Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
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Global Journal of Science Frontier Research
Agriculture & Biology
Volume 12 Issue 5 Version 1.0 April 2012
Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896
Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel
Orange Trees
By A.A.A. Hassan
Botany Department National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract - This study was carried out during two successive seasons 2007 and 2008 on 25 years
old Washington Navel orange trees Citrus sinensis L.; budded on sour orange root stock growing
in a private orchard. To study influence of reducing herbicides rates in Washington Navel orange
trees. The present investigation covered the effect of some herbicides with two rates for each
(recommended dose and half of recommended dose + 4Kg urea /fed) as well as hand hoeing
on controlling weeds spread in citrus orchard. There was a significant depression in fresh weight
of grass, broad leaved and total weeds with hand hoeing and herbicides treatments
(Touchdown, Fluazifop-butyl and Pendimethalin with recommended and half recommended
dose + 4Kg urea/fed) when compared with unweeded treatment. the urea to a half
recommended dose of herbicides gave the same effect of the recommended dose of herbicides
to broad –leaved and grass weeds in citrus orchard and none showed any phylotoxic effect on
the foliage of citrus plants. Pendimethalin IL + 4 Kg urea / fed treatment gave the highest yield /
tree when compared with other herbicides treatments.
Keywords : Herbicides, Weed, Washington Navel orange trees.
GJSFR-D Classification : FOR Code: 860703, 860702, 070308
Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of :
© 2012 . A.A.A. Hassan.This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-
Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non commercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in
Washington Navel Orange Trees
A.A.A. Hassan
Abstract - This study was carried out during two successive II. Material and Methods
seasons 2007 and 2008 on 25 years old Washington Navel
orange trees Citrus sinensis L.; budded on sour orange root The present study was performed during two
April 2012
stock growing in a private orchard. To study influence of successive seasons. 2007 and 2008 on 25- years old
reducing herbicides rates in Washington Navel orange trees. Washington Navel orange tree Citrus sinensis L.;
The present investigation covered the effect of some budded on sour orange root stock growing in a private
herbicides with two rates for each (recommended dose and orchard. The trees were planted in clay loam soil at 5 ×
half of recommended dose + 4Kg urea /fed) as well as hand
6 meters a parts. The Orchard was under the basin
hoeing on controlling weeds spread in citrus orchard. There 23
was a significant depression in fresh weight of grass, broad irrigation system. All the experimental trees were treated
leaved and total weeds with hand hoeing and herbicides a like for all agricultural practices except for the purpose
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
treatments (Touchdown, Fluazifop-butyl and Pendimethalin of this study.
with recommended and half recommended dose + 4Kg The experiment included the following treatments
urea/fed) when compared with unweeded treatment. the urea
to a half recommended dose of herbicides gave the same 1- Touchdown (Glyphosate – trimesium : N-
effect of the recommended dose of herbicides to broad – phosphonomethyl glycine trimethyl – sulphonium at
leaved and grass weeds in citrus orchard and none showed 2L/fed)
any phylotoxic effect on the foliage of citrus plants. 2- Touchdown (Glyphosate – trimesium : N-
Pendimethalin IL + 4 Kg urea / fed treatment gave the highest phosphonomethyl glycine trimethyl – sulphonium at
yield / tree when compared with other herbicides treatments. IL+ 4 Kg urea /fed.)
Keywords : Herbicides, Weed, Washington Navel orange 3- Fluazifop- butyl (Fusilade) butyl 2-[4 – (5-
trees. trifluoromethyl -2- pyridyloxy) Phenoxy] propionate
at 2L /fed.
I. Introduction 4- Fluazifop –butyl (Fusilade) butyl 2-[4 - (5-
I
ncreasing the production of citrus is of great trifluromethyl - 2 -Pyridyloxy) phenoxy] propionate at
importance. This may be achieved by improving the 1L+4Kg urea / Fed.
agronomic practices among which weed control. 5- Pendimethalin (Stomp 50%), N-(1-ethylpropyl) - 3, 4
Weeds on the other hand when found in citrus orchard –dimethyl – 2, 6- dimitrobenzamine at 2 L / Fed.
might cause great problem because weeds compete 6- Pendimethalin (Stomp50%), N-(1-ethylpropyl ) -3,4 –
directly with citrus trees for moisture and soil nutrients. dimethyl - 2,6- dimitrobenzamine at 1L + 4 Kg urea
Weed also represents a tool for transmission of pests, /fed.
and even light in the case of climbing vines, which can 7- Hand hoeing : Plots were hoed two times a year the
easily cover young trees if left uncontrolled (Rao, 2000), first cultivation was carried out in early December, to
(EL - Shamma, and Hassan, 2001), (O'-connell, and 25 a depth of about 20 cm, the second was carried out
Snyder, 2004) and (Yang et al, 2007) in early July to a depth of about 10 cm.
Nowadays, there is a shortage in farm labour 8- Control : where weeds were left without control to
and increase in the cost of hand labour and therefore, compare the effect of different weed control
chemical control of weeds should be put into treatments on the original weed population and to
consideration. The objective of the present investigation confirm the density of different kinds of weeds.
was to study influence of reducing herbicides rates in The spray volume in herbicidal Treatments was
Washington Navel orange Trees by additional of urea to 400 L/ feddan all chemical weed control treatments were
reduce the rate of used herbicides to give the same applied at July of each season.
effect on weeds and less pollution environment. In the For each treatment, four replicates were used,
end of experiment, the best treatments which showed each replicate consisted of one tree, and thus we had a
good control of weeds with regard to their economical total of 32 trees.
cost, will be recommend to use in citrus orchard The experimental trees were divided into
(Johannes, et al. 2004) and (Gravena, et al 2009). uniform groups according to the tree vigor and
productivity. Each group contained a number of
Author : Botany Department National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. treatments and the completely randomized block design
E-mail : hagahmedhassan@yahoo.com was used.
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
Weeds were hand pulled from a square meter application in 2007 and 2008 seasons respectively.
from the middle part of each treatment at 6 weeks and These results are in harmony with (Kalita and
12 weeks after application of herbicides. Bhattacharyya, 1995).They reported that application of
a) Weeds were classified to three groups Glyphosate at 2Kg /ha three times at 60 day intervals
and the integrated practice of hoeing followed by
1- Grass weeds 2- Broad –leaved weeds
Glyphosate at 1 Kg /ha complemented by paraquat at
3- Total weeds
0.25 Kg / ha + 0.2 % urea controlled weeds in lemon, is
Fresh weight per 1m2 of each group of weeds
very effectively .
was determined.
At the commercial harvesting time ii. Grass weeds (g/m2)
(approximately the last week of December) in each Data recorded in Fig. (1, 2) revealed that fresh
season the yield was estimated on the basis of number weight of grass weeds was significantly by different
and weight of fruits per tree.
April 2012
weed control treatments. The results also indicated that
Data obtained in both season were subjected to hand hoeing treatment was very effective in controlling
the proper statistical analysis according (Snedecor and grassy weeds after 6 and 12 weeks from application in
Cochran, 1990).Treatments means were compared both seasons and showed the highest efficiency in
using Duncan's multiple range test (Duncan, 1995) at decreasing fresh weight than control treatment by 89.7,
24 the 5% level of probability. 93.7, 94.2 and 94.3% respectively . The results also
III. Results and Discussion indicated that Touchdown 1L+ 4 Kg urea /fed.
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
Treatment gave the best weed control compared with
a) Effect of weed control treatments on weed other herbicidal treatments and decreased fresh weight
population of grass weeds at 6 and 12 weeks after application of
The dominant weed species encountered in the treatment in both seasons. This treatment reduced fresh
experimental plots during the two seasons could be weight of grass weeds compared to control treatment by
arranged in a descending order as follows: about 64.9, 74.9 and 80.7% at 6 and 12 weeks after
a) Annual broad – leaved weeds included. Small application in 2007 and 2008 seasons, respectively.
infestation of pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) purslane These results are agreement with (Stephen, et al. 2000),
weed (portulaca oleraceae, L), sea beat (Beta (Liu and Connell, 2003) and (Koloren and Uygur, 2006).
vulgaris, L) Small nettle (Urtice urens, L), yellow
sorrel (Oxalis corniculata, L) and nettle leaved iii. Total weeds (g/m2)
(Chenopodium murale, L). Generally, results in Fig.(1,2) showed that all
b) Annual grasses, included beard grass (Polypogon weed control treatment statistically decreased fresh of
monspeliensils L.) and junglerice (Echinochloa total weeds grown in citrus orchard as compared to
colonum L,) link. unwedded treatment. Which recorded the maximum
value of fresh weight of total weeds were 1132.5,
Fresh weight of broad – leaved grasses and
1350.0, 1977.5 and 2507.5 (g/m2).
total weeds in gm per square meter as affected by
With regard to application urea to herbicides
different weed control treatments, after 6 and 12 weeks
data indicated that application of urea to a half
from application of herbicides in seasons 2007 and
recommended dose of herbicides reduced the cost of
2008 is presented in Fig. (1).
weed control and gave the same effect of the
i. Broad – leaved weeds (g/m2) recommended dose of herbicides to broad – leaved and
Data recorded in Fig. (1) revealed that fresh grass weeds in citrus orchard and none showed any
weight of broad – leaved weeds was significantly phytotoxic effect on the foliage of citrus plants.
affected by different weed control treatments. The This is safety method of weed control in citrus
results also indicated that hand hoeing (twice) treatment orchard. These results are in agreement with obtained
gave the best weed control compared with other by (Kalita and Bhattacharyya, 1997) found that paraquat
treatments in both 2007 and 2008 seasons. at 0.25Kg /ha + 0.2 % urea controlled weeds in lemons
Touchdown 2L /fed. treatment as well as very effectively and resulted in improved flowering ,
touchdown 1L + 4 Kg urea/fed. treatment gave the fruiting and fruit yield in comparison to other weed
highest weed control compared with other herbicidal management systems.
treatments and decreased fresh weight of broad –
b) Effect of weed control treatments on tree production
leaved weeds at 6 and 12 weeks after application of
treatments in both seasons. i. Number of fruits per tree
The results also indicated that pendimethalin Results in Fig. (3) indicate that all weed control
1L+ 4Kg urea/fed. reduced fresh weight of broad- induced a significant increase in number of fruit per tree
leaved weeds compared to control treatment by about as compared with control treatment, which gave the
43.9, 29.8, 43.2 and 38.6 % at 6 and 12 weeks after lowest values in the two seasons.
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
ii. Fruit weight 5. Hassan, .A.A.A, .EL-Shahawy, .T.A, Metwely, G.M.,
Fruit weight Fig. (3) was greatly affected by 2006. Annual and perennial weed control in citrus
different weed control treatments. The lowest fruit weight orchard. Bull.NRC.Egypt, vol.31, No (1).
was obtained from control treatment which recorded 6. Johannes M.Scholberg and Gregory E.Macdonald.,
102 and 101 at seasons 2007 and 2008 respectively. 2004. Preliminary evaluation of non synthetic
But pendimethalin at 2L /fed. Treatment and herbicides for weed management in organic orange
pendimethalin 1L+ 4Kg urea /fed. Increased averages production Proc.Fla State Hort .Soc.117:135-138.
of fruit weight compared with other herbicides 7. Kalita, H, and R.K Bhattacharyya., 1995 Integrated
treatments. This was true in the two seasons. weed management in Assam lemon (citrus limon
Burm. F.) orchard Hort .J.8,2, 95-100
iii. Yield (weight/Kg per tree) 8. Kalita, H. and R.K. Bhattachryyu., 1997 Weed
Yield tree as affected by different weed control
April 2012
control through Paraquat in Assam lemon (citrus
treatments was recorded in Fig.(3). limon Burm. F.) orchard. Crops Res. Hisar 14, 2,
The results showed clearly that, the different 297 -302.
weed control treatments were great enough to reach the 9. Koloren,-O, Uygur,-F.N., 2006 The effect of different
significant level at 5%. The highest yield per tree was weed control methods in citrus orchard in Cukurova
produced by hand hoeing twice the increase in yield of Region Turkiye Herboloji Dergisi, 9 (1): 9 -16. 25
tree due to these treatment amounted to 83.8 and 85.0 10. Liu.F.O.Connell, N., 2003 Movement of simazine in
% in 2007 and 2008 seasons respectively compared to runoff water and weed control from citrus orchard as
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
control treatment. From the results of two seasons it affected by reduced rate of herbicide application.
could be noticed that fusilade at 2L /fed. treatment and Bioresource. Technology vol.86 (3) 253- 258.
fusilade at 1L + 4Kg urea /fed treatments produced 11. O'-connell,-N-V, Snyder, - R-L, 2004.Monitoring soil
46.00 Kg /tree and 47.97 Kg /tree at 2007 season it moisture with inexpensive dialectric sensors (
shows that no significant differences between them as Echoprobe) in a citrus orchard under low volume
well as touchdown at 2L/fed. and touchdown 1L + 4 Kg irrigation .Acta – Horticulturae. (664):445 – 451.
urea /fed treatments produced 41.56 Kg /tree and 43.49 12. Rao.V.S., 2000 Principle of weed science
Kg /tree at the 2008 season. But pendimethalin 1L + (Reprinted). Oxford & I B H publishing Co. New
4Kg urea /fed treatment (which produce 59.62Kg /tree Delhi pp 540.
and 64.72 Kg/tree at the 2007 and 2008 respectively), 13. Stephen S.Deitz and Hugo T.Ramirez.,
gave the highest yield /tree when compared with other 2000.Milestone (Azafenidin): a new pre-emergent
herbicides treatments. Herbicide for citrus. Proceedings of the California
This superiority in tree productively may be due
weed Science Society vol 52.
to the accumulative effect of weed control treatment that
14. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran W.G., 1980 Statistical
resulted better eradication and hence eliminated
Methods. Sixth Edition. lowa State Univ. Press Ames
dangerous competitive weed grasses, broad – leaved
Iowa, U.S.A..
and total weeds) these results are in harmony with
15. Yang – Yisong, Wang – Han, Tang – jian Jun, Chen-
(Hassan and Abd El- Naby, 1998) and (Hassan et al,
Xin., 2007.Effect of weed management practices on
2006) they reported that all weed control treatments
orchard soil biological and fertility properties in
gave high significant increase in the fruit weight and
southeastern China Soil – and Tillage –Research 93
yield as compared with control treatment.
(1):179 -185.
References Références Referencias
1. Duncan, D.B., 1955. Multiple range and multiple.
tests. - Biometrics, 11:1-42.
2. EL - Shamma, M.S. and Hassan. A.A.A., 2001. A
comparative study of some weed control methods
on Thompson seedless vines. Assiut Journal of
Agric .sci.vol 32 (1)145- 155.
3. Gravena, R, Victoria Filho, .R, Alves, P.L.C.A.
Mazzafera,P, Gravena,A.R., 2009 Low glyphosate
rates do not affect citrus limonia (L) osbeck
seedlings. Pest Management Science. Vol 65 (4):
420 -425.
4. Hassan,A.A.A. and Abd El –Naby S.K.M., 1998.
Response of Washington naval orange trees and
associated weeds to weed control methods.
Minofiya.J.Agric. Res.vol 23 (5), 1327.
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
Figure Captions
Fig.1: Effect of weed control treatments on fresh weight of weeds (g/m2) in season 2007.
Fig. 2 : Effect of weed control treatments on fresh weight of weeds (g/m2) in season 2008.
Fig.3 : Effect of weed control treatments on tree productivity during 2007 and 2008 seasons.
2000.00 g/m2 6 weeks after application of treatments
1500.00
April 2012
e
1000.00 e
26
d d d
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
500.00 d
c bc c c
b b b bc
a c
b b b b b b aa
0.00
Touchdown Fusilad at Pendimetha Hand
Touchdown Fusilade at Pendimetha Unweeded
1L+4Kgurea 1L +4Kg lin at hoeing
Treatments 2L/fed 2L /fed lin at 2L/fed (control)
/fed urea /fed 1L +4Kg (twice)
Broad - leaved 342.50 360.00 452.50 480.00 587.50 635.00 57.50 1132.50
Grassy weeds 112.50 120.00 78.75 82.50 105.00 115.00 35.00 342.50
Total weeds 455.00 480.00 531.25 557.50 692.50 750.00 92.50 1475.00
2000.00
2 12 weeks after application of treatments f
g/m
1500.00
e
1000.00
de e
cd d
c cd
500.00
c d
b b e
b b
bc c c c
b b a a a
0.00
Touchdown Fusilad at Pendimetha Hand
Touchdown Fusilade at Pendimetha Unweeded
1L+4Kgurea 1L +4Kg lin at hoeing
2L/fed 2L /fed lin at 2L/fed (control)
/fed urea /fed 1L +4Kg (twice)
Broad - leaved 405.00 415.00 660.00 695.00 732.50 755.00 85.00 1330.00
Grassy weeds 142.50 162.50 105.00 120.00 165.00 175.00 37.50 647.50
Total weeds 547.50 577.50 765.00 815.00 897.50 930.00 122.50 1977.50
Fig.1: Effect of weed control treatments on fresh weight of weeds (g/m2) in season 2007.
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
2500.00
g/m2
6 week after application of treatments
2000.00
e
1500.00
April 2012
d e
d
1000.00
c
c d
c d
500.00 b c e
b b
b 27
c c d d a
b b
a a
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
0.00
Touchdown Fusilad at Pendimetha Pendimetha Hand
Treatments Touchdown Fusilade at Unweeded
1L+4Kg 1L + 4Kg lin at 2L/ lin at1L+4 hoeing
2L/fed 2L / fed (control)
urea/fed urea /fed fed Kg urea/fed (twice)
Broad - leaved 437.50 495.00 675.00 757.50 822.50 947.50 122.50 1350.00
Grassy weeds 152.50 175.50 232.50 247.50 332.50 350.00 43.75 695.00
Total weeds 590.00 670.00 907.50 1005.00 1205.00 1297.50 166.25 2045.00
2500.00
g/m2 12 week after application of treatments h
2000.00
1500.00
g g
1000.00 f f
e
d f
e
500.00 c d
b c
b b e e a
bc c d a
b a
0.00
Touchdown Fusilad at Pe ndime tha Pe ndime tha Hand
Touchdown Fusilade at Unwe e de d
Treatments 1L+4Kg 1L + 4Kg lin at 2L/ lin at1L+4 hoe ing
2L/fe d 2L / fe d (control)
ure a/fe d ure a /fe d fe d Kg ure a/fe d (twice )
Broad - le ave d 377.50 425.00 532.50 640.00 727.50 802.50 77.50 1307.50
Grassy we e ds 182.50 231.25 270.00 337.50 420.00 473.75 67.50 1200.00
Total we e ds 560.00 656.00 802.50 977.50 1145.50 1276.25 145.00 2507.50
Fig. 2 : Effect of weed control treatments on fresh weight of weeds (g/m2) in season 2008.
© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)Influence of Reducing Herbicides Rates in Washington Navel Orange Trees
400.00
g/m
2 2007
300.00 a
b
b
200.00 c b a
d c cb b b
d d
April 2012
e
100.00
e e
28 cd b a
e de cd bc
0.00 f
Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( D ) Volume XII Issue V Version I
Touchdown Fusilad at Pendimetha Pendimetha Hand
Touchdown Fusilade at Unweeded
1L+4Kg 1L + 4Kg lin at lin at hoeing
2L/fed 2L /fed (control)
urea/fed urea /fed 2L/fed 1L+4Kg (twice)
Number of fruit /tree 203.75 211.00 226.00 231.50 272.50 282.50 332.50 115.75
(Fruit weight (g 185.70 194.00 203.50 207.25 211.00 211.00 220.00 102.00
(Yield /tree (Kg 37.83 40.93 46.00 47.97 52.96 59.62 73.22 11.83
2
400.00 g/m
2008
a
300.00
b
c
d a
200.00 ef de a a ab
f c bc
c
100.00 g
d
d b a g
f e c
0.00
f
Touchdown Fusilad at Pendimeth Pendimeth Hand
Touchdown Fusilade at Unweeded
1L+4Kg 1L + 4Kg alin at alin at hoeing
2L/fed 2L /fed (control)
urea/fed urea /fed 2L/fed 1L+4Kg (twice)
Number of fruit /tree 214.00 220.50 233.00 237.00 270.50 279.00 362.50 116.00
(Fruit weight (g 194.25 197.25 209.00 224.50 225.00 232.00 217.00 101.00
(Yield /tree (Kg 41.56 43.49 48.69 53.20 60.86 64.72 78.66 11.71
Fig.3 : Effect of weed control treatments on tree productivity during 2007 and 2008 seasons.
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