Security Council Elections 2019 - Security Council Report
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Research Report
Security Council Elections 2019
View of Retno Lestari Priansari
Marsudi, Minister for Foreign Affairs
Introduction: The 2019 Elections
of Indonesia, expressing gratutude
as Indonesia is elected to the
Security Council. On her right side
is Ambassador Dian Triansyah Djani On 7 June, the 73rd session of the UN General Group (GRULAC, currently held by Peru); and
(Indonesia) 8 June 2018 (UN Photo/ Assembly is scheduled to hold elections for the • one seat for the Eastern European Group (cur-
Manuel Elias)
Security Council. The five seats available for elec- rently held by Poland).
tion in 2019 according to the regular distribution The Western European and Others Group
among regions will be as follows: (WEOG) is not contesting any seats this year as its
2019, No. #2 • two seats for the African Group (currently held two seats, held by Belgium and Germany through
14 May 2019
by Côte d´Ivoire and Equatorial Guinea); 2020, come up for election every other year. The
This report is available online at • one seat for the Asia-Pacific Group (currently five new members elected this year will take up
securitycouncilreport.org.
held by Kuwait); their seats on 1 January 2020 and will serve until 31
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• one seat for the Latin American and Caribbean December 2021.
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Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 11 Introduction: The 2019 Elections The 2019 Candidates
2 The 2019 Candidates
4 Likely Council Dynamics in 2020
Six member states—Estonia, Niger, Roma- in 1962 and 1963 between Romania and the
6 The Process of Election nia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuni- Philippines (1962, 1976-1977, 1990-1991
7 Regional Groups and Established sia and Viet Nam—are currently running for and 2004-2005); Tunisia has served three
Practices the five available seats. Estonia and Romania times (1959-1960, 1980-1981 and 2000-
9 The 2017-2018 Split Term are contesting the single Eastern European 2001); and Viet Nam has served once (2008–
10 Becoming a Candidate Group seat, while the other four candidates 2009). Estonia and Saint Vincent and the
10 Campaigning for the Council
will run unopposed. Four of the six candi- Grenadines have never served on the Council.
dates have served on the Council previously: The table below shows the number of
11 UN Documents on Security
Niger has served once, forty years ago (1980- seats available per region in the 2019 elec-
Council Elections
1981); Romania has served four times, start- tion, the declared candidates, and their prior
11 Useful Additional Resources ing with one year as a result of the split term terms on the Council.
12 Annex 1: Rules and Process for
Election to the Council: Relevant
REGION SEATS MEMBER STATES RUNNING AND
Charter Provisions and Rules of
AVAILABLE IN PREVIOUS TERMS ON THE COUNCIL
Procedure
2019
13 Annex 2: Historical Background
Africa 2 Niger (1980-1981) and Tunisia (1959-1960,
13 Annex 3: Results of Recent
1980-1981, 2000-2001)
Elections for Non-Permanent
Members of the Council Asia-Pacific 1 Viet Nam (2008-2009)
Latin America and Caribbean 1 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (never
served)
Eastern Europe 1 Estonia (never served) and Romania (1962,
1976-1977, 1990-1991, 2004-2005)
Romania, with four previous terms, and the Central Africa seat currently held by
Tunisia, with three previous terms, have the Equatorial Guinea. Tunisia will also fill
most prior Council experience, followed by the Arab swing seat, which alternates every
Niger and Viet Nam, each having served odd calendar year between the Asia-Pacific
one term. Estonia and Saint Vincent and the Group and the African Group and is being
Grenadines are among the 65 UN member vacated by Kuwait on 31 December 2019.
states—34 percent of the total membership— (The Arab swing seat is described in greater
that have never served on the Council. detail below.)
African Seats Niger
Three non-permanent seats are allocated to Niger became a UN member in 1960 after
Africa. One seat comes up for election during gaining its independence from France that
every even calendar year, and two seats are year and has served on the Security Coun-
contested during odd years. Although there cil once (1980-1981). Its candidacy for the
have been exceptions, elections for seats allo- 2020-2021 seat was endorsed by the AU fol-
cated to Africa tend to be uncontested, as the lowing the organisation’s 32nd Ordinary Ses-
African Group maintains an established pat- sion in January/February after Ghana, which
tern of rotation among its five sub-regions has served on the Security Council three
(North Africa, Southern Africa, East Africa, times (most recently in 2006-2007), with-
West Africa and Central Africa), as described drew as a potential candidate. Niger circu-
in greater detail below. lated a note verbale presenting its candida-
This year, Niger is running unopposed for ture to the permanent missions and observer
the West Africa seat currently held by Côte missions of the UN on 7 May.
d’Ivoire. The fact that Niger, a Francophone As at 31 March, Niger contributes 941
country, will succeed another Francophone personnel to four UN peace operations,
country, Côte d’Ivoire, departs from a general predominantly to the UN Multidimension-
pattern of this seat alternating between Anglo- al Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali
phone and Francophone countries in the past. (MINUSMA).
Tunisia is running unopposed for the
North Africa seat, which will rotate with
2 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Research Report May 2019The 2019 Candidates
Tunisia October until 7 November). As a result of Estonia
Tunisia became a UN member in 1956 after this experience, an informal understanding Estonia became a UN member in 1991 fol-
gaining its independence from France that developed among GRULAC members to lowing its regaining of independence from
year, and has served on the Security Coun- avoid contested elections, starting with the the Soviet Union and has never served on
cil three times, at roughly 20-year intervals 2007 elections for the 2008-2009 term. Since the Security Council. It submitted its can-
(1959-1960, 1980-1981 and 2000-2001). then, Mexico (2008), Brazil (2009), Colom- didacy for the 2020-2021 term in 2005 and
Its candidacy for the 2020-2021 seat was bia (2010), Guatemala (2011), Argentina launched its official campaign in July 2017.
endorsed by the AU at the organisation’s 31st (2012), Chile (2013), Venezuela (2014), Uru- In its campaign, Estonia identified cyber-
Ordinary Session in June/July 2018 and, prior guay (2015), Bolivia (2016), Peru (2017) and security as high on its list of priorities, includ-
to that, by the Arab Group. the Dominican Republic (2018) have all been ing in the context of threats of cyber-attacks.
During its campaign, Tunisia has empha- sole candidates for the GRULAC seat on the Climate change and climate security has also
sised that peace, security, development and Security Council. This year, Saint Vincent been highlighted as an area of particular pri-
human rights are interrelated. It aims to use and the Grenadines is running unopposed ority. Its campaign has highlighted the coun-
its term on the Security Council to prioritise for the seat currently held by Peru. try’s commitment to sharing its experience
conflict prevention, including through pro- and best practices in finding digital solutions.
moting sustainable peace and strengthen- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines It has also highlighted conflict prevention
ing ties between the UN and regional bod- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became a as a priority: in this context, Estonia would
ies, particularly the AU and League of Arab UN member in 1980 after gaining its inde- aim to focus more attention and resources
States; the peaceful and negotiated settlement pendence from the UK in 1979, and has never on conflict prevention and increased Security
of disputes, particularly in conflicts in Afri- served on the Security Council. It submitted Council efforts dedicated to this end, includ-
ca and the Middle East, notably the Pales- its candidacy for the 2020-2021 term in 2010 ing working with member states, the UN
tine issue; promoting the role of women and and was endorsed by GRULAC in Novem- system, and regional organisations towards
youth; and the fight against terrorism. It also ber 2018 and, prior to that, by the Caribbean facilitating peaceful solutions. Another area
seeks to focus on UN peacekeeping opera- Community (CARICOM). If elected, Saint of priority that Estonia would seek to work
tions through promoting greater effectiveness, Vincent and the Grenadines will be the first towards is greater accountability, coherence,
clear and realistic mandates, and resource CARICOM member to serve on the Security and transparency of the Security Council’s
mobilisation. Additionally, Tunisia has high- Council since Jamaica’s 2000-2001 term. activities through increased inclusiveness
lighted the need to foster collective and con- In its campaign, Saint Vincent and the and targeted action. Estonia belongs to the
sensual responses to climate change and Grenadines has emphasised the importance Accountability, Coherence and Transparency
cyber-threats. Tunisia was the first African of advancing security-related issues around Group (ACT), an initiative launched in 2013
country to preside over the General Assembly climate change, sustainable development, by a group of member states focusing on the
(during its 16th session in 1961/1962) and disarmament, and human rights. It has also Security Council’s working methods, particu-
was president of the Economic and Social expressed interest in promoting the role of larly those that enhance non-members’ inter-
Council in 1971 and 2006. It is currently a women and youth in conflict prevention and action with the Council. During its campaign,
member of the Human Rights Council for resolution. It has emphasised its commitment Estonia has referred to the key role it played,
the term 2017-2019. to multilateralism and strengthening the rule along with Costa Rica, on behalf of ACT dur-
Tunisia has contributed to 22 peace- of law as well as the principles of non-inter- ing the selection and appointment process for
keeping operations since 1960. As at 31 vention and non-interference. As a member of the ninth Secretary-General in 2016. Esto-
March, it contributes 239 personnel across CARICOM, it signed on in February as a part nia also emphasised that as a small country
six UN peace operations, predominantly of the “Montevideo Mechanism”, which seeks it intends to bring a small state perspective,
MINUSMA. to resolve the situation in Venezuela through and – if elected - to act as an advocate for the
dialogue. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines common interests of small states.
GRULAC Seat recently chaired the Fifth Committee of the As at 31 March, Estonia contributes sev
Two non-permanent seats are allocated to General Assembly and is currently president en personnel to three UN peace operations.
Latin America and the Caribbean, with one of the Economic and Social Council.
coming up for election every year. Since Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is not Romania
2008, candidates for the GRULAC seat have currently a troop- or police-contributing Romania became a UN member in 1955 and
run unopposed. In 2006, elections for the country. has served on the Security Council four times
GRULAC seat on the Security Council were (1962, 1976-1977, 1990-1991 and 2004-
inconclusive after 47 rounds of voting over Eastern European Seat 2005), with the first time being one year as
several weeks. With the General Assembly One non-permanent seat on the Council is a result of the split term in 1962 and 1963
unable to decide between Guatemala and allocated to Eastern Europe. This seat comes between Romania and the Philippines. It sub-
Venezuela, Panama agreed to stand and was up for election every odd calendar year. In mitted its candidacy for the 2020-2021 term
elected on the 48th round as the compro- 2019, Estonia and Romania are contesting in 2006 and launched its official campaign
mise candidate (the process lasted from 16 the single seat currently held by Poland. in June 2017.
Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 3The 2019 Candidates In its campaign, Romania has empha- Romania’s campaign emphasised its over- several priority areas, including conflict pre- sised several priority areas, including improv- all contributions of personnel to UN peace vention, preventive diplomacy, and strength- ing the Security Council’s working meth- operations, namely around 12,500 troops to ened implementation of Chapter VI of the ods, transparency and efficiency; promoting 25 UN peacekeeping missions over 28 years. UN Charter relating to the peaceful settle- conflict prevention through early-warning As at 31 March, it contributes 54 person- ment of disputes. It also identified improving and preventive-action mechanisms; making nel to eight UN peace operations. Romania the working methods of the Security Council; UN peacekeeping more effective through has announced its intention to deploy four enhancing engagement with regional arrange- clear and effective mandates and adequate military utility helicopters (together with 120 ments, including the Association of Southeast resource allocation; and enhancing coopera- troops) to MINUSMA in 2019. Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which it is a mem- tion between the UN and regional and sub- ber and which it will chair in 2020; protection regional organisations. It has also expressed Asia-Pacific Seat of civilians and critical civilian infrastructure interest in promoting protection of women Two non-permanent seats are allocated to the in armed conflict; and peacekeeping. Addi- and children in armed conflict and the linkag- Asia-Pacific Group, with one coming up for tionally, Viet Nam has highlighted its inter- es between climate change and peacebuilding election every year (similar to the GRULAC est in thematic issues, such as women, peace and sustaining peace. Additionally, Romania seat). This year, Viet Nam is running unop- and security and children and armed conflict. has highlighted the need to promote innova- posed for the seat currently held by Kuwait. Addressing the aftermath of armed conflicts, tive solutions to new and emerging threats including threats to civilian populations posed to international peace and security, includ- Viet Nam by landmines and explosive remnants of war, ing asymmetric threats and cyber-threats. Viet Nam became a UN member in 1977 is also identified as a priority, and continues Romania has recently chaired several UN and has served on the Security Council once to be a problem in Viet Nam. bodies, including the Group of Govern- (2008-2009). It submitted its candidacy for the Viet Nam was recently a member of the mental experts on Transparency of Military 2020-2021 term in 2009 and was endorsed by Human Rights Council (2014-2016) and the Expenditures (2015-2016); the Intergovern- the Asia-Pacific Group in May 2018. Economic and Social Council (2016-2018). mental Process for Security Council Reform During its campaign,Viet Nam has stressed As at 31 March, it contributes 73 person (2017-2018); the Peacebuilding Commis- that it is a strong proponent of multilateral- nel to two UN peace operations, predomi sion (2018, vice-chair in 2019); the Group of ism, both globally and regionally, to promote nantly to the UN Mission in South Sudan Francophone Ambassadors to the UN (2018 sustainable development, address climate (UNMISS). and 2019); and the First Committee of the change, build inclusive societies, and pro- General Assembly (2018-2019). tect and promote human rights. It identified Likely Council Dynamics in 2020 The current fractured state of Council rela- 2019, by press time, there has been one proce- change; hunger and conflict; peace operations; tions, particularly among the permanent dural vote on a new agenda item; Russian and peacebuilding; and women, peace and securi- members, seems likely to persist following the Chinese vetoes of a draft resolution on Ven- ty. On many of these issues, elected members departure of the five current non-permanent ezuela; and adoption of three non-consensual have worked together to negotiate successful members and the arrival of five newly-elected resolutions: on South Sudan (Russia abstain- outcomes and integrate themes into country- members. Throughout 2018, this was reflect- ing); Haiti (Dominican Republic and Russia specific situations. Although it is difficult to ed in the difficulty of obtaining consensus on abstaining); and sexual violence in conflict assess how the Council’s dynamics might Council resolutions. This is not entirely new: (China and Russia abstaining). evolve next year, the priorities raised in the the number of vetoed and non-consensus In the face of acute divisions among the campaigns by the candidates, as well as their resolutions has been rising for eight years. permanent members, the ten elected mem- long-standing interests, provide an indication In 2018, three resolutions were vetoed while bers (E10) have emerged more strongly as an of some general patterns that might emerge. four tabled drafts failed because of insufficient active group despite their political differences, During its campaign, Estonia placed votes.There were also four procedural votes in enhancing their contribution to the substan- cyber-security high on its list of priorities, 2018, a number not seen since the early 1990s. tive work of the Council. The elected mem- including in the context of responding to The recent recourse to these votes, on issues bers can be expected to continue to play a sig- threats of cyber-attacks and developing inter- including adding a new agenda item, whether nificant role. Recent examples have included national norms and standards to deal with a Council meeting can take place as proposed, pushing the Council to address humanitarian this issue. Tunisia and Romania also high- or the identity of a briefer is an indicator of issues in Syria and Yemen as well as advanc- lighted cyber-security in their campaigns. To changed dynamics, and may also reflect great- ing thematic issues, including children and date, there has been limited engagement by er assertiveness among elected members. In armed conflict; conflict prevention; climate the Council on this issue. However, Spain and 4 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Research Report May 2019
Likely Council Dynamics in 2020
Senegal (elected members in 2016) organised (S/RES/1631). If elected, Romania is expect- to Romania and Viet Nam, Tunisia has indi-
an Arria-formula meeting on cyber-security ed again to focus on these issues. cated that one of its priorities is the strength-
and international peace and security on 28 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cam- ening of ties with regional bodies, notably the
November that year. Estonia is the only can- paigned on emphasising the need to address AU and League of Arab States.
didate that is a member of ACT; if elected it the effects of climate change and the linkages Viet Nam, during its previous term on the
will be the only Security Council member in between climate and security. Estonia similarly Security Council from 2008 to 2009, was
that category, as ACT member Peru leaves identified this issue as high up on its list of pri- particularly engaged around issues relating to
the Council at the end of this year. In this orities. Romania, Tunisia and Viet Nam also post-conflict reconstruction, terrorism, sanc-
regard, Estonia would seek to further advance highlighted the need to address the issue dur- tions, peacekeeping and improving the trans-
the goals of ACT, including around working ing their campaigns. Because of its geographi- parency of the work of the Council. During
methods of the Council and enhancing non- cal location and vulnerability to the effects of its presidency of the Council, resolution 1889
members’ interaction with the Council. The climate change, Niger may also join in efforts was adopted on 5 October 2009, focusing on
goals of ACT are likely to resonate with oth- to promote action on this matter.The question responding to the needs of women and girls
er Council members that, while not part of of whether the Council is an appropriate body in post-conflict situations. Viet Nam is likely
the group, are committed to enhancing the to discuss climate change has been raised ever to seek to further its contribution to these
accountability, effectiveness and legitimacy of since 17 April 2007 when the Council held its issues on the Council. It is also likely to take
the Council. first open debate to discuss possible implica- a particular interest in the situation in South
A key issue facing Niger is the deteriorating tions of climate change for international peace Sudan, given that it contributes most of its
security situation in West Africa and the Sahel. and security. While not expressing the same UN troops to UNMISS. As a member of
This includes rising concerns over develop- level of criticism about Council involvement ASEAN, and the chair of the organisation in
ments in Burkina Faso, which could have as Russia, China and the US have both shown 2020, Viet Nam is likely to advocate for stron-
broader spill-over effects on West Africa, and some ambivalence. However, other Council ger engagement with regional arrangements
the situation in the Lake Chad Basin. Niger members, including permanent members and to be actively engaged on the Council’s
faces a “triple threat” as a result of the conflict France and the UK, strongly support Council consideration of the situation in Myanmar,
in Mali to its east, the war in Libya to its north, engagement on the issue. Most recently, on 25 along with current Council member Indone-
and the presence of Boko Haram in the south- January, under the presidency of the Domini- sia, which is also a member of ASEAN.
east, so it can be expected to take a particular can Republic, the Security Council held an The role of the Council in designing and
interest in these issues on the Council’s agen- open debate focused on addressing the impact overseeing the mandates of peacekeeping
da. As part of the Joint Force of the Group of of climate-related disasters on international operations may have particular resonance for
Five for the Sahel (G5 Sahel), established in peace and security. Over 70 Council and other several candidates who contribute personnel
2017 to combat terrorist and criminal groups member states participated. to UN peace missions. They can be expected
in the Sahel, Niger is likely to be especially Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is likely to build upon ongoing efforts by the Coun-
interested in the Council’s engagement on to take a keen interest in the situation in Haiti, cil and the Secretariat to improve mandating,
this, and also in MINUSMA, to which Niger given its geographical proximity, as is the case including through strategic assessments of
is a significant troop-contributor. (The Secu- with current Council member the Domini- peacekeeping operations, in order to increase
rity Council visited Niger in March 2017 as can Republic. With the potential transition their effectiveness and efficiency. As troop-
part of its visiting mission to the Lake Chad to a Special Political Mission following the and police-contributing countries, Estonia,
Basin and Burkina Faso and Mali, focused on final renewal of the UN Mission for Justice Niger, Romania, Tunisia and Viet Nam are
the efforts of the G5 Sahel and on the situa- Support in Haiti until 15 October, by resolu- all likely to be interested, if elected, in fine-
tion in Burkina Faso in March 2019.) tion 2466 adopted on 12 April, it is likely that tuning the Council’s approach to mandating
During its Security Council campaign, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines will seek and encouraging constructive engagement
Romania has placed peacebuilding high on its to influence this process so as to secure sta- with other troop- and police-contributors in
list of priorities. Romania chaired the Peace- bility. Given its involvement in regional dia- this regard. The campaigns of Romania and
building Commission (PBC) in 2018 and has logue efforts in Venezuela, Saint Vincent and Tunisia, in particular, highlighted the priority
served as vice-chair in 2019. If elected, Roma- the Grenadines may also want to be active in they would give to mandating.
nia can be expected to foster cooperation the Council’s engagement on the issue. The conflict prevention and sustaining
between the Security Council and the PBC. Tunisia can be expected to emphasise peace agenda is a common priority among this
During its most recent term on the Security African issues, which make up the bulk of the year’s candidates, which is also in line with the
Council from 2004 to 2005, Romania was Council’s agenda. Given that it contributes Secretary-General’s emphasis on these issues.
particularly engaged around preventive diplo- most of its UN troops to MINUSMA, Tuni- Several candidates, including Estonia, Roma-
macy and post-conflict reconstruction as well sia is likely to take particular interest in this nia, Tunisia and Viet Nam, could be expected
as cooperation between the UN and regional file along with Niger. Representing the can- to further advance this work if elected to the
organisations, with the first resolution on the didature for the Arab Swing Seat, Tunisia is Council. Over the past several years, there has
latter adopted during Romania’s presidency also expected to be involved in Middle East been noticeable interest in strengthening the
of the Security Council on 17 October 2005 issues, in particular Israel/Palestine. Similarly, PBC, triggered in part by the 2015 review
Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 5Likely Council Dynamics in 2019
of the UN peacebuilding architecture (the candidates’ agendas during recent election the provisions of its 2016 note on transitional
PBC, Peacebuilding Support Office and the cycles. Although there have been some posi- arrangements into a comprehensive docu-
Peacebuilding Fund). Subsequently, both the tive developments in respect of the Council’s ment on working methods, note by the presi-
General Assembly and the Security Council working methods, most elected members dent S/2017/507. Later that year, the Council
adopted comprehensive resolutions on peace- have continued to draw attention to aspects agreed on the selection of chairs by the end of
building. These also established the notion of the Council’s work that need further the first week of October, while most recently,
of “sustaining peace” and the understanding improvement. These include inadequate time the president of the Security Council issued a
of peacebuilding as a set of activities to be to negotiate Council outcomes and the lim- note on 2 January on the chairs and vice-chairs
undertaken to prevent conflict as well as dur- ited interactivity of Council meetings. of subsidiary bodies for the period ending on
ing peacemaking and peacekeeping. The five departing Council members serve 31 December 2019 (S/2019/2).
Over the past several years, more of the as the chairs of eight sanctions committees and In a letter to the president of the Secu-
Council’s elected members have emphasised six other subsidiary bodies. Recent years have rity Council on 13 November 2018, the per-
the interlinkages between development and seen a trend towards increased transparency in manent representatives of 15 countries, both
international peace and security. This trend is the work of the sanctions committees, includ- elected and incoming Council members—
likely to continue next year since several candi- ing public briefings by the chairs, engagement Belgium, Bolivia, Côte d’Ivoire, Dominican
dates have stressed the importance of this issue with regional actors, and several field visits. Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Ger-
and have supported the 2030 Agenda for Sus- This will be the fourth time that the Council many, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, the
tainable Development.The tendency of elected elections are held more than six months prior Netherlands, Peru, Poland, South African
members to widen the scope of the Council’s to the start of the new term, in line with Gener- and Sweden—stressed their conviction that
work on conflict prevention has led to some al Assembly resolution A/RES/68/307, making a more equal distribution of work among all
difficult dynamics among its members.The P3 it possible to select the new chairs considerably members, including through co-penholder-
have been receptive to Council discussions of earlier than was the case until 2016. After the ships, would improve the overall effectiveness
links between specific aspects of development 2016 elections, Council members agreed on a of the Council (S/2018/1024). The letter also
and peace and security. However, China and note by the president (S/2016/619) concern- highlighted the connection between the pen-
Russia have been more cautious in this regard ing transitional arrangements for newly elected holdership and the chairing of sanctions com-
and have advocated keeping the Council’s members in which, among other matters, they mittees, saying the Council ought to “make
agenda more narrowly focused on issues that indicated the desirability of appointing the better use of the expertise that the Chairs of
primarily involve situations of armed conflict. chairs of subsidiary bodies by 1 October. In sanctions committees develop on the situa-
There appears to be a strong desire among 2016, agreement on the distribution of chair- tions discussed in their respective committees
most candidates to enhance the transpar- manships was reached on 31 October, though and should consider promoting their role as
ency and inclusiveness of the Council’s this was still significantly earlier than in previ- penholders and the automaticity of their role
work. This has been a prominent trend in ous years. In 2017, the Council incorporated as co-penholders on the related dossiers”.
The Process of Election
Elections to the Council, as with other princi- obtains the required number of votes in the first In theory, it is possible that a country run-
pal organs of the UN, require formal balloting round, voting in the next round is restricted ning unopposed might not garner the required
even if candidates have been endorsed by their to the candidates that received the most votes. number of votes of those present in the Gener-
regional group and are running unopposed. In this restricted ballot, the number of coun- al Assembly in the first round of voting. Such a
A candidate country must always obtain the tries included is limited to twice the number of country may then be challenged in subsequent
votes of two-thirds of the member states pres- vacant seats; for example, if one seat is available, rounds—by hitherto undeclared candidates -
ent and voting at the General Assembly ses- only two countries can contest this round—the and could ultimately fail to obtain a seat. How-
sion. This means that at least 129 votes are two who received the most votes. Any votes for ever, this has never happened.
required to win a seat, if all 193 UN member other candidates during this restricted voting Historically, there have been several
states vote. Member states that abstain are round are considered void. This restricted vot- instances in which extended rounds of voting
considered not voting. Under Article 19 of the ing process can continue for up to three rounds were required to fill a contested seat. This was
UN Charter, a member state can be excluded of voting. If no candidate has then garnered the more common before the Council’s enlarge-
from voting as a result of arrears in payment required number of votes, unrestricted voting ment from 11 to 15 members in 1966, when
of financial contributions. At press time, Libya is reopened for up to three rounds.This pattern it led to several agreements to split terms,
was the only member not permitted to vote in of restricted and unrestricted voting continues such as the 1962-1963 term, split between
the General Assembly because of its arrears. until a candidate is successful in securing the Romania and the Philippines, in that order.
In a contested election, if no candidate required two-thirds majority. Extended voting has still occurred despite
6 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Research Report May 2019The Process of Election
the Council’s enlargement, although after candidate. The sole exception to this practice in the General Assembly elections for non-
1966 such situations have, with one exception, since 1966 was the 2016 agreement between permanent seats on the Security Council is
been re solved by the withdrawal of one of the Italy and the Netherlands to split the 2017- contained in Annex 3 of this report.
contenders or the election of a compromise 2018 term. A summary of the recent voting
Regional Groups and Established Practices
For purposes of elections to the Security Coun- The US is not a member of any group but but which withdrew from membership in the
cil, the regional groups have been governed by attends meetings of WEOG as an observer OAU in 1984 after the organisation admit-
a formula set out in General Assembly reso- and is considered a member of this group ted the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
lution 1991 A (XVIII), which was adopted in for electoral purposes. In May 2000 Israel In January 2017, Morocco joined the AU.)
1963 and took effect in 1966.The main feature became a WEOG member, on a temporary Subregional organisations may add their
of the resolution was to amend the UN Charter basis (subject to renewal), in WEOG’s head- endorsement before the list goes to the AU
to increase the number of Council members quarters in the US, thereby enabling it to Ministerial Committee. The AU Executive
from 11 to 15. Under this resolution, the seats put forward candidates for election to vari- Committee makes the final decision during
previously assigned to the African and Asia- ous UN General Assembly bodies. In 2004 an AU summit meeting. Despite the written
Pacific states were combined. In reality, how- Israel obtained a permanent renewal to its rules of procedure for candidate selection,
ever, the candidates for election to the African membership. some countries have in the past submitted
and Asia-Pacific seats operate separately, and their candidature directly to the AU Ministe-
this report reflects that customary practice. African Group rial Committee on Candidatures, bypassing
Article 23 of the Charter, which estab- Most of the groups have internal selection the process in New York.
lishes the number of Council members, also processes based on informal understand- The African rotation generally follows
specifies the criteria that the members of the ings. The African Group is the exception, as a systematic cycle based on the following
General Assembly are to apply when consid- it has adopted the rules of procedure of the principle:
ering which countries should be elected to AU’s Ministerial Committee on Candida- • Northern Africa and Central Africa rotate
serve on the Council. It provides that due tures within the International System for the running for one seat every odd calendar
regard shall be “specially paid, in the first selection of candidates to occupy the three year;
instance to the contribution of Members of African seats on the Council. Subregional • Western Africa runs for one seat every odd
the United Nations to the maintenance of groups within the African Group tend to fol- calendar year; and
international peace and security and to the low a rotation system, though there have been • Eastern Africa and Southern Africa rotate
other purposes of the Organization, and also some departures from this scheme. Theoreti- running for one seat every even calendar
to equitable geographical distribution”. cally, under this system every country in Afri- year.
The Charter does not define equitable ca should eventually get a turn as a candidate This system has meant that the African
geographic distribution, stipulate how it for a Council seat. seats are rarely contested, but there have been
should be achieved, or suggest the compo- The process of selecting a candidate in exceptions. The election in 2011 was unusual
sition of appropriate geographical groups. the African Group usually follows a defined in that three candidates (Mauritania, Moroc-
However, the principle of equitable geo- path, in accordance with the AU rules of co and Togo) ran for two seats. This happened
graphic distribution gave rise to the estab- procedure cited above. First, the subregional because Mauritania decided to contest the
lishment of electoral groups as a vehicle for groups select the potential candidate coun- Northern Africa/Arab swing seat with Moroc-
achieving that goal. The regional groups, as tries and forward their names to the African co rather than wait its turn in the rotational
they now operate, are as follows: Group for endorsement. The group submits cycle. Morocco prevailed, as did Togo, which
the candidates to the Committee on Candi- won the seat allocated by the African Group
African Group 54 members datures of the African Group in New York, to the Western Africa subregion. When Sudan
which transmits the information to the AU was the endorsed candidate in 2000, Mauri-
Asia-Pacific Group 54 members
Ministerial Committee on Candidatures. tius decided to contest the seat and won elec-
Eastern European 23 members This committee follows its written rules of tion to the Council.
Group procedure in selecting candidates. The Afri- The picture can also become complicated
can Group and the AU are made up of the when countries that can claim to straddle
GRULAC 33 members
same members. (For over three decades the more than one geographic region have at
WEOG 28 members sole exception was Morocco, which had been times chosen to shift from one subgroup to
a founding member of the Organisation of another. Challengers can also emerge within
African Unity [OAU], the AU’s precursor, the same subregional grouping, upsetting the
Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 7Regional Groups and Established Practices
rotation. Candidate countries can often be to declare their candidacy closer to the elec- member states that did not have a clear
persuaded to drop out to avoid a competi- tion year, smaller candidate countries have regional grouping. (For example, in 1955,
tive election. However, there have been times tended to announce their decision to run when there was no Asian seat, the Philip-
when rival candidacies have emerged and many years ahead of time. The only subgroup pines competed with members of the East-
continued all the way through to the election. within the Asia-Pacific Group that endorses ern European Group for a seat. When the
In addition, within a subgroup some coun- its candidates is ASEAN, made up of Bru- voting remained deadlocked between Yugo-
tries may choose to run more often, while nei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, slavia and the Philippines after 36 rounds,
others choose to run infrequently or not at all. Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singa- the two countries agreed to accept a split
A factor that seems to be coming into play pore, Thailand and Viet Nam. term: Yugoslavia served on the Council in
is the growing desire by some member states 1956 and the Philippines in 1957.)
in the region to be elected more often than The Arab Swing Seat Latin American and Caribbean Group
strict adherence to the rotation system would There is an established practice that spans After the expansion of the Council and
allow. Nigeria was elected for the 2014-2015 the Asia-Pacific and African Groups. As dis- the reorganisation of the regional groups that
term after having been a Council member in cussed in Annex 2 below, General Assem- occurred as a result of General Assembly res-
2010-2011. South Africa was on the Coun- bly resolution 1991 A (XVIII) provided five olution 1991 A (XVIII), the Latin American
cil in 2007-2008, again in 2011-2012, and is seats for “Asia and Africa”, and in practice Group took in the Caribbean states, several
currently on the Council for the term 2019- the seats have been divided into three seats of which were members of the British Com-
2020. Although some have argued against the for Africa and two for Asia. In 1967, after Jor- monwealth, and became the Group of Latin
“miniaturisation” of the Council by including dan ended its two-year term in what had been American and Caribbean States (GRULAC).
too many small states, smaller countries have the Middle East seat, there was a year with It currently has 33 members.
maintained that they too contribute to inter- no Arab state on the Council, which coin- Like most of the other groups, GRULAC
national peace and security and should have cided with the Six-Day War. It appears that has no formal rules regarding rotation. For
the opportunity to serve on the Council. at some point there was an informal agree- much of the last 60 years, non-Caribbean
ment, although there are no known records, countries have tended to dominate regional
Asia-Pacific Group that one seat would be reserved for an Arab representation. Historically, the group was
The Asia-Pacific Group has no formally state and that Asia and Africa would take often able to reach consensus on “clean
established practices of rotation to fill the two turns every two years to provide a suitable slates”. However, the group has also pro-
seats, one of which becomes available every candidate. As a result, this seat is often called duced two of the most protracted and bitterly
year. While it has the same number of coun- the “Arab swing seat”. An Arab country has contested voting sessions in UN history. The
tries as the African Group, the Asia-Pacific always occupied a seat on the Council since 1979 contest between Colombia and Cuba
Group’s wide geographic span—from the 1968. went to 154 rounds before Mexico was elect-
Middle East to Polynesia—has led to much ed as a compromise candidate in the 155th
looser regional coordination. Eastern European Group round, in a process lasting from 26 October
Until the mid-1990s, there was a fair- The Eastern European Group is the small- 1979 until 7 January 1980. In 2006, elec-
ly consistent South Asian presence on the est regional group, consisting of 23 mem- tions for the GRULAC seat on the Security
Council, with Bangladesh, India, Nepal and ber states, with an election for one seat Council were inconclusive after 47 rounds
Pakistan rotating seats. In practice, South every odd calendar year. This is also the of voting over several weeks beginning on 16
Asian countries rarely run against each other. group that has expanded the most in recent October. With the General Assembly unable
One exception occurred in 1975 when India decades, with 15 new members added to decide between Guatemala and Venezuela,
and Pakistan contested the same seat and since 1991 because of the dissolution of Panama agreed to stand and was elected in
eight rounds of voting were needed before the Soviet Union and the splitting of both the 48th round on 7 November, as the com-
Pakistan prevailed. Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Today, 11 of promise candidate.
Since 1958, Japan has also been a regular its countries are EU members, four—Alba- As a result of this experience, an informal
presence on the Council. When it completed nia, Republic of North Macedonia, Monte- understanding developed among GRULAC
its last term at the end of 2017, Japan had accu- negro and Serbia—are candidates for EU members to avoid contested elections, start-
mulated 22 years on the Council, the most of membership, and Bosnia and Herzegovina ing with the 2007 elections for the 2008-2009
any non-permanent member. Since 1966, it is considered a “potential candidate”. An term. Since then, Mexico (2008), Brazil (2009),
has never been off the Council for more than Eastern European seat was included in the Colombia (2010), Guatemala (2011), Argen-
six consecutive years. With a total of 20 years permanent members’ “gentlemen’s agree- tina (2012), Chile (2013), Venezuela (2014),
on the Council, Brazil comes in second. ment” in 1946 (see Annex 2), but soon Uruguay (2015), Bolivia (2016), Peru (2017),
The absence of a formal rotation system thereafter, the meaning of that agreement the Dominican Republic (2018) and now Saint
has meant that there is frequent competition was contested, with the Soviet Union and Vincent and the Grenadines have all been
for the Asia-Pacific seat regardless of whether the West vying for 20 years to place their unopposed candidates for Council seats. One
a candidate declares itself far in advance or preferred candidates in this seat. It also GRULAC seat is up for election each year.
not. While larger member states have tended became a hotly contested seat among new
8 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Research Report May 2019Regional Groups and Established Practices Western European and Others Group New Zealand became the “others” in WEOG. the Benelux (Belgium, the Netherlands and With 28 members, WEOG is the second- Israel is the other non-European state that Luxembourg). There are informal under- smallest regional group, and two seats become participates in WEOG. With France and the standings within the Nordic countries and available to it every even calendar year. Strict- UK as members and the US attending meet- CANZ subgroups that have encouraged ly speaking, it is not a geographical group, as ings as an observer, WEOG includes three of members to support each other’s campaigns. it comprises Western Europe plus “others”, the five permanent members of the Council. In its first term on the Council (1951- but its members share broadly similar levels The Holy See is also an observer in WEOG. 1952), Turkey served as the Middle Eastern of economic development and political values. WEOG practices what might be called an Council member. It occupied the Eastern The “others” subgroup is made up of three open-market approach to elections, which European seat twice (1954-1955 and 1961) members of what was previously called the produces a regular pattern of contested can- and has since run for the WEOG seat. Tur- British Commonwealth Group. The British didatures that is likely to remain highly com- key participates fully in both the WEOG and Commonwealth Group grew rapidly in the petitive in the coming years. Asian Group, but for electoral purposes is late 1950s as states in Africa and Asia became There are several subgroups within considered a member of WEOG only. independent. Most of these newly indepen- WEOG: the Nordic countries (Denmark, Fin- dent states joined the Asian and African land, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), CANZ Groups or GRULAC. Australia, Canada and (Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and The 2017-2018 Split Term In the 2016 elections, three candidates—Ita- the Council for the 2018-2019 term, and Ita- politics, as well as to accommodate the aspi- ly, the Netherlands and Sweden—ran for the ly relinquished its seat on 31 December 2017. rations of newly independent countries. Two two available WEOG seats. During the first Russia and Egypt, a non-permanent mem- candidates would occasionally agree to split round of voting, on 28 June, Sweden received ber during the 2016-2017 term, wrote to the the term following multiple rounds of incon- more than the necessary two-thirds majority president of the General Assembly outlining clusive voting. The member that was elected of votes to be elected (134). Thus, Italy and their concerns over the arrangement between first would relinquish its term after one year the Netherlands were contesting the fifth seat Italy and the Netherlands (A/70/971 and on the Council, thus enabling the holding of but after five inconclusive rounds of balloting, A/70/974). Both said that they viewed the a by-election to fill the vacant seat. By-elec- with the fifth round deadlocked at 95 votes agreement to split the term as an exceptional tions are in line with Rule 140 of the Rules each (with 128 votes or two-thirds major- case that should not set a precedent. They of Procedure of the General Assembly, which ity needed), following this the two countries argued that a practice of split terms would states: “Should a member cease to belong to then announced they had agreed to split the have a negative impact on the functionality a Council before its term of office expires, a two-year term, whereupon the meeting was and efficiency of the Security Council in its by-election shall be held separately at the next suspended. On 29 June 2016, the Chair of responsibility for maintaining international session of the General Assembly to elect a WEOG sent a letter (A/70/964) informing peace and security. Russia noted that the last member for the unexpired term”. the president of the General Assembly that time a decision had been taken on splitting The practice of splitting terms ended in Italy and the Netherlands had agreed to split a term had been more than 50 years earlier, the mid-1960s when the non-permanent the 2017-2018 term in view of the inconclu- following which the Council’s workload had membership of the Council was enlarged sive results for the remaining non-permanent greatly increased, and said it was “gravely from six to ten members and regional repre- seat. The letter indicated that the Nether- disappointed by the inability of the Western sentation was introduced. (For further back- lands had withdrawn its candidacy in favour European and other States to designate a can- ground, see “Security Council Elections: Italy of Italy, which was consequently endorsed by didate by consensus, which has led to the cur- and the Netherlands Agree to a Split Term”, WEOG as the group’s only candidate. On 30 rent stalemate”. What’s in Blue, 29 June 2016: http://www. June 2016, in a stand-alone vote, Italy was Article 23(2) of the UN Charter states whatsinblue.org/2016/06/security-council- elected to the seat. According to the agree- that the non-permanent members of the elections-italy-and-the-netherlands-agree- ment, the Netherlands ran as the sole and Security Council shall be elected for a term to-a-split-term.php.) endorsed WEOG candidate in a by-election of two years. Split terms started to appear in held on 2 June 2017, the same day as the reg- the late 1950s due to disagreements regard- ular elections for non-permanent members of ing regional rotation and associated Cold War Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 9
Becoming a Candidate Most candidate countries follow a fairly stan- intention to seek a Council seat by notify- president of the General Assembly, or both, dard path in announcing and pursuing their ing the rotating monthly chair of its respec- although this is not required by the General bids for the Council with the exception of tive regional group in New York. This is done Assembly’s rules of procedure. candidates from the African Group, which in writing, specifying the two-year term the As the relevant election year approaches, has a more complex process, as described country seeks. The chair then incorporates the regional group may decide to give its earlier. If the country is a member of a subre- that information into the UN candidacy chart endorsement, and, nearer to the election date, gional group, it will often first inform mem- of the regional group, which is maintained by the chair of the regional group will inform the bers of that group of its intention to run and each group and reviewed at monthly group president of the General Assembly whether seek support. The endorsement of the sub- meetings. Most candidate countries then pre- elections will be contested or not. This allows regional group then becomes an important pare a circular note to all missions in New the Secretariat to prepare documentation for factor in the next step. York informing them of the candidacy. Most the election process. A candidate country formalises its also send a note to the Secretariat or the Campaigning for the Council Candidates seek voting pledges from mem- decisions of diplomats in member state capi- headed for an unopposed election. However, ber states, often years in advance of the elec- tals and at UN headquarters, the foreign min- on 8 September 2017, the General Assembly tion, and may continue to do so up until ister and permanent representative to the UN adopted resolution 71/323 on the revitali- the vote. Campaigning for the Council can play significant roles in the campaign pro- sation of the work of the General Assembly, involve significant investments of time and cess. Additionally, particularly in contested which decided that “on the day of election… financial resources, although funds brought elections, many candidates employ special the campaign materials distributed in the to bear vary greatly depending on a number envoys, usually former senior government General Assembly Hall…shall be limited to a of factors, including the wealth of the candi- officials or diplomats who travel to capitals single page of information regarding the can- date and whether the candidacy is contested. seeking voting pledges from high-level offi- didates, with a view to preserving the deco- (Candidates predictably tend to spend less in cials. Depending on their campaign strategies rum of the Assembly”. The following year, on unopposed elections.) and resources, candidate countries may use 20 September 2018, resolution 72/313 wel- Commitments are sought in writing, orally, multiple envoys, often focusing their efforts comed the “efficient implementation” of this or both. Votes are cast by secret ballot, mak- on particular regions where they lack strong provision and decided “to continue to con- ing it impossible to determine whether mem- diplomatic representation. sider, within the Ad Hoc Working Group [on ber states have kept their promises. There are To secure voting commitments from mem- the Revitalization of the Work of the General several reasons why pledges may be broken. ber states, candidate countries may volunteer, Assembly], the potential concept and scope A high-level official in the capital may pledge or be asked for, inducements. For example, a of guidelines on how to conduct the election the country’s vote to a particular candi- candidate may offer development assistance campaigns by Member States, with a view to date but fail to convey the commitment to to a member state in seeking its vote, or it improving the standards of transparency and the permanent mission to the UN in New may promise that while on the Council it will equity”. York, where the votes are cast. Or, if there is a bring attention to or avoid an issue of con- As contested elections may continue for change in government, the new government cern to that member state. Arranging trips several rounds, candidates try to ensure that may not consider itself bound by the pledges to the candidate’s capital or holding work- member states having voted for them in of a previous administration. Given the secre- shops on (uncontroversial) issues of inter- the first round continue to do so while also cy of the ballot, there are incentives to pledge est in attractive locations has been used by attempting to secure support from uncom- to all candidates in a competitive election. several candidates in recent years to raise the mitted members. Some member states have Knowing that commitments are not always profile of their campaign and attract perma- said when they commit their vote to a candi- secure, some candidate countries repeatedly nent representatives, who will cast the actual date that they do so for the duration of the cultivate those countries that have already vote, to these events. So-called “swag bags” electoral process, regardless of the number promised to vote for them, seeking reassur- filled with items imprinted with the logo of of rounds. However, in protracted elections ances that they have not changed their minds. the candidate that are handed out within UN that come down to two candidates vying for Candidates often seek pledges from member circles are intended to increase the outreach a single seat, member states will often eventu- states at many levels of government. of the campaign. Customarily, on the day of ally shift their vote if it appears that their can- As candidate countries generally focus the elections, permanent representatives were didate of choice is losing ground and appears their campaigns on influencing the voting offered gifts by most candidates, even those unlikely to prevail. 10 whatsinblue.org Security Council Report Research Report May 2019
UN DOCUMENTS ON SECURITY COUNCIL ELECTIONS
Security Council Documents A/70/PV.108 (30 June 2016) was the record of the 2014 elections of non-permanent members.
2016 elections for the remaining non-permanent
S/2017/507 (30 August 2017) was the updated com- A/RES/68/307 (18 September 2014) decided
member from WEOG.
pendium of Security Council working methods. that elections of the non-permanent members of
A/70/974 (30 June 2016) was the letter from Egypt the Security Council would take place about six
S/2016/619 (15 July 2016) was a note by the Council
expressing its understanding that the agreement months before the elected members assume their
president concerning transitional arrangements for
between Italy and the Netherlands to split the 2017- responsibilities.
newly elected Council members, which among other
2018 term would not lay the ground for future prac-
matters called on Council members to agree provi- A/59/881 (20 July 2005) was a note verbale from
tice and would have no legal or procedural implica-
sionally on the appointment of chairs of subsidiary Costa Rica containing information on elections from
tions on future elections to the Security Council.
bodies by 1 October. 1946 to 2004.
A/70/971 (30 June 2016) was the letter from Russia
General Assembly Documents A/RES 1991 A (XVIII) (17 December 1963) was the
expressing the position that the exceptional case of
resolution adopting amendments to the Charter on
A/RES/72/313 (17 September 2018) was on the revit- the agreement between Italy and the Netherlands to
the composition of the Council and establishing the
alisation of the work of the General Assembly, and split the term would not set a precedent, arguing that
allocation of seats to various regions.
welcomed the “efficient implementation” of this provi- this practice would have a negative impact on the
sion and decided “to continue to consider, within the Security Council’s efficiency. GAOR 1st Session, Part I, 14th Plenary Session and
Ad Hoc Working Group [on the Revitalization of the Part II (12 January 1946) was the first election of non-
A/70/964 (29 June 2016) was the letter from the
Work of the General Assembly], the potential con- permanent members.
chair of WEOG stating that Italy and the Netherlands
cept and scope of guidelines on how to conduct the
had agreed to split the term, with Italy serving in 2017 Other
election campaigns by Member States, with a view to
and the Netherlands in 2018, requiring a by-election
improving the standards of transparency and equity”. Charter of the United Nations, http://www.un.org/en/
for the remainder of the term.
charter-united-nations/
A/72/PV.93 (8 June 2018) was the record of the 2018
A/70/PV.107 (28 June 2016) was the record of the
election of five non-permanent members. A/520/Rev.15 and amendments 1 and 2 are the Rules
2016 elections of the non-permanent members for
of Procedure of the General Assembly, including
A/RES/71/323 (8 September 2017) was on the the remaining candidates from WEOG when Italy and
amendments and additions.
revitalisation of the work of the General Assembly the Netherlands announced that they would split the
and decided that “on the day of election…the cam- term. Repertory of Practice of the United Nations
paign materials distributed in the General Assembly Organs, Supplement no. 6, Volume III on Article 23
A/70/PV.106 (28 June 2016) was the record of the
Hall…shall be limited to a single page of information (1979-1984).
2016 elections of four non-permanent members.
regarding the candidates, with a view to preserving
See http://www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/ for the
the decorum of the Assembly”. A/70/PV.33 (15 October 2015) was the record of the
online version of the Repertoire of the Practice of the
2015 elections of non-permanent members.
A/71/PV.86 (2 June 2017) was the record of the 2017 Security Council. (The Repertory and the Repertoire
election of five non-permanent members. A/69/PV.25 (16 October 2014) was the record of the are different resources.)
Useful Additional Resources
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Press, 2002).
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Andrew Boyd, Fifteen Men on a Powder Keg: A His- tions Studies and the United Nations Occasional Ramesh Thakur, ed., What is Equitable Geographic
tory of the UN Security Council, (New York: Stein and Papers, no.1 (2003). Representation in the Twenty-first Century?, Interna-
Day, 1971). tional Peace Academy, the United Nations University
David M. Malone, “Eyes on the Prize: The Quest for
Seminar Report, 26 March 1999.
Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, “The Nonpermanent Seats on the UN Security Council”,
Pernicious Consequences of UN Security Council Global Governance, vol. 6, no. 1 (2000), 3-23. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws, eds., The Oxford
Membership,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 54, Handbook on the United Nations, (Oxford: Oxford
Norman J. Padelford, “Politics and Change in the
no. 5 (2010), 667-686. University Press, 2007).
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Terrence L. Chapman and Dan Reiter, “The United no.3 (1960), 381-401. Taking Stock, Moving Forward: Report to the Foreign
Nations Security Council and the Rally ’Round the Ministry of Finland on the 2012 Elections to the United
Ruth B. Russell, A History of the United Nations
Flag Effect”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 48, no. Nations Security Council, International Peace Insti-
Charter: The Role of the United Nations, 1940-1945,
6 (2004), 886-909. tute, April 2013.
(Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institute, 1958).
Axel Dreher et al, The Determinants of Election to Rules of Procedure of the AU Ministerial Committee
Bruce Russett, ed., The Once and Future Security
the United Nations Security Council, CESifo Working on Candidatures within the International System, Doc.
Council, (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997).
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Loraine Sievers and Sam Daws, The Procedure of the
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UN Security Council, Fourth Edition, (Oxford: Oxford
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Security Council Report Research Report May 2019 securitycouncilreport.org 11You can also read
