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juriste
2
2021
INTERNATIONAL
DEEP
I THE DIGITAL BOOM
V LE BOOM NUMÉRIQUE
E EL BOOM DIGITAL
Table of Contents
Sommaire
Indice
President’s Message I Le mot du Président I Mensaje del Presidente
3 Editorial I L'édito I Editorial
Interviews I Entretiens I Entrevistas
6 Isak Douah: Protester
▼
New Frontiers I Nouveaux horizons I Nuevas fronteras
9 One Size Does not Fit All – Three Issues for Executive Action in Response to
▼
the Covid-19 Pandemic Covid-19 : quel effet sur les contrats ? Jabbing
▼
▼
Around the World: Global Disparities Accessing SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines
20 Deep Dive - The Digital Boom I Le Dossier - Le boom numérique I El
informe - El boom digital
20 Ransomware Aftermath: Between a (Virtual) Rock and a Hard Place
▼ ▼ ▼
25 Open data et IA en France : les avocats vigies de l’État de droit
29 Expectations and Limits of the Use of New Technologies in the Activity
of the Legal Profession: Professional Ethics as a Guiding Element 32 Why
▼
Lawyers Should Care About AI 37 Vers la fin des transferts de données
▼
à caractère personnel par les cabinets d’avocats européens vers des pays
tiers ? 41 La privacidad de los datos biométricos 46 Lawyers Working
▼
▼ ▼
From Home: A Technological and Social Experiment 50 Où en est-on de
la médiation par visioconférence après la Covid-19 ? 55 Big Data and
▼
Threats to Free Speech
60 The Wider View I Grand angle I Visión amplia
Covid-19 Effects on Real Estate: Now and for the Future Le principe de
▼
▼ ▼
l’égalité des parties : pilier ou frein de la procédure arbitrale ? Les entreprises
canadiennes seraient-elles responsables de leurs actions à l’étranger ?
My Own Backyard I Autour de moi I Mi entorno
72 Harraga et immigration irrégulière durant la pandémie de la Covid-19
▼ ▼
US Corporate Transparency Act
76
The Basics I Les fondamentaux I Los fundamentos
Comprendre le Congrès des Nations unies sur la prévention du crime et la
▼
justice pénale What Are the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business
▼
and Human Rights?
79 Inside the UIA I Au cœur de l’UIA I Novedades de la UIA
Technology Day, in Summary: The Legal Profession in a Digital World
▼ ▼ ▼
29e Forum mondial des centres de médiation : toujours au rendez-vous !
UIA 2021 Congress
84 Legal Spotlight I Brèves juridiques I Breves jurídicos
86 After Work I Temps libre I Tiempo libre
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 1
juriste
2
JURISTE INTERNATIONAL
UIA PUBLICATION I PUBLICATION DE L’UIA I PUBLICACIÓN DE LA UIA
2021
INTERNATIONAL
Publication Director I Directeur de la publication I Director de la publicación
President Jorge Martí Moreno, Valencia, Spain
Editor-in-Chief I Rédactrice en chef I Redactora jefa
Barbara Gislason, Minneapolis, MN, USA, barbara@gislasonlaw.com
Deputy Editors I Rédacteurs adjoints I Redactores adjuntos
English Language: Steven Richman, Princeton, NJ, USA, srichman@clarkhill.com
French Language: Catherine Peulvé, Paris, France, cpeulve@cplaw.fr
Spanish Language: Laura Collada, Mexico City, Mexico, lcollada@dumont.com.mx
DEEP Executive Director I Directrice exécutive I Directora ejecutiva
I THE DIGITAL BOOM Marie-Pierre Richard, Paris, France - mprichard@uianet.org
V LE BOOM NUMÉRIQUE
E EL BOOM DIGITAL Editors I Éditeurs I Editores
north america i amérique du nord i américa del norte
Pierre G. Bélanger, Ottawa, Canada, pbelange@gmail.com
Gustavo Salas Rodriguez, Cancun, Mexico, gsr@salasysalas.org.mx
Hon.
Peter M. Reyes, Jr., Minneapolis, MN, USA, petermreyes@gmail.com
JURISTE INTERNATIONAL H
on. Tracie Todd, Birmingham, AL, USA, tracie.todd@alacourt.gov
central and south america i amérique centrale et du sud i américa central y del sur
Editorial Policy
The Juriste International offers robust and diverse pers- Juan Eduardo Palma Jara, Santiago, Chile, jpalma@palma.cl
pectives on subjects of interest to lawyers. The views
expressed herein are the views of the authors and do europe i europa
not necessarily imply UIA policy or editorial concur-
rence. Publication or dissemination of advertising or
Kato Aerts (Revenue Officer), Brussels, Belgium, kato.aerts@lydian.be
support of any product, service or organization does Romina Bossa Abiven (UIA IROL Liaison), Paris, France, rbossa@uianet.org
not constitute an endorsement. Marco Imperiale, Milan, Italy, marco.imperiale@lcalex.it
P
aolo Lombardi (UIA News), Torino, Italy, paolo.lombardi@elexi.it
Politique éditoriale Angela Diaz-Bastien, Madrid, Spain, adb@edbalaw.com
Juriste International offre des perspectives approfon- M arc Gallardo Meseguer, Barcelona, Spain, mgallardo@rsm.es
dies et diverses sur des sujets d’intérêt pour les avo-
cats. Les opinions exprimées ici sont celles de leurs J ose Pajares, Madrid, Spain, josepajares@pajaresyasociados.com
auteurs et n’impliquent pas que l’UIA et/ou le Comité Camille Loup, Geneva, Switzerland, camilleloup@gmail.com
éditorial, en les publiant et les diffusant, les partagent,
ni les soutiennent. L’UIA n’avalise pas nécessairement le
Thomas
Rudkin (Young Lawyers), London, UK, thomas.rudkin@farrer.co.uk
matériel publicitaire ou promotionnel de tout produit,
service ou organisation publié ou diffusé par le Juriste africa i afrique
International.
Fayçal Drioueche, Algiers, Algeria, cabinetdrioueche@gmail.com
Christian Lukusa Kantumunda, Kinshasa, Congo (Dem. Rep.),
Política editorial christian@momentumattorneys.com
Juriste International ofrece perspectivas sólidas y diver- Olufemi Sunmonu, Lagos, Nigeria, fsunmonu@aliantlaw.ng
sas sobre temas de interés para los abogados.
Las opiniones aquí expresadas son las de sus autores Aboubacar Fall, Dakar, Senegal, a.fall@aflegal.sn
y no implican que la UIA y/o el Consejo Editorial, al
publicarlas y difundirlas, las compartan o apoyen. La asia i asie
publicación o difusión de publicidad o soporte de
cualquier producto, servicio u organización no consti-
Jansy Wang, Beijing, China, wangxiujuan@anjielaw.com
tuye un respaldo. Joana Alves Cardoso, Macau, China, jac@jac.legal
Ashu Thakur, Mumbai, India, ashu@ataindia.co.in
Yoshihisa Hayakawa, Tokyo, Japan, haya@rikkyo.ac.jp
Jumanah Behbehani, Kuwait City, Kuwait, lawyer_jbehbehani@hotmail.com
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2 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■
Jorge Martí Moreno
PRESIDENT‘S LE MOT MENSAJE
MESSAGE DU PRÉSIDENT DEL PRESIDENTE
Dear All, Chers tous, Queridos todos:
I hope you are all well and that you J’espère que vous allez tous bien et Espero que estéis todos bien y sigáis
continue to be careful. It seems that que vous continuez d’être prudents. siendo prudentes. Parece que el final
the end of the pandemic is near, but Il semble que la fin de la pandémie de la pandemia está cerca, pero no
we are not yet absolutely sure. se profile, mais nous n’en avons pas podemos confiarnos.
We at the UIA are incredibly happy encore la certitude absolue. Por otro lado, estamos muy contentos
and excited about the 2021 Congress À l’UIA, nous sommes très heureux e ilusionados con el Congreso UIA
in Madrid and the hybrid component. et enthousiastes à l’idée du congrès 2021 en Madrid y su componente
One of the main themes of the 2021 à Madrid et son composant híbrido.
Congress is related to the world hybride. Uno de los temas principales del
of art and fashion. Together with L’un des thèmes principaux de ce Congreso está relacionado con
experts in the field, we will discuss congrès est lié au monde de l’art el mundo del arte y el mundo de
the internationally prevalent legal et de la mode. Nous discuterons, la moda. De la mano de expertos
problems related to counterfeiting en compagnie d’experts dans le debatiremos sobre la problemática
in fashion and art sales. domaine, du problème juridique jurídica internacional de las
The other main theme of the international des contrefaçons dans falsificaciones en la moda y en la
Congress is very topical. We live in la mode et dans la vente d’œuvres compraventa de arte.
a world where there is a demand d’art. El segundo tema principal del
for greater transparency and, at Le deuxième thème principal du Congreso es de gran actualidad.
the same time, great importance is congrès est d’une grande actualité. Vivimos rodeados de reivindicaciones
attached to confidentiality and the Nous vivons dans l’exigence d’une de mayor transparencia y, en paralelo,
protection of personal data. We will plus grande transparence et, paral- se da una gran importancia a la
explore whether it is possible to find a lèlement, une grande importance confidencialidad y a la protección de
balance between the dual obligations est accordée à la confidentialité et los datos personales. Se analizará la
of transparency and confidentiality. à la protection des données person- cuestión de si es posible encontrar un
The Congress will be held in a nelles. Est-il possible de trouver un equilibrio entre estas obligaciones:
beautiful, recently opened hotel. équilibre entre ces obligations de transparencia y confidencialidad.
We have received a great deal of transparence et confidentialité ? El Congreso se celebrará en un magnífico
support from our sponsors and are Le congrès se tiendra dans un magni- hotel de reciente apertura. Hemos
delighted to also have the support of fique hôtel ouvert récemment. Nous recibido muchos apoyos en materia de
our Mexican colleagues, so that we avons reçu beaucoup de soutien de patrocinios y estamos encantados de
can pay tribute to Guadalajara and nos sponsors et sommes ravis de contar con el apoyo de nuestros colegas
Mexico, which should have hosted us l’appui de nos confrères mexicains, ce mexicanos, de forma que en nuestro
this year but for the pandemic. qui nous permettra de rendre hom- Congreso UIA 2021 habrá un recuerdo
Finally, I would like to share some mage à Guadalajara et au Mexique, emotivo a Guadalajara y a México, que
good news with you: the entry qui, sans la pandémie, auraient dû sin la pandemia nos hubieran acojido
conditions for Spain are becoming nous accueillir cette année este año.
more flexible as the weeks go by. Enfin, je voudrais partager avec vous Finalmente, quisiera compartir con
I look forward to seeing you all in une bonne nouvelle : les conditions vosotros una buena noticia: las
Madrid! d’entrée en Espagne s’assouplissent condiciones de ingreso a España se
au fil des semaines. Je vous attends ablandan a medida que transcurren
toutes et tous à Madrid ! las semanas. ¡Os espero a todos en
Madrid!
Jorge MARTÍ MORENO • UIA President, Président de l’UIA, Presidente de la UIA • president@uianet.org
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 3
Barbara Gislason
EDITORIAL Roth. Under Catherine’s leadership,
we have more French articles from L'ÉDITO
many countries. After consolidating
On behalf of the Editorial Board, I her team of French language edi- Au nom du comité de rédaction,
express our deep appreciation to all tors in Europe and French-speaking j’exprime notre profonde gratitude à
who have congratulated us about Africa, she is exploring information tous ceux qui nous ont félicités pour
the new Juriste International. Ian De relays and exchanges with more of le nouveau Juriste International. Ian
Freitas kindly called it a “triumph.” the French-speaking world, including De Freitas a eu la gentillesse de le
As this publication is a team effort, French Canada. qualifier de vrai « triomphe ». Cette
I want to further introduce you to Laura Collada, the managing partner publication étant un travail d’équipe,
my English Deputy Editor, Steven at Dumont, is an award-winning intel- je tiens à vous présenter mon rédac-
Richman, who is based in Princeton, lectual property lawyer who has life- teur adjoint anglais Steven Richman,
New Jersey; my French Deputy Edi- long treasured the art of writing. Her qui est basé à Princeton, dans le New
tor, Catherine Peulvé, who is based in extensive IP leadership includes that Jersey, ma rédactrice adjointe fran-
Paris, France; and my Spanish Deputy she led the Madrid Protocol Com- çaise Catherine Peulvé, qui est basée
Editor, Laura Collada, who is based mittee of the Inter-American Associa- à Paris, en France, et ma rédactrice
in Mexico City, Mexico. These lawy- tion of Intellectual Property. Laura’s adjointe espagnole Laura Collada,
ers all have distinguished careers and role at the Juriste includes that she is qui est basée à Mexico, au Mexique.
high-quality published works. responsible for Spanish content and Ces avocats font tous de remar-
Steven Richman, a member of Clark developing Spanish language stan- quables carrières et ont déjà publié
Hill, practices in the areas of dispute dards. She is dynamic, interesting, des travaux de grande qualité.
resolution, international law, and pro- and fun to work with. Steven Richman, membre du cabi-
fessional responsibility. He chaired I also salute the Center’s dream team net Clark Hill, est spécialisé dans
the American Bar Association’s of Marie-Pierre Richard, Anne-Marie les domaines de la résolution des
prestigious Section of International Villain, and Marie-Pierre Liénard. conflits, du droit international et de
Law. For the Juriste, he oversees Gratitude to all the accomplished la responsabilité professionnelle.
the considerable English content, writers in this issue, including those Il a présidé la prestigieuse section
attracts authors through his extraor- who went with us on a Deep Dive of de droit international de l’American
dinary network, assigns editors for the Digital Boom that helped this Bar Association. Pour le Juriste, il
peer review, and polishes content. magazine sparkle. The inspirational supervise l’important contenu en
Steven, like all my Deputy Editors, President Jorge Marti Moreno is anglais, recherche des auteurs grâce
wants to increase our global cove- applauded for his unwavering sup- à son réseau extraordinaire, désigne
rage and further develop a thematic port of the Juriste. des rédacteurs pour la relecture
approach that allows more participa- des textes et peaufine le contenu.
tion by authors and editors. Comme tous mes rédacteurs adjoints,
Catherine Peulvé is an independent Steven souhaite accroître notre cou-
mediator and business lawyer regis- verture mondiale et développer une
tered with the Paris Bar who has démarche thématique qui permet-
an extensive international expe- trait une plus grande participation
rience and served on the National des auteurs et des rédacteurs.
Council of Bars. She is a talented Catherine Peulvé est médiateur indé-
person with an extraordinary work pendante et avocate d’affaires avec
ethic who was discovered and pro- une solide expérience à l’internatio-
moted by former UIA President, Jerry nal. Elle a également été membre du
Barbara J. GISLASON • Editor-in-Chief, Juriste International, Rédactrice en chef, Juriste International,
Redactora Jefe, Juriste International • barbara@gislasonlaw.com
4 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■
“ On behalf of the Editorial Board, I express our deep
appreciation to all who have congratulated us about
”
the new Juriste International.
Conseil national des barreaux. C’est
une femme talentueuse avec une EDITORIAL crita en el Colegio de Abogados de
París con una gran experiencia a nivel
remarquable éthique de travail qui internacional. También fue miembro
a été introduite à l’UIA par l’ancien En nombre del Comité Editorial, del Conseil National des Barreaux. Es
président Jerry Roth. Sous la direc- deseo expresar nuestro profundo una persona de gran talento con una
tion de Catherine, nous obtenons agradecimiento a todos aquellos extraordinaria ética de trabajo, que
davantage d’articles en français en que nos han felicitado por el nuevo fue descubierta y promocionada por
provenance de nombreux pays. Juriste International. Ian De Freitas el exPresidente de la UIA, Jerry Roth.
Après avoir consolidé son équipe lo calificó amablemente de “triunfo”. Gracias al liderazgo de Catherine,
de rédacteurs francophones en Esta publicación es un esfuerzo de tenemos más artículos en francés
Europe et en Afrique francophone, equipo, por lo que deseo presen- de muchos países. Tras consolidar
elle explore les relais d’information tarles también a mi Redactor Adjunto su equipo de redactores en lengua
et d’échanges avec une plus grande de habla inglesa, Steven Richman, francesa en Europa y la África fran-
partie du monde francophone, y ubicado en Princeton, Nueva Jer- coparlante, está buscando enlaces
compris le Canada français. sey; a mi Redactora Adjunta de habla informativos e intercambios con otros
francesa, Catherine Peulvé, en París lugares del mundo francófono, como
Laura Collada, associée directrice
(Francia); y a mi Redactora Adjunta la zona francoparlante de Canadá.
chez Dumont, est une avocate pri-
de habla española, Laura Collada, en
mée dans le domaine de la propriété Laura Collada, socia gerente de
Ciudad de México (México). Todos
intellectuelle qui a prisé toute sa vie Dumont, es una abogada premiada
estos abogados tienen a sus espal-
l’art de l’écriture. Elle a notamment por su trabajo en materia de propie-
das unas brillantes carreras y obras
dirigé le comité du protocole de dad intelectual, que durante toda su
publicadas de gran calidad.
Madrid de l’Association interaméri- vida ha atesorado el arte de escribir.
caine de la propriété intellectuelle. Steven Richman, miembro de Clark Como parte de su dilatada experien-
Pour le Juriste, Laura est responsable Hill, ejerce en las áreas de la reso- cia en PI, lideró el Comité del Pro-
du contenu en espagnol et de l’éla- lución de conflictos, el derecho tocolo de Madrid de la Asociación
boration de normes linguistiques en internacional y la responsabilidad Interamericana de la Propiedad Inte-
espagnol. Elle est dynamique, inté- profesional. Presidió la prestigiosa lectual. En el Juriste, Laura es la res-
ressante et une très agréable com- Sección de Derecho Internacional de ponsable del contenido en español
pagne de travail. la American Bar Association. Para el y de desarrollar los estándares del
Juriste, supervisa los ingentes conte- idioma español. Es dinámica, intere-
Je salue également la dream team
nidos en inglés, atrae autores a tra- sante y amena en su trabajo.
du Centre UIA, composée de Marie-
vés de su extraordinaria red, asigna
Pierre Richard, Anne-Marie Villain Asimismo, deseo rendir homenaje
a los redactores para las revisiones
et Marie-Pierre Liénard. Je remer- al Dream Team del Centro, formado
de los textos y pule los contenidos.
cie tous les auteurs de ce numéro, por Marie-Pierre Richard, Anne-Ma-
Steven, al igual que todos mis Redac-
y compris ceux qui ont participé rie Villain y Marie-Pierre Liénard. Mi
tores Adjuntos, desea ampliar nues-
avec nous à une « plongée en pro- agradecimiento a todos los escri-
tra cobertura mundial y desarrollar un
fondeur » dans le boom numérique tores consumados de este número,
enfoque temático que permita una
qui permet à ce magazine de briller. en particular a aquellos que nos
mayor participación con los autores
Nous applaudissons le leadership acompañaron en esa inmersión en
y redactores.
inspirant du président Jorge Marti el boom digital que ha hecho brillar
Moreno et son soutien indéfectible Catherine Peulvé is an indepen- esta revista. Y aplaudimos a nuestro
au Juriste. dant mediator and business lawyer inspirador Presidente Jorge Martí
registered with the Paris Bar with an Moreno por su apoyo inquebrantable
extensive international experience al Juriste.
and served on the National Council
of Bars.
Catherine Peulvé es mediadora inde-
pendiente y abogada mercantil ins-
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 5
INTERVIEWS I ENTRETIENS I ENTREVISTAS
Isak Douah
Protester
often do not, and it should be noted that Minnesota is
Barbara Gislason s’est entretenue avec Isak Douah, un roughly made up of 83% of Caucasian people, while the
manifestant métis dont les parents sont nés en Islande et en other 17% include people of biracial, African American,
Hispanic, Asian, or Native American descent.
Côte d’Ivoire. Isak fait part de ses interactions avec la police
alors qu’il est élève d’un établissement scolaire urbain et In this article, Isak Douah describes how he lost faith in
manifestant du mouvement Black Lives Matter (BLM) ainsi democratic institutions after experiencing and witnessing
que consultant en soutien psychologique pour d’autres unjust acts over and over. From his perspective, the police,
comme lui. À travers ses yeux, vous apprendrez comment il and the institutions behind it, exist not to protect, but ins-
a fait l’expérience de micro-agressions et de discrimination tead, to persecute his kind.
plus manifeste par le biais du profilage racial.
Early Years
I met Isak’s Icelandic mother, Thorunn Bjarnadottir, in the
1990s when she came to Minnesota to earn her doctorate.
Barbara Gislason habló con Isak Douah, un manifes- During her time at the University of Minnesota, Thorunn
tante métis cuyos padres nacieron en Islandia y Costa de met and married a Fulbright scholar from the Ivory Coast
Marfil. Isak comparte sus interacciones con la policía como named Remi Douah. They raised their only child, Isak, in
estudiante en una escuela urbana y manifestante de Black Minneapolis, Minnesota, except he spent summers in Ice-
Lives Matter (BLM), así como consultor de apoyo psicológico land with his maternal relatives.
para otros como él. A través de sus ojos, aprenderá cómo From an early age, Isak became fluent in Icelandic, French,
experimentó microagresiones y una discriminación más and English. He is also of mixed race, and a light skinned
abierta a través del perfil racial. black person, and that led to some of the black boys seeing
him as “emotional” and “wimpy” until he proved himself
on the playground. Icelanders saw him as dark skinned.
Introduction
He was uncomfortably aware that being light skinned in
America meant he had more privilege, while in Iceland,
The state of Minnesota is home to the Mayo Clinic, Medtro- others were curious about his looks.
nic, 3M, Cargill, and Target Corporation, as well as 10,000 In his preteens, Isak attended a self-directed open school
lakes, walleye, moose, deer, ducks, and of course, the loon. where he had racially diverse friends, was popular, and was
It is also the center of highly ranked educational institu- academically successful. He experienced “microaggres-
tions like the University of Minnesota, Carleton College, sions,” including uncomplimentary stereotypes such as,
and Macalester College. In addition, Minnesota is proud “Is your father in your life?” And yes, Remi very much was.
of its well-known political sons and daughters, including When he was ten years old, Isak recalled biking to a water-
Hubert Humphrey, Walter “Fritz” Mondale, Amy Klobuchar, park. On his ride, he was dimly aware that a police squad
Keith Ellison, and Ilhan Omar, as well as the revered singer car had him in his sights. As Isak biked downhill, the squad
songwriters, Bob Dylan and Prince. car swerved right in front of him quite suddenly. He jumped
While in the world’s eyes, Minnesota is a great place to live, off his bike, landed in the road, and looked up at a furious
and the people are friendly, innovative, and progressive, face. He then heard the police radio summon the white
Darnella Frazier’s video of the murder of George Floyd officer away. Isak can still recall how afraid he was, and he
by Third Precinct Minneapolis Police Officer, Derek Chau- can still see that officer’s face in his mind’s eye.
vin, unmasked an uncomfortable truth. Although “white” While at the open school, Isak never drank, smoked pot, or
people have more positive experiences with police and took drugs like most of the kids his age did, “just like my
live in safer neighborhoods, their darker-skinned neighbors father,” he would add. He repeatedly found himself pulled
6 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■
INTERVIEWS I ENTRETIENS I ENTREVISTAS
out of classes and taken to the principal. The principal,
after pressing Isak to admit that he was high or up to no
good, would march him to the nurse’s office to check his
blood pressure. Although there was no evidence that Isak
was high or drug dealing, these incidents became routine
and “undermined [my] sense of self.”
He vividly recalled that one day, while on a school bus with
his classmates singing songs on the way to a French camp,
a teacher jumped on the bus and demanded Isak to “come
with me.” She then searched his backpack and him, yet she
found nothing. Isak said these repeated incidents had the
effect of him “losing interest in school.” He also developed
a strong sense of injustice. Eventually, the school learned
that the drug dealer was a white boy. But even after the
school learned that the drug dealer was not Isak, no one
apologized to him. No one tried to make it right.
Isak described standing on Lake Street with a friend hol-
ding his new video camera one day. They saw a police
officer peak into his neighbors’ parked cars, one after the
other, and his friend video-recorded it. He said police offi-
cers frequently looked for “members of my community
doing something wrong” when they were not.
As Isak recounted his high school years, a theme began
to develop about the police being out to get members of
his community, which now was all black, rather than the
friends of many races he had had before. The police that
worked inside South High School treated the students in
this inner-city school badly.
Isak could recall what age he was based upon which black
person died at the hands of the police, including Aura
Rosser in 2014, Eric Garner in 2014, Michelle Cusseaux in
2014, Akai Gurley in 2014, Gabriella Nevarez in 2014, Tamir
Rice in 2014, Michael Brown in 2014, Tanisha Anderson
in 2014, Freddie Gray in 2015, Janisha Fonville in 2015,
Philando Castile in 2016, Alton Sterling in 2016, Stephon
Clark in 2018, Botham Jean in 2018, Atatiana Jefferson in
2019, and most recently, Breonna Taylor in 2020, George
Floyd in 2020, Daniel Prude in 2020, Rayshard Brooks in
police, he became proactive in what he called “occupy-
2020, and Daunte Wright in 2021. Black citizens harmed
ing” a location, such as blocking a street. This meant he
or threatened by Minneapolis police are often people Isak
was subjected to rubber bullets, mace, or worse. While his
knows personally, or they had relatives or friends within his
community faced police brutality, he could not help but
circle of friends, including George Floyd.
notice that when white supremacists committed crimes,
Isak described the behaviors of the Third Precinct police in “they were treated well” by the police.
Minneapolis toward black and dark-skinned people, saying,
For Isak, there was some peace in 2017 after he graduated
“If given the chance, they would not only arrest someone,
from high school. He finally got serious about academics
but inflict pain to the greatest extent possible.” He com-
and in 2018, he enrolled at the University of Amsterdam
monly saw black men face down on the cement with the
in the Netherlands, where he became keen on fashion
police on top of them wielding tasers. To him, the police
design and the applied sciences. But while he was very
were clearly not presuming innocence.
happy there, the pandemic began, and life in Amsterdam
When Isak got his driver’s license at 16, he was pulled changed.
over by the police so often for no reason—or an obscure
On May 25, 2020, Isak’s phone erupted in Amsterdam
reason—that he lost track. He was always aware that if the
with calls from his friends living in the Third Precinct in
police stopped him, they could “pretty much do what they
Minneapolis. When Isak learned what had happened to
want.” After all, “who would believe me over the police?”
George Floyd, a man one of his friends knew, he took
Isak became part of a network that is activated when black the first plane he could get back to Minneapolis. He was
people are unjustly killed, and he joined the youth version relieved to learn that the Third Precinct (which he viewed
of “Black Lives Matter.” When black people were killed by as a seat of oppression) had already been burned down,
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 7
INTERVIEWS I ENTRETIENS I ENTREVISTAS
but he was horrified to see that “my old neighborhood is currently putting effort into another project to bring the
had burned, too.” black community sensitive therapists directly to where the
Seeing the dysfunction and fear on the streets of Min- need lies. He said the concept is like Uber Eats, except it
neapolis following George Floyd’s murder, Isak took it upon is for the delivery of therapists, not food.
himself to get a bulletproof vest and be part of what he For Isak and his friends, who were born and raised in the
somewhat apologetically called a “rag tag” security force. Third Precinct, the police are not welcome. He wants his
Without training, he worked around George Floyd Square community to develop its own safety plan and implement
at 38th and Chicago. He was proud that twice, he was it and take actions to protect themselves.
able to disarm a drunk man with a gun without incident
and said, “it was not difficult.” But soon, while on duty, he
would watch a man named Murphy Ranks die in front of
Conclusion
him while trying to break up a fight. Isak witnessed Ranks’ As Isak lived and George Floyd was murdered just a few
blood run down the street and into the gutter, and he miles from where I live, it is hard to fully grasp how much
is still haunted by the memory of Ranks’ family members our experiences have greatly differed. To a certain degree,
watching Murphy “bleed out.” policing boils down to a somewhat simple question: If you
After Ranks’ death, Isak was not the same. When he closes need help or protection, who would you call to keep you
his eyes, he sees blood and wakes up terrified. Beyond the safe?
death threats he received for public efforts to get safety It is no small wonder that people treated well by the
gear for protestors, he also began to have irrational fears police want to improve police training and increase police
that others were after him. In addition to bloody visages funding, while Isak prefers to dismantle the “militarized
and paranoia, he was becoming numb and disassociated police” and to better use financial resources to reimagine
from reality. Isak sought help. a just legal system and institutions. If Isak can survive these
He increasingly noticed that he was not alone in having his tumultuous times, and the next demonstration, I hope he
mental health decline, and Isak made a podcast about his will apply his considerable talents to his education and
problems and encouraged other youth to get help. Soon, one day join the Union Internationale des Avocats (UIA).
Isak and his father, Remi, became more proactive in helping All organizations need people like Isak to reveal what is
those with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder problems and missed so that humanity can not only aspire to high values,
they founded a nonprofit called 846s.org. Full of ideas, he but also realize them. ■
Munger, Tolles & Olson
is proud to support
and the
Munger, Tolles & Olson has a broad international practice. We
represent both U.S. and foreign companies and individuals in
cross-border civil disputes and investigations by the U.S. and
foreign governments.
LOS ANGELES | SAN FRANCISCO | WASHINGTON, D.C.
MTO.COM
8 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■NOUVEAUX HORIZONS I NUEVAS FRONTERAS
NEW FRONTIERS
One Size Does not Fit All –
Three Issues for Executive
Action in Response
to the Covid-19 Pandemic
DR. JOELLE GROGAN
governments have been best placed to respond to the
Cet article examine les réponses juridiques à la pandé- pandemic and have relied on a range of emergency powers
to do so. However, the legitimacy of the ongoing reliance
mie du Covid. Il identifie trois domaines de préoccupation
on emergency powers by governments, even in response
qui sont apparus à travers le monde dans les réponses des
to successive ‘waves’ of infection, loses justifiability.
États face à la pandémie du Covid-19 : la base juridique
discutable de certaines actions ; l’incertitude des mesures There are inherent dangers which are compounded in a
juridiques et le manque de contrôle législatif de l’action de quasi-permanent emergency where exceptional powers
l’exécutif. Il fait valoir qu’en s’attaquant à ces problèmes pour are normalised. The use of emergency powers typically
améliorer à la fois la qualité de la loi et son utilisation, on undergoes less legislative scrutiny than ordinary laws, and
peut encourager et renforcer la confiance du public dans la courts tend to be more deferential to the decisions of
gouvernance, qui est l’élément le plus important des stra- government during an emergency. The situations which
tégies efficaces de réponse à la pandémie. call for their use can also
be used to justify actions
which would not ordinarily
be condoned. For this
reason, emergency powers State action must have
Este artículo examina las respuestas legales a la are at higher risk for abuse a sound basis in law.
pandemia de Covid. Identifica tres áreas de preocupación or misuse of such powers –
que han surgido en todo el mundo en las respuestas de which, in both historically
los estados ante la pandemia de Covid-19: la base legal and in contemporary times,
cuestionable para ciertas acciones; la incertidumbre de las has proven true. Negative
medidas legale; y la falta de supervisión legislativa de la experience of abuse of emergency powers led the framers
acción ejecutiva. Sostiene que al abordar estos problemas of the Japanese constitution to omit an emergency clause,
para mejorar tanto la calidad de la ley como el uso de la while the Mexican constitution provides for judicial and
ley, se puede fomentar y reforzar la confianza pública en legislative safeguards on a declaration of a state of
la gobernanza, que es el elemento más importante en las emergency. Leaders of the January 2021 military coup
estrategias exitosas de respuesta a la pandemia. in Myanmar declared a state of emergency to dissolve
the legislature, and transfer all legislative, judicial and
executive powers to the military.
In the year following the World Health Organisation’s In global response to the pandemic, however, a year of
declaration of the Covid-19 pandemic, the move to online pandemic has also exposed false assumptions regarding
parliamentary debate and zoom court rooms was dramatic. the nature of the use (and abuse) of emergency power. First,
On occasion these proceedings have gone viral, like the while it is true that emergency power inherently has more
unfortunate incident of the lawyer with the kitten filter. risk of abuse than ordinary powers, it is false to assume that
However, a majority of nations still appear to operate on the any and all use of emergency powers during the Covid-19
basis of emergency powers or in a state of emergency in their pandemic is an indicator of abuse. Similarly, while states
response to the coronavirus pandemic. Only a minority have should rely on ordinary powers in so far as is possible (and
returned to what could be described as ordinary processes. return to ordinary processes as soon as possible), the mere
fact of using ordinary powers does not mean that a state
An emergency necessitates an emergency response. This
has not engaged in abusive or undemocratic practices.
is a truth that was realised too late for too many states who
now suffer among the highest total mortality rates in the Poland has been criticised for not declaring a state of
world. It is obvious that the swifter the response, the more emergency in response to the pandemic and so avoiding
control that states have over the outcomes. For this reason, the higher levels of scrutiny which ought to be applied to
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 9NOUVEAUX HORIZONS I NUEVAS FRONTERAS
NEW FRONTIERS
the use of emergency powers. By contrast, in Hungary, Across the world, the restrictive national measures which
successive declarations of emergency (beginning in are not easily paralleled in contemporary history for their
2015, a ‘mass migration emergency’) coupled with scale or scope – including regional or national lockdowns,
increasing delegation of sweeping and near-unlimited curfews, restrictions on assembly, and the long-term
power to the government has evidenced the realised closures of businesses and educational institutions - have
potential for an abuse of been primarily introduced through executive instruments.
power in an emergency to Beyond the question of constitutionality and the balancing
In global response to consolidate power within of rights, a significant majority of countries which did not call
the executive. South Africa a state of emergency in response to the pandemic instead
the pandemic, however,
avoided the declaration of relied on (typically) health legislation which may not be
a year of pandemic a state of emergency due reasonably interpreted as allowing for the use of power in
has also exposed false to the negative historical ways that have been used. A resolution (and needed in this
assumptions regarding association with apartheid, author’s opinion) adopted in only a minority of states has
the nature of the instead declaring a ‘state of been to introduce targeted coronavirus legislation which
disaster’. While in Malaysia, delegates limited powers to the executive to respond, but
use (and abuse) of the declaration of a state of which also contains necessary legal safeguards including
emergency power. emergency (which is immune sunset provisions.
from review and could allow A second issue has been the uncertainty of Covid-19
virtual suspension of the measures. Frequently changing rules and requirements,
constitution and ordinary parliamentary functions) was which have been inconsistently enforced or interpreted,
argued to be more in response to political insecurity rather undermines both the rules and the capacity of the
than necessary for response to pandemic. Simply – the population to follow them. In the Czech Republic (and
form of power is less important than its use. far from an outlier), 65 resolutions were issued by the
A focus on executive use of power is essential. This is all executive over two months in March-May 2020. These
the more important where a majority of Covid-19 measures resolutions contained rules, exceptions and exceptions
globally are based on executive actions. Three areas of to the exceptions that required a near impossible level
concern have emerged across the world in governmental of attention to legal detail. Reliance on presidential or
response to the Covid-19 pandemic: the questionable legal ministerial circulars in Turkey and Cameroon in response
basis for certain action; the uncertainty of legal measures; to the pandemic created a crisis of legal uncertainty and
and the lack of legislative oversight of executive action. public confusion. In a time of deep uncertainty where
These are transversal issues which have been highlighted disinformation is both rampant and destructive, legal
globally and are not linked with geographic region or measures must be certain in their meaning, consistent in
quality of governance. their application, and accessible in their understanding.
Legality goes to the foundation of a state based on the A final issue has been the limited degree of oversight by
rule of law. State action must have a sound basis in law. parliaments of executive action in the response to Covid-19.
10 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■NOUVEAUX HORIZONS I NUEVAS FRONTERAS
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Such oversight acts as an essential check on power but uncertainty and lack of oversight are mutually reinforcing
can also improve the quality and so effectiveness of and detrimental. Legislative drafting which invites public
measures. While initial responses to the pandemic were input can improve the quality and certainty of measures,
marked with the exclusion (e.g. Estonia) or even suspension and provide clear legal basis (and limits) for government
(e.g. Guatemala) of Parliament, a majority of countries action. Regularised and focused parliamentary scrutiny in
appear to be working towards a return to parliamentary the form of specialised committees or commissions, as well
processes albeit with adapted procedures including remote as independent review, can highlight deficiencies in need
voting. In the EU, 24 of 26 states surveyed by Democracy of reform. Collectively, improving the law and the use of
Reporting International indicated that parliaments were law can encourage and bolster public trust in governance
fully operational by October 2020, less than 40% either which is, of itself, the single most important element in the
regularly scheduled debates on Covid-19 measures or most successful strategies in response to the pandemic.3
provided for committees, commissions or groups specially
Dr. Joelle Grogan (Middlesex University London) is the
constituted for providing oversight to Covid-19 measures.1
convenor of two global symposia examining the impact
Review of Covid-19 measures was even more limited, with
of the Covid-19 pandemic on legal systems worldwide
only 31% or less of states identifying parliamentary review
from the perspective of democracy, human rights and
and/or amendment of restrictive Covid-19 measures. Spain
the rule of law. The “Power and the Covid-19 Pandemic”
was alone in not raising either some or significant concerns
series begins on the Verfassungsblog on 22 February 2021,
on the efficacy of judicial and legislative scrutiny from a rule
of law perspective. The lack of legislative oversight also publishing comparative analysis of states’ legal responses
relates to the lack of public input (90% of states identified to the pandemic in over 70 countries. With Democracy
this as problematic) and transparency in decision-making. Reporting International, she led the “Rule of Law Stress
Test” which was an evaluative survey of the EU-27 states’
What then, is the way forward for governance during responses to increasing rates of infection in October 2020
the pandemic? The reality is that the tools are available. – January 2021. ■
There are lessons to be learned on how best to formulate
policy and design the most effective legal measures
Dr. Joelle GROGAN
which can be gleaned from collective global experience
Senior Lecturer in Law, Middlesex University London
of what is effective and what is not.2 The issues of legality,
London, United Kingdom
j.grogan@mdx.ac.uk
1. Democracy Reporting Internationa, Rule of Law Stress Test October
2020 – January 2021 Report (March 2021, forthcoming).
2. J. Grogan and N. Weinberg, ‘Principles to Uphold the Rule of Law 3. S. Jasanoff, S. Hilgartner et al, Comparative Covid Response: Crisis,
and Good Governance in a Public Health Emergency’ RECONNECT Knowledge, Politics Interim Report Future Forum on Preparedness (12
Policy Brief (August 2020) available at https://reconnect-europe.eu/ January 2021), available at https://www.futuresforumonpreparedness.
publications/policy-briefs/. org/research.
RULE OF LAW AWARD
CALL FOR NOMINATIONS
Deadline: September 1, 2021
The Rule of Law Award acknowledges and
publicises individuals and/or organisations for
Find out more:
their commitment and actions to the development
and promotion of the Rule of Law. www.uianet.org
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 11NEW FRONTIERS I NUEVAS FRONTERAS
NOUVEAUX HORIZONS
Covid-19 :
quel effet sur les contrats ?
NAFAA SLIMANI
Réflexion autour de la théorie de l’imprévisibilité et de la force majeure en droit algérien.
La question que nous nous posons dans ce cadre est la
Covid-19 has had disastrous impacts on economic ope- suivante :
rators and businesses, forcing many countries to put in place • ces mesures sont-elles les seules et sont-elles suffisantes
aid mechanisms to save their economy due to the losses pour les opérateurs économiques ?
suffered and the economic consequences affecting the vast
• quel est le sort des contrats (notamment les marchés
majority of companies. Considering the measures taken
publics) dont les obligations ont été impactées par cette
by certain countries and the resulting economic situation,
pandémie de la Covid-19 au point de remettre en cause
in this article we wish to present a legal reflection on the
l’équilibre contractuel et sa bonne exécution ?
impact of Covid-19 on the contractual commitments of eco-
nomic operators, regarding the provisions of Algerian law. En Algérie, le décret exécutif n°20-69 relatif aux mesures de
prévention et de lutte contre la propagation du Coronavirus
a été promulgué le 21 mars 2020 (ci-après « 1er Décret Covid-
19 »). Ce 1er Décret Covid-19 a instauré, entre autres mesures,
la démobilisation de certaines catégories de travailleurs de
l’administration publique avec maintien des activités des
El Covid-19 ha tenido impactos desastrosos en los ope- services vitaux et en organisant le transport des personnes.
radores económicos y las empresas, obligando a un gran
Les personnels relevant du secteur économique et finan-
número de países a poner en marcha mecanismos de ayuda
cier, public ou privé, n’était pas concernés par ce 1er Décret.
para salvar su economía debido a las pérdidas sufridas y las
Toutefois, les gestionnaires de ce secteur étaient invités à
consecuencias económicas que afectan a la gran mayoría de
prendre les dispositions qu’ils jugent opportunes afin de
empresas. Teniendo en cuenta las medidas adoptadas por
réduire la mobilité de leurs personnels en tenant compte
determinados países y la situación económica resultante,
des impératifs liés à la nature de leurs activités, sans pour
en este artículo queremos presentar una reflexión jurídica
autant affecter la production et les services nécessaires
sobre el impacto del Covid-19 en los compromisos contrac-
à la satisfaction des besoins essentiels des citoyens et à
tuales de los operadores económicos, en lo que respecta a
l’approvisionnement de l’économie nationale.
lo dispuesto en la legislación argelina.
Le 24 mars 2020, le premier ministre a promulgué un nou-
veau Décret exécutif no 20-70 fixant des mesures complé-
mentaires de prévention et de lutte contre la propaga-
1- Introduction tion du Coronavirus (ci-après « 2e Décret Covid-19 »). Ces
mesures concernent, entre autres :
La Covid-19 a eu et aura des impacts désastreux sur les
1. La fermeture de tous les commerces de détail, à l’excep-
opérateurs économiques et les entreprises commerciales.
tion de ceux assurant l’approvisionnement de la population
Tous les pays à travers le monde essayent de mettre en en produits de première nécessité.
place des dispositifs d’aide en vue de sauver leur écono-
2. Le maintien de l’activité des établissements et des sec-
mie. Plusieurs mesures de soutien aux opérateurs écono-
teurs d’activités assurant les services publics de base ainsi
miques ont été décidées par plusieurs gouvernements, à
que les agences postales, bancaires et d’assurance.
l’exemple du report de délai de paiement des impôts et
des charges parafiscales, le rééchelonnement des crédits 3. La mise en congé exceptionnel rémunéré d’au moins
bancaires, la non-application des pénalités de retard pour 50 % des personnels des administrations publiques est
les marchés publics, etc. étendue au secteur économique public et privé. Dans ce
12 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 2 2021 ■NEW FRONTIERS I NUEVAS FRONTERAS
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cadre, ce décret prévoit que la compensation des éven- Corrélativement au principe pacta sunt servanda, les
tuels préjudices occasionnés par les mesures de prévention contrats doivent être exécutés de bonne foi. Le principe
fera l’objet d’un texte particulier. de la bonne foi vient alors conforter la règle selon laquelle
les parties au contrat s’obligent à agir de bonne foi parce
Si le 1er Décret avait laissé le soin aux gestionnaires des
qu’elles sont liées par l’accord.
entreprises commerciales de prendre les mesures néces-
saires afin de réduire la mobilité de leurs personnels, en Le principe de la bonne foi est aussi un principe général
tenant compte des impératifs liés à la nature de leurs acti- du droit qui s’impose aux contractants, même en l’ab-
vités, le 2è Décret est venu imposer un certain nombre sence de tout lien conventionnel. D’ailleurs, l’article 107
d’obligations légales dont le non-respect est passible, non § 1 & 2 du code civil a adopté ce principe en prévoyant
seulement de sanctions administratives, mais aussi de sanc- ce qui suit : « Le contrat doit être exécuté conformément
tions pénales (cf. article 17 du 2e Décret Covid-19). à son contenu, et de bonne foi. Il oblige le contractant,
non seulement à ce qui y
Tenant compte de ces nouvelles dispositions et de la
est exprimé, mais encore à
conjoncture engendrée par la Covid-19, nous souhaitons à
travers cet article exposer une réflexion juridique de l’impact
tout ce que la loi, l’usage et Le principe l’autonomie
l’équité considèrent comme
de la situation actuelle sur les engagements contractuels de la volonté concerne
une suite nécessaire de ce
des opérateurs économiques, au regard des dispositions l’aptitude du contrat à
contrat d’après la nature de
du code civil algérien et de certains concepts juridiques.
l’obligation. » produire des effets juri-
Dans ce cadre, nous allons non seulement aborder la théorie
De ce qui précède, nous com- diques conformément à
de l’imprévisibilité, mais aussi la qualification et les consé-
quences des cas de force majeure en droit algérien pour
prenons qu’en droit algérien, son contenu.
les parties sont obligées non
terminer notre réflexion sur la possibilité de mise en place
seulement de respecter le
d’accords de transaction pour mettre fin à d’éventuels litiges
contrat les liant (force obligatoire du contrat), mais aussi
qui pourraient naître après.
de se comporter de bonne foi dans les relations contrac-
Avant de rentrer dans le vif du sujet, nous souhaitons sou- tuelles, c’est-à-dire de se conformer à « l’esprit de loyauté,
ligner le fait que la notion de congé spécial rémunéré, de respect du droit, de fidélité aux engagements et aussi à
avec la possibilité de dédommagement par l’État, est l’usage et l’équité ».
un concept nouveau instauré par les décrets relatifs aux
mesures de prévention et de lutte contre la Covid-19 et
que la loi 90-11 prévoit juste la possibilité aux sociétés
3. La théorie de l’imprévisibilité
d’accorder des absences rémunérées. en droit algérien
La théorie de l’imprévisibilité est prévue, en droit algérien,
2. La théorie de l’autonomie dans l’article 107 § 3 du code civil qui prévoit « Toutefois,
de la volonté et le principe de lorsque, par suite d’événements exceptionnels, imprévi-
bonne foi en droit algérien
sibles et ayant un caractère de généralité, l’exécution de
l’obligation contractuelle, sans devenir impossible, devient
La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est énoncée en excessivement onéreuse, de façon à menacer le débiteur
droit algérien dans l’article 106 du code civil qui prévoit : d’une perte exorbitante, le juge peut, suivant les circons-
« Le contrat fait la loi des parties. Il ne peut être révoqué, tances et après avoir pris en considération les intérêts des
ni modifié que de leur consentement mutuel ou pour les parties, réduire, dans une mesure raisonnable, l’obligation
causes prévues par la loi. » devenue excessive. Toute convention contraire est nulle ».
Le principe l’autonomie de la volonté concerne l’aptitude Il ressort de cet article que l’application de la théorie de
du contrat à produire des effets juridiques conformément à l’imprévisibilité en droit algérien est subordonnée à cer-
son contenu. Au titre de ce principe, l’obligation trouve sa taines conditions à savoir :
source dans le contrat et entraîne des conséquences quant • l’événement affectant le contrat doit :
à l’interprétation et à l’application de ses dispositions.
– être exceptionnel
En droit en général et en droit international public en – être imprévisible et
particulier, l’expression Pacta sunt servenda (littéralement – avoir un caractère de généralité
« les pactes doivent être respectés ») affirme le principe
selon lequel les traités, et plus généralement les contrats, • l’exécution de l’obligation contractuelle devient exces-
doivent être respectés par les parties qui les ont conclus. sivement onéreuse
En matière de droit international, c’est l’article 26 de la • l’un des contractants est menacé de perte exorbitante.
Convention de Vienne de 1969 sur les traités qui l’énonce : Cette théorie trouve son fondement dans le principe de
« Tout traité en vigueur lie les parties et doit être exécuté bonne foi contractuelle, lui-même érigé en principe direc-
par elles de bonne foi. » Ce principe implique également teur du droit des contrats. Ce principe est bien établi dans
que les États parties à un traité ne peuvent se prévaloir les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article 107 du code civil qui
d’obstacles posés par leur ordre juridique interne pour prévoient « Le contrat doit être exécuté conformément à
éviter d’exécuter leurs obligations internationales. son contenu, et de bonne foi. […] »
2 ■ 2021 ❘ JURISTE INTERNATIONAL ❘ 13You can also read
