Evaluating the impact of befriending for pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women
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RESEARCH
Evaluating the impact of
befriending for pregnant asylum-
seeking and refugee women
There is a general public perception in the UK
Abstract that asylum seekers are often bogus and come to
Pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women are a particularly the country to abuse the welfare system (Mulvey,
vulnerable group in society, who may be possibly living alone 2010). This perception is reinforced through
in poverty in inappropriate accommodation (Dunne, 2007) and negative media reporting (Greenslade, 2005)
experiencing hostile attitudes (Hynes and Sale, 2010). They may have and has resulted in widespread hostility and
poor physical and mental health, placing them at an increased risk discrimination, and even incidences of violence
of poor pregnancy outcomes (National Institute for Health and Care against asylum seekers (Hynes and Sales, 2010).
Excellence (NICE), 2010). Despite this, they are less likely to attend This has led to the marginalisation of asylum-
for timely maternity care. This article discusses the evaluation to seeking women in the UK and their resulting
date of an ongoing befriending project located in Northern England, social isolation (Squire and James, 2009).
targeting pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women and helping It is argued that the asylum system in the UK
to address difficulties that they may face. Volunteer befrienders, who is male dominated with the aim of deterring
themselves are asylum-seeking and refugee mothers, receive training ‘bogus’ asylum seekers and does not consider
to provide support and guidance to clients. Preliminary data suggest the needs of women seeking asylum (Dunne,
that befriending has advantages for both client and volunteer: clients 2007; Aspinall and Watters, 2010). Women can
appear to develop a trusting relationship with their befriender which claim asylum for the same reasons as men, but
facilitates self-confidence and helps overcome social isolation; and often have different reasons such as being the
the volunteers feel that they are undertaking a worthwhile role and victims of human trafficking, forced prostitution
often move onto paid employment. Befriending may be a useful or slavery (Dumper, 2005). They may also have
resource for midwives and ultimately improve pregnancy outcomes experienced gender-specific violence including
for asylum-seeking and refugee women. rape, female genital mutilation, forced abortion
or domestic abuse (Reed, 2003; Ukoko, 2007).
A
Despite this, on arrival in the UK, women asylum
sylum is the protection given to a person seekers are often detained with men in initial
who is fleeing their home country in assessment centres (Dunne, 2007). They may be
fear of violence and persecution, while dispersed into mixed sex accommodation, where
a refugee has had their asylum claim accepted they feel unsafe living with asylum-seeking men
and has been granted leave to remain in the UK (Dumper, 2002). In addition, women may have
(UK Border Agency, 2011). The typical asylum had to take on the unfamiliar role as head of
seeker is perceived as young and male with household or may have left their children behind
women being dependent on a head of household in their native country (Refugee Council, 2009).
(Dunne, 2007; Gedalof, 2007). In reality, this They are less likely to speak English than men,
is not always the case: almost half of women further increasing their social isolation (Seu,
seeking asylum are unsupported (Refugee 2003; Reed, 2003).
Council, 2009). These women are often pregnant
Rose McCarthy Health needs
on arrival in the UK due to a lack of available
Co-ordinator
Health Befriending contraception or as a consequence of rape Pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women
Network Project; (Refugee Council, 2009; Squire and James, often have poor physical health due to the
Maternity Lead 2009). Many women originate from countries in poverty and deprivation experienced in their
City of Sanctuary conflict where ‘war rape’ has become endemic, home country, which continues as they journey
Movement such as Rwanda where up to 50 000 women have to the UK and after their arrival (Aspinall
© 2013 MA Healthcare Ltd
been systematically raped (Refugee Council, and Watters, 2010). Evidence suggests that
Melanie Haith-Cooper
Lecturer in Midwifery 2009). Some women are raped on their journey African women in particular are likely to be
University of Bradford to the UK and many raped after arrival (Refugee malnourished, with conditions including iron
Council, 2009). deficiency anaemia, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/
404 British Journal of Midwifery • June 2013 • Vol 21, No 6RESEARCH
REFUGEE COUNCIL
AIDs and other sexually transmitted infections.
Asylum-seeking and refugee women may also
experience psychological disorders including
post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence
of the persecution and violence that they have
witnessed in their home country (Burnett and
Fassil, 2004). In addition, women who are
pregnant as a result of rape have to cope with the
impact of carrying a child that is a consequence
of violence. It may be culturally inappropriate
to discuss the issue of rape and a woman may
have been shunned by her husband, family and
community. She may feel ashamed and unclean
(Burnett and Fassil, 2004).
The process of asylum, living in poverty,
social isolation, loneliness and the uncertainty
around the future have been found to lead
to further deterioration of asylum-seeking and
refugee women’s physical and mental health
(Bollini et al, 2009; Reynolds and White, 2010).
In turn, poor health increases the risks of The befriending role includes listening to and supporting asylum-seeking and
asylum-seeking and refugee women having a refugee women
pregnancy ending in a poor clinical outcome
including late miscarriage, stillbirth and addition to their physical midwifery needs being
neonatal death (National Institute for Health met, they require referral to specialist social
and Care Excellence (NICE), 2010), as well as and psychological support services. However, in
being at an increased risk of maternal mortality. reality, midwives are not always able to assess
Asylum-seeking and refugee women account for these needs due to women not attending for
14% of maternal deaths in the UK, despite only care or midwives not perceiving the importance,
comprising 0.5% of the population (Centre for or having time to address the woman’s holistic
Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE), 2011). needs (Briscoe and Lavender, 2009; Reynolds
This is partly due to language barriers but also and White, 2010). Consequently, asylum-seeking
because these women have little understanding and refugee women have often reported poor
of when and how to access maternity services in experiences of maternity care including poor
the UK so do not attend for timely antenatal care attitudes, rudeness and racism (McLeish, 2005;
(Burnett and Fassil, 2004; CMACE, 2011). Gaudion and Allotey, 2008; Waugh, 2010).
When pregnant asylum-seeking women come
to the end of the asylum process and fail to Befriending
achieve refugee status, they are put in an even Recent government policy (Department of
more vulnerable situation as they can be charged Health (DH), 2010) has focused on strengthening
for maternity care which, in turn, can deter them the contribution of the third sector to society,
from attending (Dumper, 2005). In addition, suggesting that this will be essential in providing
failed asylum seekers receive no welfare benefits sustainable health care. Part of this vision
up until the 32nd week of pregnancy and may be involves the development and promotion of
destitute with nowhere to live. This will impact volunteering as a means of reducing inequalities
on their ability to attend for maternity care and and improving health outcomes for vulnerable
their health in pregnancy, particularly having groups. One form of volunteering is to become a
a nutritious diet, which will influence both befriender for a person in a vulnerable situation.
maternal and fetal outcomes (Ukoko, 2007). Befriending is the process of developing
These women are also likely to be living in and maintaining a supportive, non-judgmental
stressful circumstances and in order to receive relationship between two individuals over a
some form of income, may be forced into period of time. This is a formal process, initiated
© 2013 MA Healthcare Ltd
prostitution (Refugee Action, 2006). and monitored by an external agency (Dean and
When considering the circumstances in Goodlad, 1998). There are examples of effective
which pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee befriending programmes in other areas of health
women find themselves, it is argued that in care including the older person (Lester et al,
British Journal of Midwifery • June 2013 • Vol 21, No 6 405RESEARCH
2012), breastfeeding support for South Asian seeking and refugee women understand their
families (Douglas, 2012) and people with mental entitlements to and access maternity care in
health problems (Mitchell and Pistrang, 2011). England in a timely manner, and to help asylum-
In the context of pregnant asylum-seeking and seeking and refugee women connect better
refugee women, it was proposed that befriending to the local community, experiencing less
could be a useful intervention in addressing social isolation.
some of the difficulties that women face while After undergoing a successful application and
living in the UK. interview process, English-speaking women, who
are mainly asylum-seeking and refugee mothers,
Refugee Council voluntary health undergo four half-day training sessions (Table 1)
befriending network to prepare them to act as befrienders for other
In 2011, the Refugee Council received funding pregnant women in the same situation. Unless a
from the Health and Social Care Volunteering client requests otherwise, the befriender is then
Fund. This was to undertake a 3-year project matched as closely as possible with a client who
to establish a health befriending network for has a similar cultural background and speaks
asylum seekers and refugees living in four areas the same language. Support is provided to the
of England. In all the areas, pregnant women are client from early pregnancy up until 2 months
befriended as part of this project, but in Leeds postnatally, but excluding the birth. There is an
a specific maternity befriending programme expectation that the befriender will commit to
has been developed. The objectives of this meeting with her clients for up to 3 hours a week.
programme are to ensure that pregnant asylum- However, in reality, many befrienders spent
more time with their clients. The befriending
Table 1. Examples from the befriending training programme role includes listening and supporting asylum-
seeking and refugee women, signposting them
ll Debriefing the befriender’s own experiences of seeking asylum and to appropriate services including those to meet
accessing maternity services and coping with stress should difficult health and social care needs, and accompanying
memories be triggered them to appointments where required. The
ll The role of the befriender and the importance of confidentiality, project co-ordinator provides information and
developing boundaries and understanding the limitations of her role supervision for the befrienders with monthly
ll Effective listening and empowerment skills. Enabling clients to peer support group meetings and individual
build on their coping strategies to speak on their own behalf, debriefing sessions. Befrienders also receive
without the befriender becoming a barrier between the client support from their peers.
and health professional
ll An overview of the asylum system in England and the work of voluntary Preliminary findings
and statutory health and social care services and community groups. There is an ongoing process of monitoring and
How to signpost clients and other people within the befriender’s evaluating the effectiveness of the programme
community to these services through audit and generating qualitative data.
ll A comparison between the maternity care offered to clients in their With the assurance of confidentiality and
home country and the UK, and problems that may be experienced anonymity where requested, both befrienders
accessing health and maternity services and clients consent to engage in activities
ll Increasing understanding around issues such as female genital to generate qualitative data, clients through
mutilation, the role of doulas and specialist midwives, HIV, evaluation questionnaires, usually completed
bereavement and mental health support, risk management, child over the phone by independent interpreters.
protection and domestic abuse. Understanding how to refer women to The befrienders participate in focus group and
appropriate services individual interviews conducted by the project
co-ordinator. Data are analysed and emerging
themes approved with the project co-ordinator’s
Table 2. Preliminary audit findings
line manager.
Activity Target per Total for first Preliminary audit findings, covering
year of project 15 months September 2011 to December 2012, have been
Number of volunteers recruited 20 51 analysed (Table 2). As the data shows, the
number of volunteers and clients engaging with
© 2013 MA Healthcare Ltd
Number of clients matched with volunteers 60 83
the project far exceeds the targets set; 51 women
Number of clients signposted to refugee 120 525
(against a target of 20), who spoke a total of
community organisations
more than 30 different languages, volunteered
Number of clients signposted to health services 120 1636 as a befriender. They have been matched with
406 British Journal of Midwifery • June 2013 • Vol 21, No 6RESEARCH
83 clients to befriend, most of whom were advice. She continued to take her medication
pregnant (the target was 60). Some clients throughout pregnancy and her baby was found
already had children and some have subsequently not to be infected with HIV
become pregnant. One client suggested that the befriender has
The clients have been referred to the project helped her to cope with her social isolation. She
by midwives, children’s centres and refugee was the only woman that she had spoken Arabic
community organisations. They have been with since arriving in England, and remarked
helped to access a wide range of health services that ‘she took me out of my loneliness corner’.
including maternity care, dentists, mental Some cases suggest that when the client forms
health services and HIV support. They have been a trusting relationship with the befriender, they
introduced to resources such as drop-in centres, reveal difficulties which may have otherwise
charity shops and supermarkets, and helped to remained hidden. This has included experience
find clothing for themselves and their baby. They of domestic abuse where clients could be
have also been accompanied to appointments signposted to appropriate support agencies. One
such as housing advice and solicitors. As the client was encouraged to return to the hospital
befriender training does not include being an she had just been discharged from when she
interpreter, they do not offer such a service revealed that her partner had been kicking her
in professional contexts. Therefore health caesarean section wound. Another client had
services should continue to use interpreters experienced domestic abuse and left her partner.
where required. However, she was being pressurised by her local
Preliminary qualitative findings suggest that community to return to him but also advised by
befriending appears to be valuable for the clients social services that if she did return, her children
in different ways. Clients appear to be developing would be removed. The client felt that the
the ability to speak out in some contexts as the befriender offering unbiased emotional support
following cases suggest. helped her through her difficulties:
Case studies ‘Having someone to talk to at a
A befriender recalled her experience of taking children’s centre where I felt safe made
a destitute client to an antenatal class which all the difference. She saved me.’ [Client]
was being held in a local children’s centre. Her
baby was both large and breech and she was Achievements beyond the project
frightened about having a caesarean section Already, the project appears to have surpassed
birth with no place to live. Here, through her its initial aims. During the monthly support
learning, the client developed confidence in her meetings, the volunteers began to discuss
ability to give birth naturally and was determined how they could move beyond the programme
to have a normal birth. The befriender built on to facilitate more asylum-seeking and refugee
this confidence, when she accompanied her to women to access antenatal care and improve
a consultant appointment. She encouraged the maternity services for these women. They now
client to explain to the doctor that she wanted actively seek out other women and encourage
a normal birth, who to the client’s amazement, them to sign up as clients. In addition, a number
agreed. The baby subsequently turned to a of befrienders represent the Refugee Council on
cephalic presentation and she gave birth on all different forums including the local Maternity
fours, to a 10lb baby. She said to her befriender ‘I Services Liaison Committee and the regional
can do anything now’. Health Innovation and Education Cluster. They
In addition, the following case suggests that have become involved in the education of both
befriending could impact on maternal and pre-registration and qualified midwives and
fetal outcome. A pregnant client who was HIV supervisors of midwives, and have presented at
positive was not taking her medication because national conferences. They have been invited to
she believed she had been cured. She asked her participate in the Local Supervisory Authority
befriender, who was also HIV positive, to attend audit of maternity services and also in the patient
a consultant appointment with her as she felt public involvement agenda of local universities;
she had established a trusting relationship with sitting on committees and interviewing and
© 2013 MA Healthcare Ltd
her. The consultant advised the client of the assessing health-care students. Preliminary
importance of taking her medication but she did evaluation suggests that the volunteers themselves
not believe him. She did, however, believe the are benefiting from the project, developing their
befriender, when she reinforced the consultant’s self-confidence:
British Journal of Midwifery • June 2013 • Vol 21, No 6 407RESEARCH
‘I used to think I was nothing, now I Working with a befriender could facilitate the
think I’m something and when I wear midwife to increase her understanding around
my Refugee Council badge I feel like a asylum seeking; the woman’s reasons for leaving
professional.’ [Befriender] her home country, the asylum process and the
difficulties that she may have living in the
In addition, following working as a befriender, UK. The midwife could become more aware
some women have secured paid employment in of the role of charities and other voluntary
the voluntary sector and in schools. sector organisations in the local area and how
to refer women to appropriate services. As the
Implications for midwifery services befriender and asylum-seeking and refugee
Contemporary midwifery practice frequently woman may share the same cultural background,
involves working in stressful environments with the befriender could be a valuable asset for the
increasing staff shortages and the threat of more midwife when addressing the woman’s cultural
efficiency savings (Bird, 2012; O’Sullivan and needs. However, this partnership must not
Dromey, 2012). At the same time, midwives are undermine the midwife and asylum-seeking and
expected to provide individualised, woman- refugee woman’s relationship or the woman’s
centered care, encompassing the cultural, social opportunity to make informed choices.
and psychological factors which inf luence
childbirth (Nursing and Midwifery Council Conclusion
(NMC), 2009). Pregnant asylum-seeking and Increasingly, midwifery practice appears to
refugee women often have complex health and involve working in an environment with limited
social care needs which midwives may have resources. Asylum-seeking and refugee women
difficulty in meeting due to limited resources, often have complex care needs, which midwives
but also due to poor attitudes and a lack of need to meet. Working with befrienders has
understanding of their needs (Briscoe and the potential to benefit midwives in terms of
Lavender, 2009; Reynolds and White, 2010). time and cost savings. If, for example, women
The preliminary findings from this project are encouraged by their befriender to attend
suggest that befriending may become a valuable for regular and timely antenatal care, then
service for pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee pregnancy complications could be prevented
women living in the UK. However, it could also or detected and managed early. In addition,
become a useful resource for midwives working befrienders offer a valuable educational resource
with asylum-seeking and refugee women. At for midwives.
the booking interview, as a midwife assesses a Asylum-seeking and refugee women appear
woman’s holistic needs, she could refer a woman to benefit from having a befriender with the
to a befriending project as a way to address some development of a trusting relationship with
of these needs. a woman who has been in a similar situation.
The befriender speaks the same language and
understands the client’s social and cultural
Key points background and the difficulties clients may be
ll Pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women living in the UK facing becoming a mother. In addition, there
are particularly vulnerable, often being socially isolated with poor appear to be benefits for the volunteer. As well
underlying physical and mental health as making a valuable contribution to society,
ll Asylum seekers are at a disproportionately increased risk of having a befriending increases knowledge about asylum-
pregnancy ending in a poor clinical outcome, including maternal death related issues and also can build self-esteem and
ll Asylum-seeking and refugee women often have little understanding self-confidence. In this project, many women
of maternity care provision in the UK and consequently don’t access who have been befriended are now themselves
timely antenatal care training to become a volunteer. One woman
ll Current government policy focuses on increasing the contribution of stated that she didn’t want other woman to suffer
volunteers to help reduce inequalities and improve health outcomes for as she had suffered.
vulnerable groups Although this article presents preliminary
ll The Refugee Council is training women as volunteer befrienders to findings from a project, limited to one area in
support pregnant asylum-seeking and refugee women England, it suggests that befriending may be a
© 2013 MA Healthcare Ltd
ll The number of volunteers and clients engaging with the project so way forward in meeting the health and social
far has exceeded the targets set for the first year with the project care needs of pregnant asylum-seeking and
appearing to be beneficial for both clients and volunteers refugee women. There are other similar projects
being developed around the country which
408 British Journal of Midwifery • June 2013 • Vol 21, No 6RESEARCH
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