TRANSLATION SERVICE Unit- IV: Types of Information Services - B-108 - INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES - DLIS, University of Delhi

B-108 – INFORMATION SOURCES AND SERVICES

 Unit- IV: Types of Information Services

     TRANSLATION SERVICE

Introduction
Throughout the 20th century, international communication has shifted from a plural use of
   several languages to a clear pre-eminence of English, especially in the field of science. It is
   found that international periodical publications where more than 75 percent of the articles in
   the social sciences and humanities and well over 90 percent in the natural sciences are
   written in English. The shift towards English implies that an increasing number of scientists
   whose mother tongue is not English have already moved to English for publication.
   Consequently, other international languages, namely French, German, Russian, Spanish and
   Japanese lose their attraction as languages of science. Many observers conclude that it has
   become inevitable to publish in English, even in English only.
Literature is being published in various forms, subjects and languages. It is quite impossible
   for anyone to study all language and read the published literature in their area of
   specialisation. But they would also like to know what has been published in languages
   which is not known to them. They, therefore need a service to get such literature translated
   into a language known to them.

Introduction
• The significance of translation in our daily life is extensively
  multidimensional. Not only does translation pave the way forward for global
  interaction, but allows nations to forge interactive relationships when it
  comes to making advancements in technology, politics, etc.
• Despite the fact that English has a far and wide reach today, the impact of
  local culture and language remains as strong as ever. With the growth of
  Internet and communications technology, it is relatively easier to reach
  audiences that are thousands of miles away purely on the back of effective
  translation. This in turn has resulted in a need for translation in diverse fields
  such as education, mass communication, science and technology, literature,
  tourism, religion, trade and business, etc.

Meaning
The process of translating words or text from one language into another,
retaining the original sense.
Translation, according to literal meaning, is expression of the ideas or the sense
   of a sentence or passage into a language other than the original. In this
   process, the original idea contained in a document remain unchanged; only the
   language of expression is changed. Translation is different from
   transliteration, which means representation of the words of one language in
   the alphabets of another. In transliteration, pronunciation of the original words
   are kept intact; only they are rendered using a different species of alphabets.
   Micro-documents are usually translated for researchers, while transliteration is
   employed for preparing entries in a multilingual catalogue or a bibliography.

Definition
• According to Rondom House Dictionary, “Translation
  is to turn (something written or spoken) from one
  language into another.” The original language is
  known as the Source Language and the translation of
  document in another language i.e in Target Language.
• Translation is an act of presenting a text in a language
  other than the one in which it was originally written,
  in order to convey the meaning of the original text.

Translation
• Translation is a mental activity in which a meaning of given
  linguistic discourse is rendered from one language to another. It is
  the act of transferring the linguistic entities from one language in to
  their equivalents in to another language. Translation is an act through
  which the content of a text is transferred from the source language in
  to the target language The language to be translated is called the
  source language (SL), whereas the language to be translated into or
  arrived at is called the target language (TL). The translator needs to
  have good knowledge of both the source and the target language,
  (Foster, 1958).

Translation
• Translation is generally used to refer to all the process
  and methods used to convey the meaning of the
  source language in to the target language”. This
  definition focuses on the notion of meaning as an
  essential element in translation. That is, when
  translating, understanding the meaning of source text is
  vital to have the appropriate equivalent in the target
  text thus, it is meaning that is translated in relation to
  grammar, style and sounds (Ghazala, 1995).

Significance of Translation
• Growth of Multinational Companies: Translation is exceptionally important for
  companies and businesses which operate in multiple countries and often need to share
  and receive information from different global offices and branches across the world.
  In such cases, the shared information needs to be translated into a locally preferred
  language so that everyone involved is on the same page. Translation is also useful
  when companies need to tie up with local businesses, or make governmental
  proposals.
• Cultural Interchange: Music, literature, films, and various other art forms transcend
  global boundaries because of the way they are effectively translated to reflect local
  languages and sentiments. Translated and subtitled films today generate more
  revenue than ever for the global film industry, And it's not only the film industry
  which has benefited from translation, as translated music and literature allows artists
  to earn more royalties and international fame as an added bonus.

Significance of Translation
• A Nation's External Affairs: Today, international diplomacy is the most
  important aspect of a nation's external affairs. Be it a global summit or new
  economic deal, diplomats and world leaders always present their ideas and
  thoughts in a language they are comfortable in. It is very important that these
  ideas are translated in an expressive, non-condoning, and accurate manner,
  barring which it can lead to significant problems between diplomatic relations
  of two or more nations.
• Accurate Transfer of News: Unless transferred and translated properly,
  world news would be nothing more than gibberish when received by news
  agencies. Whether it is news coming from local bodies, regional centers, or
  even countries with strict news censorship, translation serves as an effective
  tool without which news will remain ineffective and unreliable.

Significance of Translation
• Boost in Tourism: Translation can effectively help in solving one of the biggest tourist dilemmas,
  that of being short-changed or fleeced by unfamiliar people in foreign destinations. At the same
  time, translated tourism materials not only help tourists feel welcome in an unknown country, but
  also boosts the country's popularity as a tourist friendly destination, thereby leading to significant
  tourism-related revenues.
• Translation Spreads Ideas and Information
• Emerging Markets Mean Emerging Languages
• Translation Connects the Global Economy
• People Prefer Their Native Language
• Not Everyone Speaks English
• Various disciplines as well as newer interdisciplinary more in numbers in S & T. Advances in
  these fields occur much more rapidly and must be reported to the researchers as soon as possible.
  Major portion of S&T research is carried out in non-English speaking countries. Translations are
  the only solution in providing access to multi-lingual information resources.

Objectives
• To provide a document in user language
• To save the time of researchers, scientists and other scholars
• To promote the use of documents available in other than
  English
• To promote cultural understanding
• Establishment of cooperation and co-ordination with
  international organisations, agencies etc.
• To cross over the language barrier

Types of Translation
• Written and Oral Translation (or interpretation)
  – Written Translation
    • Literary and
    • Informative Translation
  – Oral Translation
    • Consecutive
    • Simultaneous

Written vs Oral Translation
        Written Translation
                                       Oral Translation
•   Recorded                  •   Not recorded
•   Translator                •   Interpretor
•   Need some time            •   Current
•   Feedback does not occur   •   Immediate feedback given
    immediately                   by client

Oral Translation
• There are two main kinds of oral translation – Consecutive and
  Simultaneous.
• In Consecutive Translation, the translating starts after the
  original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the
  interpreter’s strategy and the final results depend, to a great extent,
  on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a
  sentence or two the interpreter closely follows the original speech.
  As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a
  long speech which has lasted for scores of minutes or even longer.
  In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and
  keep them in mind until he begins his translation.

Simultaneous
• In simultaneous interpretation the interpreter is supposed
  to be able to give his translation while the speaker is
  uttering the original message. This can be achieved with
  a special radio or telephone-type equipment. The
  interpreter receives the original speech through his
  earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone
  which transmits his translation to the listeners. This type
  of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic
  problems, both of theoretical and practical nature.

Literary and Informative
• Literary translation deals with literary texts, i.e. works of fiction or poetry
  whose main function is to make an emotional or aesthetic impression upon the
  reader. Their communicative value depends, first and foremost, on their
  artistic quality and the translator’s primary task is to reproduce this quality in
  translation.
• Informative translation is rendering into the target language non-literary
  texts, the main purpose of which is to convey a certain amount of ideas, to
  inform the reader. However, if the source text is of some length, its translation
  can be listed as literary or informative only as an approximation. A literary
  text may, in fact, include some parts of purely informative character.
  Contrariwise, informative translation may comprise some elements aimed at
  achieving an aesthetic effect.

Informative
Involve translation of:
•   Scientific materials
•   Technical texts,
•   Newspaper materials,
•   Official papers
•   Public speeches,
•   Political and Propaganda materials,
•   Advertisements,
•   Business
•   Legal

Word-for-Word Translation
• In this type of translation, the primary unit of translation is the word. A substitute of
  each word in the source language is made from the target language and the order of
  words remains the same as in the source language. This is based on the principle
  that while translating a text, no word should be left untranslated and no, word
  which does not occur in the original text should be included in the translated text.
  Words are substituted in the TL in the order in which they occur in the SL. Let us
  look at an example of this type of translation.
• Jo Iarki: accha: gayeg: usko Inam milega
• which girl well sings to -her prize will be available.
• As we can see, the nature of Hindi and English being so different, the word for-
  word translation seems odd. (The literal translation will be. 'The girl who sings well
  will get the prize' you can see that this is different from the word- for-word
  translation.)

Word-for-Word Translation
• Word-for-word translation helps us to understand the structure of a complex
  sentence in Hindi as well as to contrast it with the word order in a similar
  sentence in English. Thus word-for-word translation has a practical use for it
  helps linguists in teaching grammar. Similarly, when we translate a religious
  or classical text into a modern language, a word-for-word translation helps us
  understand the word order of the SL. A second translation in the modern
  language helps to understand the meaning.
• Examples of word-for-word translation can also be found in legal texts, where
  the legal terms are already codified and have to be substituted for the words in
  the SL. In order to study the syntactic structure of German, English and Hindi,
  we could take up word-for-word translation:

Word-for-Word Translation
• Tum to Id ke chand ho gaye ho.
• A literal English translation of this sentence would read:
You have become a moon of the second day these days. (Word to Word
  translation)
• Apparently, such a translation does not convey any sense to
  English readers.
• you are hardly seen these days'. (freenTranslation)

Literal Translation
• Many translators believe that an ideal translation is one in which all the words of
  the source language text are translated. No additions are made by the translator, nor
  does s/he omit any word. However, no two languages have exactly similar
  structures. That is to say different languages have different ways of putting words
  together to make sentences. Also, different languages have different ways of
  conveying meaning. However, sometimes two languages may be close to one
  another and their manner of organizing words and meanings may be similar. When
  the activity of translation takes place between two such languages, it may be
  possible to make a literal translation. Again, it may be possible to use this type of
  translation even among two dissimilar languages when the text is more
  information-oriented and less opinion-oriented. For instance, translations of
  scientific and technical texts may make use of this type of translation.

Literary Translation
• This is probably the hardest of all the different kinds of translation,
  as obviously, the translator must first try to render the semantic
  content of the original text (as should be the case for the translation
  of any kind of text), and then in addition deal with a number of
  other difficulties, such as:
• Polysemic word play specific to literary texts, as behind a word or a phrase, there lie a number of
  connotations which the writer has tried to transmit or hint at subtly and which the translator must attempt to
  render;
• The author’s own particular literary style; the translator must try to transmit the unique way in which the
  writer has couched their ideas;
• Rhythm, meter and the innate balance of the phrase; this is particularly important in poetry but equally
  present in prose, where the translator must work out the best way to resolve the delicate task of rendering the
   music inherent to the text –assonance, alliteration and asyndetons.

Literary Translation
• To say that literal translation is inferior to free
  translation is again a misleading statement. Because as
  we have pointed out literal translation is required for
  certain texts and is the best method in such cases.
  machine translation also makes use of this method i.e,
  literal translation. When we want to be faithful to the
  writer's original meaning, we need to remain as close as
  possible to the Source Language text and hence the need
  for literal translation.

Translation Methods
  Literal Translation               Literary Translation
Material      in      science,   Translation of materials in
technology      and     social   humanities such as novels,
sciences     is     translated   plays,     poetry,     films,
adhering to the contents of      television, radio, motion
the original. This is known      picture scripts and vocal
as Literal Translation.          music texts, etc. is Literary
                                 Translation

Translation Methods

     Literal Translation              Literary Translation
• The style and techniques of         • The style and techniques of
  expressing feelings are less          expressing feelings are more
  important .                           important.
• Scientific, technical, legal and    • Translation of literary material
  commercial      materials     are     is    destined      for   mass
  intended for the specialists in a     consumption.
  given field.
• Translations are done once          • Repeatedly translated.

Free Translation
• In free translation, terms used in the original are not given
  any importance. The general meaning or the ideas contained
  in a document are expressed in a suitable language by the
  translator. The translator has freedom of expression. The
  translated text appears to be free from the word-for-word
  equivalents of the source language text. There appears to be
  hardly any relationship between the form of the original text
  and its translation. The emphasis is on capturing the sense of
  the original text. The translator has freedom of
  expression.

Free vs Literal
• Free translation also becomes more desirable in texts of creative
  literature because the 'emotional response' of each writer or book
  varies. While the poems of Dinkar evoke feelings of patriotism, the
  poems of Mahadevi Verma evoke the emotional response of the
  'pangs of love' in their readers. As such, a translator must choose
  vocabulary as well as sentence-structures which help in evoking
  such feelings. This may not be possible at the level of more matter
  of- fact literal translation. A free translation also takes liberties
  with the length of the original text, either omitting or adding words
  and structures in the translated text.

Free vs Literal
• If literal type of translation is suitable for those texts which
  have more information content, free translation suits those
  texts which also evoke a particular 'emotional response'
  among its readers.
• Where fidelity(faithfulness) to the author's meaning is
  important, the translator goes in for literal translation. In texts
  where the reader's response is a primary concern, free
  translation is more suitable. In other words, free translation is
  more suitable for literary texts while literal translation
  generally suits scientific and technical texts.

Adapted or Tailored Translation
•    Adapted or tailored translation: Here the translator
    keeps in mind the purpose for which the
    translation is required and molds the translation
    accordingly. Unnecessary elaboration of passages
    may be omitted by him and where necessary he
    may elaborate some points for the sake of clarity.

Conceptual Translation
• If word-for-word translation is on one extreme, conceptua1
  translation is on the other. Word-for-word translation is based on the
  principle that each and every word in the text is significant and hence
  translator must translate each one of them. Moreover, no additional
  word should be brought in which does not occur in the original text.
  Conceptual translation, on the other hand, is based on the principle
  that the concept or the message is more important than the words. As
  such, a translator ought to lay more emphasis on the communication
  of the message rather than the translation of each and every word in
  the text. It is quite possible to translate each and every word in a text
  and yet fail to communicate the message of the writer of the original
  text.

Elaborate Translation
• It has generally been observed that a translated text is longer
  than the original text in the source language. In fact, all
  good translations are somewhat longer than the original.
  But let us remember that it does not mean that all longer
  translations are necessarily good. This happensbecause of
  the peculiar characteristics of languages and differences in
  cultural background, a translated text consumes more words
  and sentences to communicate the same message which had
  been put in a lesser number of words or sentences in the
  original language.

Example
• Wah KHOON ke Ghoot Pee GAYA
• English Transltion will be 'He a draught of blood drank and
  remained'. Even after we change the word order to suit the
  structure English it reads-'He drank a draught of blood and
  remained'. This makes no sense to a English speaking reader.
  Hindi sentence is the concept of tolerating an insult or excess.
• In above example, therefore, the English translation may read-
• 'He pocketed the insult'.

Technical Translation
The term “technical translation” can be understood in two ways:
• In its broadest sense, it is about translating user manuals, instructions
  leaflets, internal notes, medical translation, financial reports, minutes
  of proceedings, administrative terms in general, and so forth. These
  documents share the distinction of being for a specific and limited
  target audience and usually have a limited shelf-life.
• In its most limited sense, technical translation refers to “technical”
  documentation such as engineering, IT, electronics, mechanics, and
  industrial texts in general. Technical translation requires a knowledge
  of the specialized terminology used in the sector of the source text.

Scientific Translation
• As a sub-group of technical translation, as its name
 indicates, scientific translation deals with documents in
 the domain of science: articles, theses, papers, congress
 booklets, conference presentations, study reports etc.

Financial Translation
• Financial or economic translation, deals with documentation relating to
  finance, banking, and stock exchange activity. This includes company
  annual accounts, annual reports, financial statements, financial contracts,
  financing packages, and so forth.
• Financial translation requires an in-depth and accurate knowledge of the
  subject and a perfect fluency in related terminology. The expertise
  of professionals who understand the complexities of financial
  documents is essential. Any errors in translating the analysis of financial
  information can mislead readers and ultimately affect their decision-
  making process. This form of translation requires professional translators
  specialized in financial translation, based on their degrees and

Legal and Judicial Translation
LEGAL TRANSLATION: Legal translation covers a wide range of different
  documents. These may include legal documents such as summons and
  warrants; administrative texts such as registration certificates, corporate
  statutes and remittance drafts; technical documents such as expert opinions
  and texts for judicial purposes; and a number of other texts in addition to
  reports and minutes of court proceedings.
JUDICIAL TRANSLATION: Judicial translations, not to be confused with
  legal or certified translation, refers to the task of translation undertaken in a
  court setting. Judicial translators specialize in translating documents such as
  letters rogatory, minutes of proceedings, judgements, expert opinions,
  deposition, minutes of interrogation sessions etc.

Certified Translation
• A certified translator or sworn translator may use their
  signature to authenticate official translations. These are
  usually documents which require legal validation and are
  thus referred to as “certified” or “sworn”. Certified
  translators often work in courtrooms as juridical translators,
  or act in the capacity of a legal expert, as well as providing
  translations of civil status documentation, marital
  agreements, divorce settlements, deceases, and wills, for
  example.

Translation Process and Translator
• Translation is the process of transferring the information
  contents of the text in one language (L1) into another
  language (L2).
• The former (L1) is called the ‘Source Language (SL)’ and
  the latter (L2) is called the ‘Target Language (TL)’.
• A Ttranslator is one who have sufficient knowledge of the
  source language as well as of the target language. In
  addition, s/he should be a subject expert to understand the
  terminology of the given subject.

Professional Job’s
(1) The reader of researcher himself,
(2) The librarian himself,
(3) A professional staff translator,
(4) A professional freelance translator,
(5) A translating agency, and
(6) A translating machine. (Machine Translation)
• Neither the reader himself nor the librarian should be expected to take up the
  job as both lack time and be better utilized in their respective spheres of
  work. Besides, they may also lack the competence of a professional
  translator. Therefore, the choice should be made from among the other
  alternatives.

Translation Service
We are providing the service through
• Teaching foreign languages
• Development of linguistics tools
• Cover to cover translation
• Translation on demand
• Machine translation

Translation Pools/Centers
• In many countries national translation centers were set
  up to monitor translation activities in the country. These
  centers either carried out translation work themselves or
  acted as referral centers for collecting, processing and
  announcing the translations done by various agencies in
  the country.

Translation Centers - Examples
• Scientific Translation Center, 1953
• National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
• SLA Translation Center(National Translation Center) Chicago,1953
• Unesco and Index Translationum (1932+)
• European Translation Centre: World Index of Scientific Translation and List
  of Translation Notified to ETC
• International Federation of Translators (Paris),
• Malaysian National Institute of Translation
•   Transatom—It is a specialized translation pool on atomic energy created jointly by European Atomic Energy
    Community (EURATOM) and the United States Atomic Energy Authority (USAEA). Transatom information office is
    located at Brussels.

Translation Registers
Persons with a combination of language proficiency and subject knowledge are not found always. As such, it is necessary to
    maintain a register of persons with such combinations for reference at need. Such registers/ directories have been brought
    out in various countries
The Institute of Translation & Interpreting (ITI) Directory of Qualified Professional Translators and Interpreters (Great
    Britain).
Professional Services Directory of the American Translators Association. 1976. Croton-on-Hudson, New York.
Congrat-Butlar, Stefan. Translation and Translators: An International Directory & Guide. 1979. R R Bowker, New York.
Indian Scientific Translators Association and NISSAT. Directory of foreign language scientific and technical translators in
    India. 1989.
National Translation Mission (India). National Register of Translators (http://www.ntm.org.in/languages/english/nrtdb.aspx).
Directory of Freelance Translators of TranslationDirectory.Com (http://www.translationdirectory.com/ translator
    _directory.htm).
Directory of Translators and Interpreters (http://www.proz.com/ translator-directory/).
American Translators Association. Online Directories of Translators and Interpreters (https://www.atanet.org/
    onlinedirectories/ individuals_tabs.php).
Directory of Qualified Professional Translators (http://www.directoryoftranslators.com/).

Translation Indexes
For easy and quick location of translations, the centers operating the translation
  pools maintain or bring out printed indexes. Union lists of translations are
  also brought out. Some examples
• Aslib Index of Unpublished Translations—Being maintained in card since
  1951, it covered English translations from all languages of articles mainly in
  the field of science and technology (now ceased).
• British Reports, Translations and Theses—published since 1981 by the
  British Library’s Lending Division,
• Commonwealth Index to Unpublished Scientific and Technical Translations—
• Transatom Bulletin—Published monthly by Transatom Information Centre
  since 1961,

Translation Indexes
• Consolidated Index to Translations into English—This index was published by
  NTC in 1969.
• Index Translationum—Published annually by UNESCO since 1932, it covers
  translations of books only published throughout the world. Since 1979, it is
  available online.
• Index Translationum Indicarum—Compliled by the National Library, Kolkata,
  India, and published by UNESCO, it contained cumulated entries for India in Index
  Translationum.
• World Translation Index—It is a joint publication of International Translation
  Centre, Centre (nationale de la researches scientific), France, and Commission of
  the European Communities (in cooperation with National Translation Centre at the
  John Crerar Library, University of Chicago, USA). Being published since 1987, it
  supersedes World Transindex and Translations Register Index.

Translation Indexes
• World Index of Scientific Translations and List of Translations
  Notified to ETC—Brought out monthly by International Translation
  Centre, it lists acquisition of the center arranged by journal titles in
  original language.
• National Index of Translations—Published quarterly by INSDOC (now
  NISCAIR), it provides information on all translations done in India by
  different organizations.
• Bibliography of Translation—Developed by National Translation
  Mission (India), this online bibliography lists translated titles belonging
  both to literary and nonliterary genres (http://www.ntm.org.in/languages/
  english/bibliography.aspx).

Translation Centers and Translation Service

• In India several Governments and Public Sector Organisations,
  R&D institutions in S&T have in-house translation facility to
  meet their own translation requirements for limited number of
  languages. Some such organisations are
•   BARC, CSIR
•   DESIDOC,
•   ONGC,
•   BHEL, MECON,
•   HAL etc.
•   NISCAIR (New Delhi),

Translation Centers And Translation Service In INDIA
Some examples of Translation Centres that provide translation
Services in India :
• Institution of Asian Studies
• Indian Council for Cultural Relation(ICCR)
• Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages
• NISCAIR : Foreign Language Translation Service
• Indian Statistical Institution, Kolkata
• National Translation Mission

Translation Centres
• National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and National Book Trust are both
  engaged in translation of text books in various Indian languages.(http://www.ncert.nic.in)
  (http://www.nbtindis.gov.in/)
• State Council of Educational Research and Training carries out translation work fromEnglish into state
  languages and from state languages into English and vice-versa. (http://www.edudel.nic.in/scert.html)
• Sahitya Academy is the central institution for publication and promotion of literary activities in 24 Indian
  languages including English
• Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages conducts training courses in foreign languages
  including German, French, Russian, Arabic, Spanish and Japanese. The institute also carries out translation
  work. (http://www.indiaedu.com/universities/deemed/centralinstitute.html/)
• Institute of Asian Studies, Chennai is involved in research, training, translation and publication activities
  in Asian languages. The institute carries out study and research in Tamil, Kannada, Japanese, Telugu, and
  Buddhism and related translation and publication activities. In addition, the Institute is carrying out research
  in Manuscript ology and Folklore studies and translation activities related to these areas.
  (http://www.istituteofasianstudies.com/)
•

Institute and Universities
•   Annamalai University: (i)P.G. Diploma in Translation Studies (ii)M.A. in Applied Linguistics and Translation (iii)M.A. in
    Translation Studies (iv)Ph. D in Linguistics (includes Translation) (v)M. Phil in Translation Studies
•   Agra University, K.M. Institute: Diploma Courses in Translation.
•   Himachal Pradesh University: M. Phil in Translation Studies
•   Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University: Certificate course in Translation
•   Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University: Certificate course in Translation
•   University of Pune: Certificate and Diploma course in Translation
•   University of Hyderabad (Centre for Distance Education): Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies (PGDTS)
    University of Hyderabad (Dept of Hindi): (i)Diploma in Translation (ii)Advanced Diploma in Professional
    Translation (iii)Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies
•   University of Hyderabad (CALTS): M. Phil & Ph.D. in Translation Studies
•   CIEFL (Now TEFLU), Hyderabad) (The Center for Translation Studies (CTS): Post-Graduate Diploma in Translation
    Studies
•   University of Kerala: Post graduate degree in Translation
•   Madurai Kamaraj University: P.G. Courses in Translation
•   Tamil University, Thanjavur: Diploma Courses in Translation.
•   Viswa –Bharati: M.A. in Functional Hindi (Translation)

Machine Translation
• Machine Translation (MT) is application of computers to the task of
  translating text from one language to another.
• The first public demonstration of MT system was held in New York at
  the head office of IBM in 1954.
• Earlier the MT systems were based on “Direct translation”via bilingual
  dictionaries with very little analysis of syntactical structure of a
  language.
• Currently, the state of machine translation is such that it involves some
  human intervention at pre-editing or post-editing phase.
• Without human intervention Machine translation is also referred to as
  “Automatic translation”.

Machine Translation
• Machine translation (MT), which is also known as auto-translation,
  computer translation, and mechanical translation, was first conceived by
  Warren Weaver, Director of the Natural Sciences Division of the
  Rockefeller Foundation, United States. He first mentioned the possibility
  of using the computer in translation in March 1947 in a letter to the
  cyberneticist Norbert Wiener and in a conversation with Andrew Booth, a
  British scientist. He elaborated his idea in a memorandum, entitled simply
  “Translation,” which he wrote in, July 1949 , The first automatic translator
  (very basic) was developed in 1954 by a group of researchers from
  Georgetown University, in collaboration with IBM, which translated more
  than 60 Russian sentences into English.

Types of Machine Translation
1. The systems that produce translations between only two
   specific languages are called bilingual systems and;
2. The systems that produce translations for any given pair
   of languages are called multilingual systems.
   Multilingual systems may be either unidirectional or
   bidirectional. Multilingual systems are preferred to be
   bidirectional and bilingual as they have ability to translate
   from any given language to any other given language and
   vice versa

• Transifex: A proprietary, web-based translation platform for small business organizations and large
  firms. You can use it to manage the creation of content for multilingual apps and websites.
• VerbalizeIt: On-demand translation services for business provided by 24,000 curated translators around
  the world speaking more than 150 languages. VerbalizeIt was acquired by Smartling in 2016.
• SDL BeGlobal: Cloud-based machine translation for high-volume, fast communication. You can
  translate more content into more languages at a reduced cost using this leading machine translation app
  built for business.
• Google translate
• Freetranslation you can paste text (up to 10,000 characters) and get a free bidirectional machine
  translation between English and more than 30 other languages and between a few other pairs.
• WorldLingo offers free bidirectional machine translation for more than 30 languages..
• Systran offers free machine translation from 15 languages (Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French,
  German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish) into 7
  languages, including English.
• Babylon and LOGOS
• Compandium and Metal
• Trident and Transtar
• Smart and Poltran

Machine Translation Research in India
Ministry of Information Technology has identified the following domains for the
    development of domain specific translation systems :
i) Government administrative procedures and formats;
ii) Parliamentary questions and answers;
iii) Pharmaceutical information; and
iv) Legal terminology and judgments
• Examples of some Machine Translation Centres in India :
1. C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing), Pune
2. Centre for Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies (CALTS),
3. Department of Computer Science and Engineering of IIT, Kanpur
4. Anusaarka by Chinmaya International Foundation, IIT Hyderabad and University of
   Hyderabad, Department of Sanskrit Studies
5. The Technology Development for Indian Languages (TDIL) Programme

Project                     Languages              Domain/ Main          Approach           Strategy
                                                   Application
Anglabharati (IIT-K,        Eng-IL (Hindi)         General (Health)      Transfer/Rules     Post-edit
ER&DCI-N)
Anusaaraka (IIT-K, UoH)     IL-IL (5IL->Hindi)     General (Children)    LWG mapping/PG     Post-edit

MaTra (NCST)                Eng-IL (Hindi)         General (News)        Transfer/Frames    Pre-edit
Mantra (CDAC)               Eng-IL (Hindi)         Govt. notifications   Transfer/XTAG      Post-edit
UCSG MAT (UoH)              Eng-IL (Kannada)       Govt. circulars       Transfer/UCSG      Post-edit

UNL MT (IIT-B)              Eng/IL (Hindi, Marathi) General              Interlingual/UNL   Post-edit

Tamil Anusaaraka            IL-IL (Tamil-Hindi)    General (Children)    LWG mapping/PG     Post-edit
(AU-KBC)
MAT (JadavpurU)             Eng-IL (Hindi)         News Sentences        Transfer/Rules     Post-edit
Anuvadak (Super Infosoft)   Eng-IL (Hindi)         General               N/A                Post-edit

StatMT (IBM)                Eng-IL                 General               Statistical        Post-edit

Role of Libraries in Ffacilitating
                      Ttranslations
Libraries can play an active role in meeting user’s demands for
translation.
• Library should have information about translation pools, translation centers,
  professional associations, Government agencies, commercial publishers and their
  products (including cover-to-cover translated journals.), directories of translators and
  translating firms.
• The library should have these sources: both published as well as online, on up-to-
  date basis and it should be able to assist the users in identifying institutions holding
  the needed translations.
• If demands are very frequent, then library staff members or resource persons who are
  available when needed, should be able to either translate or abstract or provide
  summaries of the material needed to meet urgent need.

Importance
• Translation plays a prominent role in boosting the travel / tourism industry
  revenues of many countries around the world.
• Helping industrialization through technical translation across geographies and
  across industries.
• Translation helps in understanding cultures and attitudes of another country /
  culture.
• Many historical literary works wouldn't have become popular if they were not
  translated into many languages.
• Translation has helped educate millions in new languages thereby providing
  employment opportunities in varied industries.
• Translation services continue to help companies across multiple geographies
  communicate and implement project goals without much hassle.

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