay dil ailesi 52120000 46.300.000 1987
2 Kurmanci- Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 13869000 3.950.000 1980
Kürdçe
3 Lev. Arapça Hamito-Sami ailesi 1310000 (1.213.000)
4 Zazaki Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 1143000 1.500.000 1998 1.000.000 1999
(Paul) (Wiesenfel
(Dimli vb.) -2.500.000 d)
5 Kabardınca Kafkas dilleri 1051000 1.000.000 2005
6 Farsça Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 611000 (563.300)
7 Gü. Azeri Altay dil ailesi 535000 530.000 ?
8 Irak. Arapça Hamito-Sami ailesi 515000 400.000 1992
9 Gagauz Altay dil ailesi 414000
10 Pomakça Slav dil ailesi 347000 73.286 1965
(Andrews)
11 Çerkesçe Kafkas dilleri 313000 278.000 2000
(Adyg)
12 Kirmanjki Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 182000 140.000 ?
(Kuz. Zaza)
13 Gürcüce Kafkas dilleri 149000 40.000 1980language language family number Ethno- year Wikipe- year
of speak. logue dia, Ling-
(2003) uistlist
14 Lazca Kafkas dilleri 149000 30.000 1980
15 Bosnaca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 100000
16 Kırım Tatarca Altay dil ailesi 99000 2.000 ?
17 Batı Ermenice Indo-Avrupalı isol. 75000 70.000 1980 56.286 1965
(Anschütz)
18 Karakalpakça Altay dil ailesi 73000 (66.500)
19 Arnavutça Indo-Avrupalı isol. 66000 65.000 1980 53.520 1965
(Andrews)
20 Çinganca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 66000 (59.900)
21 Peştu (Pashto) Indo-Avrupa ailesi 53200
22 Abkhazca Kafkas dilleri 43000 39.000 2001 39.000 2009
23 Herki Kürdçe Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 38000
24 Mandarince Sino-Tibetan dil ail. 37000 (37.000)
25 Osetçe Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 36000 8.943 1973
(Aydemir)
26 Ingilzce (BB) Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 34000
27 Makedonca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 32000 (32000)
28 Domari Indo-Avrupa ailesi 31000 (31,000)
29 Tatarca Altay dil ailesi 26000 (26,000)language language family number Ethno- year Wikipe- year
of spea- logue dia,
kers Ling-
(2003) uistlist
30 Shikaki Kürdçe Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 23000
31 Turoyo Hamito-Sami ailesi 22000 3.000 1994
32 Urduca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 22000 (22000)
33 Ladino (Jahudi Roman dil ail. 13000 8.600
Esp.)
34 Abazaca Kafkas dilleri 12000 10.000 1995
35 Ingilzce (AB) Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 7500
36 Kazakhça Altay dil ailesi 7500
37 Çeçence Kafkas dilleri 7300
38 Bulgarca Slav dil ailesi 6900 55.268 1965
(Andrews)
39 Rusça Slav dil ailesi 6700
40 Almanca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 6000
41 Siryakça Hamito-Sami ailesi 5200 (5,200)
(Assür-Aram)
42 Sirpçe Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 4500 (4,500)
43 Fransızca Roman dil ailesi 3700language language family numb. of Ethno- year Wiki- year
speak. (2003) logue ped.
45 Özbekçe Altay dil ailesi 3700 11.980 1982
45 Yunanca Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 3600 122.205 1965
(Andrews)
46 Romanca Roman dil ailesi 2200
47 Kırgızca Altay dil ailesi 1800 1.140 1982
48 Italyanca Roman dil ailesi 1700
49 Dutch Indo-Avrupa dil ailesi 1500
50 Kumykça Altay dil ailesi 1500
51 Türkmence Altay dil ailesi 1400 920 1982
52 Hertevin Hamito-Sami ail. 1100 1.000 1999
dili
53 Uygurca Altay dil ailesi 800 500 1981
54 Majarca Ural dil ail. 800 (800)
55 Rumca Indo-Avrupalı isol. 9400 8.035 1965
(Andrews)
56 Karaçay- Altay dil ailesi 3917 3.917 1973
(Aydemir)
Balkar
total 21.578.817 %29,28 73.698.817
(non-Turk. l.) (= %100)
Türkçe
52.120.000 %70,72Turkish 52120000
Languages other than Turkish 21608817
21.608,817
= %29,31
languages
other than
Turkish
52.120,000
=% 70,69
Turkish
Türkçe Türkçe‘den başka dillerThe various languages have various functions within the Turkish society
I Turkish is the language of the state (§ 3 of the constitution), (In German:
Amtssprache).
II (British and American) English is taught as lingua franca.
III Foreign languages taught in schools: English, German, Russian,
French, Arabic, Persian, Japanese, Chinese etc. (about 11 languages)
IV Historical heritage languages:Azerbaijanian, Turkmen, Hertevin
language, Arabic, Turoyo, Assyrian, Kurmanji (Kurdish), Zazaki, Kirmanjki
(North Z.), Western Armenian, Romani, Herki Kurdish, Domari, Shikaki
Kurdish, Anatolian Greek, Laz (~ 16 languages)
V Historical migrant languages / languages of refugees: Gagauz, Krim
Tatar, Karakalpak, Tatar, Kazakh, Kumyk, Karaçay-Balkar, Hungarian,
Osetian, Makedonyian, Pomak, Bulgarian, Georgian, Abkhaz, Abaz,
Tschetschen etc (~16 languages)
VI Gpresent day migrant languages / languages of refugees from Irak,
İran, Georgia, Armenia, various Turkic states, China, Arabic, Persian,
Russian, Bosnian, Gün. Ermenice, Uzbek, Azeri, Makedonya, Greek, Urdu,
Pashto, (numbers are unknown)Turkish as Türkiye'nin dillerin konumu
language of the
state
foreign
present day Lingua franca
languages
migrant English
taught at
languages
school
Devlet dili
Küresel konuşma dili (Lingua Franca)
Okullarda öğretilen yabancı diller
Yöresel diller
Tarihsel göçmenler ve sığınmacılara ait diller
Güncel göçmen ve sığınmacıların dilleri
historical
historical heritage
migrant and languages
refugee
languagesTurkey, as a single country, disposes, as the EU in toto, of about 60 regional or minority languages (Yağmur 2001, Rehbein 2010b) vis-à-vis an exclusively affirmed „language of the state“ (§ 3 of the constitution), notwithstanding the growing number of immigrant languages, some of which, themselves, are immigrant languages in the EU (as Kurdish, Zazaki (Kirmanjki), Laz, Arabic, Romani and others, and Turkish itself). Sociolinguistically speaking, Turkey is in the process of transition from an areal to an urban organization. Also here, the aphorism fits: plurilingualism is not multilingualism. In Turkey as well as in the EU, economic development and modern media play a decisive role in dismantling territorial plurilingualism.
How to develop multilingualism in these language constellations? A closer look at the “Charter …” shows that it protects the language included in the Charter on a EU-legal level. But, in my understanding, it does not basically aim at multilingualism on a social level, it does not aim to transform the plurilingual (inimical or amical) juxtaposition of diverse languages into a multilingual communication and, thus, a deployment of the language potential of the societies (House & Rehbein 2004). Here, Higher Education activities come in. At first, Higher Education can try to lower the ideological barriers between the overall functional and normative view of a national language and the community languages, especially on the part of the monolingual majority as well as among the community language groups. This works by scientific reflection and research in the sense of the introductory arguments for multilingualism. The idea of a multilingually based intercultural communication among the diverse social groups might be a fruitful backdrop.
An agenda of change
of monolingual communication in the
nation state to multilingual communication
in globalised societies:
a „helix“HELIX of for- E: multilingual communication in
mation of multi- administrative institutions (state;
incl. judicial institutions
lingualism on a
societal level
F: multilingual
D: multilingual com- communicatio
J: scientific research on n in politics
munication at the work multilingualism with various
place (incl. health care) methods; reflection; cultural
apparatus; implementation G: multilingual
of multil. models and communication
C: multilingual practices; dissemination of in the media,
communication in knowledge about A-I via cultural inst.
educational academic teaching and
institutions (school) further training; multilingual
staff and multilingual H: international
communication communication
B: Multilingual , incl. business
communication in and science
crèche, kindergar-
A: multiling-
ten, preschool
ual commu-
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azm_e.html
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