Alberta Education HCS3000 - Workplace Safety Systems Curriculum 2-1
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Alberta Education
HCS3000
Workplace Safety Systems
Curriculum
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 2-1Learner
Outcomes
HCS3000: Workplace Safety Systems
Learning Units
Unitl ! Safety: From Past to Present
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
Q Define the term:
- Safety
Accident
Incident.
E Explain the difference between past and present views of safety.
Q Explain the difference between "Direct Costs" and "Indirect Costs."
Q List 3 types of controls:
Engineering
Administrative
Basic/Point-of-Contact
0 Describe purpose of Safety Management Systems.
Unit 2 | Health & Safety Management Systems: The 8 Elements
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
° Identify and describe the 8 elements (key points) of a health and safety
management system (HSMS).
0 Explain why each part of a HSMS is important to workers.
0 Identify and describe the HSMS in a selected workplace.
Unit 3 Hazards: What are They?
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
a Define "Hazard."
□ Explain the importance of identifying workplace hazards.
0 Identify the 5 major types of hazards and give examples for each type.
a Identify and list hazards found in a selected workplace.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 3-1Unit 4 Ergonomics: Fitting the Workplace to You
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
o Define "Ergonomics".
0 Describe the role of ergonomics in the workplace.
0 Identify and describe ergonomic-related hazards found in various
workplaces.
0 Explain the connection between repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) and
ergonomics.
Unit 5 Hazard and Risk Assessment and Controls
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
Q Describe the process of hazard and risk assessment.
0 Explain the relationship among hazard identification, hazard
assessment and hazard controls.
0 Describe how each of the 5 types of hazards may be assessed.
□ Explain and give examples of how hazards may be eliminated or
controlled.
Unit 6 Incident Investigation and Injury Prevention
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
0 Explain the purpose of an incident investigation.
0 Describe the key components of an incident investigation.
0 Conduct and report on a real or mock injury/incident investigation.
0 Explain how and why incident investigations can help prevent injuries.
Unit 7 Job Safety and The Law
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
0 Define the terms "employer" and "worker".
0 Discuss the rights and responsibilities regarding safety for employers.
0 Discuss the rights and responsibilities regarding safety for workers.
0 Explain the meaning of "Imminent Danger."
g Explain why you can refuse to do unsafe work and not be fired.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 3-2Unit 8 The Workers' Compensation Act
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
0 Explain the key features of the Workers' Compensation Act and
what it offers to workers and employers.
o Describe what to do if you are injured on a job covered by the Workers'
Compensation Act.
Unit 9 Workplace Injuries: Are You Covered?
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
0 Identify occupations that are covered/excluded under the WCB Act.
0 Identify employer and worker responsibilities when an injury occurs.
Unit 10 Employment Standards Code and Regulations
After this unit, the learner will be able to:
0 Identify legislation relating to employment standards of young persons and
adults.
Employment Standards Code.
Employment Standards Regulations.
Employment Standards Guide (provides highlights from Code and
Regulations).
0 Describe key items in the Employment Standards Code and Regulations.
Minimum wages.
Hours of work.
Holidays and holiday pay.
Employment of person(s) (under 18 years).
0 Identify and describe Employment Standards relating to:
Employment of adolescents (12 to 14 years).
Employment of young persons (15 to 17 years).
0 Link key items of the Code to a selected workplace.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 3-3Unit 11 Hazardous Materials (WHMIS) Optional (Nut.:: Ihh. llni< /.'■ -. i-i-jilli■:il nnii hi l!> ■'.'.' UniO: !/!/■».'17i/.rc: fl-ii;:'.],' t V :.N':;
Key
Ideas
Fact Sheet 1: Safety: From Past to Present
0 Safety is the control of accidental injury, damage, and/or loss.
0 When workers are injured, there is loss and costs:
1. Direct costs include:
■ Cost of medical treatment, benefits
2. Indirect costs include:
■ Cost of property damage
■ Loss of production
■ Loss of profits
0 In the past, safety was said to be "freedom from injuries."
0 Safety programs now focus on:
1. What management does.
2. How workers do their work.
0 Health and safety management systems (HSMS) are designed to prevent:
1. Loss due to injuries
2. Loss of production
3. Damage to property.
0 Today, effective HSMS have three levels of loss control:
■ Engineering Controls
■ Administrative Controls
- management supports and encourages safe work practices
■ Basic/Point-of-Contact Controls (i.e., Personal Protective Equipment)
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-2Unit 1: Safety: From Past to Present
Fact Sheet 1
afety programs have come a
long way. Companies have
studied the mistakes of the past
and have used these lessons to
improve safe practices.
These improvements help to decrease the
number of workplace injuries and deaths.
Learning from the Past
□ Direct Costs:
In the past, safety programs were Costs related to injuries
designed to protect workers from injuries. (e.g., medical and benefit
"Safety" was defined as "freedom from costs to worker)
injuries."
0 Indirect Costs:
Accidents were considered to be an Costs related to property
undesired event that resulted in harm to damage, equipment
people. "Incidents" were seen as a damage, loss of productive
near accident or a near miss. work time, investigation
time, hiring and training
Most people believed that injuries were replacement workers, and
caused by workers performing unsafe acts. loss of any business.
Therefore, safety programs focused on
training workers to practice safe work habits, □ Safety:
to reduce the number of unsafe acts. Control of accidental loss.
The focus was on workers and the solution 0 Safety Management
was often to find someone to blame. For System:
this reason, workers did not report A problem-solving approach
incidents because they did not want to be to safety.
blamed.
Managers would provide safety programs
but were not responsible for the outcome.
They provided the program for the worker;
it was now up to the worker to work safely.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-3Organizations often viewed safety
programs as an expense... with the key
outcome being a reduction in worker The definition of "safety" also changed
injuries. from "freedom of injuries" to "control
of accidental loss." In this definition,
Based on this view, employers saw only accidents/incidents are caused not only
the costs of providing safety programs and by unsafe acts but also by unsafe
not the costs of having workers injured or conditions.
killed on the job.
The term "unsafe act" has also been
replaced by the terms substandard
practices and substandard conditions.
The focus on safety moved away from
worker to management.
Due to injuries this workplace is closed for
inspection. Ironworker Foreman Crushed
when Bridge Support Element Broke during
Dismantling (Case Report: 05NY013) Safety Today
— Occupational Health & Safety
Industries now work very hard to have a
safe workplace. This reduces the number
of accidents. It also helps a company run
The definition of "accident" and better.
"incident" changed to mean an
undesired event that results in A worker who cannot work because of
unintended harm or damage to people, injuries is hard to replace. The tasks
property, environment, and/or loss of done by this worker may not be done until
process/production. the worker returns. This lowers a
company's productivity. That is, its ability
Incidents are also still recognized as a to make profit.
near miss but if the near miss could have
caused harm, then it is investigated as an
accident.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-4Workplace safety has three basic steps: Safety management systems have now
become an essential part of many
0 Hazard Identification: organizations and have greatly improved
Knowing the things and actions that workplace safety.
may lead to accidents.
0 Hazard Evaluation: Loss Control
Being able to judge the risk of each
hazard. Loss control is the term now used to
describe actions taken in an organization to
0 Hazard Control: help prevent:
Finding ways to reduce or get rid of
each hazard. 0 Injury to people
0 Damage to property
Direct/Indirect Costs 0 Loss of productivity and profit
There are 3 levels of loss control:
Organizations could now include the direct
and indirect or hidden costs of injuries and
1. Engineering Controls:
deaths.
- Seeks to create a culture of safety in
an organization.
Direct costs are related to injuries (e.g.,
medical and benefits to workers including
2. Administrative Controls:
compensation costs.)
- Includes the setting up of safety
committees and ongoing safety
Indirect costs include property damage,
training.
equipment damage, loss of productive work
time, investigation time, hiring and training
3. Basic Controls:
replacement workers, environmental and
- Includes the use of personal
insurance costs, and loss of any business.
protective equipment (PPE).
More information on Loss Control methods
is contained in the following units.
Safety Management Systems
Regardless of the method of control used,
each control method should be checked
regularly to be sure that it is effective.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-5Employers and Workers' Responsibilities
The Alberta Occupational Health and Safety Act states:
2 (1) Every employer shall ensure, as far as it is reasonably practicable for
the employer to do so.
a) the health and safety of
i) workers engaged in the work of that employer, and
ii) those workers not engaged in the work of that employer but
present at the work site at which that work is being carried
out, and
b) that the workers engaged in the work of that employer are aware of
their responsibilities and duties under this Act, the regulations and
the adopted code.
(2) Every worker shall, while engaged in an occupation,
a) take reasonable care to protect the health and safety of the worker
and of other workers present while the worker is working, and
b) co-operate with the worker's employer for the purposes of protecting
the health and safety of
i) the worker,
ii) other workers engaged in the work of the employer, and
iii) other workers not engaged in the work of that employer but
present at the work site at which that work is being carried out.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-6Key
Ideas
Unit 2: Health & Safety Management Systems:
The 8 Elements
Q A health and safety management system (HSMS) is a series of processes put in place
to protect workers and others.
0 A HSMS includes the following elements (processes/documents):
1. Management commitment or policy
2. Hazard identification and assessment
3. Hazard controls
4. Ongoing inspections
5. Qualifications assessment and training
6. Emergency Response Planning
7. Incident Reporting and Investigation
8. HSMS Administration.
0 An effective HSMS must include each of the 8 elements.
i Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-14Unit 2: Health & Safety Management Systems:
The 8 Elements
(The following information has been accessed and modified from http://emplovment.alberta.ca/SFW/996.htmn
Fact Sheet 2
A health and safety management system is a process put in place by an employer to
minimize the incidence of injury and illness to workers involved in their working operations.
This is accomplished through identifying, assessing and controlling risks to workers in all
operations of work. The scope and complexity of a health and safety management system
will vary according to the type of workplace and the nature of operations carried out.
To be effective, the following 8 components are considered to be essential and form the
basis of the health and safety management system:
1. Management Commitment and
Policies
A written health and safety policy stating the 0 Hazard control:
company's commitment, the overall goals Things done to avoid or
and objectives for their health and safety stop injury or loss.
program and the responsibilities of
management, workers, visitors and
0 Hazard evaluation:
contractors.
Judging the level of risk
for each hazard.
The policy should be dated and signed by
the senior operating manager and/or CEO for 0 Hazard identification:
the work site. Being able to recognize
things that could cause
2. Identify and assess hazards injury or loss.
Evaluate all equipment, machinery, work 0 Lost-time claim:
areas and work processes to identify and A report sent to the WCB
analyze all potential sources of harm to when a workplace injury
workers. A record of all hazards should be causes lost time.
kept, along with the degree of risk and level
of potential exposure for workers.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-153. Hazards and Risk Controls 6. Emergency Response Planning
Control measures should be developed for A serious emergency, such as an explosion,
each hazard identified. fire or flood could put any company out of
business.
Typical control methods include:
Even the best health and safety program
• Engineering, cannot protect from all natural or
• Administrative and unexpected disasters. However, a good
• Basic Point of Contact - Personal emergency response plan that is in place
Protective Equipment. and practiced regularly can reduce the risk
of injury and loss.
Records of safe work practices and
procedures for hazardous operations 7. Incident Reporting and
should be readily available and all workers Investigation
trained.
When an incident occurs, it is important to
4. Workplace Inspection Program report it to a supervisor. The supervisor
should:
To ensure that hazard control measures
are in place and effectively protect • Investigate cause
workers, a regular inspection program is • make sure previously uncontrolled
important. hazards do not remain a risk
• prevent the recurrence of similar
Inspection tours provide important incidents
information, including information about • determine if training or changes in
hazards or potential hazards that have not control methods, such as personal
been noted before and a check that protective equipment and procedures,
controls to eliminate or reduce risks of need to be changed to make the
known hazards are in place and working. workplace safer or healthier.
Records of all inspections should be kept, All incidents must be investigated as soon
including the checklist used. as possible.
5. Worker competency and 8. HSMS Program Administration
training:
HSMS program administration ensures that
Worker training is an essential phase of an all parts of a health and safety management
effective health and safety program. system are properly documented and
Workers need to know how to do their jobs communicated to employees. Records help
safely and without risk to their health. to ensure that the program is effective in
reducing the risk of injury and ill health at
New and/or young workers need special the workplace.
consideration. New worker orientation
should be completed within the first week on
the job and critical information must be
covered on the first day. All training should
be documented.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-16Evaluation/Audits A comprehensive review of the employer's health and safety management system is carried out through a workplace safety audit. Alberta Employment and Immigration's Partnerships recognizes the efforts of employers who meet provincial standards by issuing of a Certificate of Recognition (COR). To qualify for a COR, a safety audit must be carried out by a qualified auditor. The auditor must use an audit instrument that is approved for Partnerships use and is acceptable to a Certifying Partner. The audit will cover the basic elements of a health and safety management system and will include interviews, documentation review and observation technique. > Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-17
Key
Ideas
Unit 3: Hazards: What Are They?
0 A safe place would have no hazards.
0 Hazards can be found everywhere: at home, in school, in all workplaces.
o Hazards in the workplace can cause:
- injuries/death
- loss of income
- property damage
- environmental damage
- loss of production and profits.
0 Most hazards can't be removed. They can only be controlled and the
risk of injury reduced.
0 Types of hazards include:
- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological
- Ergonomic
- Psychological/Mental Health.
0 "Hazard control" means reducing risk of injury, damage or loss.
0 If a hazard is not controlled, it's only a matter of time before someone is
injured.
H|P
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-24Unit 3: Hazards: What Are They?
Fact Sheet 3
A safe workplace would have no hazards. There would be no machines,
equipment or materials that could harm people.
However, there are no safe workplaces.
An important part of workplace safety is
being able to identify hazards before
someone gets injured.
Identifying hazards is the first step in
reducing risk or injury.
0 Environmental Damage:
Incidents/Accidents Damage to the air, trees or plants,
etc.
An incident may be a "hit" or "near miss."
0 Hazard:
It is an event that has or could have caused
An activity, event or condition that
an injury.
could create an incident that
causes damage, injury or illness.
Accidents are incidents that have caused
one or more of:
o Paramedic:
Persons trained to give basic
Q Injuries to workers
medical aid.
0 Property damage
0 Environmental damage
0 Reducing:
0 Loss of product
Making less.
Reducing the number of accidents and
incidents improves workplace safety.
i f a iij-ici/d JD not oontooflod,
9
tt s only a matter of tfme tefore someone Is J/JJU/ULL
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-25Hazards: What Are They?
A hazard is an activity, event or condition that could cause an accident or incident that
results in injury or illness to people and/or damage to property.
A hazard can be something as simple as a ladder left lying around. It can also be
something like a chemical substance used in a workplace.
o
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-26Types of Hazards Physical Hazards include:
Hazard types include: 0 Using equipment, machines and
tools
0 Physical □ Working in extreme temperatures
0 Chemical 0 Personal movement and moving
0 Biological things
0 Ergonomic
0 Psychological/mental health Types of physical hazards:
Ergonomic and psychological/ mental 0 Noisy equipment
health hazards are described in Unit 4 0 Vibrating equipment -
Ergonomics: Fitting the Workplace to jack hammers, driving
You, Fact Sheet 4 and Unit 5 Hazard vehicles
Risk and Assessment and Controls, 0 Being run over, crushed,
Fact Sheet 5. or pinned.
□ Being caught in
Each industry has its own hazards. equipment, machinery
Industries often use labels to describe 0 Using the same tool in the
different types of hazards. same position all day long
0 Working in extreme cold
or hot conditions
0 Frayed electrical cords
0 Overhead power lines
0 Items lying on the floor
0 Working from heights
/ But'its sued ^
but its such (,r>.\ 0 Falling objects
I a si
fe\ N " rOM
- cv Chemical Hazards include:
ii&vW villi
11 1 ^ "1 r 0 Chemical mists, vapors, gases, dusts
or fumes
Types of chemical hazards:
i Using strong cleaning
products
r Oil-based paint
r Working in area with lots of
dust
r Being exposed to asbestos
i- Using hazardous materials
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-27Biological Hazards include: Ergonomic Hazards include:
0 Insects, fungi mold viruses, and m Inappropriate job and workstation design
0 Working with plant material 0 Improperly adjusted work benches, desks,
keyboards.
0 Harvesting crops by hand.
Types of biological hazards:
0 Poor lighting
0 Insect stings
0 Repetitive Strain, i.e., operating machinery
0 Some plants, fungi or for long periods of time, i.e., combines,
mold, e.g., poison ivy tractors, jackhammers
0 Wet or damp materials that Psychological (mental health;
could grow fungi or mold,
e.g., greenhouses,
psychosocial) include:
granaries m Workplace-induced and other stressors
0 Contact with other people 0 Excessive work hours and/or shift work
or things carrying viruses
or bacteria o Challenging personal /Interpersonal
relationships
o Discrimination and harassment
Can this person improve his safety?
■»5c.
2V*
Yes!! Remember - Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)!
(See Recommended Unit 12: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
) Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-28Key
Ideas
Fact Sheet 4: Ergonomics:
Fitting the Workplace to You
• A good fit between worker and workplace improves worker health
and safety.
• Ergonomics is concerned with:
- how work is done e.g. sitting standing,
- what work is done e.g. lifting, typing
- using proper tools and equipment for the job
- work area shape, size and space
- lighting (dark, light, glare)
- temperature (hot or cold)
- reducing stress.
• Tasks done many times during the work day can cause a "repetitive
strain injury".
• Breaks from work can help stop repetitive strain (ergonomic) injuries.
Use the right too ifltieniui
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-34Unit 4: Ergonomics: Fitting the Workplace to You
Fact Sheet 4
E rgonomics is the study of the
fit between people and their
jobs.
The main goal of ergonomics is to improve: 0 Adjustable:
Something that can be
0 the well-being of workers made to fit or be used in
0 the activity of workers many different ways by
0 reduce risk of injury. many different people.
0 Designers:
People who make things
to fit tasks and to meet
people's needs.
0 Ergonomics:
Fitting the workplace to
the worker.
0 Ergonomic Hazard:
Any hazard that can
cause injury or harm to a
body part or system.
0 Focusing:
Keeping your mind and
eyes on what you are
doing.
0 Repetitive Strain
o/li Injuries:
Wotkkijtci Injuries caused by doing
the same task over and
over again each and
every day.
I • •
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-35When setting up a workplace, this question
should be asked and answered: Ergonomics measures:
0 body sizes and shapes
0 body functions (muscle and sensory
How can the workplace be
systems -sound, sight, smell, etc.)
set up so that each worker
0 mental activity (problem solving,
can do the job well, with the
decision-making).
most comfort, and with the
least risk of injury?
The Goal of Ergonomics
The goal of ergonomics is to improve the
workers' health and comfort.
Workers who feel well work better.
\ i
Worker well-being can be improved by:
0 having a healthy and safe workplace
reducing worker stress
increasing job satisfaction
0 enhancing the quality of work life
Work can be checked to see which of these
reducing repetitive strain injuries.
measures has the most effect on a worker.
Ergonomics looks at how:
0 people work with people
o people work with equipment Checking for Ergonomic Fit
0 people use furniture
o people work in different workplaces. To check workplace fit ask:
0 What task(s) needs to be done?
0 What tools and equipment are needed?
0 Is a lot of physical work needed?
How People Function 0 Is a lot of mental work needed?
0 Is paying attention important to the
Because each person's body is shaped
work?
differently, it is important to make
workplaces that will fit (are adjustable) to
any worker.
Most new equipment and furniture can be
adjusted so it can fit people with different
sizes, shapes and needs.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-36made chairs are much more expensive to
buy.
Fitting the Workplace to: Office furniture and equipment should
adjust to fit most body shapes and sizes.
People
People's Abilities
How can workplaces meet the needs of all
workers?
People differ in how their muscles work
and how their senses work. That's how
Ergonomic specialists divide people into
eyes see, ears hear, and noses smell.
three height and size ranges:
0 low
Some people:
0 average
0 are stronger than others.
0 high.
0 are more flexible.
0 have a stronger sense of smell.
This information is used in designing the
0 have better hearing.
workplace. This ensures that equipment,
0 have good eyesight.
fixtures, and furniture are usable by as many
people as possible. The best design is one
Knowing the limits of most physical and
that can be adapted to fit everyone.
sensory systems can help in fitting a
workplace to its workers.
Lighting
For example:
Ergonomic specialists try to put in proper
lighting for the job.
0 In a factory where heavy objects must
be moved, a conveyor belt or trolley
Just like furniture and equipment, lighting
could be used to reduce lifting hazards.
should be adjustable.
0 If a workplace needs workers to hear a
A workplace that is too light or too dark can
danger signal, then the sound should be
cause eye strain and headaches.
loud enough for all workers to hear.
Workspace
In some cases, special needs can be met.
For example:
Each workspace must be large enough for
larger as well as smaller sized workers.
o If a worker needs a quiet work area,
special screens can be put around the
Furniture
work area.
Office furniture can be made to fit different
0 If a worker requires more lighting, then
body sizes.
a desk lamp may be added to the work
area.
Furniture designers now make chairs that
can be adjusted. These chairs can be used
by people of all shapes and sizes.
Chairs can also be custom-made to fit
unusual body sizes. However, custom-
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-37Mental Tasks
The Workplace -
Many jobs involve a lot of mental activity.
For example, jobs that require workers to:
If it Doesn't Fit
0 Receive information
0 Quickly assess it There can be a number of signs that a
0 Make a decision workplace is not fitted to a worker.
0 Take action.
For example:
These jobs can be very stressful as the
mental work may affect lives (e.g., air traffic 0 Aches in the same area of the body
controllers, pilots.) during or after each work day.
Ergonomic specialists plan workplaces and 0 Stress headache from focusing too long
systems that lessen the chance of mental and too hard on a specific job.
errors. To do this, they have to know how
people get information and what they do o Backache or pain that is constant from
with it. These specialists help workers get lifting objects at work.
information and make decisions as quickly
and as easily as possible.
For example:
0 People hear a danger signal better if
there is no background noise. People
react better if they recognize different
workplace sounds.
0 People react quickly to symbols that
they see and recognize. This is why
road signs use symbols.
0 Regular work breaks help people relax
and be more focused when they return
to their work.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-380 The workplace should be adjusted to fit
Many ergonomic type injuries are called
the worker.
Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs).
0 A desk or table may not be the right
RSIs are caused by work needing long height for the worker.
hours of the same movement (e.g., typing).
They can also be caused by work that 0 Workers can also be given breaks more
requires holding a body in a fixed position often or asked to perform other tasks for
for long periods (e.g., holding shoulders in a short periods.
fixed position while painting overhead).
RSIs: What To Do
RSIs, such as, pains in the same body part
every day should be reported. If the pain is
a result of an ergonomic hazard, the
employer must try to control the ergonomic
hazard.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-39Key
Ideas
Fact Sheet 5: Hazard and Risk Assessment and Controls
0 A hazard is anything that can cause injury or loss.
0 To reduce accidents, injuries and loss:
- be able to identify hazards.
- know if a hazard is a high, medium or low risk.
- know what to do to control the hazard.
0 Hazard identification, assessment and control can help prevent injuries.
- Identification is seeing a hazard and knowing what it is.
- Assessment is knowing the risk of each hazard.
- Control is what may be done to limit the hazard from causing harm or
loss.
0 Types of hazards:
- chemical, e.g. gas, acid,
- physical, e.g. noise, electricity
- biological, e.g. animals, viruses, bacteria
- ergonomic, e.g. tools, equipment, work area
- psychological, e.g. stress.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-44Unit 5: Hazard and Risk Assessment and Controls
Fact Sheet 5
W ouldn't it be great if we were
warned before an injury
occurred?
For example, if we knew that a worker
0 Allergic Reaction:
When the body doesn't like the
was going to be badly cut while using touch or smell of something, it may
a saw, we could give the worker safety result in a rash, sneezing, spots
training before the incident. However, (e.g., poison ivy, dust, mold).
we don't always know when incidents
are going to happen. o Environment:
The space around us. An
But we can reduce the number of environment can be good or bad,
incidents by assessing hazards and hot or cold, light or dark...
reducing the risk of injury.
0 Incident:
Something that has or could have
caused harm, injury or loss. If no
one is injured, it's a "near miss."
0 Psychological:
How your mind works.
0 Reduce:
Make less.
o Risk Factor:
Amount of danger.
0 Stress:
The way your body reacts to things
it doesn't like.
0 Toxic:
Harmful, poisonous.
0 Viruses and bacteria:
Types of germs that can affect your
health.
) Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-45Hazard assessment includes: Reporting all incidents is important
for reducing hazards. It helps
0 Hazard identification, finding improve the safety of all workers
hazards that could cause doing similar jobs.
accidents in the workplace.
Reporting incidents, including near
0 Hazard assessment: judging the misses, is just as important as
degree of danger that the hazard reporting injuries.
poses to workers (the risk factor)
The next time, the same hazard that
0 Hazard control: developing a once caused a near miss could result
plan to reduce or remove a in an injury or fatality if it goes
hazard before it causes accidents unreported.
An incident is often referred to as a
near miss or an event that could
Identifying and
have led to an accident. Monitoring Hazards
Accidents may result in injuries to: New hazards can appear at any
0 Workers time... even after hazards have been
0 Property damage identified, assessed, and controlled.
0 Environmental damage
0 Loss of process. For example, equipment and
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Accidents include minor injuries (e.g., will wear out over time. Workers may
cut finger) as well as fatalities not return equipment to its proper
(death). place. So, checking for hazards must
be ongoing.
Hazards Defined
A hazard is an act or condition that
could cause an incident that may end
in injury, illness or loss.
A hazard can be a ladder or tool left
lying on the ground and not returned mnm
to its proper place.
It can also be chemicals that a
worker may have to use.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-460 Mechanical - Any type of
Types of Hazards equipment, machine or tool can
be a mechanical hazard.
Some examples for each of the five
Workers can be caught in,
types of hazards include:
pinned between, or run over.
Physical Hazards 0 Electrical - Any type of
Most injuries are the result of electrical equipment can
physical hazards, such as: become a hazard and cause
injury or death.
0 Noise - Noisy equipment or a
0 Gravitation - Objects or people
noisy workplace can lead to
falling and being pulled to the
hearing loss.
ground by gravity (the earth's
pull).
0 Temperature extremes -
Working in cold or hot conditions
can lead to freezing/ loss of heat Biological Hazards
or burning/too much heat.
Biological hazards include:
0 Radiation - The rays from the
sun or other radioactive 0 Insects- may cause allergic
materials can cause cancer and reactions.
other illnesses.
0 Plant material - may cause an
0 Vibration - Shaking movements allergic reaction.
from equipment, such as jack
hammers, can lead to many o Fungi and mold - may cause
kinds of injuries. allergic reactions or infections.
Wet or damp materials that
0 Pressure - Changes in air grow, for example, in
pressure, such as working with greenhouses or granaries.
power tools, or working as a
diver, or mountain climbers can 0 Viruses and bacteria - may
result in injury. cause viral or bacterial infections
or illnesses, e.g., the flu is a viral
illness.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-47Chemical Hazards Risk Factor
Chemical hazards include chemical
Risk is the chance of injury, harm or
mists, vapours, gases, dusts of
loss.
fumes. Chemical hazards may be in:
Once a hazard is identified, the risk
0 Cleaning products.
factor or level for that hazard can be
o Paint materials.
assessed by figuring out:
0 Dust/dirt.
0 Asbestos.
0 Hazardous chemicals.
0 How likely is it that the incident
will occur?
Ergonomic Hazards
0 If the incident occurs, how bad
Ergonomic hazards are things in the will be the injury, harm or loss?
workplace that do not fit with a
worker's needs, such as:
0 Desks, chairs, and tables that do The risk factor is greater when a
not fit the worker's body shape hazard is known to have caused
and size. harm, injury or loss in the past.
0 Equipment and tools not Knowing how often a worker is in
adaptable to a worker's shape contact with a hazard helps to
and size. identify the risk factor.
0 Workplaces that are not suited If a worker is exposed to a hazard
to the task (e.g., trying to answer several times a day, then the risk
the phone in a very noisy area.) factor is probably high.
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Psychological Hazards
} :
Psychological hazards include:
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Work-related stress.
Deadlines or sales targets.
Harassment in the workplace.
I
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t
/
Stress from personal life (e.g.,
divorce, moving, death)
Each person may react in a different
way to different psychological
hazards.
Worksite should be kept clean and free of
debris, trip hazards and fire hazards.
Also, there is no fire extinguisher on this site.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-48If the result of an injury incident needs only minor First Aid, then the risk factor is low.
If it leads to a serious injury or death, then the risk factor is high.
A graph below shows how the risk factor can be assessed.
73 How severe are LI it; IAJI sequences?
u- FATAL MINOR INJURY
(0 t
N
CO
h-
sz z Severity of Harm
a> UJ
Probability of
o a Occurrence of Harm Catastrophic Serious Moderate Minor
73 LU
CD
to
a:
LL.
O i I
Q. Very Likely High High High Medium
X
CD
in
i_
d> Likely High High Medium Low
XL
o
a=:
o Q
LI] Remote Low Low Negligible Negligible
o LJ
>
X
Hazard Elimination and
Control
"Hazard Elimination" means to remove Engineering controls includes changing
the hazard so that it no longer is a hazard. the working conditions.
Examples:
"Hazard control" means having a plan to 0 Improve ventilation (more air flow) to
reduce the risk of a hazard causing injury, remove bad air.
harm or loss. 0 Set up signs and/or barriers to keep
workers from going into harmful
Knowing a hazard's risk factor can lead to areas.
the control of the hazard. o Adjusting work areas to fit workers.
There are 3 main types of hazard Administrative controls direct the tasks
controls: of workers, but do not remove a hazard.
They may reduce the worker's contact
0 Engineering controls. with the hazard.
0 Administrative controls.
o Basic controls (Personal Examples:
protective equipment). 0 Training workers to work safely.
o Training workers to properly use
equipment, tools and materials.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2 0 1 1 5-49Basic controls (Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) does
Types of Hazard Controls
not reduce or get rid of hazards.
1. Control at the Source
They reduce the risk of injury from
certain hazards.
0 Gets rid of or changes the
hazard, e.g., replacing an older,
Examples of PPE are:
unsafe machine.
0 Hard hats
0 Change the layout of the
0 Eye goggles
workplace or job to reduce an
0 Hearing protection
ergonomic hazard.
0 Air-filter mask
0 Steel-toed boots
2. Control along the path from the
0 Specialty coveralls.
hazard to the worker
NOTE: 0 Barriers or equipment guards
protect workers from contact
with moving parts. Screens to
PPE is a control of last resort.
block welding flash.
Engineering and administrative
0 Baffles to block or absorb noise.
controls are essential to making a
workplace safer.
0 Proper ventilation to remove
toxic gases or dust.
3. Control at the level of the worker
A good control meets four standards:
0 Provide proper training in:
1. It prevents the hazard from o Safe work practices and
causing harm, injury or loss. procedures
2. It protects those who could be o Emergency procedures (how
harmed by the hazard. to handle fires or chemical
spills)
3. It must not create new hazards
or problems. 0 Proper support and supervision.
4. It must not create a hazard to
the environment or public
outside the workplace.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-50Key
Ideas
Fact Sheet 6: Incident Investigation and Injury Prevention
Every injury or incident should be investigated.
Investigations help:
• identify the causes of the injury incident.
• prevent a similar incident in the future.
Management and trained staff should conduct each investigation.
The investigation procedure should include:
Collecting information.
Analyzing causes of the incident.
Recommending actions to prevent similar incidents.
Following up to check that recommended actions were put in place.
Writing an incident report.
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© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-55Unit 6: Incident Investigation and Injury Prevention
Fact Sheet 6
ncident investigations are an important part of any health and safety management
/ system. All incidents that occur on a worksite should be investigated.
T h e purpose of an incident The submitted information is used to record
investigation is to help an the type of injuries and fatalities that occur
in various industries and to improve worker
organization m a k e changes to health and safety regulations.
prevent a recurring incident.
Certain reports must be submitted to the
Workers' Compensation Board and to
Alberta Employment and Immigration's
Workplace Health and Safety.
0 Investigation:
Search for reasons.
0 Incident:
I An unintended event
that has or could have
caused injury, damage
or loss.
o "Near Miss":
An unplanned event that
could have caused an
incident or accident.
A 15-year-old trainee (Newnan GA) was
All incidents, including "near misses"
killed when the forklift he was operating should be recorded, reported and
suddenly went into reverse, ran through the investigated to eliminate and/or control
loading-dock gates, flipped over and the identified hazard.
plunged four feet onto a concrete floor.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-56Effective Investigations Who Should Investigate?
An incident investigation should include: Management has the primary responsibility
for completing each investigation.
0 Describing what happened -
witnesses may provide conflicting
evidence.
After receiving the information, an
investigation will provide a detailed
statement of what really happened.
0 Identifying or supposing the causes of
the incident.
0 Determining the risks - some basis for
establishing whether the incident will rs.
occur again and the potential for major
loss must be included.
0 Identifying controls - new or improved Management knows the workers and the
controls must be identified and put in conditions they work in, therefore, much of
place to reduce or eliminate the the information can be provided by the
chance of the incident happening supervisor. Management also knows the
again. workers who would be able to provide the
pertinent information. Management will be
o Defining trends - there should be responsible for implementing any
enough detailed information in the recommended changes.
report so trends can be identified by
looking at all injury reports. Management must be involved with all
investigations, especially those that result
0 Demonstrating concern - for other from a major loss or a high potential
workers, incidents threaten their well- incident.
being.
If it is a high loss situation, government, the
A c c i d e n t AnaHysi public, and the owners will also be involved.
Aff
Key decisions on new or improved controls
and work practices may need to be made
Why &v ._ ^ f i " Not supplied by higher levels of management.
Why 7
'A Flying object-' hit Bob In the aye,
Injury
Why? ' o%Gl'*iar"«'*pJ.,cai,
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© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-57Investigation Procedure Causation Model
There are many tasks to completing an The following model attempts to illustrate
investigation. While the tasks may vary that the causes of any incident can be
with each situation, investigations should grouped into five categories - task, material,
include: environment, personnel, and management.
When this model is used, possible causes
o Responding to the emergency in each category should be investigated.
promptly and positively - a
management representative/
supervisor should go to the scene
immediately upon being notified of an
incident.
Incident or Emergency Response
instructions should be given to specific
people. Keep unneeded workers out
of the area.
Management/supervisor must decide
whether emergency personnel are
required and whether workers should
return to work or evacuate the site.
0 Collecting information about the
incident - management/supervisor □ Analyze significant causes:
needs to ask questions to collect • Determine the injuries or losses,
required information. • Define the energy transfers,
• Identify substandard practices or
conditions, and
Investigation Questions
• Identify the basic causes.
V What has happened? 0 Develop and take safe actions:
v Who should be interviewed? • Management/supervisor identifies
V What is missing that should be at what immediate actions are required
the scene? to ensure another incident does not
v What is at the scene that should occur.
not be there? • Barriers, clean-up, or lock-out
v What things might have failed or procedures are used, if required?
malfunctioned? • The investigation may also identify
changes required to provide new
V What information is needed about
and/or better controls to ensure the
training, repair, maintenance, and
incident does not occur again.
other things that are kept on
record?
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-580 Review findings and
recommendations -
Writing the Report
Every investigation report should be
All information requested on the report
reviewed by the next higher level of
should be completed.
management. This is to ensure that
nothing has been overlooked and to
The report should include:
identify other people who should read
the report.
0 Name of worker(s) involved.
0 Follow-up - 0 Department and job titles.
Follow-up ensures that the
recommendations are being acted 0 Location, date and time of incident.
upon and that these actions are
having the desired results. 0 Description of incident.
0 Identification of substandard practices
Investigation Reports and conditions.
The incident report details the total 0 Identification of causes.
investigation and recommends new and/
or better controls. 0 What worked well in the emergency
response plan.
Most organizations have a standard
incident reporting form. Using a standard 0 Recommended actions to prevent a
form: similar incident from occurring.
0 ensures that key procedures are
followed.
0 ensures key questions are answered.
0 provides consistent reporting, and
0 helps follow-up on recommended
actions.
Injury Prevention
Knowledge of the causes and consequences of
past incidents, including near misses, help to
prevent future injury incidents.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-59SAMPLE
Incident Investigation Report
SUPERVISOR INCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT
(Pleas© Fill Out Form C o m p l e t e l y )
NAME O F INJURED WORKER: John Jones Date of Injury: August 15, 2011 11:45 am
Department/Area Name: Vehicle s e r v i c i n g Co-worker(s): Katherine Brown
1. WORKER'S USUAL OCCUPATION 2. LENGTH OF EMPLOYMENT
Mechanic [ ] Less than 1 mo. [ ] 6 mos. to 5 yrs.
[X] 1-5 mos. [ ] More than 5 yrs.
3. TIME IN OCCUPATION AT TIME OF 4a. EMPLOYMENT CATEGORY
INJURY/INCIDENT [X] Regular, full time [ ] Temporary
[ ] Less than 1 mo. [ X] 6 mos. to 5 yrs. [ ] Regular, part time [ ] Seasonal
[ ] 1-5 mos. [ ] More than 5 yrs. [ ] Student
4 b . EMPLOYMENT CATEGORY 5. NAMES OF OTHERS INJURED in SAME INCIDENT
nd rd Katherine Brown
[ X] 1st shift [ ] 2 shift [ ]3 shift
• TIME OF 7. PHASE OF 8. SPECIFIC LOCATION OF INJURY/INCIDENT
INJURY/INCIDENT WORKER'S WORKDAY Service Bay 3
A. Time within shift AT TIME OF
[ ] Before 1st Break INJURY/INCIDENT
[X] Before Lunch [ ] During rest period 9. TASK AND ACTIVITY AT TIME OF INJURY/INCIDENT
[ ] Before 2nd Break [ ]Working overtime A. General type of task: engine repairs
[ ] After 2nd Break [ ]Entering or leaving
B. Specific activity
B. Length of shift work
C. Worker was working:
[ ] < 8 h r s [ ] 12 hours [X] Performing work [ ] Alone [X]With co-worker(s)
[ ] 8 h r s [ ] 16hours duties
[ ] Other, specify:
[X]10hrs [ ] Other [ ] Other, specify
10. Accident Reported to: 1 1 . Accident Reported to:
Joe MacDonald, Supervisor Larry James, Regional OH&S Officer
12. DESCRIBE HOW THE INJURY/INCIDENT OCCURRED John Jones, 20, was in his second month at this job,
with some experience. His duties included servicing engines. John received no orientation or training, and had a
minimum of experience working in an automotive repair shop. At 10:30 am, Joe asked John to clean some
grease from an engine block. Joe gave John an unmarked five-gallon pail and told him to pour some gasoline
from an approved container into the pail and use that to clean the engine block.
Katherine Brown, a licensed mechanic, was working on a truck in the stall closest to where John was
working. Katherine turned on a cutting torch to remove a rusted bolt from the truck. An explosion ensued,
engulfing John in flames. Katherine's overalls started on fire, but she quickly put out the flames, and then turned
off the cutting torch. Katherine put out the fire with a fire extinguisher and administered first aid to John. Joe
called an ambulance, which arrived within five minutes and took John to the hospital. John received second
degree burns to his face, neck and hands, and third degree burns to his lower arms.
13. Conditions at time of accident (weather, status of job, housekeeping, etc.) Working space was
quite clean. Tools were well organized and kept clean. A number of dirty engine parts were sitting in one corner
waiting to be cleaned (see diagram). All three hoists were occupied and trucks were being serviced. Overhead
doors were closed. Ventilation was turned on. Cold, windy, rainy day (6° C).
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-6014. What were the causes of the accident?
Immediate:
• Substandard practice: failing to warn workers, using equipment/material improperly
• Substandard condition: inadequate warning system, fire and explosion hazard.
Basic:
• Lack of knowledge and skills (training)
• Inadequate supervision
• Inadequate purchasing — handling and storing of materials
• Inadequate work standard - no standards for working with flammable material
• Inadequate ventilation
15. Recommended Actions:
Immediate
• Additional training for supervisor and training for worker
• Switching materials used to clean parts
• Proper containers and labeling for all flammable materials
Long-term:
• Installation of barrier isolating welding equipment
• Improved ventilation
• Additional monitoring by supervisor of new standards
Person(s) responsible for implementing corrective action(s) Joe MacDonald
injuries-Person injured John Jones, 155-15 Street, Buckwheat, AB TOZ 0Z3 DOB: June 13, 1991
Witnesses
Henry Battle (mechanic), Joe Fixes Trucks (555-8992)
Susan Fisher (customer), Delta Super A Foods (555-7722)
Was First Aid given? Yes. By Katherine Brown, co-worker.
Was injured transported to medical aid? Yes by Delta Response Ltd. to Cornpatch County Hospital. Seen by
Dr. Marianne Mitchell (Emergency Room)
ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR COMMENTS and/or DIAGRAM
(IF MORE SPACE IS NEEDED, PLEASE ATTACH A SHEET OF PAPER)
SUPERVISOR'S NAME: Joe MacDonald
SUPERVISOR'S SIGNATURE DATE
Follow-up re: recommended actions By: Larry James,
Regional OH&S Officer
Joe Fixes Trucks
134 Industrial Way, Delta, AB TOZ 0Z0 555-8992
***TO SUPERVISOR: KEEP A COPY FOR YOUR RECORD**"
09/2011
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-61Key
Ideas
Unit 7: Job Safety and The Law
0 The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OH&S ACT) sets rules for
ensuring workplace safety.
a The OH&S Act covers most occupations, workers and employers.
0 Most farming operations are exempt under the OH&S Act, except for
food processing; greenhouses; mushroom farms; nurseries;
landscaping; sod farms; pet breeders which are covered.
0 Employers must look after the safety of workers,
0 It's against the law for:
■ anyone to force you to do work that you think is unsafe.
■ an employer to run an unsafe business.
■ you to work if you think there is imminent danger.
■a You can't lose your job for refusing to do work you think is an imminent
danger.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-70Unit 7: Job Safety and The Law
Fact Sheet 7
D id you know that it is against the law for anyone to force you to do work that you
think is unsafe (i.e., if there is imminent danger to yourself or to other workers)?
Did you also know that it is against the law
for an employer to operate an unsafe
business?
° Employers:
Occupational Health & A person who hires one or more
workers, or a person who works for
Safety Act themself.
Each province in Canada has an a Imminent Danger:
Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) Act. Any danger not normally found in
the job, or a danger under which a
Each OH&S Act specifies the safety person doing that job would not
standards designed to protect the health and normally carry out the work.
safety of workers.
n Worker:
The OH&S Act includes the rights and duties Any person working in a job as
of employers, workers and others with the defined by the OH&S Act.
workplace.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-71Employers and Workers
The first step to knowing the OH&S Act is to know the meaning of the terms, "Employers'
and "Workers" as defined in the OH&S Act.
An employer is a person who employs one or more workers, or a person who is self-
employed.
A worker is any person working at a job.
Who is Covered by the You May Be a Worker or
OH&S Act? an Employer?
The OH&S Act covers most workers and The OH&S Act is important because:
employers, except:
a If you work for someone else, you are a
° Domestic workers, such as nannies or worker. You need to know your rights
housekeepers and what can be expected of you.
Ei Federal government workers Q If you decide to start your own business
D Workers in industries regulated by the and hire others, you are an employer.
federal government (banks, national Q If you are paid for mowing lawns or
transportation companies, television painting a house, you are self-
and radio broadcasters) employed.
Q Farmers and other agricultural workers.
In Alberta,
both employers and workers
are responsible for
safety in the workplace.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-72What the OH&S Act Says What the OH&S Act Says
About Employers About Workers
Section 2(1) of the OH&S Act states that Section 2(2) states that every worker shall:
every employer shall ensure, as far as it is
reasonable for him/her to do so: a) take reasonable care to protect his/her
own health and safety as well as the
a) the health and safety of workers other workers present while at work,
engaged in the work of that employer, and
and
b) co-operate with the employer to protect
b) that the workers are aware of their the health and safety of self and other
responsibilities and duties under this workers at the workplace.
Act and the regulations.
In other words,
your employer must
look after your safety.
The OH&S Act also states that employers
must: Each worker is responsible
for taking care of
a make sure workers are competent. In
other words, they must make sure both themself and
workers have the training to do their job other workers
well. in the workplace.
B provide safety equipment and training.
& ensure workers have personal safety
equipment and that they know how to
use it.
s tell workers about all safety hazards.
E make sure workers are trained to
handle dangerous products.
Q investigate accidents that cause serious
injuries and any incidents that could
cause serious injuries.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-73The OH&S Act also states that workers Refusing Unsafe Work
must:
What do you do if you are told to do
a use safety equipment and follow all
dangerous work?
safety procedures outlined by the
employer.
Section 27(1) states, no worker shall:
0 know the hazards of the job.
a) do any work if he/she believes that
there is an imminent danger to the
E make sure all equipment, including
health or safety of that worker,
safety equipment, is working properly.
b) carry out any work if he/she believes
Q wear personal protective equipment,
that it will cause imminent danger to
when needed, and use it properly.
the health or safety of that worker or
another worker present at the
D be familiar with emergency equipment,
workplace, or
know where it is and how to use it.
c) operate any tool, appliance or
equipment if he/she believes that it will
cause an imminent danger to the
health or safety of that worker or
another worker.
IT IS .
AGAINST THE LAW
FOR-VOUTO'WORK.
v lF¥0UTHiNlC ■•■■''
NEREIS-
11
> Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-74What is Imminent Danger? You must tell your employer/supervisor
right away that something is unsafe.
The regulations say the imminent danger Section 27 (4) then states that the
is any danger that is not normally found in employer/supervisor must check your
the job, or a danger under which a person concern(s), and whenever necessary, fix
doing that job would not normally carry out the danger.
his/her work.
Tell your Employer "Wait a minute!" You're thinking,
"If I tell my boss that I think a job
If you think that something at work is is unsafe, I will get fired."
unsafe, what must you do?
Right?
Section 27(3) states that a worker who:
b) refuses to carry out work, or
c) refuses to operate a tool, appliance or
equipment
shall, as soon as possible, notify the
employer at the workplace of the refusal
and the reason for the refusal. ■
' ■•-.".You- Gan'f Be fired
for refusing
to perform an unsafe task.
The Act also has that covered!
Section 28 states:
No person shall dismiss or take any other disciplinary action against a worker
because that person did what this Act told them to do.
Yo.ii cannot be fired for
jjtolttg the right thing! I!
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-75The Law Works For You!!!
The purpose of the OH&S Act is to protect you at work.
Always remember:
No one
can force you
to do something at work
that you think
is unsafe.
If you refuse to do work that you think is unsafe and are fired, the following actions may be
taken:
Section 28.1 (OH&S Act)
The worker files a complaint with a Workplace Health and Safety
(WHS) officer at any Alberta Employment, Immigration and
Industry office.
The WHS o —
conduct an investigation that includes information from
employer. If the WHS officer determines, through the
investigation, that the claim is valid, a report stating what action
needs to be taken by the employer is ■■• ' " ' — ' —
both the employer and the complains
If either party wishes, they may request a review o. ...
investigation by the Workplace Health and Safety Council within
30 days of receiving a copy of the investigating officer's report.
The WHS Council may choose not to review the claim or they
may require re-instatement of the worker and/or cessation of
disciplinary action and/or payment of money equivalent to what
the worker would have received if the worker had not been
dismissed and/or remove reprimand from the worker's work file.
© Job Safety Skills Society 2011 5-76You can also read
