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Conserving rare breeds since 1977
Winter 2021 | Volume 38, Issue 1
NEWS
Using Modern Tech To Conserve
Traditional Breeds, page 2
Learning To Process Lambs, page 5
2020 Microgrants Awarded, page 6
A Myotonic Moment, page 8
Regenerating Pineywoods, page 10
An Ox-Cart Adventure, page 13
Healing Power Of Geese, page 14
Silver Lining For Rabbits, page 15
A Shepherd's Year Of Questions, page 16
Photo of Tilly Donohoe and
her heritage breed chickens,
courtesy of the Donohoe
family. Tilly is a 2020 Youth
Microgrant recipient.
Page 1 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021
USING MODERN TECH TO CONSERVE TRADITIONAL BREEDS
By Charlene R. Couch resistance, good foraging ability, drought even in processed meats, and there is no
tolerance, and overall hardiness are vaccine or treatment for the disease. So
“On the hoof” conservation of heritage common among traditional breeds. far, only tight biosecurity and culling of
livestock breeds is the most obvious way These animals display traits that have infected herds can control the spread of
to secure rare genetics. Conservation of made them successful for generations. ASF. While ASF has not been detected
heritage breeds on farms and ranches, More modern breeds are exquisitely in the United States yet, the ease with
and even in backyards, allows these selected for large-scale, efficient which the virus can spread presents an
breeds to persist and thrive, and as they production; however, the refinement alarming threat to American pigs and
become more popular and available, of these traits can whittle away the pork production.
their future becomes more secure. genetic variation that allows animals To protect heritage pig genetics in
Traditional breeds also benefit from the to adapt to new challenges. Given the the event of such a crisis, the USDA is
strategic use of advanced technologies rapidly changing nature of our world, working with The Livestock Conservancy
like cryopreservation, in vitro maintaining heritage genetics may prove to collect heritage breed pig tissue for
fertilization, and artificial insemination vital for the future of animal agriculture. deep freezing, or cryopreservation. A
to save important bloodlines. These One current and very frightening simple ear notch or small skin punch,
technologies are well-researched and challenge facing the global swine collected at the time piglets are routinely
documented for more mainstream industry is African Swine Fever (ASF). marked for identification, can provide
breeds, and when adapted for heritage ASF is a severe viral disease that has adequate tissue for cloning and genetic
breeds, they offer an additional set caused the deaths of millions of pigs, studies. In this way, heritage genetics can
of tools for conserving irreplaceable accounting for major economic losses be banked as a resource for future pig
genetics. in many countries. Though the disease farmers. Similar preservation techniques
The genetic make-up of heritage cannot be transmitted to people and is can be used for other heritage breed
breeds comes from decades of not a human food safety risk, it is highly species, as well.
selective breeding and adaptation to contagious among domestic and wild Rare breeds are defined by their small
suit particular, and often challenging, pigs and is almost always fatal. The virus population sizes, which can allow the
environments. Traits like parasite remains viable in dead animals, and effects of inbreeding to accumulate.
CONTACT US Karena Elliott, M.Ed. financial statement of The Livestock
The Livestock Conservancy Development Director Conservancy is available by writing
PO Box 477, Pittsboro, NC 27312 Cindra Kerscher PO Box 477, Pittsboro, NC 27312.
www.livestockconservancy.org Program Coordinator Documents and information submitted
info@livestockconservancy.org Brittany Sweeney under the Maryland Solicitations
Communications Manager Act are also available, for the cost of
The Livestock Conservancy News (ISSN Angelique Thompson postage and copies, from the Maryland
1064-1599) is published quarterly by Senior Operations Director Secretary of State, State House,
The Livestock Conservancy, a nonprofit Annapolis, MD 21401, 410-974-5534.
tax-exempt corporation established TECHNICAL ADVISOR North Carolina: Financial information
to conserve endangered breeds of D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM, Ph.D. about this organization and a copy of
livestock and poultry. The Livestock its license are available from the State
Conservancy is a membership Solicitation Licensing Branch at 1-888-
organization that engages in research, SOLICITATION DISCLOSURES 830-4989. The license is not endorsed
education, and communication to Colorado: Residents may obtain copies by the state.
promote this purpose. of registration and financial documents Virginia: A financial statement is
from the office of the Secretary of available from the State office of
LIVESTOCK CONSERVANCY STAFF State, 303-894-2860, www.sos.state. Consumer Affairs in the Department
Alison Martin, Ph.D. co.us/ re: Reg No. 20133007164. of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Executive Director Florida: Registration #CH37293. A copy upon request.
Jeannette Beranger of the official registration and financial Washington: For additional information
Senior Program Manager information may be obtained from regarding the organization's activities
Michele Brane the Division of Consumer Services or financial information, The Livestock
Donor Information Manager by Calling toll-free 1-800-435-7352 Conservancy is registered with the
Charlene Couch, Ph.D. within the state. Registration does Washington State Charities Program as
Senior Program Manager not imply endorsement, approval, or required by law and information may
Rhyne Cureton recommendation by the state. be obtained by calling 1-800-332-4483
Breed Association Manager Maryland: A copy of the current or 360-725-0378.
Page 2 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021
Sometimes inbreeding can hone a
breed’s productivity, but in other cases,
harmful effects can occur, including
reductions in fitness traits like survival
and reproductive success.
To counter any negative effects of
inbreeding, genetic variation must
be maintained and utilized. Breeders
must carefully manage bloodlines
and conserve genetic variation
while simultaneously selecting and
breeding the best animals. A recent
example of how genetic variation can
be maintained, and even added to a
population, can be seen in the use of
imported bloodlines of Large Black Hogs
via the use of frozen semen.
To bring new genetics into the North
American Large Black hog population,
The Livestock Conservancy collaborated
with donors and the USDA’s National
Animal Germplasm Laboratory to import
the frozen semen of two Large Black
boars from the U.K. The boars represent
bloodlines not available in the U.S.
When on-farm trials using the semen
for artificial insemination (AI) were
unsuccessful, Dr. Kara Stewart and
Marsh Tacky horses, like this mare and foal, benefit from artificial insemination (AI) once
graduate student Katharine Sharp of
mature ovarian follicles are measured by a veterinarian. Photo by Jeannette Beranger.
Purdue University began exploring
methods to control and synchronize hopes that other equine breeders will
ovulation in Large Black sows. This follow the lead with their important rare
was necessary to achieve predictable breed stallions. Equine reproductive
insemination times since thawed semen technologies can also be used to
does not remain viable for very long. conserve embryos or to grow cell lines
The researchers refined a protocol that can be frozen for cloning.
allowing them to time sow ovulation, Although the semen samples
thaw the semen, and successfully mentioned above were collected
inseminate the females. Half-British from living horses, techniques are
piglets were born in Spring and Summer also available to preserve semen and
2020. The little boars and gilts were other tissues from a horse or other
distributed to U.S. breeders to broaden animal at the end of its life, or shortly
the genetic base of the herd and protect after its death. In 2018, The Livestock
the genetic health of the breed. Conservancy published a manual of
Other heritage breeds can benefit from methods for preserving equine genetics.
similar technologies. Cryopreservation Using the instructions in the manual,
of semen from several horse breeds one Akhal-Teke stallion owner and his
will allow future breeders access to veterinarian retrieved semen post-
endangered bloodlines. Owners of mortem from the epididymal portion
Newfoundland Ponies and Caspian of his dying horse’s testes. The tissues Available in print from our
horses donated semen to the USDA’s were removed and shipped quickly to a online bookstore at
National Animal Germplasm program laboratory in Maryland, where the semen https://livestockconservancy.
in the last few years. The material is was extracted and frozen. Although the org/index.php/resources/
held in storage tanks at extremely low stallion was lost, his bloodlines will live internal/store
temperatures and carefully preserved on in future generations.
in case extreme intervention is required
or for free download at
The equine manual contains detailed
to save a breed or safeguard its genetic protocols for saving sperm, eggs and https://livestockconservancy.
health. Three Caspian stallions and tissue samples of animals in emergency org/index.php/what/internal/
two Newfoundland stallions are “in the situations. Several commercial and reproduction-manual.
bank” and The Livestock Conservancy university laboratories have offered
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 3
discounted services for endangered equine breeds through The Livestock Conservancy and these are listed in the manual, which is being updated for re-release in Spring 2021. Owners of rare equine breeds should plan ahead for the possibility of such emergencies, collect important stallions whenever possible, and keep the manual on hand for their veterinarians. Many of these techniques are directly applicable to the conservation of other mammalian species, too. We all know that heritage breeds are unique, but sometimes they are different from mainstream breeds in unexpected ways. Equine embryologist Marcella Dragolich and veterinarian Dr. Sabrina Jacobs of Performance Equine Vets in S.C. made an interesting observation about reproduction in Marsh Tacky horses. They were asked to artificially inseminate Eve, an older mare with a history of infertility. Adding to the challenge was the need to use semen from an older stallion, the last of his bloodline. For AI in horses to be successful, the veterinarian must ultrasound the mare to measure the size of the mature ovarian follicle. The approximate time of ovulation is predicted from the Whispering Hills Farm in Oregon offers historic Heritage Shorthorn (Native) semen to diameter of the follicle. Measurements breeders to produce in vitro fertilization (IVF) calves. Photo courtesy of Joe Schallberger. of the follicle allow the veterinarian or technician to inseminate the mare at Heritage Shorthorn cattle (Native) is now DNA analysis is also underway to just the right time to deliver sperm to supported by technologies such as in evaluate differences among chicken the ovulated egg. Mares of a similar vitro fertilization (IVF). breeds in a genetic region important to size to the Marsh Tacky, like Quarter Whispering Hills Farm in Oregon the immune system. Horse mares, usually have a mature developed an extensive collection of Heritage breed conservation depends follicle diameter of 35-40 mm; however, historical Heritage Shorthorn semen that largely on the efforts of the farmers and Marsh Tacky mares proved different. reaches across nearly 70 years of the best breeders that keep heritage animals Their mature follicle size is 40-50 mm Shorthorn genetics. They offer unique, alive to produce more offspring. Adding in diameter and approximates that of a high-quality “old” heritage genetics to some “high tech tools” enables us to much larger Warmblood mare’s follicle. other Heritage Shorthorn breeders to strengthen the conservation safety-net With this new understanding of Marsh strengthen the breed. In 2020, they for heritage breeds. Tacky reproduction, the AI procedure successfully produced a Shorthorn calf was successful. Eve’s new filly, Sawbraw using IVF. The farm uses their own cows *** Cami, is thriving. A younger mare named as recipients for the embryos so they can Charlene R. Couch is Senior Program Honey was also inseminated in 2020 maintain stringent health standards and Manager for The Livestock Conservancy. using the same protocol. At 18 years old select the best maternal environments She brings her lifelong interests in animals, Eve is due to foal again in Spring 2021. for the developing calves. More IVF farm sustainability, conservation and Her owners, Veronica and Paul Shirley, calves are due in 2021. genetics to her work at the Conservancy. are hoping for a little colt this time. Other technical research is also in Charlene holds a Ph.D. in Zoology from Horses and pigs are not the only the works for heritage breeds through North Carolina State University. She lives species whose breeders can take The Livestock Conservancy’s network with her husband, Paul, on a small farm advantage of conservation technologies. of scientific collaborators. The Livestock in NC and spends her spare time at the Cattle breeders have long used frozen Conservancy is working with Texas beck and call of three horses and a flock of semen to conserve and perpetuate Poitou Donkeys and several veterinarians Dominique chickens. genetics from important bulls. The to develop a mare and foal care protocol productive future of dual-purpose to improve Poitou donkey foal survival. Page 4 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021
BREAKING IT DOWN: LEARNING TO PROCESS LAMBS
By Cindra Kerscher
2020 was a difficult year! The arrival of
COVID-19 in March brought significant
challenges and frustrations to many
families, communities, and industries.
The agriculture community was
especially hit hard when the virus spread
rampantly through meat processing
plants, causing clusters of illness among
line workers, temporary closures to
commercial processing facilities, and
bottlenecks in small slaughter facilities.
Suddenly, farmers couldn’t process their
livestock, which meant delayed income
for many families, mine included.
My small flock of St. Croix sheep
crosses had to go. This was my starter
flock, a delightful experiment of raising Frederico Castellões (left) and Cindra Kerscher (right) examine the lamb she learned to
five bottle babies. By mid-May the ewes butcher at Left Bank Butchery in Saxapahaw, N.C. Photo by Jeannette Beranger.
and their lambs had been rehomed and
the boys were ready for processing, but trailer and into the holding shoot, kissed of weather, sickness, and hay prices,
by then the processors had a waitlist of them each goodbye, shed more than a farming blesses me with the pleasure
six months or more. few tears, and scheduled delivery to Left and peace of providing for self, family,
After a few phone calls, I found a local Bank. The sheep were slaughtered and and community. It can’t be beat!
processor that could slaughter my lambs aged for a week and delivered to Left I know 2020 was a challenging and
immediately, but I would have to break Bank via refrigerated truck. unusual year for many. As farmers, we
them down myself. Although I have Once delivered, Ross invited me to often have to get creative. I encourage
processed deer, own a cleaver, and have stop by Left Bank for a butchery lesson. you to reach out to your friends,
read the sheep and goat chapters of Ross and fellow butcher, Rodrigo, community, and even strangers. Talk to
Adam Danforth’s Butchering book, I had showed me how to break down my butchers, grocers, cooking schools, and
never butchered a lamb. Two of these lambs. They instructed me where to cut, hotels. Try Instagram, Twitter, YouTube,
animals had been pre-sold to customers, what tools to use, and gave important and Facebook.
so I wanted the break down and advice such as, “Cut through the muscle Agricultural Marketing Consultant Matt
packaging done properly and I wanted with the knife before sawing through LaRoux said, “There is a whole generation
to learn from a professional. the bone, otherwise you shred the out there that is afraid to pick up the
I reached out to my local butcher, meat.” Once in cuts, they vacuum sealed phone. Facebook is today what the
Ross Flynn, owner of Left Bank Butchery each piece and offered advice on how Yellowpages was in the ‘80’s. If you have
in Saxapahaw, N.C. A former cattle to prepare each cut at home. I left with something to sell and you need clients,
and hog farmer, Ross now focuses on nearly everything, including odd bits and they have to be able to find you.”
supporting local, sustainable agriculture, pairs of things I was not likely to receive While you can’t sell meat or live
whole-animal butchery and charcuterie, back from the processor. animals on Facebook, you can grow
and building relationships with his While a bit out of the ordinary, the your online presence and reach more
community. When he heard I couldn’t arrangement worked well for me. I potential customers. Occasional posts
get my lambs processed, he offered to appreciated the help Ross offered and about your farm will remind your clients
talk me through the process of breaking enjoyed watching the entire breakdown you are there and keep them interested
down my sheep. process. I feel confident I could do it in your products. You never know what
Imagine my good fortune: I was about myself the next time. new clients you may attract or new
to receive instruction from a master I paid a kill fee to the slaughter house, partnerships you may create in 2021.
butcher, a man whose shop was recently a reasonable fee for the breakdown and
named one of “The Best Butcher Shops packaging of the lambs, and reimbursed ***
and Meat Markets in America” by Food & Left Bank for the delivery fee. In return, Cindra Kerscher is a Program Coordinator
Wine Magazine, and who was featured in I had three lambs processed, an expert at The Livestock Conservancy where she
the series Cooked, with Michael Pollan. processing tutorial, and a freezer full supports breeds, breeders and breed
The entire process turned out to be of meat from well-loved and well- associations. She became an “accidental
relatively simple. I hauled the lambs to tended animals, meat that I will never shepherdess” over the winter of 2019 when
the slaughter facility, led them off the question. Despite the ongoing hardships she adopted five bottle babies.
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 5
2020 YOUTH, EMERGENCY, NATIONAL MICROGRANTS
The Livestock Conservancy is excited to award more than $22,300 to 17 farmers, ranchers, and shepherds raising endangered
breeds of livestock and poultry across the country. Now in its third year, the Microgrants Program puts funding into the hands of
our most important conservation partners – the people doing the hard work day after day to steward these genetic treasures for
the security of tomorrow’s food and fiber systems.
“Small financial awards can make a big difference for heritage breeders,” said Livestock Conservancy Executive Director Dr. Alison
Martin. “These strategic investments were selected by our panel of judges as the best examples of livestock conservation in action
across the United States.”
YOUTH MICROGRANT RECIPIENTS
When Tilly Donohoe's
family moved to a farm in
Washington, she researched
the best heritage breeds
for her area. Tilly plans to Cullen Santino Le Roy
expand her flock of rare breed plans to build a shelter for
chickens for an egg business his Myotonic goat bucks so
and will make custom labels he can increase the genetic
to educate customers about diversity of his growing herd
her heritage breeds. on his farm in Illinois.
Emma Rexrode plans to
build more breeding and
Bailey Hirschboeck plans to brooding pens for her Black
build a mobile goose tractor and Chocolate turkeys in
for her Cotton Patch geese so Pennsylvania. This will help
she can keep more breeding improve her hatch rate and
pairs on pasture year-round at improve the genetic health of
her farm in Connecticut. her growing flocks.
Chloe LaBelle plans to build
a predator-proof habitat
for her Silver Appleyard Emalee Vickers plans to build
ducks at Tollgate Farm in a new farrowing pen for her
Michigan. She hopes to Red Wattle sow that will be
breed more ducks, and create accessible during the winter.
more educational outreach This will help her grow her
opportunities for her 4-H club herd and eventually pasture
and community. raise her pigs in Montana.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE MICROGRANT RECIPIENTS
Mike and Carlene Kerr know
that every Cleveland Bay horse The COVID-19 pandemic
is important to a critically deeply affected agritourism
endangered breed. They to Dr. Marco A. Oviedo and
received assistance to help feed Patricia Trujillo Oviedo's
their genetically important farm in New Mexico. Support
herd at Epiphany Bay Farm in helped feed their American
Virginia through the winter Mammoth donkey jennies
because of income loss from during the last trimester of
the COVID-19 pandemic. their pregnancy.
Page 6 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021
NATIONAL MICROGRANT RECIPIENTS
Travis Morris hopes to
Crystal Criswell plans to increase the hatching
install a handling system and brooding rates of his
with a gathering pen, race, Jersey Giant, Java, and Old
sorting gates with pens, English chickens, and rare
and a weighing scale next breed turkeys with a larger
to her barn. This will help incubator and brooder. He will
her improve the health and also expand and improve his
productivity of her St. Croix fencing and pasture for the
sheep herd in Ohio. growing flock.
Nash Farm in Texas
preserves heritage breeds
and knowledge for future
Laura and Bill Jensen plan generations through a
to improve their fencing and public 19th-century farm
Meishan pig grow-out areas and education. They plan
on their farm in Georgia. This to restore a corral for their
will allow them to increase Gulf Coast Native sheep and
the number of breeding pigs increase their educational
on their farm. outreach about the breed.
Naturally Golden Family
Martha Hoffman Kerestes Farms Cooperative in
plans to make improvements Pennsylvania plans to
to her barn in Illinois. This develop, produce, and
will help them improve market Naturally Golden
milking efficiency for their cheese (photo below) made
Dutch Belted and Heritage from Golden Guernsey cattle.
Shorthorn cattle, and open They will purchase equipment
the door for farm tours and to transport milk and store
photo shoots. their cheese.
American Mammoth
Jackstock donkeys are known
Janna Miller plans to build a to have twins, which is
shearing shed for her Navajo- dangerous for both jennies
Churro sheep in New Mexico. and foals. To improve foaling
She recently joined the Shave success at her farm in Texas,
'Em to Save 'Em Initiative and Megan Teel plans to use
is excited to start marketing early ultrasound procedures
her fleeces and improving her to detect twin embryos and
breeding stock. improve foal survival rates.
Audrey Morris plans to
improve the brooding
facilities for her flock of
Cotton Patch geese in Kansas.
This will help her protect the
geese from predators and
increase their hatching rate.
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 7
OUR MYOTONIC MOMENT: MARKETING MEAT GOATS
By Renard Turner
We began raising meat goats on our
farm close to 20 years ago. We tried
several breeds of sheep and even ostrich
before finally settling on raising meat
goats. Our journey began at a Peruvian
Paso horse show where the catalog
included an article about meat goats. The
article clearly stated that the domestic
demand for goat meat far exceeded its
availability in America.
I soon began researching meat goats.
Over the years, at Vanguard Ranch in
Virginia, we tried most of the goat breeds
and crosses available in the United
States. We learned a lot. A whole lot.
The market for meat goats is focused
around three main options: (1) breeding
purebred seed stock for other producers,
(2) raising commercial meat goats for
slaughter markets, and (3) breeding
goats for show purposes, with the pet
goat market being another minor option. Renard and Chinette Turner raise Myotonic meat goats, also known as Tennessee Fainting
goats, at Vanguard Ranch in Virginia. Photo courtesy of Renard Turner.
WE DEVELOPED OUR OWN NICHE
We decided to raise meat goats and did not grasp the value-added part. He thickness and a moderate growth
retain the meat at Vanguard Ranch. We was thinking like a butcher and based rate. We found that our does are great
have our goats processed, then we cook his financial margins only on slaughter mothers, kidding unassisted. They nurse
and sell our goat as a ready-to-eat meal market prices. twins with no problem.
from our own concession trailer. This is One day I brought him six half- The objective is not to change the
value-added marketing. Myotonic kids for processing bred from breed but simply improve through
We found that the American public one Myotonic buck. After processing judicious culling. We cull to the grill.
will eat goat meat readily. Anyone with and hanging them, my processor asked Myotonic goats do produce more meat
teeth that eats meat will eat goat meat. “what are you doing differently?” These on less inputs with an obvious increase
We serve ours up as goat burgers, curried kids were meatier and he wanted to buy in the muscle to bone ratio. Couple that
goat, and kabobs. We also made goat them for himself! with a high conversion ratio on forage
fried rice and folks loved it all! Many He STRONGLY suggested that I ditch and you have winners in the field.
come back for seconds. the other skinny goat breed and just One of the advantages of raising a rare
Value-added works for us. We retain bring him more like the first six. It took breed of goat is that we tell the story of
control of our product from start to him less time to process and the yield in the Myotonic breed when we sell it to
finish. Cut out the middleman whenever product was greater. The difference was our customers on a plate. Most people
possible, friends. Retain more profit for obvious. I do not believe in telling the find the story interesting and enjoy
your farm. shoemaker how to make shoes. eating something special.
Thankfully I listened to him and phased We now get to help preserve a
THAT MYOTONIC MOMENT out the more expensive imported goats rare breed of goat that is a perfect
We purchased two Purebred Myotonic for good. The Myotonic genetics proved homesteader's goat while we create
bucklings from Dr. Phil Sponenberg. We their value and we embarked on a income streams as both a value-added
just kept them as an experiment. My new journey to change our herd to all ready-to-eat meal and as select purebred
wife Chinette really liked them. She liked purebred Myotonic meat goats. We have breeding stock. We like that they are
that they were “cute,” smaller, and easier never looked back. Myotonic meat goats easier to fence, easy keepers on forage,
to handle. work well for us. Thickness matters! great mothers, easy to handle, and “cute.”
For many years we raised another
breed of meat goat. Our processor GENETICS MATTER GO VALUE-ADDED
always asked me how in the world could Myotonic meat goats on our farm are I encourage others farmers to consider
I make any money with the high cost selected for the ability to raise twins value-added as a method to make your
of processing he was charging us? He on forage. We also select for overall farms more viable economically. It is still
Page 8 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021
a challenge, but the field is not crowded. to your farm. Why not help preserve
There is room to shine if you are willing a unique genetic package that is WHAT'S IN A NAME?
to put in the work. indigenous to this continent? The lure of
Helping to preserve a rare breed is the exotic is not always worth the price Myotonic goats have many
great, yet one still needs an end market of admission. We named our linebred
for the offspring. Selection for real-world family of Myotonic goats, "BANGUS,"
names, including Tennessee
working goat qualities helps to increase because they give us more bang for our Fainting, Tennessee Meat,
the breed's viability, thus ensuring its buck! We have a closed herd, we cull to Texas Wooden Leg, Stiff,
perpetuation as a breed. the grill and only breed a select number Nervous, and Scare goats.
As our nation moves to a greener, yearly to allow us to be sustainable.
more local food supply many people are Consider giving Myotonic meat goats a
desiring locally sourced meats they can try. Support The Livestock Conservancy.
These other names refer to a
trust. Consider the option of killing two You can help make a difference! breed characteristic known
birds with one stone. Helping to preserve as myotonia congenita,
a unique North American landrace breed Learn more about Vanguard Ranch on a condition in which the
while providing a special product to Facebook at https://www.facebook. muscle cells experience
niche markets can work well. If you are com/vanguardranchmeatgoats/
interested in the concession business,
prolonged contraction
contact us. We can help. In concessions, *** when the goat is startled.
you set your price! Renard Turner and his wife Chinette own The transitory stiffness
Myotonic meat goats that we raise Vanguard Ranch in central Virginia, where associated with these
are medium to large sized, thick set, and they have raised registered Horned Dorset contractions can cause the
naturally healthy. We seldom have to trim sheep, Karakul sheep, Kiko goats, Spanish
hooves or worm on our farm. We provide goats and horses. They currently raise
goat to fall down. This is not
a free choice organic loose mineral mix, Myotonic goats, white utility king squabs, a true faint, but a muscular
automatic watering, and free-range and organic herbs and vegetables. Renard phenomenon unrelated to
forage all the time. Our goats are easy is passionate about conservation and the nervous system.
keepers on pasture. joined The Livestock Conservancy Board of
Myotonic meat goats can add value Directors in 2020.
Renard Turner refers to the line of Myotonic
goats he developed at Vanguard Ranch as
BANGUS because he gets more bang for
his buck with Myotonic goats. Photos of
BANGUS goats courtesy of Renard Turner.
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 9
REGENERATING PINEYWOODS CATTLE IN GEORGIA
By AJ Wells century. The commercialization of beef habitability and serve as wildfire fuel.
led to bulkier, heavier, mass-produced We have always provided our
“Regenerative” is the latest buzzword cattle breeds, and Pineywoods simply Pineywoods with their native, foraging
in environmentally-conscious farming. did not fit the program. Because of diet, and the regenerative results are
In its essence, this practice utilizes cross-breeding and being ignored by fascinating. As Pineywoods clean
backward thinking for the purpose of farmers, purebred Pineywoods numbers the forest floors and brush away
forward thinking. Let me explain. To dwindled over the next hundred years strangulation from weeds and shrubs, we
understand what the land needs to heal, to only a few thousand. Today, The noticed an impressive return of native
regenerative farmers must consider the Livestock Conservancy considers them Gopher Tortoises. This keystone species
historical look and feel of the ecosystem a high conservation priority and lists provides homes for other animals like
so they might understand what the them as Threatened on the Conservation mice and snakes. The Gopher Tortoises’
land is supposed to look like. The key to Priority List. The outlook is different for roommates later become food for
regeneration at Georgia Native Cattle each strain of Pineywoods cattle. The raptors, which are, for the first time in a
Company is a somewhat forgotten breed Holt strain, which is our main focus and while, becoming a regular sight on our
of cattle called the Pineywoods. Georgia’s only native cattle, had only land. When allowed to play their role on
Pineywoods have long been important seven adults remaining when we got the land, Pineywoods regenerate the
in the ecosystem of the Southeastern involved more than a decade ago. ecosystem from bottom to top.
United States. Spanish colonists Most farms using regenerative Meanwhile, the commercialization of
delivered the ancestors of today’s practices are oriented toward the land, beef has removed most cattle from their
Pineywoods into an open range system but we are specifically working to natural roles. Instead of seeing cattle as
in the early 1500s. These cattle roamed regenerate a cattle breed. Admittedly, environmentalists, consumers recognize
the woods for the next 400 years and we were originally drawn to Pineywoods cattle only for their food value. This is
offered many different services such for their historical importance, but in not inherently a problem, but more so
as oxen, dairy, food, and leather. Over the past couple of years, we began a challenge for breeds neglected in the
the centuries, Pineywoods changed to recognize that soil and genetic marketplace, making it difficult to keep
in response to the environment as a regenerative practices go hand in hand. up with the commercial valuation of
landrace breed. The southern heat and Pineywoods not only fed and supplied improved breeds.
native parasites became aspects of the Native Americans, Revolutionary soldiers, Farmers looking for market value
land that the Pineywoods could handle. and Civil War troops, they also spent their at slaughter and prime cut steaks
Despite thriving for so long, time maneuvering the woods and eating have completely turned away from
Pineywoods were sidelined in favor brush. Without these natural forest Pineywoods because this breed does
of “improved” cattle such as Hereford, cleaners, forest floors become severely not fit the needs of today’s mainstream
Angus or Brahman at the turn of the 20th overcrowded to the point that they lose market, and therefore do not deliver
Page 10 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021comparatively well at the sale barn. After a long search, we finally found involves the genetic dangers inherent to
Jay Wells, president and founder of Thrushwood Farms, LLC in Galesburg, a high Coefficient of Inbreeding (COI). At
Georgia Native Cattle, addresses this Illinois. We were delighted to find a first, restoring the Holt strain looked like
market by saying, “Today, Facebook nationally-renowned processor who another path of line-crossing, this time
teaches us how to think, and McDonald’s cares as much about high-quality beef through genetically similar strains of
teaches us how to eat.” He’s referring products as we care about our cattle. Pineywoods cattle. Fortuitously, we came
to the single-purpose commercial cow However, the journey was not finished. across Johnny Johnson, who at the time
for which consumer taste buds have We were met with significant delays from was the Deputy Director for the Georgia
become accustomed. To regenerate the the USDA as we fought through more Agrirama museum. The Agrirama
Pineywoods, we first had to learn how than a year of submissions and rejections had one pure Holt in their cattle herd
the consumer would eat them. in having our label approved. Once, the that was previously undetected by
The idea for beef sticks came from finicky process came down to a concern conservation efforts. The cow came from
my brother Bryan Wells, whose kitchen over spacing. What looked like delays a different herd than ours, which allowed
tinkering hobby led to the realization that could sink our company actually a genetic differentiation and the ability
that Pineywoods’ lean beef makes a fine became an opportunity to create a far to lower our herds’ COI. Without this
jerky. Following this discovery, he looked better, outward-facing product. As we meeting, the path toward sustaining the
for ways to use all of the quality meat in got our bearings, we teamed up with The Holt strain Pineywoods would have been
a jerky fashion. The beef stick became a Livestock Conservancy, Mark It Label, A a far more winding, less certain road.
way to offer quality, high-protein beef in Greener World, ASPCA, and Barn2Door Even as the numbers of Georgia’s only
a tasty product. to spread our network. Those resources native cattle are recovering, we continue
What we thought would be a helped us recognize how to properly to face genetic challenges such as
straightforward path to production feature our unique heritage cattle when unpredictably small and weak animals.
became a four-year saga of rejection. our product finally hit the market. As we slowly differentiate the genetic
Finding a processor to produce the Our complicated journey to the package, our results improve. Now that
beef sticks proved to be the most marketplace mirrors our regeneration we are achieving sustainable numbers,
difficult challenge. No one wanted to of the breed. We worked closely with we are once again assessing the true
use heritage beef for beef sticks from Dr. Phillip Sponenberg of Virginia Tech, regeneration of the breed. The concept
a farm that had not made a single and Technical Advisor to The Livestock of looking backward to go forward
other product. We were flatly rejected Conservancy, to orchestrate a plan allows us to think about what Holt strain
and many phone calls were ignored. that would unpack the tightly wound cattle actually looked like when thriving
Eventually we recognized that, though genetic package of the pure Holt in numbers and genetic variation. As
it seemed odd since these are historical strain of Pineywoods. Our emphasis on our numbers grow, so does our ability to
animals, we were genuinely creating sustainability and the restoration of a develop a more sustainable strain and
something brand new for today’s market. strain so close to extinction inevitably recover the original identity that was
almost lost to history.
The genetic regeneration of Holt
strain Pineywoods is crucial to the
preservation of the breed as well as
ecological restoration efforts. These
cattle also provide biodiversity that may
be necessary for future farming. As large-
scale farming continues to push for a
specific type of meat that fits the current
consumer palate, the cows used in this
system will inevitably move further
toward homogeneity. Long term, this
homogeneity and selection for a specific
husbandry system may limit their genetic
diversity, with potential impacts on
disease resistance, climate adaptability,
longevity, or reproduction. When that
happens, heritage breeds will be used
for genetic diversification that will help
sustain improved cattle.
We aren’t revitalizing Holt strain
Pineywoods to keep them waiting
in the wings for the future. Instead,
we’re attempting to create commercial
Bryan Wells developed the Georgia Native beef sticks recipe for both the Original and viability for them right now. As a high
Jalapeno flavors. Photos by Shanna Buck, courtesy of Georgia Native Cattle company.
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 11conservation priority, our Pineywoods
desperately need to break ground in the
marketplace. We’ve adopted a couple
of slogans to connect with consumers,
such as “Eat What Your Ancestors
Ate” and “Eat Native.” At the heart of
it, we’re connecting our consumers
with the concept of participating in
the conservation and regeneration of
Pineywoods with each box and each beef
stick they purchase.
By purchasing and eating the meat
of these animals, consumers allow Holt
strain Pineywoods to claim a spot within
a crowded, convoluted marketplace. To
eat them is to save them, and, though
they will never be fully commercialized,
we hope to reestablish their value in
Holt strain Pineywoods cow.
all aspects of their original purposes.
Photo by Shanna Buck.
It just so happens that the beef stick is
a tasty and convenient way of offering
Pineywoods beef to the consumer. As PINEWOODS CATTLE STRAINS
their commercial viability grows, so will
During the 1980s, 14 strains
our ability to regenerate these cattle,
and, in turn, the land. of Pineywoods Cattle were
We’ve experienced challenges on all documented across Mississippi,
fronts. Sure, we never gave up, but we Alabama, and Georgia:
also never passed on an opportunity
to learn and grow. Just as we practice Agricola (AL) Hickman (MS)
regeneration, we constantly aim to Barnes (MS) Holt (GA)
regenerate our business as smart and Baylis (MS) Ladnier (MS)
viable. Each time we have made a Broadus (MS) Ladner (MS) Learn more about the history
mistake or taken a step backwards, be
it from regulations or COVID-19, we
Carter (MS) Palmer-Dunn of Pinewoods cattle online at
continue to reevaluate and reassess Conway (MS) (MS) https://livestockconservancy.
so that we can move forward. None of Dedeaux (MS) Vice (MS) org/images/uploads/docs/
what we do will ever be a linear path of Diamond (MS) pineywoods_final.pdf
progression. The nature of the livestock
we attempt to save requires continual
work and we learn to recognize the
hiccups as progress. WELCOME TO OUR
Despite our challenges, we find a NEWEST LIFE MEMBERS!
great amount of joy when looking back
on the path we’ve taken. Having the The Livestock Conservancy would
Pineywoods beef stick in the marketplace like to give a special thanks to
and hearing the outstanding feedback the following individuals who
from those participating in the recently chose to support us and
preservation has made the uncertain our conservation programs by
path worth traveling. To reassess might becoming Life Members:
be to delay, but ultimately, looking
backwards to go forwards can be a Frank R. Reese, Jr.
powerful, beneficial practice. Lindsborg, KS
Patrick L. McNally
*** Schoolcraft, MI
AJ Wells is the marketing specialist for
Georgia Native Cattle Company. He holds For more information about
Learn more about Georgia
a literature and creative writing MA from becoming a Life Member, contact
Native Cattle Company and
Auburn University and earned his BA from Karena Elliott at 806-570-0874 or
their beef sticks online at
The College of the Holy Cross. He currently kelliott@livestockconservancy.org
www.georgianativecattle.com/
lives in his hometown Buena Vista, GA.
Page 12 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021Dale (left), Josiah (right) and their American Milking Devon oxen team prepare a 4-H demonstration event. Photos courtesy of the Freier family.
A MICROGRANT OX-CART ADVENTURE
By Dale Freier, III Members of the American Milking up cones and explained what haw (left)
Devon Association. We applied for a and gee (right) meant. At the end of our
My brother Josiah, 10 years old, and I 2018 Microgrant and when The Livestock presentation we offered rides in the cart,
are part of a family-run farm located in Conservancy reached out to tell us which entertained everyone. Every time
Seneca Falls, New York. At Every Season we received the grant, we gratefully someone comments on the cart or asks
Farm, we have a growing herd of 30 put it toward the construction of our a question about our ruby-red American
registered American Milking Devons in ox-cart. Built by another teamster in Milking Devons, it is an opportunity to
addition to Leicester Longwool sheep, Massachusetts, we picked it up in March educate them about the importance
pigs, and chickens. Milking Devons, listed and spent a few weeks painting and of heritage breeds and agriculture,
as Critical on the Conservation Priority sanding it down. We were able to present something farmers, teamsters, and
List, are a triple-purpose breed known our bright cart at the Seneca County Fair 4-Hers take very seriously.
for dairy, oxen, and beef. On our farm, last July. Josiah and I are also part of a 4-H
we use them for all three. Josiah and When it was time for the working Living History Club that tries to envision
I have been taking our steer teams to steer demonstration, a curious crowd what life was like during the Civil
demonstrations at our local fair each year gathered to watch. We took turns War through reenactments. We had
and wanted to purchase an ox-cart for discussing over the loudspeaker the planned on marching our teams in our
educational events. historical significance of the American local Memorial Day parade, but it was
Josiah and I are involved in our Milking Devon breed and the traditional canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
local 4-H community and are Junior commands used to control oxen. We set Our club wanted to create an accurate
depiction of Union and Confederate
soldiers marching with oxen carting
supplies and artillery. We hope we can
do it in 2021.
We are very grateful to The Livestock
Conservancy and will continue to use
our ox-cart and oxen as ambassadors for
the breed in many more working steer
demonstrations.
***
Learn more about the Freier family farm,
Every Season Farm, on Facebook
@everyseasonfarmflx. Watch the Dale,
Josiah and their oxen teams in action on
YouTube with Backyard Green Films at
https://youtu.be/LSpD7-XOkOk.
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 13THE HEALING POWER OF SEBASTOPOL GEESE
By Helen Decker Maryland Poultry Swap and Farmers can help me survive and I can help them
Market at Green Hill Farm. I came across survive, I thought.
“They can help me survive and I can white geese with long, curly feathers. I brought home my very first
help them survive,” I thought. My children called them wedding dress Sebastopol goslings and immediately
Beginning in 2011, my husband and geese. These medium-sized (12-14 bonded with them. I proceeded to bring
I noticed that my body was acting pounds) geese also had large, rounded in more from different breeders around
strangely. I had rashes, swollen lymph heads with prominent blue eyes and the United States to incorporate more
nodes, fatigue, and a painful back and orange bills, slightly arched necks, an blood lines to breed as well. Their sweet
joints. By 2017, my symptoms began elongated underbody, and orange feet. disposition, hugs, preening, and the
to progress despite efforts to contain Their majestic beauty took me to a whole sounds they make took the stress and
them and failed attempts at receiving a new world where I could escape feeling anxiety down several notches.
diagnosis. In August 2018, I developed the reality of my illness and the side Most mornings I sit out in my backyard
a migraine that would not go away. It effects of my treatment. with them. If it’s a dry morning I take a
became debilitating. I wanted to know more about floor pillow out. The geese enjoy when
Later that year, I saw a rheumatologist. Sebastopol geese. I learned that they you are at their level. Sometimes my
She pulled all of my files, reviewed were named after the Russian city on Sebastopols will get cozy on my crossed
pictures that I gave her, and performed the Black Sea from which they were legs and sometimes they will lay beside
tests. After years and years of feeling imported to the United States and me. I eventually realized that I reached
lost and confused, I finally received a recognized by the American Poultry a true state of euphoria when I was not
diagnosis. I was put on medications that Association in 1938. Sebastopols are best able to put into words how at peace I
were stronger than typical for Lupus known for their elegantly draped spiral was outside with my geese.
because of the severity and organ feathers that nearly touch the ground. In Fall 2019, doctors noticed that my
involvement. Until then, I never knew The flexible shafts on the feathers, a blood levels were finally within normal
that chemotherapy was used for illnesses specific breeding trait creating this ranges. I still experience symptoms and
other than cancer. We weighed risk plumage modification on the back, side effects, but I am making progress.
versus benefit, and at that point it simply wings and tail, allow them to curl and I choose to believe that while the
was what it was. prevent flight. treatments are important in my case, so
That following spring, only two Once I found out that the Sebastopol are the natural methods of stress and
months after my diagnosis and geese were a threatened species, I felt anxiety reduction. For me, that means
beginning of treatment, I went to the like we had something in common. They taking time to sit with my Sebastopols.
In 2020, I began Feathered Fairytales
to share the majestic existence of
Sebastopol geese with others. If they
helped me, they could help someone
else. The stories that I receive from their
new humans warms my heart.
These rare breed geese have especially
helped those coping with the pandemic
by providing company and something
more beautiful and heartwarming to
put their focus on. Isn’t this what life is
all about? Truly helping one another by
sharing our better qualities with one
another. Helping each other survive, and
enjoying our journey together.
***
Helen Decker (left) is a wife and a mother
in the charming town of Myersville,
Maryland. She loves rescuing animals,
including conserving Sebastopol geese.
She is also passionate about teaching,
running her two businesses (Feathered
Fairytales and Stitched Memories
Photography), and sitting under her willow
tree next to her pond with her family while
soaking in the memories being made.
Page 14 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021A SILVER LINING FOR SILVER FOX RABBITS
By Ashley Pierce twice a day to fresh grass, have unlimited the tractoring process with meat animals,
access to a complete pellet diet, and continuing to select the best animals to
The microgrant from The Livestock free choice hay. They do exceptionally grow the herd, expanding my customer
Conservancy directly impacted my well on pasture and you can also see base, and supplying animals to those
ability to be profitable and continue the improvement in the pasture from the who requested them earlier in the year. I
expansion of my Silver Fox rabbitry. I animal impact and added nutrients. am especially excited about the prospect
have a small diversified livestock farm in As a Regional Livestock Educator for of so many new people getting started in
Schoharie County, New York called Home Cornell Cooperative Extension, I help rabbits, specifically the Silver Fox breed.
at Last Farm (thehomeatlastfarm.com) farmers in the Hudson Valley area with These rabbits perform exceptionally well
where I raise rabbits, sheep, and poultry. their farms via one-on-one assistance, on my farm and I look forward to many
I have raised rabbits for several classes, workshops, conferences, and more years with them.
years, and in the last five years started farm visits. This past year, I assisted Without support from The Livestock
raising Silver Fox, a breed considered several farmers with their rabbit Conservancy, I would not be where I am
“threatened.” An exceptional breed for questions, taught rabbit classes, and today and not as many people would
meat and pelts, the Silver Fox rabbit fits helped new producers get started. In be familiar with the amazing Silver Fox
my needs perfectly. I currently have 10 each of these interactions, I make sure rabbit. The funds really spurred the
does and one herd buck. With the funds to mention The Livestock Conservancy rabbitry and the whole farm to another
from the grant, I was able to purchase and the importance of preserving level. The animal husbandry improved
animals that are of excellent quality from genetic diversity. Most farmers are very substantially, the genetics of my rabbits
a breeder who is selecting animals for interested in learning more! improved drastically, and many more in
both meat and show characteristics. With everything happening with the area are raising rabbits. I look forward
I purchased a new farm in 2018 and it COVID-19, I have had a substantial to continuing with the project!
had very little infrastructure. One of the increase in demand in live breeding
first things constructed was a new rabbit stock rabbits from people who want to ***
shed, a roughly 20 x 30 foot structure. become more self-sufficient. Although Ashley Pierce received a 2019 Microgrant
The grant allowed me to install lighting I could not provide all of them with to expand the infrastructure of her rabbitry
and build new cages for adult rabbits, animals, I look forward to several more and bring in additional genetics for her
a colony style area for young rabbits in in my area getting started with Silver Fox Silver Fox rabbit breeding program. She
inclement weather, and several “tractors.” rabbits as the year progresses and more raises rabbits and sheep at Home at Last
The mobile tractors allow me to grow are born. Farm in New York. (Photo of Silver Fox
out my meat rabbits on pasture, as you My plans for this year include breeding rabbits above, courtesy of Ashley Pierce.)
would broiler chickens. They are moved three cycles with the rabbits, continuing
The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021 | Page 15AFTER A YEAR OF QUESTIONS, A MICROGRANT ANSWERS
By Kate Hagel My dream and vision are so clear my Buff Orpington ducks, ahead of the
and I have so many great ideas, but sheep to slurp up the snails and slugs
“There are years that ask questions. I was feeling frustrated and like the that carry the deadly meningeal worm
And years that answer,” according to Zora worst failure because I just kept losing. parasite. Along with welded wire fencing
Neale Hurston I cried to one of my mentors, Heather and T-posts purchased with the grant,
2018 was a year that asked questions Loomis, thinking I should really quit I was able to increase my perimeter
of my fledgling flock of Jacob and this shepherding thing because I fencing and expand my flock.
Romeldale CVM sheep. Why am I doing couldn't be responsible for animals Thanks to this generous grant from
this? Should I keep doing this? Can I that depended on me, especially not The Livestock Conservancy, 2019 was a
even do this? I lost a ewe and an alpaca endangered breeds in need of careful year that answered. The answer was one
to meningeal worm, and my very first management. But, she convinced me “yes” after another. I had my very first
Romeldale CVM lamb to a freak accident to chin up and encouraged me to apply lambing season, adding both a Jacob
with a livestock panel and a tree stump. for The Livestock Conservancy National and a Romeldale CVM ewe. At the 2019
My shearer retired, and for a third year Microgrant. I decided after submitting annual general meeting of the Jacob
in a row, the person supplying my hay my application that 2018 was going to Sheep Breed Association, I purchased
switched to round bales. end with an answer. a gorgeous, diversely pedigreed ram
The answer that The Livestock along with 2 excellent ewes and a ewe
Conservancy gave me was a resounding lamb. I went to area schools to present
“Yes!” With a grant for $1,924, I was able my sheep ambassadors and spread the
to purchase 26 sheep coats in various importance of breed conservation to
sizes to increase the value of the wool high school agriculture classes. I sold out
I was selling. What I love about the of my fleeces thanks to The Livestock
improved fleece quality, beyond the Conservancy's Shave ‘em to Save ‘em
added monetary value, is that it presents program. I continued my own education,
the wool to my customers in its best getting FAMACHA certified and working
possible light; getting them hooked on closely with shepherd mentors.
breeds of sheep beyond merino. The year brought a few gut-wrenching
I also purchased 5 rolls of electric “no” answers, as well. A newly emerged
poultry netting to expand my rotational den of fox kits decimated my chicken
grazing capabilities that included flock within days, leaving only 2 hens.
sending out 10 new Runner ducks with While I was away at a family reunion, my
beloved Romeldale ram died suddenly
under the care of my farm sitter.
I'm still chasing hay providers and
shearers, which is extremely frustrating,
and I still have days where I realize my
inadequacies and have a good cry out in
the woods because of my lack of control
over the universe. But, I have to say
that the most lasting and far-reaching
impact that The Livestock Conservancy
has made on me and my flocks is the
incredible community of fellow farmers,
educators, and breed enthusiasts
that lend their encouragement and
knowledge when it is needed most.
***
Kate Hagel received a 2019 Microgrant
to expand her pasturing capabilities and
improve the wool quality in her Jacob and
Romeldale CVM sheep flock at Ballyhope
Farm in New York.
Kate Hagel (above) holds a Jacob lamb. Her flocks of heritage breed sheep and geese
enjoy their improved pasture with new fencing, thanks to the 2019 Microgrant (bottom).
Page 16 | The Livestock Conservancy News Winter 2021CLASSIFIEDS
The Livestock Conservancy accepts advertising in good
faith and trust that buyers and sellers will exercise their own
good judgment in completing transactions. Members and
advertisers support the production of this newsletter. To
advertise in this quarterly publication, call 919-542-5704
or email info@livestockconservancy.org.
Whippoorwill Farm THANK YOU TO OUR SPONSORS!
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Facebook: @icechickensofwpwfarm Chapel Hill Farm The Lippitt Club, Inc.
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Phone: 715-372-5255 Whispering Hills Farm
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