Problematic Internet Use and Stress Levels in Students of Health and Social Sciences
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International Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 438
Original Article
Problematic Internet Use and Stress Levels in Students of Health
and Social Sciences
Serap Unsar, PhD
Professor, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Nursing, Edirne,
Turkey
Melahat Akgun Kostak, PhD
Associate Professor, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Child Health and
Disease Nursing, Edirne, Turkey
Sevil Yilmaz, PhD
Assistant Professor, Istanbul University, Faculty of Nursing, Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing,
Istanbul, Turkey
Sevgi Ozdinc, PhD
Assistant Professor, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy and
Rehabilitation, Edirne, Turkey
Ozturk Selda
Research Assistant, Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Mental Health and
Psychiatric Nursing, Edirne, Turkey
Agah Sinan Unsar, PhD
Professor, Trakya University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Business Department.
Edirne, Turkey
Correspondence: Melahat Akgun Kostak, Associate Professor, Trakya University, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Department of Child Health and Disease Nursing, Edirne, Turkey. E mail: akgunmel@yahoo.com
Abstract
Background: Internet use has become increasingly widespread among young people throughout the world.
Uncontrolled and excessive use of the internet by university students can cause serious harm to health. Young
people commonly face both physical and psychological harm from long-term Internet use or Internet addiction.
Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between Internet use and stress levels in university
students and the factors affecting them.
Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted with a total of 433 students from the Nursing, Physical
Therapy and Rehabilitation Departments of the Faculty of Health Sciences and Business and Labor Economics
of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences in Turkey.
Results: The study found that the average duration of students’ Internet use per week was 23.1±20.1 hours. The
students’ average Online Cognitive Scale (OCS) and average Stress Scale (SS) scores were 85.3±32.9 and
17.9±10.2, respectively. The OCS scores of the nursing students were lower than those of the Business
Administration students (pInternational Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 439
Introduction al., 2014). Yang and Tung (2007) reported that
people with Internet addiction have family,
Internet use has become increasingly widespread
school, financial, health, communication
in all areas of life, especially among young
problems. Some studies found that individuals
people, throughout the world (Casale, Lecchi &
with Internet addiction used the Internet for fun,
Fioravanti, 2014; Ceyhan, 2010). International
interaction, and the feeling of satisfaction
epidemiological studies consider Internet
(Batigun & Kilic, 2011), while individuals
addiction to be a public health problem
without Internet addiction used it rather for
worldwide; a prevalence study conducted among
research and chatting (Kayri & Gunuc, 2010;
university students indicated that prevalence of
Adalier & Balkan, 2012).
Internet addiction is around 8% to 13% (Chou et
al., 2015). Students starting their university Some previous studies found that Internet use
education use the Internet to do their homework, was widespread among university students (Akin
do academic research, and find out their course & Iskender, 2011; Ceyhan, 2010; Sahin, 2011).
grades (Rotsztein, 2003; Adalier & Balkan, Institutions of higher education encourage new
2012). In addition, students can quickly and students to use the Internet for many reasons, and
easily access the Internet from many places in even provide students with an e-mail address
their universities such as libraries, computer upon enrolment. The opportunity to use the
laboratories, dormitories, shopping centers and Internet in education institutions is provided to
cafe (Tsimtsiou et al., 2015). students either low-cost or free of charge, which
makes the Internet an affordable and useful
According to the Internet World Usage Statistics,
option for students (Rotsztein, 2003).
45% of the world population uses the Internet
(Internet World Stats, 2015). The Household Being a student at a university and university life
Information Technologies Research conducted in itself are situations that cause anxiety and stress.
Turkey (Turkish Statistical Institute, 2014) found Many young people are faced with problems like
that 16–24 age group ranks first in Internet use, anxiety about making new friends, leaving
with a usage rate of 73%. It was found that this family, adapting to dormitory life, economic
rate was 92.9% with high school, a bachelor’s difficulties, future profession, and work life.
degree, and those having a higher degree such as These social, cultural, and economic changes can
a master degree level of education (TSI, 2014). adversely affect young people psychologically
(Yan, Li & Sui, 2013) and cause to spend much
Casale, Lecchi and Fioravanti (2014) found that
more time on internet (Casale et al., 2014). Sun
users used the internet the most for social media,
et al. (2016) reported that they had found higher
information collection, chatting, sending e-mails,
stress levels with university students. Chou et al.
and shopping, and Chou and Hsia (2000) found
(2015) found that 17% of university students
that university students used the Internet
were addicted to the internet. In some previous
primarily for chat program, surfing, and playing
studies, Jie et al. (2014) and Yan et al. (2013)
games. Ergin, Uzun and Bozkurt (2013) stated
stated that there is a positive correlation between
that university students in Turkey used the most
stressful life events and Internet addiction.
the internet for chat, web surfing, and lessons
Internet addiction has rapidly become
and games the most.
widespread in recent years, especially among
While some people can limit the amount of time university students. Young people commonly
they use the Internet, some cannot; these people face both physical and psychological harm from
are adversely affected in terms of finances, long-term Internet use or Internet addiction
academics, human relationships, and many other (Yang et al., 2014; Yang & Tung, 2007). The
areas of life as a result of misuse of the Internet main purposes of this study are to determine
(Tsimtsiou et al., 2015; Ata, Akpinar & Kelleci, Internet usage of university students in the
2011). Internet addiction is defined as the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, their
inability to limit Internet use, continued use of levels of Internet addiction, and the correlations
the Internet despite its harms, and manifestation between their levels of stress and Internet
of symptoms such as stress, excessive addiction as well as the factors affecting them.
nervousness, depression, social isolation, loss of
Methodology
academic post and job, divorce, weakening in
decision-making ability (Thatcher, Wretschko & Design and sample: This is a cross-sectional
Fridjhon, 2008; Ozcan & Buzlu, 2005; Alam et study aimed evaluating the effect of problematic
www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.orgInternational Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 440 internet use on stress levels students of health Cetin in 2007. The Depression Anxiety Stress and social sciences. This research was conducted Scale (DASS) consists of 42 items. The scale is at a university located in the northwest of scored as follows: “Did not apply to me at all” = Turkey, with three different departments, total of 0, “Applied to me to some degree, or some of the 433 students from the Faculty of Health time” = 1, “Applied to me to a considerable Sciences, Department of Nursing (n = 191), degree, or a good part of time” = 2 and “Applied Department of Physical Therapy and to me very much, or most of the time” = 3. The Rehabilitation (n= 114), the Faculty of DASS consists of three sub-scales and a total of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 42 items to examine depression (14 questions), Department of Business and Labor Economics (n anxiety (14 questions), and stress (14 questions). = 128) between 03/01/2015 and 04/01/2015. High scores received from the scale indicate that Data collection: The questionnaire forms, scales, the individual has the relevant problem. Total and purpose of the study were described by the scores in the scale range from 0–42 for each sub- researchers in classrooms at appropriate course scale. While Akin and Cetin (2007) found the times. The forms were distributed to students Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient who volunteered to participate in the study. It of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale to be took 15 to 20 minutes for the students to fill out 0.89, the Cronbach alpha internal consistency the forms. Questions, if any, were answered. coefficient for the stress sub-scale was found to Measurements: The study data were collected be 0.92. The DASS Stress Sub-scale (SS) was using the Questionnaire Form, Online Cognitive used in this study and the Cronbach alpha value Scale (OCS) and Stress Scale (SS). of the scale was found to be 0.93. Questionnaire Form: The questionnaire was Ethical Considerations: For this study, Consent prepared by the researchers in accordance with No. 03/11, dated 02/18/2015, was obtained from the literature (Yang et al., 2014; Ata, Akpinar & the Ethics Committee, Dean’s Office, Trakya Kelleci, 2011; Batigun & Kilic, 2011; Akin & University, Medical Faculty, and written Iskender, 2011; Alam et al., 2014; Casale, Lecchi permissions from the Dean’s Office, Faculty of & Fioravanti, 2014). The questionnaire Health Sciences and Faculty of Business comprised a total of 23 questions, 14 of which Administration (where the study was conducted) covered the socio-demographic characteristics of were obtained. The students were given students and their families (age, gender, information about the study and its purpose department, class in school, place of residence, before they completed the questionnaire forms etc.) and 9 of which covered Internet usage and scales. The students’ verbal consent was characteristics of students (duration of daily and obtained. The student volunteers were instructed weekly Internet use, purpose of Internet use, not to write their names on the questionnaire place of access to the Internet, etc.). forms and scales since the data would be used Online Cognitive Scale (OCS): Online Cognitive only for scientific purposes. Scale was developed by Davis, Flett and Besser Data Analysis: The data was analyzed using (2002) to assess Problematic Internet use. It Statistical Package for Social Sciences for comprises four sub-scales: Loneliness- Windows Program (SPSS 18.0). The data Depression, Decreased Impulse Control, Social relating students' sociodemographic and internet Support, and Attention Distraction. It is a seven- usage were analysed by percent, mean and point Likert-type scale of 36 items, varying from standard deviation. The normal distribution of “Strongly Disagree” = 1 to “Strongly Agree” = 7. the data was analysed using the Kolmogorov The scale is assessed by calculating total scores Smirnov test. In comparing the average scores of and sub-scale scores. Higher scores are scale between the characteristics of the students, considered to be “problematic use.” The Turkish t-test and Mann Whitney U tests were used in the validity and reliability study of the scale was two groups, One-Way (ANOVA) and Kruskal performed by Ozcan and Buzlu (2005). Ozcan Wallis tests were used in the triple groups. and Buzlu (2005) found Cronbach’s alpha value Spearman's correlation analysis was used for of the scale to be 0.92. In the present study, comparison of the students’ scores of scale. The Cronbach’s alpha value of the scale was found to results obtained were evaluated at a confidence be 0.94. interval of 95% and significance level of p < Stress Scale (SS): The reliability and validity 0.05. study of the scale, developed by Lovibond and Limitations of the study: This study was Lovibond (1995), was performed by Akin and conducted with students from two health and one www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org
International Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 441
social departments of a university. The study books/newspapers. Internet access points were as
results cannot be generalized to all university follows: 85% (n = 368) of the participants
students, and the results may vary when accessed the Internet via telephone, 59.4% (n =
additional data is added. However, this study has 257) via personal computer, 17.8% (n = 77) from
provided scientific data on problematic Internet an Internet cafe/library, and 9.5% (n = 41) from a
use by university students. friend’s home (see Table 2 and Figure 1).
Results The students’ average scores on the Online
Cognition Scale (OCS) were 85.3 ± 32.9 and
A total of 433 students participated in this study.
their average scores on the Stress Sub-scale (SS)
The average age of the students in the study was
were 17.9 ± 10.2. Average OCS scores of the
19.8 ± 1.6, and 72.7% (n = 315) of them were
Business Administration students were found to
female. Almost half of the students (44.1%) were
be higher than those of the nursing students (p =
nursing students and the other half (45.9%) (n =
.017). OCS scores of the freshman were found to
195) were freshman. Of the total number of
be higher than those of students from other years
students, 51.3% lived in a city for most of their
(p < .001). OCS scores of the students using the
lives, 12.2% were smokers, and 18% (n = 78)
Internet for chatting and gaming purposes were
used alcohol (see Table 1).
found to be higher (p = .006, p = .035;
It was found that the students used the Internet respectively). The Internet addiction level of the
for 200.9 ± 163.7/minutes within a day and 23.1 students from the Department of Business
± 20.1/hours within a week. Of the students in Administration and Department of Labor
the study group, 77.8% (n = 337) used the Economics and Industrial Relations, the
Internet for homework and research, 58.9% (n = freshman, and those who used the Internet rather
255) for chatting, 43.6% (n = 189) for web- for chatting and gaming purposes, was higher (p
surfing, and 41.1% (n = 178) to read < .001) (see Table 3).
90
77.8
80
70
58.9
60
50 43.6 41.1
38.1
40 32.3
28.4
30
20
10
0
*More than one option is checked Figure 1: Students’ Internet usage purposes
www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.orgInternational Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 442 Table 1. Socio-demographic and Internet use characteristics of the students (n=433) Characteristics n (%) or Mean ± SD Age 19.8 ± 1.6 Gender Female 315 (72.7) Male 118 (27.3) Department Nursing 191 (44.1) Business and Labor 128 (29.6) Economics Physical Therapy and 114 (26.3) Rehabilitation Year 1 195 (45.0) 2 87 (20.1) 3 111 (25.6) 4 40 (9.2) Background (where the student grew up) Village 66 (15.2) Town 145 (33.5) City 222 (51.3) Smoker Yes 53 (12.2) No 380 (87.8) Alcohol Usage Yes 78 (18.0) No 355 (82.0 Duration of Internet use (minutes/day) 200.9 ± 163.7 Duration of Internet use (hours/week) 23.1 ± 20.1 Place of access to the Internet* Telephone 368 (85.0) Personal computer 257 (59.4) Internet cafe/library 77 (17.8) Friend’s home 41 (9.5) *More than one option is checked www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org
International Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 443
Table 2. Comparison of some characteristics of the students with their average OCS and
SS scores
OCS SS
Characteristics n Mean ± SD p-value Mean ± SD p-value*
Department
Nursing 191 81.0 ± 29.7 18.5 ± 9.7
Labor
Economics 128 93.2 ± 37.9 0.017** 17.8 ± 10.6 0.435
and Business
Physical 114 83.7 ± 30.7 17.1 ± 10.4
Therapy and
Rehabilitation
Gender
Female 315 83.4 ± 31.4 0.83*** 18.4 ± 9.8 0.166***
Male 118 90.1 ± 36.3 16.9 ± 11.0
Year
Freshman 195 93.5 ± 36.5 17.9 ± 10.6
Sophomore 87 82.5 ± 31.8International Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 444
Table 3. Correlation between the students’ OCS and SS scores and certain parameters
OCS SS
Age rs -.225 -.056
pInternational Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 445
university students and adolescents and that there In this study, it was determined that the lower the
was a negative correlation between their social students’ university years and ages, the higher
support levels and Internet addiction. Aker et al. their Internet addiction levels. Similarly, Sahin
(2017) revealed that depression, anxiety and (2011) and Yang and Tung (2007) found a
insomnia, and familial social support predicted negative relationship between year-age and
smartphone addiction. Personal and Internet addiction level. It is reported that
environmental factors can pose a risk for increased duration and addiction level occur at
increasing young people's stress levels. Young younger ages because children meet the Internet
people can see the Internet as a way of escape to at earlier stages in their lives, a phenomenon that
overcome the problems they face in their is of great concern to social scientists (Alam et
schools, families, or social lives; this leads to an al., 2014; Sahin, 2011; Yang & Tung, 2007). In
increase in the duration of their Internet use and their study, Wang et al. (2011) found the Internet
accordingly, their levels of stress. addiction level of high school students to be
12.2%. In a study conducted with high school
It was determined that the students used the
students, Sasmaz et al. (2013) reported that
Internet for 23.1 hours per week, 3.35 hours per
15.1% of the participants were in the group with
day (200.9 minutes/day). Young and Rodger
Internet addiction disorder and that the level of
(1998) discovered that the average duration of
Internet addiction was higher in freshman and
Internet use was 38.5 hours per week for users
sophomore students. It is stated in the literature
with problematic use and 4.9 hours per week for
that the age at which children start using the
normal use. Koc (2011) reported a higher
Internet is decreasing, and that young people are
number of psychiatric symptoms in university
at risk (Yang & Tung, 2007; Sahin, 2011; Wang
students using the Internet for six hours per day.
et al., 2011). Therefore, it is necessary to
Yang and Tung (2007) reported the duration of
organize training programs to raise public
weekly Internet use as 21.2 hours in their study
awareness on proper Internet use and increase
conducted with adolescents. In some studies
awareness among university students about
conducted in Turkey, Adalier and Balkan (2012)
Internet addiction and its effects.
reported that the average duration of daily
Internet use by university students was 1–3 In this study, the OCS scores of the students
hours, while Ata, Akpinar and Kelleci (2011) using the Internet for gaming and chatting were
reported that duration as 1.93 hours. We can say found to be high. Internet addiction levels of the
that the increase in the frequency of Internet use students using the Internet for gaming and
is due to its use for both educational and non- chatting were also found to be high in agreement
educational purposes, such as communication, with other studies described in the literature
entertainment, chatting, gaming, etc. (Chou & Hsiao, 2000; Canan, 2010; Ergin, Uzun
& Bozkurt, 2013). Using the Internet for chatting
According to this study, Internet addiction levels
and gaming extends the duration of Internet use,
of the students from the Faculty of Business
and consequently, increases the level of
Administration were higher than those of
addiction. Jang, Hwang and Choi (2013) reported
students from the Department of Nursing (Table
that chatting and increased duration of daily
3). Orsal et al. (2013) reported that Internet
Internet use was associated with Internet
addiction levels of the students from the Faculty
addiction.
of Economics and Administrative Sciences were
higher than those of students from other In this study, Internet addiction and the students’
departments. Similarly, Ozcan and Buzlu (2007) stress levels increased as the average duration of
reported that Internet addiction levels of the daily and weekly Internet use increased. Andreou
students from the Faculty of Social Sciences and Svoli (2013) reported that the extent of
were higher. These results are attributed to two Internet usage was an important indicator for all
main factors: nursing programs are intensive aspects of Internet addiction. A positive
(more intensive theoretical and clinical practice correlation has been found between Internet
courses), and students in the social sciences take addiction levels and Internet usage for
fewer credit-bearing courses; since they have individuals in several studies conducted in recent
more spare time, their increased Internet use years (Yang & Tung, 2007; Thatcher, Wretschko
leads to higher levels of Internet addiction. & Fridjhon, 2008; Kayri & Gunuc, 2010;
Batigun & Kilic, 2011).
www.internationaljournalofcaringsciences.orgInternational Journal of Caring Sciences January – April 2020 Volume 13 | Issue 1| Page 446
Conclusion Bilgel N., & Bayram N. (2010). Turkish version of
the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS 42):
To conclude, this study found that stress levels Psychometric properties. Archives of
and problematic Internet usage levels among Neuropsychiatry 47:118-26.
university students increased as the duration of Canan F. (2010). The association between internet
their Internet use increased. In addition, it was addiction, dissociation, and socio-demographic
found that stress levels and problematic Internet features among college students. Unpublished
usage levels among university students increased Doctoral Thesis, Duzce University Medical
as their ages and university years decreased. Faculty, Turkey.
Intensive use of the Internet by young people is Casale S., Lecchi S., & Fioravanti G. (2014). The
association between psychological well-being and
inevitable, because the Internet is an important
problematic use of internet communicative
tool for the integration of today’s society with services among young people. The Journal of
the modern world. Therefore, it is necessary to Psychology 149(5):480-497.
raise awareness among Internet users about Ceyhan E. (2010). Predictiveness of identity status,
effective and proper use of the Internet rather main internet use purposes and gender on
than preventing its use. We recommend university students’ the problematic internet use.
educational and institutional arrangements to Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice
help effective and proper use of the Internet. 10(3):1323-1355.
Chou C., & Hsiao M.C. (2000). Internet addiction,
Acknowledgements: The authors thank all of usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: The
the students, management of Faculty of Health Taiwan college students’ case. Computers &
Sciences who participated in this study. Education 35:65-80.
Chou W.P., Ko C.H., Kaufman E.A., Crowell S.E.,
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