Research Update Issue 3 | Dec 2020 - NUS Arts and Social ...
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Singapore Longitudinal EArly Development Study
Research Update Issue 3 | Dec 2020
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Professor Wei-Jun Jean Yeung
Department of Sociology
National University of Singapore
FUNDED BY:
Ministry of Education Social Science Research Thematic Grant
(MOE 2016 – SSRTG – 044)
HOUSED BY:
Centre for Family and Population Research
Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences
National University of Singapore
CONTACT US:
https://fass.nus.edu.sg/cfpr/sgleads/
6601 4959 - SG LEADS Research Manager
sg_leads@nus.edu.sg
PRIMARY CAREGIVER’S WORK
• Majority (71.5%) of PCGs reported to be currently working, with an average of
40 hours.
• More than one-third (37.3%) of working PCGs work more than 44 hours a week.
• 11.4% of working PCGs work irregular hours.
Employment Status of PCGs
0.15%
0.28% 0.37%
Currently Working
Homemaker/ Housewife
27.7%
Student (Full-time)
71.5%
Unemployed
Others
Average Weekly Work Hours for Working PCGs
Working primary
5.5 5% 18.6% Less than 36 Hours caregivers work
%
37.3%
36-44 Hours
an average of
44.1% More than 44 Hours 40 hours
a week.
Work Schedule of Working PCGs Working PCG’s Irregular Work Schedule
Regular Evening Schdule
(4pm to Midnight) 4.3%
11.4%
Regular Night Shift
(Midnight to 8am)
4%
88.6% Rotating Shift* 31.8%
Split Shift* 6.2%
Irregular Schedule
Regular Daytime Schedule Arranged by Employer 35.4%
Irregular Schedule Flexible Schedule 13.7%
Others 4.5%
*
Rotating Shift: changes periodically from days to evenings or nights
Split Shift: one consisting of two distinct periods each day
2
DO PARENTS TAKE CHILDCARE LEAVE?
• 61.6% of mothers take paid maternity leave, with 87.4% of them taking 16 weeks.
• 67.5% of fathers take paid paternity leave, with 59.8% of them taking 2 weeks.
• Fathers with higher education and occupational status are more likely to take
paternity leave.
Duration of Paid Maternity Leave Taken Duration of Paid Paternity Leave Taken
0.7% 3.9%
11.9%
Less than 16 Weeks 5.5 5% Less than 2 Weeks
%
36.3%
16 Weeks 2 Weeks
87.4% 59.8%
More than 16 Weeks More than 2 Weeks
Paid Paternity Leave by Father’s Education
Secondary and below 46.2%
Post-Secondary 66%
University and above 77.9%
% of Fathers Who Took Paternity Leave, By Occupation
Legislators 72.9%
Professionals 75.8%
Associate Professionals 70.8%
Clerical Suport Workers 88.1%
Service & Sales Workers 67.4%
Craftsmen & Related Work 44.7%
Plant & Machine Operators 34.6%
Cleaners & Labourers 39.9%
3WHO DOES HOUSEWORK & CHILDCARE?
• Housework are done primarily by the primary caregiver and other household
member such as the domestic helper in majority of the households.
• More than half of SG LEADS households share grocery shopping equally.
• Financial matters at home are primarily done by PCG's spouse in more than half of
the households.
• There is a high level of sharing among household members on childcare activities.
Distribution of Housework
Primarily PCG Primarily PCG’s Spouse/Partner Primarily Other Household Member
Equally Shared Among Household Members Primarily Non-household Member
Preparing meals 43.5% 5.1% 29.6% 18.5% 3.3%
Washing, ironing, mending 33.3% 6.6% 33% 24.5% 2.6%
Washing/ cleaning after meals 33.3% 8.3% 32.7% 24.5% 1.2%
Shopping for groceries 30.7% 6.3% 33.3% 27% 2.7%
Cleaning house 31.4% 10.3% 4.9% 52.7% 0.7%
Outdoor/ household maintenance 19.1% 32.3% 18.5% 28.1% 2%
Paying bills, keeping financial records 17.4% 55.7% 1.8% 25% 0.1%
Distribution of Childcare Activities
Primarily PCG Primarily PCG’s Spouse/Partner Primarily Other Household Member
Equally Shared Among Household Members Primarily Non-household Member
Bathing children, changing diapers 29.5% 4.9% 8.5% 57% 0.2%
Selecting a paediatrician,
29.5% 9.6% 0.1% 60.7% 0.2%
making appointments
Choosing children's activities 22.8% 7.9% 0.2% 69.1% 0.1%
Selecting childcare programme,
preschool, school 21.1% 8.6% 0.2% 70.1% 0.01%
Disciplining children 19.5% 9% 0.2% 71.2% 0.01%
Taking children to activities 17.6% 8.7% 0.2% 73.5% 0.01%
Playing with children 9.6% 6.4
% 0.5% 83.5% 0.1%
4CHILDCARE ARRANGEMENTS & SCHOOL
Type of School Types of Childcare Centres Used
(K1 and above) (Children below P1)
0.3% 1.1%
5.8 Private Operators
8% %
Public school Anchor Operators
32.7%
Private school 47.4% Ministry of Education
67%
School at home 37.7% Partner Operators
Others (eg. Paid Nannies,
Charity Organizations)
Duration at Childcare Centres No. of Days Attending Childcare Centres
(Children below P1) (Children below P1)
0.3% 1.1%
26.8% Less than 5 days a week
Full Day
5 days a week
73.2% Half Day
98.6%
More than 5 days a week
COMMUNITY SERVICES
Top 5 Family/Community Programs Used
8.2% ComCare financial assistance 2.6%
of families have
Religious‐based services 2.3%
participated
in at least 1 Family services 2.2%
family/community 1.8%
Community‐based services
program. Early Intervention Programme
0.6%
for Infants & Children (EIPIC)
Reasons For Not Participating in
52.3% 0.7%
7.6
Neighbourhood Activities
of families % I have not received notifications of the activities
have never 27.4% I am not interested in the activities
participated in 64.3% I don’t have time
neighbourhood Others
activities.
5HOW MUCH SUPPORT &
WHO PROVIDED OR RECEIVED SUPPORT?
• Almost 30% of PCGs report receiving emotional support from non-household
members, and 22% receiving practical support.
• 1 in 3 PCGs provide emotional support to non-household members, while about 9%
provide practical support.
• Parents are top providers and friends are top receivers for practical support. Friends
are the top providers and receivers of emotional support to and from PCGs.
% of PCGs who Received Social % of PCGs who Provided Social
Support in the Past Month Support in the Past Month
Practical Support 21.7% Practical Support 8.7%
Emotional Support 29.5% Emotional Support 32.4%
PRACTICAL SUPPORT
Practical Support: Includes child care, transportation, repairs to home or car, or other kinds of work around the house.
Top 5 Who Provided Practical Top 5 Who Received Practical
Support to PCGs Support from PCGs
PCG’s Parents 56.3% Friends 37.9%
PCG’s Parents-in-law 36.7% PCG’s Parents 29.9%
PCG’s Siblings 13.5% Neighbours 26.3%
Neighbours 11.3% PCG’s Siblings 25%
Friends 11% PCG’s Parents-in-law 19.2%
EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
Emotional Support: Includes advice or encouragement.
Top 5 Who Provided Emotional Top 5 Who Received Emotional
Support to PCGs Support from PCGs
Friends 68.5% Friends 74.2%
PCG’s Parents 40% PCG’s Siblings 29.6%
PCG’s Siblings 27% PCG’s Parents 25.4%
Co-workers 14.7% Co-workers 18.5%
PCG’s Parents-in-law 13.9% Neighbours 11.5%
6HOW MUCH SUPPORT &
WHO PROVIDED OR RECEIVED SUPPORT?
• Almost 50% of PCGs indicate they would call their own family members who do not
live with them, for help in a emergency in the middle of the night.
• 58.1% of PCGs would turn to their non-household family members to borrow
money in an emergency.
• 37.4% of the household provide financial support to others, mainly to parents. The
majority of them do so at least once a month.
Who would PCGs call for help in an Who would PCGs borrow some money from
emergency in the middle of the night? for a few weeks because of an emergency?
(Other than household members) (Other than household members)
48.9% 58.1%
17.7%
14.8% 14.2%
11.4%
% 9.1%
6.2 5.3% .5% %
4 % 3.9% 1.3 .9% 6% 5%
1.4 0.6% 0.6% 0 0. 0.
ily ily end our ne ves ers hild se/ ily end ily ne ves ers our hild se/
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n ’ w a n ’ w a
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R Ne Gro Ex- er p
h / h u h / h
Sp
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Sp hild Sp hild
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37.4% Frequency of Financial Support Given by
of households provided Households to Others in Past Year
financial support to
Once a year or less 10.5%
non-resident family/
relatives in past year, Several times a year 10%
mainly to PCG’s
At least once a month 79.6%
parents and
parents-in-laws.
7.7% of
households received financial
support from non-household
members in the past year.
7HOW MUCH FINANCIAL STRAIN ARE
SG LEADS FAMILIES UNDER?
• Majority of SG LEADS families have some money left over or enough to cover all
expenses at the end of the month, although about 1 in 3 of those living in HDB
rental flats do not have enough to cover expenses.
• Around 38% of households in rented HDB flats have fallen behind in paying bills,
and 28% of them had ever borrowed money from others in the past year.
% Of Households That Can Make Ends Meet At The End Of The Month, By Housing Type
Some money leftover Just enough to cover all expenses Not enough to cover expenses
Rented HDB 31.3% 36.3% 32.4%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 25.6% 50.2% 24.1%
Owned 3 Room HDB 46.6% 42.7% 10.7%
Owned 4 Room HDB 60.3% 34.3% 5.4%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 71.5% 25.4% 3.2%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 94.1% 5.2% 0.6%
% of Households Who Experienced These Situations In The Past Year, By Housing Type
Borrowed money from
Fallen behind in paying bills friends/ relatives
Rented HDB 37.9% 27.9%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 30.1% 20.6%
Owned 3 Room HDB 15.1% 10.9%
Owned 4 Room HDB 0.1% 4.1%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 6.9% 2.8%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 0.3% 0.4%
Applied for government Home, car, property
assistance repossession Utility cut-offs
Rented HDB 31% 0.5% 0.5%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 25.5% 2% 2%
Owned 3 Room HDB 8.4% 0.7% 0.7%
Owned 4 Room HDB 3.6% 0.3% 0.3%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 2.8% 0.4% 0.4%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 0.2% 0% 0%
8• About 1 in 3 PCGs in HDB 1-2 room flats had some or lots of trouble paying for
pre-natal care.
% of Households Who Had Trouble Paying for Prenatal Care, By Housing Type
Not at all Some trouble Lots of trouble
Rented HDB 62.1% 31.5% 6.4%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 69.1% 24.5% 6.4%
Owned 3 Room HDB 85.9% 12.3% 1.8%
Owned 4 Room HDB 94.6% 4.9% 0.5%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 96.5% 3.5%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 98.2% 1.6% 0.2%
CHILD DEVELOPMENT ACCOUNT (CDA)
6.5% of PCGs are not 97% of PCGs who are aware of CDA
aware of the CDA opened an account for child
3.1%
6.5
%
Yes Yes
No No
93.5% 96.9%
% WHO RECEIVED SUBSIDIES & BENEFITS
Medisave Maternity Package 55.9%
Enhanced Baby Bonus
(Cash Gift) 66.5%
Enhanced Baby Bonus
(Child Development Account)
73.4%
Medisave Grant (Newborns) 51.1%
Medishield Life
Coverage from Birth 49.8%
Enhanced Foreign Domestic
Worker Levy Concession 26%
Parenthood Tax Rebate 62.8%
Qualifying Child Relief 44.5%
Working Mother’s Child Relief 51.7%
Grandparent Caregiver Relief 6.4%
9FOOD INSECURITY
• Most children have sufficient food to eat, but about 38% of households in rented HDBs
and 1-2 room flats reported not having enough food and did not have money to get more.
• About 14% in rented HDB and 1-2 room flats reported child not eating enough food.
% of PCGs Who Reported “Sometimes True” or “Often True” For The Following,
By Housing Type:
We worried whether The food that we bought
our food would run was just not enough, We couldn’t afford
out before we got and we didn’t have to eat balanced
money to buy more. money to get more. meals.
Rented HDB 33.2% 37.7% 22.5%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 27% 37.5% 19.5%
Owned 3 Room HDB 10% 13.5% 6.8%
Owned 4 Room HDB 5.2% 6.2% 4%
Owned 5 Room & Executive HDB 3.7% 4.3% 2.7%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 0.3% 0.2% 0.2%
"My child was not eating enough because I just couldn't afford enough food."
Never True Sometimes True Often True
Rented HDB 85.6% 12.5% 1.9%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 86.2% 10.9% 2.9%
Owned 3 Room HDB 96.3% 3.6% 0.1%
Owned 4 Room HDB 98.4% 1.4% 0.1%
Owned 5 Room & Executive HDB 99.4% 0.6% 0%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 99% 0.9% 0.1%
% of PCGs Who Cut Child’s Food Size/ Meals Does child usually eat breakfast
Because There Wasn't Enough Money For Food in the morning?
Rented HDB 4.6% 8%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 2.4%
Yes
Owned 3 Room HDB 1%
No
92%
Owned 4 Room HDB 0.5%
Owned 5 Room & Executive HDB 0.2%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 0%
10WHAT DO CHILDREN EAT?
• Children in smaller housing types eat significantly more sweetened beverages,
snacks, or desserts, oily fried food, fast food and instant noodles.
• The majority of children have adequate protein.
% Of Children Aged 2-6 Who Eat The Following Foods 6-7 Times Or More Per Week,
By Housing Type:
Green, leafy vegetables Fruits Fish/ Other Seafood
Rented HDB 41.7% 45.5% 32.3%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 33% 36.1% 39.4%
Owned 3 Room HDB 38.7% 42.3% 27.4%
Owned 4 Room HDB 39.9% 46.1% 32.7%
Owned 5 Room & Executive HDB 41.4% 47% 37%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 50.5% 57.2% 46.3%
Meat (Chicken/ Pork/ Beef) Cow’s Milk/ Soy Milk
Rented HDB 50.2% 65.2%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 51.2% 68.5%
Owned 3 Room HDB 42.5% 69.2%
Owned 4 Room HDB 46.4% 69.6%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 47.9% 70.9%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 57.1% 78.2%
% Of Children Aged 2-6 Who Eat The Following Foods 3 Times Or More Per Week,
By Housing Type:
Sweetened or Salted Snacks
Sugar Sweetened Beverages and/or Desserts
Rented HDB 50.8% 46.2%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 41.6% 45.5%
Owned 3 Room HDB 36.1% 34.3%
Owned 4 Room HDB 33.4% 30.8%
Owned 5 Room & Executive HDB 29.9% 26.5%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 13.8% 13.3%
Oily Fried Foods Western Fast Food Instant Noodles
Rented HDB 22.5% 19.9% 16.3%
Owned 1-2 Room HDB 39% 14% 13.3%
Owned 3 Room HDB 17.4% 11.6% 6.9%
Owned 4 Room HDB 15.2% 13.4% 5.1%
Owned 5 Room &Executive HDB 11.6% 10.9% 4.3%
Owned/Rented Condo & Landed 4.3% 4.2% 0.8%
11WHAT DO CHILDREN UNDER 3
USE ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR?
• One-third of children under 3 use electronic devices for learning at least once a
week, and almost 50% use them for TV, movies and music at least once a week.
• 7.7% of children under 3 use smartphones/ tablets alone, and almost 50% use
them with an adult.
In the past 30 days, how often did child use a computer or other electronic device (such
as a smartphone or tablet)…
For Learning For TV Shows, Movie, Music For Games
11.9% 6.1
% 8.2 2.8%
21.1% %
3.4%
15.7%
47.1%
61.4% 22.4% 79.5%
5.7%
5.3%
4.8% 4.6%
Everyday A few times a week Once a week Less than once a week Never
7.7 Who is child typically using the smartphone/tablet with?
%
Alone
39.9%
With an adult
49.4%
With sibling/ friend
Does not use smartphone/ tablet
3%
WHAT APPS DO CHILDREN UNDER 3 USE?
• Learning apps are used most frequently by children under 3.
For those who use smartphone/tablet, they used the following types of apps
on different digital devices:
Learning App Basic Strategy Games Creating Virtual Worlds Arts Creation
2.8% 1.3% 3.8%
2.8% 5.6 3%
6.4
17% % % 9.9%
6.9%
46.8%
24.5%
88% 90.1% 79.4%
11.7%
On both smartphone & tablet On smartphone only On tablet only Does not use this app
12WHAT DO CHILDREN 3 & OLDER
USE ELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR?
• About 60% of children 3 and older use electronic devices for learning and games,
and 80.3% use them for TV shows, movies, music, at least once a week.
• About 1 in 4 children 3 and older use smartphones/ tablets alone, and about 60%
use them with an adult.
In the past 30 days, how often did child use a computer or other electronic device
(such as a smartphone or tablet)…
For Learning For TV Shows, Movie, Music For Games
18.8% 14.7% 17.1%
31.2% 5%
32.9% 36%
10%
29.6% 27.8%
8.8% 37.4%
11.6 7.2 11.9
% % %
Everyday A few times a week Once a week Less than once a week Never
10%
Who is child typically using the smartphone/tablet with?
8.1% 24.3% Alone
With an adult
57.6% With sibling/ friend
Does not use smartphone/ tablet
WHAT APPS DO CHILDREN 3 & OLDER USE?
• Learning apps are used most frequently by children 3 and older.
For those who use smartphone/tablet, they used the following types of apps
on different digital devices:
Learning App Basic Strategy Games Creating Virtual Worlds Arts Creation
4.1%
6.6 7%
%
21.5% 13.9%
31.2% 17% 18.4%
8.9%
66.8%
9.6%
73.1% 59.5% 15.1%
27.6%
19.7%
On both smartphone & tablet On smartphone only On tablet only Does not use this app
13HOW MANY LANGUAGES ARE
CHILDREN EXPOSED TO?
• 25% of Singaporean children 0-6 are exposed to only one language, while
two-thirds are bilingual and 8.4% are exposed to 3 or more languages.
1.1%
7.3 Monolingual Monolingual: At least 90% exposure to a language
%
25.1% Bilingual: Exposed to 2 languages, with at least
Bilingual 10% input of each language, and not monolingual
Trilingual: Exposed to 3 languages with any
66.5% Trilingual proportion, and not monolingual.
Multilingual: Exposed to 4 or more languages with
Multilingual any proportion, and not monolingual.
Child’s Primary Language Child’s Secondary Language
1.6% 1.4% 4.7%
4 English 5.1
% %
21.4%
15% Mandarin
15.4%
Malay
78% 53.4%
Tamil
Others
“Primary Language” is determined based on the language which the child has the largest exposure to.
“Other” languages include Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Hindi, Thai, Vietnamese, Bahasa, Tagalog and many more.
No. of Languages the Child is Spoken to
TOP 5 (Includes Languages/ Dialects Used By All Regular Caregivers)
PRIMARY & SECONDARY
LANGUAGE COMBINATIONS 1.4% 0.2%
9% 1
1. English & Mandarin 53.3% 10.4
% 2
2. English & Malay 15.3%
3. Mandarin & English 14.6% 3
4. English Tamil 5.1% 79% 4
5. English & Others 4.3% 5 and more
14CROSS-NATIONAL FAMILIES
• 1 in 4 SG LEADS families (23.7%) are a cross-national family (defined as
having a Singapore-born parent and a foreign-born parent).
• Families with a foreign-born mother account for 17.8% while those with a
foreign-born father account for 6%.
Types of Families
1%
Foreign-born Mother & Singapore-born Father
18.7% 17.8% Foreign-born Father & Singapore-born Mother
6%
Both Singapore-born Parents
56.5% Both Foreign-born Parents
Unknown/ Missing
Country of Birth for Foreign-born Mothers Country of Birth for Foreign-born Fathers
5.2%
13%
25.1% 29.5%
7.7% 41.7%
11.4%
24.4% 6.4
% 6.5
14.2% % 15.9%
People’s Republic of China Malaysia
Malaysia India
Vietnam People’s Republic of China
Indonesia Indonesia
Philippines Others
Thailand
Others
15RELIGIOUS BELIEFS & PRACTICES
PCG’s Religion Frequency of Attending Religious Services
0.6% Buddhism/Taoism 2.4% Several times a week
7.7 No religion Once a week
%
26.3% 18.6%
18.4% 33.8% Islam A few times a month
7.5%
Christianity/Catholicism Once a month
19% 13%
20.5% Hinduism 32.2% Less than once a month
Other religions Never
Aside from conventional religion, how important
Importance of Religion would you say spirituality or faith is to you?
7.9 Very important 8.1
9.5% % 21.1% 9.9%
%
20.8%
Rather important
Somewhat important
30.9% 30.6% Not so important 32.6% 28.6%
Not important at all
WHAT FESTIVALS DO SG LEADS
FAMILIES CELEBRATE?
Chinese New Year Hari Raya Puasa Deepavali
Chinese 99% 1.8% 1.1%
Malay 6.2% 95.7% 1%
Indian 2.3% 25.4% 70.6%
Others 67.6% 16.9% 14.5%
Mid-Autum Festival Hari Raya Haji Pongal
Chinese 85.7% 1.8% 0.4%
Malay 3.2% 92.6% 0.1%
Indian 0.9% 22.2% 44.7%
Others 46.1% 16% 3.2%
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