How tackling air pollution can unleash the potential of UK sport.
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
How tackling air pollution can unleash the potential of UK sport.
[Left] Dominic, 8
Executive Summary 3
Air Pollution and Children 5
UK Training Grounds 7
Current Legislation 9
Clean Air is a Class Issue 10
Conclusion11
Methodology12
Cover image:
Halima, 9, Michelle, 9,
Abdelhamid, 9.
The Air Team 13
All the children featured
in the report are pupils at Sources and References 14
Manorfield Primary School
in Tower Hamlets, London. Map Data 15
Breathe GB XX
2
Summary: The UK’s clean air crisis
is damaging our children’s lungs
and could be negatively affecting
their sporting performance.
UK children who play sport in While the mechanism by which air pollution
urban areas are regularly exposed reduces exercise capacity is currently unknown,
what is known is that the damaging effects of air
to illegal levels of air pollution, pollution are made worse by strenuous activity,
which inhibits their lung function. where faster and deeper breathing allows
This report proposes that measures pollutants to penetrate further into the lungs,
causing lasting damage.
to reduce air pollution will have
significant beneficial impacts both
on children’s health and the future “A child growing up with asthma
of UK sport as a whole. in a polluted city will have worse
The United Kingdom is in the thick of a clean symptoms that will limit their
air crisis, risking the health of children living in potential to train… which is likely
urban areas. Dangerous levels of the chemicals
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Particulate Matter
to have an impact on their optimal
(PM2.5) are routinely found in cities across the level of performance.”
country, breaking European Union (EU) limits,
far exceeding World Health Organisation Dr Ian Mudway, Senior Lecturer in Respiratory
(WHO) recommendations and causing Toxicology, Department of Analytical &
Environmental Sciences, King’s College London
long term harm to health.
We spoke with senior respiratory consultants as
well as leaders in physical education to assess Children are more likely to engage in regular
the impacts of air pollution on lung function sporting activity and, as a result, are more
and the knock-on effects on children’s sporting susceptible to the effects of poor air quality.
ability. In addition, we analysed air quality data In addition, children growing up with asthma
around some of the UK’s busiest sports training and other lung conditions in a polluted city will
grounds, in many instances revealing dangerous experience worse symptoms that will limit their
levels of air pollution. potential to train.
29
As a result, air pollution levels around sites
% where children regularly play sports should
be kept to an absolute minimum. But our own
analysis revealed an alarming number of sites
with air pollution levels that exceeded WHO
of UK child asthma guidelines and in some cases broke UK and EU
cases are caused law. Of the 94 sites assessed, 26 broke WHO
by air pollution1 limits, while 52 came close to the threshold.
But there is good news.
Evidence strongly suggests that immediate
action to reduce air pollution could have
significant effects on children’s health
Breathe GB 3
and physical wellbeing. A landmark study in Although both the EU and WHO set the limit for
California demonstrated that children with NO2 at an annual average of 40 µg/m³, for PM2.5,
stunted lung development living in areas of the EU limit is set at 25 μg/m³ while WHO health
high pollution showed increased lung recommendations call for countries to reduce
development when local ambient air their PM2.5 levels to annual mean values of 10 μg/
pollution levels were reduced3. m3. This is far below current limits set out in UK
and EU law.
While air quality is not the only determinant of
sporting ability, it does have a clear impact on In order to meet these targets, we’re calling for
children’s capacity for exercise. To reduce that the adoption of clean air zones in all of the UK’s
impact we propose that the safest possible major cities and for the government to adopt
limits for NO2 and PM2.5 are adopted in the UK to WHO-recommended levels of NO2 and PM2.5 as a
ensure improved air quality for our children. minimum by 2030.
By bringing WHO guidelines into effect in the
Children exposed to UK, we hope to limit the damage already done to
roadside air pollution children’s lungs and improve their lung function,
could have their lung increase their access to clean air and green
growth stunted by spaces, and remove the barriers preventing
up to 14%2 them from achieving their sporting potential.
Air pollution is harming
14 %
young lungs. Let’s beat it
and unleash our children’s
true potential.
e r y s tr o ng
There is v xposure to air
c e th at e lung
evide n il d re n ’s
i on st u n ts ch i n ically
pollut ild ren w it h c l
n . C h have
functio func t io n w i ll
low lu n g a p a c it y.
x ercise c
redu c ed e
Jonathan Grigg, Professor of Paediatric
Respiratory and Environmental Medicine,
Queen Mary University, London
Breathe GB 4
Air Pollution and
Children
Air pollution is a “major public health childhood obesity and other associated
emergency”4 that has an outsize conditions later in life. It is likely that children
who experience health problems relating to
effect on the vulnerable. Our children air pollution will be less likely to play sport,
are the most at risk, in particular participate in active travel and stay fit than
those living in deprived urban areas. children who live in less polluted areas.
A growing body of evidence demonstrates that There is no doubt that air pollution is harmful
long-term exposure to atmospheric pollutants to the lungs, but the true potential for damage
can stunt the growth of children’s lungs, is still not fully known. Babies and children are
increase their chances of asthma and obesity, especially vulnerable to air pollution as their
and reduce the strength of their bones5. Short- lungs are still developing and they breathe
term exposure is also extremely dangerous. more rapidly than adults, which increases their
All of this means that children exposed to air exposure. Long-term childhood exposure to air
pollution will have reduced capacity for exercise. pollution, from prebirth through to adolescence,
can lead to permanently reduced lung function,
Impeding a child’s ability to exercise can also and polluted air has been shown to affect foetal
prevent them from staying fit and healthy, development too6.
further compounding their chances of
Brain damage
Effects of Air Pollution
on Human Body
PM2.5 Stroke
NO2
Asthma
Decreased
Bronchitis bone density
Lung cancer
Heart disease
Breathe GB 5“The lung starts to develop at about 8 to 16 clinically low lung function will have reduced
weeks in the uterus and maternal exposure exercise capacity. As yet the mechanism for this
to air pollution during that time — and across effect is unknown.”
the pregnancy — can influence the branching
of the airways and the formation of the What is known is that the damaging effects of air
air sacs,” says Professor Stephen Holgate, pollution are made worse by strenuous activity,
Medical Research Council Clinical Professor where faster and deeper breathing allows
of Immunopharmacology at the Faculty of pollutants to penetrate further into the lungs,
Medicine, University of Southampton. “As a causing lasting damage. Children are more likely
result, children born in a polluted environment to engage in regular sporting activity and, as
have smaller lungs and lower lung capacity than a result, are more susceptible to the effects of
children born in the absence of that pollution, poor air quality.
putting them at an immediate disadvantage.
“The most recent biology suggests that the air “We’re trying to encourage more
pollution that the mother passes across the active travel — walking and cycling
placenta to the baby alters the way the genes
to schools. If it’s polluted, parents
are expressed in the developing organs.
A number of those altered genes are the same
may not want their kids to do that,
as those switched on or off during maternal particularly if they have asthma and
cigarette smoking, which we know affects other lung conditions.”
lung development and organ development
in the child.” Sue Wilkinson, CEO of the Association for
Physical Education
A child born with smaller lungs is less
equipped to deal with polluted air than a
child with normal lung function. If air pollution “A child growing up with asthma in a polluted
continues throughout childhood, as is city will have worse symptoms that will limit
increasingly the case in the UK, then the their potential to train,” says Dr Ian Mudway,
child’s lung development is further impaired, Senior Lecturer in Respiratory Toxicology at
putting them at a physical disadvantage when the Department of Analytical & Environmental
it comes to sports and physical activity. Sciences, King’s College London. “Limiting that
potential to train during different times of day
and periods of the year is likely to have an
“We need children to be going out impact on their capacity to reach their optimal
and exercising, and we need them level of performance.”
to be exercising in air that’s as clean
We already know that many of London’s green
as possible. Training and performing spaces regularly experience dangerous levels of
exercise under the best possible air pollution7, but our research has revealed that
conditions is better for their health and this also extends to a large number of the city’s
will encourage them to exercise more.” most famous and well-used training grounds,
including the Terence McMillan Stadium, the
Dr Ian Mudway, Lecturer in Respiratory former running track of Olympic Medallist
Toxicology, Department of Analytical & Christine Ohuruogu and the Peter May Sports
Environmental Sciences, King’s College London
Centre, home of The Ridgeway Rovers, where
England Football Captains Harry Kane and
David Beckham once trained. We also found
“There is very strong evidence that exposure concerning levels of air pollution at training
to air pollution stunts children’s lung function grounds in other areas of the UK, meaning that,
growth,” says Jonathan Grigg, Professor of across the country, children’s exposure to air
Paediatric Respiratory and Environmental pollution occurs at times when they are most
Medicine at Queen Mary University, London. susceptible to its damaging effects.
“Studies in southern California show that a
greater proportion of children growing up in
communities of high air pollution have clinically
low levels of lung function. Children with
Breathe GB 6We analysed air pollution levels at some of Britain’s
most popular training grounds in five cities:
26
Each block represents a training ground
in a major British city. Over half of all sites
we analysed had PM2.5 levels close to, or exceed WHO limits on
hitting, WHO targets (with annual averages PM2.5 and/or NO2
of 9-10 μg/m³) and nearly a third had levels
exceeding WHO limits (annual averages of
94
11 μg/m³ and above).
PM2.5 Levels (μg/m³ annual average): sites analysed
8 9 10 11+ (>WHO limit)
NO2 Levels (μg/m³ annual average): 52
have PM2.5 levels
40+ (illegal levels) of 9-10
Salford
Sheffield
Nottingham
Birmingham
London
See all data on page 15
Breathe GB 7Key findings:
Both Ridgeway Rovers The Commonwealth Games
(v) and Alpha & Omega FC (Raheem 2022 will be held at Birmingham’s
Sterling’s youth team) training Perry Park, which currently has
grounds have PM2.5 levels of 11, illegal levels of NO2 (50)
breaching WHO limits
24/26 London sites exceed
WHO limits
The running
track where
Mo Farah
and Christine
Ohuruogu once
trained has
illegal levels of
NO2 (48) and
dangerous levels
The London Marathon of PM2.5 (13)
Community Track at
the Queen Elizabeth
Olympic Park has
PM2.5 levels that
exceed WHO limits
Hackney Marshes, the
spiritual home of Sunday
league football, has an
annual PM2.5 level of 12
Breathe GB 8Current Legislation
Poor air quality is the largest “The problem with the EU limits [on PM2.5] is that
environmental risk to public they’re not based on health, they’re based on
political compromise,” says Professor Holgate.
health in the UK, causing tens of “If we’re really aiming for health-based limits we
thousands of early deaths and need to hit the ones set by the WHO.
billions of pounds in health impacts If we’re just appeasing the motor industry then
we won’t get anywhere near the WHO levels,
every year. Our current laws
and I think they’re actually realistic targets.”
provide insufficient protection.
In the UK, air pollution causes up to 36,000 “The problem with the EU limits
early deaths a year8, with fine particle air
pollution (PM10 and PM2.5) accounting for 29,000
[on PM2.5] is that they’re not based
of those deaths and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on health. If we’re really aiming for
responsible for the remainder. health-based limits, we need to hit
the ones set by the WHO.”
NO2 is a regulated air pollutant in the UK
owing to the well-documented risks it it poses
to human health, with all major studies of Professor Stephen Holgate CBE, Medical
long-term exposure to NO2 demonstrating Research Council Clinical Professor of
associations with all-cause, respiratory and Immunopharmacology at the Faculty of
Medicine, University of Southampton
cardiovascular mortality, children’s respiratory
symptoms and lung function9. Most NO2
in large cities like London comes from the
combustion of fossil fuels, in particular According to the WHO, the effects of PM10
diesel vehicles. and PM2.5 are well documented and increase
the risk of various types of respiratory and
The European Union (EU) has set the limit for cardiovascular morbidity, such as aggravation
NO2 at an annual average of 40 µg/m³, but 45 of asthma, respiratory symptoms and an
local authority areas in the UK routinely witness increase in hospital admissions as well as
NO2 levels that far exceed this limit10. The same mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory
legislation sets a mandatory 25 μg/m3 target for diseases and from lung cancer11.
PM2.5, alongside a 40 μg/m3 target for PM10, both
of which are currently met across the UK. The effects of emissions can be devastating
in busy outdoor locations like cities and town
But WHO health recommendations call for centres, high streets, school-run routes and
countries to reduce their air pollution levels to sporting venues. Many of the UK’s cities and
annual mean values of 20 μg/m3 (for PM10) and town centres—including 44 of the 51 listed in the
10 μg/m3 (for PM2.5). These are far below current WHO’s quality database—have emission levels
limits set out in UK and EU law. that exceed EU guidelines, causing millions of
people to inhale dangerous air12. In addition,
cars driving along daily school run routes expose
the pupils who walk to school to damaging
levels of air pollution.
Breathe GB 9Clean Air is a
Class Issue
Globally, it’s the poorest who feel This disparity between socio-economic groups
the worst effects of outdoor air also plays out at a more granular level. In
London, people living in the most deprived
pollution. The same class divide is communities are exposed to levels of NO2
also apparent in the UK, especially in pollution that are 25% above average, while 80%
the nation’s capital. of the schools in the most polluted areas are
defined as ‘deprived’.14
The WHO states that people living in low- and
middle-income countries disproportionately Research conducted by Imperial College London
experience the burden of outdoor air pollution. and the University of Leicester also shows that
Ninety-one per cent of the 4.2 million premature children living in the most deprived areas of
deaths globally due to air pollution occur in London are exposed to higher levels of NO2
low- and middle-income countries, with the at the playgrounds nearest to their home.
greatest burden in South-East Asia and The nearest playgrounds for 250,000 children
Western Pacific regions.13 experience dangerous levels of NO2. Of those
children, 165,000 are from deprived areas.15
Although substantial overall improvements
in absolute amounts of exposure have been That air pollution should be a class-based issue
seen since 2011, these outcomes mask the is “completely unacceptable” says Wilkinson, but
fact that health inequalities experienced by we currently lack the research to say whether
socioeconomically disadvantaged populations these inequalities are also present in cities
are projected to be maintained until 2050. outside of London. “We need better resources
to move this debate forward,” says Wilkinson.
“Government has got to invest in better air
pollution research and make sure that we’ve got
clear evidence right across the country and right
across socio-economic groups.”
The nearest playgrounds
for 250,000 children 38
across playgrounds
Average NO2 levels
experienced dangerous
levels of NO2. Of those
children, 165,000 are from 36
deprived areas.
34
32
Source: Inequalities in Least deprived Most deprived
Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide
in Parks and Playgrounds in areas areas
Greater London.”
Breathe GB 10Conclusion
It is unacceptable that, in addition We are only just beginning to understand the
to experiencing dangerous levels complex effects of air pollution on the health
and sporting potential of our children, but what
air pollution in classrooms and on we do know is that stunted lung development,
journeys to and from school, children asthma and other respiratory conditions are
are also being put at risk while they holding our children back, and preventing them
from reaching their true sporting potential.
engage in physical activity. Regular,
That’s why we’re calling for the adoption of clean
safe exercise is a vital part of a child’s air zones in all of the UK’s major cities and for
wellbeing, and environmental factors the government to adopt WHO-recommended
that impede that exercise should not levels of NO2 and PM2.5 as a minimum by 2030.
be tolerated by any government. “We need children to be going out and
exercising, and we need them to be exercising
in air that’s as clean as possible. Training and
performing exercise under the best possible
conditions is better for their health and will
encourage them to exercise more,” says
Dr Ian Mudway.
By bringing WHO guidelines into effect in the
UK, we can limit the damage already done to
children’s lungs and improve their lung function,
increase their access to clean air and green
spaces, and remove the barriers preventing
them from achieving their sporting potential.
[Left] Ariana, 7
Breathe GB 11What we did
To create this report, The Air Team conducted The MappAir® Annual Average data, used to
a literature review of existing evidence on the power the pollution postcode checker on the
effects of air pollution on children and consulted BBC website, provides a strong indication of
with paediatricians, air toxicology experts as well pollution from traffic which has been averaged
as PE experts and professionals in the UK over the year for an area (postcode).
In addition, we worked with air monitoring The MappAir® Annual Average data is produced
experts EarthSense to analyse 94 sports training at a resolution of 100m x 100m.
grounds around the UK to ascertain whether
EU and WHO guidelines on NO2 and PM2.5 were
being breached, and where. EarthSense is a leading UK company delivering innovative
and cutting-edge products that enable the world to
understand and solve its air quality issues. They have
EarthSense ran an annual average model key expertise in the delivery of geospatial datasets for
including diffusion tube data and annual air quality information and management and their unique
statistics. From the Postcode of the Sports blend of hardware sensor and software modelling
facility they extracted the centroid of the technologies is a key USP of EarthSense and differentiates
them as a company.
postcode area in latitude and longitude. These
coordinate locations were then used to look-up
the associated AQ value for NO2 and PM2.5 from
the 2018 Mappair Annual Average dataset. These
data were then ranked to identify particular
areas of exceedance.
EarthSense MappAir® data is modelled from a
variety of data sources including road traffic
data, satellite information and street map data.
[Right] Muhammed, 9
Breathe GB 12The Air Team
The Air Team is a group of parents, Some of us have children with asthma, and
teachers, and campaigners on a all of us know how damaging toxic air can be.
We want parents across the country to come
mission to clean up Britain’s air. together to show the government, city mayors
and local authorities that clean air matters.
We believe in a fresh air future: a vision of
our country where children and adults alike Join us at airteam.uk
can walk to school or cycle to work without
harming their lungs.
Breathe GB 13Sources and
References
1 Martin Williams, Dimitris Evangelopoulos, Klea Katsouyanni and 8 Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants, Associations
Heather Walton Environmental Research Group King’s College of long-term average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide with
London, Personalising The Health Impacts Of Air Pollution: mortality.
Summary For Decision Makers.
9 Ibid
2 Haneen Khreis, Marta Cirach, Natalie Mueller, Kees de Hoogh,
Gerard Hoek, Mark J Nieuwenhuijsen and David Rojas-Rueda. 10 High Court of Justice
Outdoor Air Pollution and the Burden of Childhood Asthma
across Europe. 11 World Health Organisation: Health effects of particulate matter:
Policy implications for countries in eastern Europe,Caucasus and
3 W. James Gauderman, Ph.D., Robert Urman, M.S., Edward central Asia.
Avol, M.S., Kiros Berhane, Ph.D., Rob McConnell, M.D., Edward
Rappaport, M.S., Roger Chang, Ph.D., Fred Lurmann, M.S., and 12 The Lancet: Lancet Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and
Frank Gilliland, M.D., Ph.D., Association of Improved Air Quality Climate Change 2017 Report: Briefing for UK Policymakers.
with Lung Development in Children.
13 World Health Organisation 2018, Ambient (outdoor) Air Pollution
4 British Heart Foundation. Heart attack and stroke deaths related Fact Sheet.
to air pollution could exceed 160,000 by 2030.
14 Rosie Brook, Harry Smith, Alison Pridmore, Katie King,
5 Otavio T. Ranzani, Carles Milà, Bharati Kulkarni, Sanjay Kinra, Tim Williamson; Aether London’s Polluted Schools:
Cathryn Tonne. Association of Ambient and Household Air The Social Context.
Pollution With Bone Mineral Content Among Adults in Peri-urban
South India. 15 Charlotte E. Sheridan,Charlotte J. Roscoe, John Gulliver, Laure
de Preux and Daniela Fecht, Inequalities in Exposure to Nitrogen
6 Pedersen M Giorgis-Allemand L Bernard C et al. Dioxide in Parks and Playgrounds in Greater London.
Ambient air pollution and low birthweight: a European cohort
study (ESCAPE).
7 Charlotte E. Sheridan,Charlotte J. Roscoe, John Gulliver, Laure
de Preux and Daniela Fecht, Inequalities in Exposure to Nitrogen
Dioxide in Parks and Playgrounds in Greater London.
Breathe GB 14Map data
London sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
St Augustine's Hall, Victoria Park (Victoria Park Harriers and Tower Hamlets) E9 5EG 67 17
The Peter May Sports Centre (Ridgeway Rovers) E17 4HR 54 13
Terence McMillan Stadium (Newham & Essex Beagles Athletic Club) E13 8SD 48 13
Oasis Academy, Shirley Park (Crystal Palace Academy) CR0 7AR 41 12
Bartlett Park (Senrab) E14 6LH 37 12
Hale End training ground (Arsenal Football Club Youth Academy) E17 4LU 36 11
Mile End Stadium (Victoria Park Harriers and Tower Hamlets) E3 4RR 36 12
Hackney Marshes E9 5PF 36 12
The Hub, Regent's Park (Regents Park youth league and Football Club) NW1 4NU 36 12
Roe Green Park (Alpha & Omega youth team) NW9 0BY 36 11
London Marathon Community Track, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park E20 2ST 34 12
Finsbury Park Athletics track (London Heathside) N4 1BZ 33 12
Kennington park (Mighty Royale Elite football club) SE17 3PH 32 12
Perivale Athletics Track (Ealing Southall & Middlesex AC) UB6 8TJ 32 11
Burgess Park Community Sports Ground SE5 0JD 31 12
Little Heath (West Ham United Academy) RM6 5RX 29 11
Millenium Arena, Battersea Park (Belgrave Harriers) SW11 4NJ 29 11
Linford Christie Stadium (Thames Valley Harriers) W12 0DF 29 11
Parmiters Sports Ground (Ridgeway Rovers) E4 9AS 28 11
Parliament Hill Fields Track (Highgate Harriers) NW5 1QR 28 11
Peckham Rye Common (Tandridge Youth League matches) SE15 3UA 27 11
Charlton Park (Eltham Town Youth FC) SE7 8DZ 27 12
Ridgeway Park (Ridgeway Rovers) E4 6RS 25 11
Tooting Bec Track (Herne Hill Harriers) SW17 8JU 25 11
Rayners Lane Football Club HA2 0XH 23 10
Tottenham Hotspur Training Centre (Tottenham Hotspurs Youth Academy) EN2 9AP 21 10
Birmingham sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
Perry Park (Church Rd/playground area) B42 1TY 50 9
Birmingham Alexander Stadium (Birchfield Harriers Athletics Club) B42 2LR 24 9
Birmingham FA Youth Club B43 6JF 24 9
Brockhurst Playing Fields (Birmingham Rangers) B36 8JB 23 9
West Bromwich FC Academy B71 4LQ 23 9
Coleshill Town Football Club (AFC Chelmsley youth football club) B46 3JE 22 9
Villa Park Academy Building B6 6HE 22 9
Small Heath Leisure Centre B10 9RX 21 9
Sheldon County Park B26 3TU 21 9
Four Dwellings Academy (Cadbury Athletic) B32 1RJ 21 9
University Recreation Ground (Great Barr Harriers FC) B43 7AJ 21 9
Fox Hollies Leisure Centre (Sparkhill Harriers) B27 7NS 20 9
Norman Chamberlain Playing Field (Castle Bromwich Olympic football team) B34 7RB 20 9
Sparkhill Park B11 4LX 19 9
Swanhurst Park (Sparkhill Harriers) B13 0TB 19 9
Marston Green Recreation ground (AFC Chelmsley youth football club) B37 7ER 19 9
[continued overleaf]
Breathe GB 15Birmingham sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
Trillion Trophy Training Centre (Birmingham City Academy) B38 9EJ 19 9
University of Birmingham Athletics track (BRAT club) B15 2RA 18 9
Bodymoor Heath Training Ground (Aston Villa Academy) B78 2BB 17 9
Dickens Heath Sports Ground (Leafield Athletic Ladies FC) B94 5NA 17 9
Alvechurch FC B48 7RT 15 8
Nottingham sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
YMCA Youth and Community Centre NG8 5HL 37 10
Forest Recreation Ground NG7 6LB 34 10
Astro Kings 5-a-side Football Centre NG8 4PB 28 9
Nottingham Football Centre NG2 7BW 28 9
Gresham Playing Fields NG2 7RL 28 9
Nottingham Forest Football Club NG2 5FJ 28 9
The Nigel Doughty Academy NG2 7SR 26 9
Southglade Leisure Centre NG5 5GU 26 9
Nottingham Hockey Centre NG7 2PS 26 9
David Ross Sports Village NG7 2RD 26 9
Lee Westwood Sports Centre NG11 8NS 25 9
Redhill Leisure Centre NG5 8GX 24 9
Bilborough Sports & Fitness Centre NG8 4DQ 24 9
Arnold Hill Academy NG5 6NZ 23 9
Bingham Athletics Track NG13 8BL 20 9
Salford Sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
David Lewis Recreation Ground M9 4DW 35 10
University of Salford Sports Centre M5 4WT 49 9
De La Salle Playing Fields M6 8AQ 29 9
The Albion Academy Astroturf M6 6QT 32 9
Ordsall Leisure Centre M5 3DJ 35 9
Clarendon Recreation Ground M5 4HU 30 9
Barr Hill JFC M6 7ED 26 9
Bolton Road Playing Fields M6 7HB 25 9
Manchester City Football Academy M11 4TQ 31 8
Ordsall Park M5 3WQ 29 8
Lower Broughton Playing Fields M7 2HR 29 8
Langworthy Park (Chimney Pot Park) M6 5PP 26 8
Swinton FC (youth team) M27 5LJ 25 8
Broughton Cricket & Rugby Club M7 2HL 29 8
Broughton Hub M7 4BQ 29 8
Salford City Juniors M30 0QA 26 8
Deans Youth & Ladies Football Club M30 9BG 25 8
Salford Sports Village M7 3NQ 24 8
KD Sports Centre (Little legends soccer school) M27 4FG 23 8
Breathe GB 16Sheffield Sports grounds included in study Postcode NO2 Value PM2.5 Value
(ug/m3) (ug/m3)
Middlewood Rovers Junior Football Club Grounds S13 9AE 39 10
17 U Mix Building S2 4UJ 40 10
Sheffield Hallam University City Athletics Stadium S9 3HL 27 9
Hillsborough Arena S6 4HA 33 9
Sheffield Wednesday FC Training Ground S6 1BJ 26 9
Olympic Legacy Park S9 3TL 24 9
Goals Sheffield S2 2RU 22 9
Westfield Sports Centre S20 1HQ 20 8
Norfolk Heritage Park S2 2PL 21 8
Sheffield United Academy S4 7DR 23 8
Goodwin Sports Centre S10 2TY 21 8
Gym Plus (Kixx football training for kids) S10 5BZ 20 8
Wisewood Sports Centre S6 4BS 19 8
Breathe GB 17BreatheGB.org
You can also read
