ETRUSCAN MIRRORS WEST COAST COLLECTIONS - EVELYN E. BELL HELEN NAGY - L'ERMA DI BRETSCHNEIDER
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West Coast
Collections West Coast Collections
ETRUSCAN MIRRORS
Evelyn E. Bell
Helen Nagy
ETRUSCAN MIRRORS
«L’ERMA» «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDERCORPVS SPECVLORVM
ETRVSCORVM
U.S.A. 5: West Coast Collections
University of California, Berkeley, Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology
San Francisco State University, The Frank V. de Bellis Collection
Text by
EVELYN E. BELL
Los Angeles County Museum
Malibu, The J. Paul Getty Museum
City Museum of Santa Barbara
University of California, Santa Barbara, University Art Museum
Seattle Art Museum
Text by
HELEN NAGY
Drawings by
BARBARA FORBES
«L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER
Roma - BristolEvelyn E. Bell, Helen Nagy
Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
U.S.A. 5: West Coast Collections
© Copyright 2021 by «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER
Via Marianna Dionigi, 57 70 Enterprise Drive, Suite 2
00193 - Rome, Italy www.lerma.it Bristol, 06010 - USA
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise
without prior written permission from the publisher
Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum. U.S.A. - Roma : «L’ERMA»
di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2021- . – v. ; 33 cm
5: West Coast Collections / text by Evelyn E. Bell, Helen Nagy -
Roma : «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER, 2021 - 186 p. : ill. ; 33 cm
ISBN 978-88-913-2185-5 (hardback)
ISBN 978-88-913-2177-0 (pdf)
CDD 930.107445121CONTENTS
Acknowledgements..................................................................................... p. 9
Abbreviations.............................................................................................. » 11
Notes on classification and terminology..................................................... » 13
Catalogue of Etruscan Mirrors and Handles in West Coast Collections... » 19
Berkeley, California: University of California, Phoebe A. Hearst
Museum of Anthropology (E.E. Bell)........................................ » 19
1. 8-80 (Plain circular mirror)..................................................................... » 21
2. 8-229B (Plain tang mirror)...................................................................... » 22
3. 8-230A (Plain circular mirror)................................................................ » 22
4. 8-230B (Plain miniature mirror)............................................................. » 23
5. 8-1176 (Mirror handle)........................................................................... » 24
6. 8-1178 (Fragments of tang mirror with Lasa)......................................... » 25
7. 8-1180 (Fragments of plain circular mirror)........................................... » 26
8. 8-1181 (Fragments of plain circular mirror)........................................... » 26
9. 8-1182 (Fragments of plain circular mirror)........................................... » 27
10. 8-1378 (Tang mirror with Lasa)............................................................ » 28
11. 8-3228 (Tang mirror with Perseus)....................................................... » 30
12. 8-3229 (Plain tang mirror).................................................................... » 33
13. 8-3231 (Fragments of plain circular mirror)......................................... » 33
14. 8-3861 (Tang mirror with Menerva)..................................................... » 34
15. 8-3862 (Tang mirror with Eros and warrior)........................................ » 36
16. 8-3863 (Handle mirror with Tyro and sons)......................................... » 39
17. 8-3865 (Plain tang mirror).................................................................... » 42
18. 8-5859 (Handle mirror with four figures)............................................. » 42
San Francisco, California: San Francisco State University,
De Bellis Collection (E. E. Bell)................................................ » 45
19. 253 (Handle mirror with Dioskouroi)................................................... » 45
Los Angeles, California: County Museum of Art (H. Nagy)................ » 48
20. 50.37.17 (Modern mirror with Peleus and Thetis)................................ » 48
21. 50.37.20b (Tang mirror with bathing scene)......................................... » 49
22. M.84.268 (Handle mirror with Dioskouroi)......................................... » 526 CSE, U.S.A. 5
Malibu, California: J. Paul Getty Museum (H. Nagy).......................... » 54
23. 71.AC.152 (Relief mirror cover with Eros, Dionysos and maenad)..... » 54
24. 77.AC.100 (Handle mirror with four figures)....................................... » 56
Santa Barbara, California: City Museum (H. Nagy)............................. » 60
25. 1981.64.7 (Tang mirror with Menelaos threatening Helen)................. » 60
Santa Barbara, California: University of California
Art Museum (H. Nagy)............................................................... » 63
26.1981.74 (Handle mirror with Dioskouroi)............................................. » 64
Seattle, Washington: Seattle Art Museum (H. Nagy)........................... » 65
27.48.23 (Tang mirror with maenad).......................................................... » 65
28. 48.36 (Tang mirror with Judgment of Paris)......................................... » 66
Appendix – Chemical Analysis Results (Jesse Obert)................................ » 69
Figures (1-28)............................................................................................. » 75
Indexes........................................................................................................ » 179
Photographic Credits................................................................................... » 185For Richard D. De Puma
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This fascicle of the Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum, which has been long in the
making, is a collaborative effort between colleagues and friends: Evelyn Bell and Helen
Nagy. Evelyn Bell contributed the catalogue entries on the mirrors in the Phoebe A.
Hearst Museum of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Frank
V. de Bellis Collection at San Francisco State University. Helen Nagy was responsible
for the catalogue entries on the mirrors at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art; the J.
Paul Getty Museum; the Santa Barbara Museum of Art; the Art, Design and Architecture
Museum at the University of California, Santa Barbara; and the Seattle Art Museum,
Design and Architecture.
Analysis of the chemical composition of the mirrors is an invaluable tool to help
scholars determine where the mirrors were manufactured and whether or not they are
Etruscan, Roman, or even authentic works of art. Six of the mirrors in Berkeley were
analyzed, while the remaining twelve were unfortunately either too fragile or corroded
to allow for sampling. The mirrors in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the J.
Paul Getty Museum, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, the University of California,
Santa Barbara, and the Seattle Art Museum were tested; the one at San Francisco State
University was not. Jesse Obert, a scholar and doctoral candidate at the University of
California, Berkeley, has ably summarized the results of these analyses.
We acknowledge with sincere gratitude the following scholars and curators at the
universities and museums that house the mirrors whose assistance has made our research
and publication possible.
Berkeley – Madeleine Fang, Leslie Freund, Frank Norick, Lisa Pieraccini, Benjamin
Porter, Gene Prince and Julie Trosper;
San Francisco – Colomba Gigliotti;
Los Angeles (County Museum of Art) – Leah Lembeck, Mary Pfeifer, Melissa Pope,
Nancy Thomas, John Twilley;
Los Angeles (J. Paul Getty Museum) – Ken Hamma, Claire Lyons, Jerry Podamy, David
Scott, Karol Wright;
Santa Barbara (Museum of Art) – Elizabeth Engle, Robert Henning, Alina Kozlovsky;
Santa Barbara (University of California) – Mario del Chiaro, Susan Lucke, Andrea Pear-
son, Ann Wollman;
Seattle – Gayle E. Joyce, Patricia Leavengood, Ashley Mead, Elisabeth Smith.
We also extend our profound thanks to the following colleagues and friends who
provided us with specialized assistance on this volume. Richard D. De Puma, as always,10 CSE, U.S.A. 5
proved indispensable in helping us analyze and understand the shapes and iconography
of the mirrors, especially those in the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum. Larissa Bonfante, USA
representative to the CSE project, who provided the initial idea for this volume, offered
her enthusiastic support and inspiration throughout its preparation. Claire Lyons, Cura-
tor in the Department of Antiquities at the J. Paul Getty Museum, furnished the history
of the Etruscan collection and archival information, especially regarding conservation.
Rex E. Wallace, Professor of Classics at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, gave
invaluable advice on reading the inscription on No. 24 and wrote the text on the inscrip-
tion. Leah Lembeck provided the history of the collection for the Los Angeles County
Museum of Art. L. Bouke van der Meer sent very helpful notes and articles in reference
to No. 21. Ann Blaire Brownlee and Jean M. Turfa supplied invaluable information on
the Robert H. Coleman Collection. Nancy T. de Grummond furnished offprints of her
articles, as well as inspirational ideas on Etruscan prophetic imagery. The interlibrary
loan scholars at the J. Paul Getty Research Library sent invaluable offprints of articles
difficult to access. The librarians at the American Academy in Rome provided invalu-
able support not only by affording access to their extensive collection, but by sending
us copies of texts and images. Our proof-reader Eric Lindgren, husband of Helen Nagy,
weeded out the many errors in our original manuscript.
We also thank the Getty Research grant for providing funds for our initial work, and
Roberto Marcucci and his staff at the “L’Erma” di Bretschneider for their patience with
our protracted project.
Finally, we express our sincere gratitude and admiration to Barbara A. Forbes for her
beautiful, meticulous drawings that so masterfully reproduce the ancient engraved imag-
es on the mirrors. We also thank Barbara for her warm hospitality in her Berkeley home
while we were carrying out research in the University of California library.ABBREVIATIONS
AbhBerlin Abhandlungen Der Deutschen Akade- CSE Etruria Padana G. Sassatelli and A. Gaucci, CSE
mie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Italia 8, Musei dell’Etruria Padana
Beazley, ARV2 J.D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure (Rome, 2018).
Vase-painters2 (Oxford, 1963). CSE GB 1 J. Swaddling, CSE Great Britain 1,
Beazley, EVP J.D. Beazley, Etruscan Vase Painting British Museum 1 (London, 2001).
(Oxford, 1947). CSE GB 2 R. Nicholls, CSE Great Britain 2,
Beazley-Magi J.D. Beazley and F. Magi, La racco- Cambridge (Cambridge, 1993).
lta Benedetto Guglielmi nel Museo CSE GB 3 N.T. de Grummond, CSE Great Brit-
Gregoriano Etrusco (Rome, Città del ain 3, Oxford, Ashmolean Museum,
Vaticano, 1939). Claydon House, Pitt Rivers Museum
BMCBronzes H.B. Walters, Catalog of the Bronz- (Rome, 2007).
es, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan CSE Hongrie- J.G. Szilágyi and J. Bouzek, CSE Hon-
(British Museum, London, 1899). Tchécoslovaquie grie-Tchécoslovaquie (Rome, 1992).
Bonfante, EtrDress
L. Bonfante, Etruscan Dress (Balti- CSE Louvre 1 D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, CSE France
more-London, 1975). 1, Louvre 1 (Rome, 1988).
Caelatores A. Emiliozzi and A. Maggiani, eds., CSE Louvre 2 D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, CSE France
Caelatores. Incisori di specchi e ciste 1, Louvre 2 (Rome, 1991).
tra Lazio ed Etruria. Atti della Gior- CSE Louvre 3 D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, CSE France
nata di Studio. Roma, 4 maggio 2001 1, Louvre 3 (Rome, 1997).
(Rome, 2002). CSE Louvre 4 D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, CSE France
Castores G.A. Bufalini Petrocchi and L. Ni- 1, Louvre 4 (Rome, 1999).
sta, eds., Castores. L’immagine dei L. Ambrosini, CSE Italia 7, Museo
CSE Museo Nazionale
Dioscuri a Roma (Rome, 1994). Romano 1 Nazionale Romano 1, Museo delle
CSE Belgique 1 R. Lambrechts, CSE Belgique 1 Antichità Etrusche e Italiche, Sapien-
(Rome, 1987). za - Università di Roma, Collezione
CSE Bologna 1 G. Sassatelli, CSE Italia 1, Bologna, Gorga 1 (Rome, 2012).
Museo Civico, 1 (Rome, 1981). CSE Netherlands L.B. van der Meer, CSE The Nether-
CSE Bologna 2 G. Sassatelli, CSE Italia 1, Bologna, lands (Leiden, 1983).
Museo Civico, 2 (Rome, 1981). CSE Norway-Sweden I.M.B. Wiman, CSE Norway-Sweden
CSE BRD 1 U. Höckmann, CSE Bundesrepublik (Rome, 2018).
Deutschland 1 (Munich, 1987). CSE Orvieto M.S. Pacetti, CSE Italia 4, Orvieto,
CSE BRD 2 U. Liepmann, CSE Bundesrepublik Museo Claudio Faina (Rome, 1998).
Deutschland 2 (Munich, 1988). CSE Perugia 1 A. Frascarelli, CSE Italia 2, Peru-
CSE BRD 3 B. von Freytag gen. Löringhoff, CSE gia, Museo Archeologico Nazionale 1
Bundesrepublik Deutschland 3 (Mu- (Rome, 1995).
nich, 1990). CSE Schweiz 1 I. Jucker, CSE Schweiz 1, Basel, Schaff-
CSE BRD 4 G. Zimmer, CSE Bundesrepublik hausen, Bern, Lausanne (Bern, 2001).
Deutschland 4 (Munich, 1995). CSE USA 1 R.D. De Puma, CSE USA 1, Midwest-
CSE DDR 1 G. Heres, CSE Deutsche Demokrati- ern Collections (Ames, 1987).
sche Republik 1 (Berlin, 1986). CSE USA 2 R.D. De Puma, CSE USA 2, Boston
CSE DDR 2 G. Heres, CSE Deutsche Demokrati- and Cambridge (Ames, 1993).
sche Republik 2 (Berlin, 1987). CSE USA 3 L. Bonfante, CSE USA 3, New York,
CSE Denmark 1 H. Salskov Roberts, CSE Denmark 1 Metropolitan Museum of Art (Rome,
(Odense, 1981). 1997).12 CSE, U.S.A. 5
CSE USA 4 R.D. De Puma, CSE USA 4, North- d’Art et d’Histoire á Bruxelles (Brus-
eastern Collections (Rome, 2005). sels, 1978).
CSE Vaticano 1 R. Lambrechts, CSE Stato della Città LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae
del Vaticano 1 (Rome, 1995). Classicae (Zürich-Munich, 1981-1998).
CSE Villa Giulia 1 M.P. Baglione and F. Gilotta, CSE Mangani, Fabbriche E. Mangani, “Le fabbriche de specchi
Italia 6, Rome, Museo Nazionale Etru- nell’Etruria settentrionale,” BdA 33-
sco di Villa Giulia 1 (Rome, 2007). 34, ser. VI (1985) 21-40.
CSE Villa Giulia 2 E. Foddai, CSE Italia 6, Rome, Mu- Mansuelli, StEtr 1946-47 G.A. Mansuelli, “Gli specchi figurati
seo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia; Etruschi,” StEtr 19 (1946-47) 9-137.
Palestrina, Museo Archeologico, 2 Matteucig G. Matteucig, “An Etruscan Mirror
(Rome, 2009). in Berkeley,” AJA 50 (1946) 60-66.
CSE Villa Giulia 3 M.S. Pacetti, CSE Italia 6, Rome, Mayer-Prokop, Griffspiegel I. Mayer-Prokop, Die gravierten
Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Gi- etruskischen Griffspiegel archaischen
ulia, Antiquarium: La collezione del Stils, RM, Ergänzungsheft XIII (Hei-
Museo Kircheriano, 3 (Rome, 2011). delberg, 1967).
CSE Viterbo G. Barbieri, CSE Italia 5, Viter- MMAT Materiali del Museo Archeologico
bo, Museo Archeologico Nazionale Nazionale di Tarquinia.
(Rome, 1999). Neri 2002 L. Neri, “Gli specchi etruschi,”
CSE Volterra 1 G. Cateni, CSE Italia 3, Volterra, Mu- MMAT XIV (Rome, 2002).
seo Guarnacci 1 (Rome, 1995). Pfister-Roesgen G. Pfister-Roesgen, Die etruskischen
de Grummond, Guide N.T. de Grummond (ed.), A Guide to Spiegel des 5. Jhs. V. Chr. (Frankfurt,
Etruscan Mirrors (Tallahassee, 1982). 1975).
de Grummond and N.T. de Grummond and E. Simon, Rallo, Lasa A. Rallo, Lasa: Iconografia e esegesi
Simon, Religion eds., The Religion of the Etruscans (Florence, 1974).
(Austin, 2006). Rebuffat, Miroir D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, Le Miroir
Del Chiaro M. Del Chiaro, Etruscan Art from étrusque d’après la Collection du
West Coast Collections (Santa Barba- Cabinet des Médailles (Rome, 1973).
ra, 1967). Rebuffat 1976 D. Rebuffat-Emmanuel, “Les Miroirs
De Puma 2013 R.D. De Puma, Etruscan Art in the de la collection Dutuit,” MonPiot 60
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New (1976) 28-78.
York, 2013). Roncalli and Bonfante F. Roncalli and L. Bonfante, eds., Gens
Dobrowolski W. Dobrowolski, “I Dioscuri sugli antiquissima Italiae: Antichità dall’Um-
specchi etruschi,” in Tyrrhenoi Philo- bria a New York (Perugia, 1991).
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EHCA N.T. de Grummond, ed., An Encyclope- Mirrors. Evidence for Dating from
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Fischer-Graf U. Fischer-Graf, Spiegelwerkstätten Schauenburg, Perseus K. Schauenburg, Perseus in der Kunst
in Vulci (Berlin, 1980). des Altertums (Heidelberg, 1962).
Gerhard, ES E. Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel I-IV Strazzula 1994 J.M. Strazzula, “Attestazioni figura-
(Berlin, 1840-1867). tive dei Dioskouroi nel Mondo etrus-
Ghali-Kahil, Enlèvements L.B. Ghali-Kahil, Les enlèvements et co,” in Castores, 39-52.
le retour d’Hélène dans les texts et les Szilágyi 1994 J.G. Szilágyi, “Discorso sul metodo.
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(Paris, 1955). in Tyrrhenoi Philotechnoi, 161-172,
Herbig 1955-1956 R. Herbig, «Die Kranzspiegel- pls. I-IV.
gruppe», StEtr 24, 1955-56, 183-205. Tyrrhenoi Philotechnoi M. Martelli, ed., Tyrrhenoi Philotech-
Höckmann, Griffspiegel U. Höckmann, “Die Datierung der noi. Atti della Giornata di Studio. Vit-
hellenistisch-etruskischen Griffspiegel erbo, 13 Ottobre 1990 (Rome, 1994).
des 2. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.,” JdI 102 van der Meer, Interpretatio
L.B. van der Meer, Interpretatio
(1987) 247-289. Etrusco. Greek Myths on Etruscan
Klügmann-Körte, ES V A. Klügmann-G. Körte, Etruskische Mirrors (Amsterdam, 1995).
Spiegel V (Berlin, 1897). Wiman, Malstria I. Wiman, Malstria-Malena: Metals
Lambrechts, Mir. Mus. Royaux R. Lambrechts, Les miroirs étrus- and Motifs in Etruscan Mirror Craft
ques et prénestins des Musées Royaux (Göteborg, 1990).
Journals are abbreviated according to the criteria of the Archäologische Bibliographie. For monographs and corpora not present in the above
list, the abbreviations of Studi Etruschi have been followed.NOTES ON CLASSIFICATION AND TERMINOLOGY
The twenty-eight bronze mirrors in this fascicule rep- non-reflecting side, handle mirrors display various forms
resent almost all the standard types of Etruscan mirrors. of borders, such as floral, laurel, cable or guilloche (see,
The simplest type is the plain circular disc, Type C (e.g., e.g., No. 18), and spiky garland (see, e.g., No. 24), set off
No. 1), which may have originally been contained in a box by a raised edge.
made of wood or another perishable material, supported The obverse, or reflecting side, of both tang and handle
by a separately made bronze handle (e.g., No. 5), or kept mirrors is convex and relatively free of decoration, which,
in a hinged bronze box, similar to a modern compact (see if present, is limited to a notched or beaded border and
Figure B, reproduced from CSE USA 4, 22, Fig. F). The extension ornament, such as a palmette complex (see, e.g.,
lid of a bronze box mirror is usually decorated with a relief No. 15). Figure A (reproduced from CSE USA 4, 22, Fig.
appliqué (e.g., No. 23). E) indicates the various parts of tang and handle mirrors
A second type of Etruscan mirror is the tang mirror on the reverse side. Figural decoration may appear within
(e.g., No. 15), a circular (Type CT), elliptical (Type ET), or the medallion, on the extension, and occasionally also in a
piriform (Type PT) disc fitted with a rectangular or pointed lower or upper exergue. In the center of the reverse, both
prong or tang intended to be inserted into a handle made types of mirrors may have a small indentation, perhaps in-
of bone, wood, or ivory. Figure C (reproduced from CSE tended for centering the mirror to facilitate engraving the
USA 4, 20, Fig. C) illustrates the various types of tangs. decoration or polishing the obverse surface.
The borders of tang mirrors may be undecorated or orna- The section of a mirror, like the profile of a vase, rep-
mented with vegetal motifs, such as a lotus-palmette or an resents the shape along a horizontal line through the center
ivy wreath (see, e.g., No. 25). of the disc. Figure D (based on CSE USA 4, 23, Fig. G) illus-
Handle mirrors (e.g., No. 24) represent the third com- trates sections of mirrors published in this fascicule.
mon type of Etruscan mirror. This type has a handle cast For additional information on the classification and ter-
or hammered in one piece with the disc. A deer or ram’s minology of Etruscan mirrors, see de Grummond, Guide,
head terminates the end of the handle. On the reverse, or 8-24; CSE USA 4, 17-23.16 CSE, U.S.A. 5
Figure A. Terminology for tang and hand mirrors.
Figure B. Terminology for box mirrors.CSE, U.S.A. 5 17 Figure C. Types of Etruscan mirror tangs. Figure D. Etruscan mirror sections (examples drawn from mirrors treated in this fascicule).
CATALOGUE OF ETRUSCAN MIRRORS AND HANDLES IN WEST COAST COLLECTIONS
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